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Journal articles on the topic 'Proton; particles'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Cuperman, S., L. Ofman, and M. Dryer. "Nonlinear aspects of collective, electromagnetic interactions in magnetized plasmas with anisotropic protons and isotropic alpha particles." Journal of Plasma Physics 36, no. 3 (1986): 387–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377800011867.

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We use computer simulation experiments to investigate the nonlinear behaviour of plasmas with a mixture of anisotropic protons and isotropie alpha particles, embedded in a static magnetic field. Specifically, we study the linearly predicted ‘stop-band’ for the propagation of the proton-produced electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves in conjunction with the energization of the heavier ions by the same waves. For this, three cases are considered: (1) proton + electron plasma; (2) proton + electron + cold alpha particle plasma, and (3) proton + electron + warm alpha particle plasma. Among the main r

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2

Stetsenko, V. Yu. "About elementary particles." Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY), no. 4 (December 15, 2023): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1683-6065-2023-4-127-130.

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It is shown that only stable particles can be elementary particles. The fundamental elementary particles are positive, negative and neutral particles of space. Photons and neutrinos are formed from them, which are elementary particles of electrons, positrons and protons. A neutral photon consists of a positive elementary particle of space, around which a negative elementary particle of space rotates. A neutrino consists of a negative elementary particle of space, around which a positive elementary particle of space rotates. An electron has a structure consisting of negative and neutral photons

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3

Vayenas, Constantinos G. "Neutrino production in proton-proton collisions supports the rotating lepton model." Open Access Government 41, no. 1 (2024): 232–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.56367/oag-041-11047.

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Neutrino production in proton-proton collisions supports the rotating lepton model Direct observation of neutrino production in proton-proton (pp) collisions at CERN LHC lend strong support to the Rotating Lepton Model, Constantinos G. Vayenas(1), Dionysios Tsousis(1,2) and Eftyhia Martino1 ((1)University of Patras, (2)Stanford University) tell us. Understanding the internal structure of hadronic composite particles, such as protons and neutrons and computing their masses from their constituent elementary particles, such as neutrinos and other leptons, has been a long-sought goal in Particle P

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4

Wisudawati, Asih Widi, and Hans-Dieter Barke. "Proton Transfer: The First-Year Students’ Conceptual Understanding." JTK (Jurnal Tadris Kimiya) 7, no. 2 (2022): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/jtk.v7i2.21029.

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Modern Chemistry education shows acid-base reactions by proton transfer with regard to Bronsted’s theory. Understanding how protons can be transferred by particles in solutions is quite challenging. The study aims to presents how university-first-year students are figuring out involved particles which take and give protons. Further, the enrolled participants in this study should explain how the process of proton transfer is running by selected particles but not by substances. Fifty-four students participated in this study that started from revealing participant’s experiences on their previous

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5

Misconi, Nebil Y. "New technique for levitating solid particles using a proton beam." Laser and Particle Beams 14, no. 3 (1996): 501–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026303460001017x.

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A new technique for levitating solid particles inside a vacuum chamber is developed using a proton beam. This new technique differs from the classical laser-levitation technique invented by Ashkin in that it does not heat up light-absorbing levitated particles to vaporization. This unique property of the method will make it possible to levitate real interplanetary dust particles in a vacuum chamber and study their spin-up dynamics in a ground-based laboratory. It is found that a flux of protons from a proton gun of ~1015 cm–2 sec–1 is needed to levitate a 10-mm particle. Confinement of the lev

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6

Lario, D., I. G. Richardson, L. B. Wilson III, L. Berger, L. K. Jian, and D. Trotta. "The Extended Field-aligned Suprathermal Proton Beam and Long-lasting Trapped Energetic Particle Population Observed Upstream of a Transient Interplanetary Shock." Astrophysical Journal 925, no. 2 (2022): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac3c47.

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Abstract The properties of the suprathermal particle distributions observed upstream of interplanetary shocks depend not only on the properties of the shocks but also on the transport conditions encountered by the particles as they propagate away from the shocks. The confinement of particles in close proximity to the shocks, as well as particle scattering processes during propagation to the spacecraft, lead to the common observation of upstream diffuse particle distributions. We present observations of a rare extended anisotropic low-energy (≲30 keV) proton beam together with a trapped ≳500 ke

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Bălan, C., C. Granja, G. Mytsin, et al. "Assessing the dosimetric effects of high-Z titanium implants in proton therapy using pixel detectors." Journal of Instrumentation 20, no. 01 (2025): C01002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/20/01/c01002.

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Abstract A rapid increase in the use of proton therapy for cancer treatment has been seen in the last decade due to its clinical advantages. Therefore, more and more patients with implants and other metallic devices will be among those who will be treated. This study experimentally examines the effect and changes in the delivered fields, using water-equivalent phantoms with and without titanium (Ti) dental implants positioned along the primary beam path. We measured in detail the composition and spectral-tracking characterization of particles generated in the plateau region of the Bragg curve

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8

Coumans, V., J. C. Gérard, B. Hubert, M. Meurant, and S. B. Mende. "Global auroral conductance distribution due to electron and proton precipitation from IMAGE-FUV observations." Annales Geophysicae 22, no. 5 (2004): 1595–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-22-1595-2004.

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Abstract. The Far Ultraviolet (FUV) imaging system on board the IMAGE satellite provides a global view of the north auroral region in three spectral channels, including the SI12 camera sensitive to Doppler shifted Lyman-α emission. FUV images are used to produce instantaneous maps of electron mean energy and energy fluxes for precipitated protons and electrons. We describe a method to calculate ionospheric Hall and Pedersen conductivities induced by auroral proton and electron ionization based on a model of interaction of auroral particles with the atmosphere. Different assumptions on the ener

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9

Starkey, M. J., M. A. Dayeh, M. I. Desai, R. Bučík, S. T. Hart, and H. A. Elliott. "Multispacecraft Energetic Particle Enhancements Associated with a Single Corotating Interaction Region." Astrophysical Journal 962, no. 2 (2024): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad1cea.

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Abstract The radial evolution of particles accelerated at corotating interaction regions (CIRs) is not fully understood, particularly the distance range over which this particle acceleration occurs and how the energy spectra are modulated by transport through the inner heliosphere. Here, we present observations of energetic proton enhancements associated with a CIR observed by Parker Solar Probe on 2021 April 25 during the inbound leg of its orbit near ∼46 R s (∼0.21 au). The CIR is identified at additional spacecraft (Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory, STEREO-A; Solar Orbiter, SolO; and

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10

Asikainen, T., and K. Mursula. "Energetic particle fluxes in the exterior cusp and the high-latitude dayside magnetosphere: statistical results from the Cluster/RAPID instrument." Annales Geophysicae 23, no. 6 (2005): 2217–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-23-2217-2005.

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Abstract. In this paper we study the fluxes of energetic protons (30–4000 keV) and electrons (20–400 keV) in the exterior cusp and in the adjacent high-latitude dayside plasma sheet (HLPS) with the Cluster/RAPID instrument. Using two sample orbits we demonstrate that the Cluster observations at high latitudes can be dramatically different because the satellite orbit traverses different plasma regions for different external conditions. We make a statistical study of energetic particles in the exterior cusp and HLPS by analysing all outbound Cluster dayside passes in February and March, 2002 and

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Mutuwong, Chalermpon, Wuttichai Chaiphaksa, Jakrapong Kaewkhao, and Cherdsak Bootjomchai. "Investigation of charged particles interaction with CeBr3 scintillator by Monte Carlo simulation programs." Suan Sunandha Science and Technology Journal 11, no. 1 (2024): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.53848/ssstj.v11i1.594.

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This work aims to investigate the interaction of charged particles (alpha and proton) with the CeBr3 scintillator by using Monte Carlo simulation. The total mass stopping power (TMSP), projected range, ion distributions, and ion ranges in the CeBr3 at an energy range of 0.01 - 10,000 , were computed by SRIM and FLUKA programs. The simulation results show that the TMSP of CeBr3 obtained by both programs is in good agreement. The alpha particle has a higher TMSP of the CeBr3 than the proton. The projected range of alpha and proton particles increases with increasing energy. The projected range o

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12

Lim, T. L., J. J. Quenby, M. K. Reuss, et al. "ULYSSES observations of energetic particle acceleration and the superposed CME and CIR events of November 1992." Annales Geophysicae 14, no. 4 (1996): 400–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-996-0400-4.

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Abstract. During November 1992, a series of forward and reverse shocks passed the ULYSSES spacecraft. Spectral and anisotropy measurements are reported for protons and alpha particles between 0.28 and 6 MeV observed by the Energetic Particle Composition Experiment, data recorded by the Magnetometer Experiment and the high-energy (2.7–300 MeV) proton data from the Kiel Electron Telescope. An analysis of energetic particle, plasma and magnetometer data from ULYSSES has allowed a unique study of the corresponding arrival of fare particles, particles within a corotating interaction region and part

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13

Perrone, Denise, Adriana Settino, Silvia Perri, et al. "Solar Orbiter Observations of Proton and Alpha Particle Kinetic Signatures Related to the Presence of Switchbacks in the Inner Heliosphere: A Case Study." Astrophysical Journal 973, no. 2 (2024): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad65db.

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Abstract We investigate how ions, namely protons and alpha particles, kinetically react to the presence of strong deflections in the magnetic field, the so-called switchbacks, in the first stream of slow Alfvénic wind observed by Solar Orbiter at the heliocentric distance of 0.64 au. We focus on an isolated, large-scale switchback, and we study in detail ion kinetic properties. Beyond the expected correlation between the magnetic deflection and ion velocity related to the Alfvénic nature of the switchbacks, we find that, within the switchback, proton and alpha particle densities increase, sugg

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Jiang, L., G. Q. Sun, Q. Wang, and Q. Xin. "Synthesis of perfluorosulfonate ionomer-stabilized platinum colloid and its application in direct methanol fuel cells." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 14, no. 2 (2008): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq0802137j.

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Pt colloid was synthesized by the reduction of hexachloroplatinic acid with formaldehyde in the presence of a stabilizer (a cation-exchanged polymer - perfluorosulfonate ionomer (PFSI) or Teflon) or without any stabilizers. The average size of platinum particles with a stabilizer, characterized by a transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, is in a nanometer range in comparison with the particle agglomeration without any stabilizers. Highly dispersive 40 wt. % Pt/C catalyst obtained from the PFSI-stabilized Pt colloid shows much better performance than its counterpart with Teflon

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15

Nie, Lin, Yang Liu, and Zejun Jiang. "Implications of a Possible Spectral Structure of Cosmic-Ray Protons Unveiled by the DAMPE." Astrophysical Journal 952, no. 2 (2023): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acda29.

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Abstract The recent observations revealed that the cosmic-ray (CR) proton spectrum showed a complex structure: the hardening at ∼200 GeV and softening at ∼10 TeV. However, so far, the physical origins of this spectral feature remain strongly debated. In this work, we simulate the acceleration of CR protons in a nearby supernova remnant (SNR) by solving numerically the hydrodynamic equations and the equation for the quasi-isotropic CR momentum distribution in the spherically symmetrical case to derive the spectrum of protons injected into the interstellar medium, and then simulate the propagati

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16

Markovskii, S. A., and Bernard J. Vasquez. "Proton Heating by a Proton–Alpha Drift Instability with an Anisotropic Alpha-particle Temperature in a Turbulent Solar-wind Plasma." Astrophysical Journal 930, no. 2 (2022): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac6507.

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Abstract The proton–alpha drift instability is a possible mechanism of the alpha-particle deceleration and the resulting proton heating in the solar wind. We present hybrid numerical simulations of this instability with particle-in-cell ions and a quasi-neutralizing electron fluid for typical conditions at 1 au. For the parameters used in this paper, we find that fast magnetosonic unstable modes propagate only in the direction opposite to the alpha-particle drift and do not produce the perpendicular proton heating necessary to accelerate the solar wind. Alfvén modes propagate in both direction

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17

da Veiga, Eduardo S., Daniel T. da Silva, Werner K. Sauter, and Victor P. Gonçalves. "Two-Photon Interactions in Meson Production at Energies at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC)." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 45 (January 2017): 1760069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194517600692.

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With the development of experiments in particle accelerators, there have been many new particles discovered. Some of these new particles are called exotic particles and are predicted by Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). There are various models for the study of these particles, and a possible way to study the exotic particle production is through the study of meson production in two-photon interactions at high-energy collisions due his clean experimental signal. In this contribution, we calculate the meson production in two-photon interactions at LHC energies considering proton-proton collisions t

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18

Berlyand, A. V. "State primary standard for units of absorbed dose and absorbed dose rate of photon, electron, proton radiation and in carbon ion beams, quantity, fuence, fux density and energy of particles in proton beams and heavy charged particles GET 38-2024." Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika, no. 9 (November 2, 2024): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-9-12-18.

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The problem of ensuring the accuracy and traceability of the measurement results of the absorbed dose in carbon ion beams, as well as the measurement results of the amount, fluence, flux density and energy of particles in proton and heavy charged particles beams is considered. Until now, in practice, these values have been measured only by indirect methods. The lack of approved measuring instruments for the quantities under consideration and the metrological traceability of measurement results of these quantities to standards did not allow achieving consistency of measurement methods used in p

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19

Wang, Joseph H., Timothy S. Horbury, Lorenzo Matteini, and Domenico Trotta. "Alpha–Proton Relative Drift: Implications for the Origins and Dynamics of the Solar Wind." Astrophysical Journal Letters 978, no. 2 (2025): L17. https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ad9ddd.

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Abstract Helium nuclei (alpha particles) strongly influence the momentum and energy balance in the solar wind, comprising up to 20% of the solar wind mass density. In fast Alfvénic wind at heliocentric distances greater than 0.3 au, the alpha particles’ bulk flow speed is systematically different to that of the protons. This relative drift speed is of unknown origin and is often close to the local Alfvén wave speed. Novel Parker Solar Probe measurements of the solar wind below 0.3 au show that, closer to the Sun, the alpha–proton drift speed remains on the order of 100–200 km s−1, even where t

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20

Schlegel, Andreas, Adames Omar, Pia Jentsch, Andreas Morell, and Christoph Kempf. "Semliki Forest virus envelope proteins function as proton channels." Bioscience Reports 11, no. 5 (1991): 243–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01127500.

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It has been shown that isolated nucleocapsids of Semliki Forest virus (SFV) contract upon low pH exposure (Soederlund et al., 1972). This contraction of the nucleocapsids has been used as an indicator to demonstrate that the spike proteins of SFV can translocate protons into the interior of the virus particle upon low pH (5.8) exposure. Spikeless virus particles obtained after bromelain digestion, which were used as a control, did not translocate protons. This implies that the ectodomain of the spike plays a crucial role for the proton translocation.

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Bazilevskaya, G. A., E. I. Daibog, and Yu I. Logachev. "Search for sources of solar cosmic rays in weak events." Известия Российской академии наук. Серия физическая 87, no. 7 (2023): 1002–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0367676523701764.

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Some of the weak solar proton events recorded by the Earth observer, in which protons with energy E 10 MeV were observed, are really particles accelerated by a shock wave in interplanetary space. They can be associated with a flare and a coronal mass ejection ten of hours before the observed proton event, which ensure the injection of particles into the process of their subsequent acceleration in interplanetary space.

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22

Anttila, A., L. G. Kocharov, J. Torsti, and R. Vainio. "Long-duration high-energy proton events observed by GOES in October 1989." Annales Geophysicae 16, no. 8 (1998): 921–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-998-0921-0.

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Abstract. We consider the prolonged injection of the high-energy (>10 MeV) protons during the three successive events observed by GOES in October 1989. We apply a solar-rotation-stereoscopy approach to study the injection of the accelerated particles from the CME-driven interplanetary shock waves in order to find out how the effectiveness of the particle acceleration and/or escape depends on the angular distance from the shock axis. We use an empirical model for the proton injection at the shock and a standard model of the interplanetary transport. The model can reproduce rather well the ob

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23

Dzhuzha, Dmitry. "Charged particles therapy in radiation oncology." Radiation Diagnostics, Radiation Therapy, no. 1 (2020): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.37336/2707-0700-2020-1-4.

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The physical and biological features of using protons and heavy ions in the treatment of malignant tumours were reviewed. It is showed that proton therapy is an effective method for treatment of malignant tumours, which has certain benefits comparing photon therapy. This modality may be recommended to 10-15 % of oncological patients. Carbon ion radiation therapy is especially perspective as it has local relative biological effectiveness till 2,0-3,5. The clinical efficacy of charged particles therapy at most expansive tumours was revealed. The cost efficacy of this type of radiation therapy wa

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Graw, Jonas M., Martin S. Weidl, and Frank Jenko. "Mildly Relativistic Perpendicular Multiple-ion GRB Shocks." Astrophysical Journal 940, no. 2 (2022): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac9bf1.

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Abstract Mildly relativistic perpendicular, collisionless multiple-ion gamma-ray burst shocks are analyzed using 2D3V particle-in-cell simulations. A characteristic feature of multiple-ion shocks is alternating maxima of the α particle and the proton densities, at least in the early downstream. Turbulence, shock-drift acceleration, and evidence of stochastic acceleration are observed. We performed simulations with both in-plane (B y ) and out-of-plane (B z ) magnetic fields, as well as in a perpendicular shock setup with φ = 45°, and saw multiple differences: while with B z , the highest-energ

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25

Ďurovcová, Tereza, Jana Šafránková, and Zdeněk Němeček. "Proton Beam Abundance Variations and Their Relation to Alpha Particle Properties." Astrophysical Journal 923, no. 2 (2021): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac2c03.

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Abstract Less abundant but still dynamically important solar wind components are the proton beam and alpha particles, which usually contribute similarly to the total ion momentum. The main characteristics of alpha particles are determined by the solar wind source region, but the origin of the proton beam and its properties are still not fully explained. We use the plasma data measured in situ on the path from 0.3 to 1 au (Helios 1 and 2) and focus on the proton beam development with an increasing radial distance as well as on the connection between the proton beam and alpha particle properties

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26

Vinay Kumar. "Analysis of the Behaviour of Particles in a Particle Accelerator: A Particle Physics and High-Energy Collision Study." International Research Journal on Advanced Engineering and Management (IRJAEM) 3, no. 04 (2025): 1204–13. https://doi.org/10.47392/irjaem.2025.0198.

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This study investigates the behaviour of particles in high-energy proton-proton collisions within the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at energy levels of 13 TeV, focusing on the emergence of new particles and energy distribution following these collisions. Using a dataset of 1.6 billion collision events, the study employed the ROOT software framework for data pre-processing, filtering, and statistical analysis. Key objectives included identifying patterns in particle production, energy transfer, and decay processes. The results revealed that protons dominated the particle types detected (59.82%),

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Markovskii, S. A., and Bernard J. Vasquez. "Ion Heating by a Fast Magnetosonic Turbulence in the Solar Corona." Astrophysical Journal 966, no. 1 (2024): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad3727.

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Abstract Observational data at heliocentric distances of tens of solar radii suggest that fast magnetosonic modes make up a considerable fraction of the solar wind fluctuations. Furthermore, this fraction appears to increase closer to the Sun. We carry out three-dimensional kinetic simulations with particle ions and fluid electrons to evaluate the proton and alpha-particle heating produced by the damping of the fast waves in the solar corona. Realistic parameters at 5 solar radii, including the fluctuation amplitude, are used. We show that, due to the cyclotron resonance, the alphas are heated

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Liu, Fu-Hu, Tian Tian, Jian-Xin Sun, and Bao-Chun Li. "What Can We Learn from (Pseudo)Rapidity Distribution in High Energy Collisions?" Advances in High Energy Physics 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/863863.

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Based on the (pseudo)rapidity distribution of final-state particles produced in proton-proton (pp) collisions at high energy, the probability distributions of momenta, longitudinal momenta, transverse momenta (transverse masses), energies, velocities, longitudinal velocities, transverse velocities, and emission angles of the considered particles are obtained in the framework of a multisource thermal model. The number density distributions of particles in coordinate and momentum spaces and related transverse planes, the particle dispersion plots in longitudinal and transverse coordinate spaces,

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MEHANEY, AHMED, MOSTAFA F. EISSA, and ARAFA H. ALY. "DETECTION AND DISCRIMINATION BETWEEN ALPHA PARTICLES AND PROTONS BASED ON PHONONIC CRYSTALS MATERIALS." Surface Review and Letters 26, no. 07 (2019): 1850219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x18502190.

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Ionizing particles detection based on phonons counting are considered as a growing research point of great interest. Phononic crystal (PnC) detectors have a higher resolution than other detectors. In the present work, we shall prepare a setup of a radiation detector based on a 1D PnC. The PnC detector can be used in detection and discrimination between protons and alpha particles with incident energy 1[Formula: see text]MeV. We have proposed a model capable of filtering the energies of two different ionizing particles (proton and alpha particle) of specific lattice frequencies in steps. Firstl

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D’yachenko, A. T., and E. S. Gromova. "Detection of particles of dark matter from the spectrum of secondary particles in high-energy proton-proton collisions in a thermodynamic model." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2131, no. 2 (2021): 022054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2131/2/022054.

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Abstract In a simple hydrodynamic model, the transverse momentum distributions are found for A hyperons formed in pp collisions at ultrarelativistic energies. The calculated spectra are compared with the experimental data obtained for various colliders in a wide range of proton collision energies, including the data from experiments at the Large Hadron Collider. An interpretation of the transverse momentum spectra of soft photons in pp collisions is proposed, taking into account the X17 boson with a mass of 17 MeV - a new particle, a possible candidate for the role of dark matter particles. A

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Margarone, Daniele, Julien Bonvalet, Lorenzo Giuffrida, et al. "In-Target Proton–Boron Nuclear Fusion Using a PW-Class Laser." Applied Sciences 12, no. 3 (2022): 1444. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12031444.

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Nuclear reactions between protons and boron-11 nuclei (p–B fusion) that were used to yield energetic α-particles were initiated in a plasma that was generated by the interaction between a PW-class laser operating at relativistic intensities (~3 × 1019 W/cm2) and a 0.2-mm thick boron nitride (BN) target. A high p–B fusion reaction rate and hence, a large α-particle flux was generated and measured, thanks to a proton stream accelerated at the target’s front surface. This was the first proof of principle experiment to demonstrate the efficient generation of α-particles (~1010/sr) through p–B fusi

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Shaaban, S. M., M. Lazar, R. A. López, and R. F. Wimmer-Schweingruber. "On the interplay of solar wind proton and electron instabilities: linear and quasi-linear approaches." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 503, no. 3 (2021): 3134–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab075.

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ABSTRACT Important efforts are currently being made to understand the so-called kinetic instabilities, driven by the anisotropy of different species of plasma particles present in the solar wind and terrestrial magnetosphere. These instabilities are fast enough to efficiently convert the free energy of plasma particles into enhanced (small-scale) fluctuations, with multiple implications, regulating the anisotropy of plasma particles. In this paper we use both linear and quasi-linear (QL) frameworks to describe complex unstable regimes, which realistically combine different temperature anisotro

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Vassallo, Giorgio, and Andras Kovacs. "The Proton and Occam’s Razor." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2482, no. 1 (2023): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2482/1/012020.

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Abstract Otto Stern’s 1933 measurement of the unexpectedly large proton magnetic moment indicated to most physicists that the proton is not a point particle. At that time, many physicists modeled elementary particles as point particles, and therefore Stern’s discovery initiated the speculation that the proton might be a composite particle. In this work, we show that despite being an elementary particle, the proton is an extended particle. Our work is motivated by the experimental data, which we review in section 1. By applying Occam’s Razor principle, we identify a simple proton structure that

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Ulugbek, Abdurakhmanov, Gulamov Kadyr, Lugovoi Vladimir, and Navotny Vadim. "Observation of Gaussian Pseudorapidity Distributions for Produced Particles in Proton-Nucleus Collisions at Tevatron Energies." Advances in High Energy Physics 2018 (November 7, 2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3098252.

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The statistical event-by-event analysis of inelastic interactions of protons in emulsion at 800 GeV reveals the existence of group of events with Gaussian pseudorapidity distributions for produced particles, as suggested by hydrodynamic-tube model. Events belong to very central collisions of protons with heavy emulsion nuclei with probability of realization of less than 1% and with multiplicity of shower particles exceeding (2-3 times) the average multiplicity in proton-nucleus collisions in emulsion. Bjorken’s energy density for these events reaches 2.0 GeV per fm3. The data are interpreted a

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Moya, P. S., A. F. Viñas, V. Muñoz, and J. A. Valdivia. "Computational and theoretical study of the wave-particle interaction of protons and waves." Annales Geophysicae 30, no. 9 (2012): 1361–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-30-1361-2012.

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Abstract. We study the wave-particle interaction and the evolution of electromagnetic waves propagating through a plasma composed of electrons and protons, using two approaches. First, a quasilinear kinetic theory has been developed to study the energy transfer between waves and particles, with the subsequent acceleration and heating of protons. Second, a one-dimensional hybrid numerical simulation has been performed, with and without including an expanding-box model that emulates the spherical expansion of the solar wind, to investigate the fully nonlinear evolution of this wave-particle inte

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Artun, Ozan. "Calculation of the mass stopping powers of medical, chemical, and industrial compounds and mixtures." Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection 33, no. 4 (2018): 356–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ntrp180608001a.

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We developed a new version of the X-PMSP program for estimating mass stopping powers in charged particle radiotherapy, shielding of nuclear reactors and particle accelerators, and medical and energetic radioisotope production. Accordingly, we calculated the mass stopping powers of important medical, industrial, and chemical compounds and mixtures defined by International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements using the X-PMSP program, to contribute to the existing literature and compared our results with those from the National Institute of Standards and Technology database. The applic

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Lao, Hai-Ling, Ya-Qin Gao, and Fu-Hu Liu. "Energy Dependent Chemical Potentials of Light Particles and Quarks from Yield Ratios of Antiparticles to Particles in High Energy Collisions." Universe 5, no. 6 (2019): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe5060152.

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We collect the yields of charged pions ( π − and π + ), charged kaons ( K − and K + ), anti-protons ( p ¯ ), and protons (p) produced in mid-rapidity interval (in most cases) in central gold–gold (Au–Au), central lead–lead (Pb–Pb), and inelastic or non-single-diffractive proton–proton ( p p ) collisions at different collision energies. The chemical potentials of light particles and quarks are extracted from the yield ratios, π − / π + , K − / K + , and p ¯ / p , of antiparticles to particles over an energy range from a few GeV to above 10 TeV. At a few GeV (∼4 GeV), the chemical potentials sho

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Oh, Seung Jae, Yoochan Hong, Ki-Young Jeong, et al. "Characterization of Proton-Irradiated Polyaniline Nanoparticles Using Terahertz Thermal Spectroscopy." Crystals 11, no. 7 (2021): 765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11070765.

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In this study, we investigated the changes in the molecular structure of polyaniline (PANI) nanoparticles illuminated by a proton beam using terahertz (THz) thermal spectroscopy based on the terahertz time-domain spectroscopy technique. PANI nanoparticles in water were exposed to a proton beam of 35 MeV energy with a particle fluence of 1013 particles/cm2. The photothermal properties of this solution of PANI nanoparticles were characterized using THz thermal spectroscopy. We measured the changes in the amplitudes of the reflected THz pulses to identify the variations in temperature induced by

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Alcocer, Giovanni. "Mass & Quark Symmetry: Mass and Mass Cloud (The Yin Yang): Atom Binding Energy; Molecules Binding Energy; Binding energy between the nucleons in the nucleus; Particle Interaction Energy between particle and antiparticle; Quark Symmetry & Quark Confinement." Mediterranean Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 06, no. 03 (2022): 01–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.46382/mjbas.2022.6301.

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The symmetry occurs in most of the phenomena explained by physics, for example, a particle has positive or negative charges, and the electric dipoles that have the charge (+q) and (-q) which are at a certain distance (d), north or south magnetic poles and for a magnetic bar or magnetic compass with two poles: North (N) and South (S) poles, spins up or down of the electron at the atom and for the nucleons in the nucleus In this form, the particle should also have mass symmetry. For convenience and due to later explanations, I call this mass symmetry or mass duality as follows: mass and mass clo

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Giovanni, Alcocer. "Mass & Quark Symmetry: Mass and Mass Cloud (The Yin Yang): Atom Binding Energy; Molecules Binding Energy; Binding energy between the nucleons in the nucleus; Particle Interaction Energy between particle and antiparticle; Quark Symmetry & Quark Confinement." Mediterranean Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 6, no. 3 (2022): 01–34. https://doi.org/10.46382/MJBAS.2022.6301.

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The symmetry occurs in most of the phenomena explained by physics, for example, a particle has positive or negative charges, and the electric dipoles that have the charge (+q) and (-q) which are at a certain distance (d), north or south magnetic poles and for a magnetic bar or magnetic compass with two poles: North (N) and South (S) poles, spins up or down of the electron at the atom and for the nucleons in the nucleus  In this form, the particle should also have mass symmetry. For convenience and due to later explanations, I call this mass symmetry or mass duality as follows: mass and ma

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Daywitt, William C. "The Seven-Dimensional Spacetime in the Planck Vacuum Theory and the Structure of the Electron and Proton Cores." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 5, no. 4 (2020): 399–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.4.1861.

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The electron and proton cores in the Planck vacuum (PV) theory are reccognizable elementary particles that obey the manisestly covariant Dirac equation and that are coupled to the PV state. (This statement and similar statements to follow also apply to the electron-core and the proton-core antiparticles.) This paper derives the corresponding 2x1 spinor-wavefunction equations for these cores, leading to a 7-dimensional spacetime that consists of two 4-dimensional spacetimes, the result of a bifurcated vacuum state. Both the electron and proton cores contain structure, where the electron core st

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Daywitt, William C. "Seven-Dimensional Spacetime in the Planck Vacuum Theory and the Structure of the Electron and Proton Cores." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 5, no. 4 (2020): 399–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2020.5.4.1861.

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The electron and proton cores in the Planck vacuum (PV) theory are reccognizable elementary particles that obey the manisestly covariant Dirac equation and that are coupled to the PV state. (This statement and similar statements to follow also apply to the electron-core and the proton-core antiparticles.) This paper derives the corresponding 2x1 spinor-wavefunction equations for these cores, leading to a 7-dimensional spacetime that consists of two 4-dimensional spacetimes, the result of a bifurcated vacuum state. Both the electron and proton cores contain structure, where the electron core st

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Seo, Jeongbhin, Fan Guo, Xiaocan Li та Hui Li. "Proton Acceleration in Low-β Magnetic Reconnection with Energetic Particle Feedback". Astrophysical Journal 977, № 2 (2024): 146. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad8e64.

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Abstract Magnetic reconnection regions in space and astrophysics are known as active particle acceleration sites. There is ample evidence showing that energetic particles can take a substantial amount of converted energy during magnetic reconnection. However, there has been a lack of studies understanding the backreaction of energetic particles at magnetohydrodynamical scales in magnetic reconnection. To address this, we have developed a new computational method to explore the feedback by nonthermal energetic particles. This approach considers the backreaction from these energetic particles by

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Gupta, Siddhartha, Damiano Caprioli, and Anatoly Spitkovsky. "Electron Acceleration at Quasi-parallel Nonrelativistic Shocks: A 1D Kinetic Survey." Astrophysical Journal 976, no. 1 (2024): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad7c4c.

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Abstract We present a survey of 1D kinetic particle-in-cell simulations of quasi-parallel nonrelativistic shocks to identify the environments favorable for electron acceleration. We explore an unprecedented range of shock speeds v sh ≈ 0.067–0.267c, Alfvén Mach numbers M A = 5 – 40 , sonic Mach numbers M s = 5 – 160 , as well as the proton-to-electron mass ratios m i/m e = 16–1836. We find that high Alfvén Mach number shocks can channel a large fraction of their kinetic energy into nonthermal particles, self-sustaining magnetic turbulence and acceleration to larger and larger energies. The fra

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Volz, Lennart, Charles-Antoine Collins-Fekete, Pierluigi Piersimoni, et al. "Stopping power accuracy and achievable spatial resolution of helium ion imaging using a prototype particle CT detector system." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 3, no. 2 (2017): 401–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2017-0084.

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AbstractA precise relative stopping power map of the patient is crucial for accurate particle therapy. Charged particle imaging determines the stopping power either tomographically – particle computed tomography (pCT) – or by combining prior knowledge from particle radiography (pRad) and x-ray CT. Generally, multiple Coulomb scattering limits the spatial resolution. Compared to protons, heavier particles scatter less due to their lower charge/mass ratio. A theoretical framework to predict the most likely trajectory of particles in matter was developed for light ions up to carbon and was found

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Galinsky, V. L., and V. I. Shevchenko. "Heavy ion acceleration at parallel shocks." Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 17, no. 6 (2010): 663–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-17-663-2010.

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Abstract. A study of alpha particle acceleration at parallel shock due to an interaction with Alfvén waves self-consistently excited in both upstream and downstream regions was conducted using a scale-separation model (Galinsky and Shevchenko, 2000, 2007). The model uses conservation laws and resonance conditions to find where waves will be generated or damped and hence where particles will be pitch-angle scattered. It considers the total distribution function (for the bulk plasma and high energy tail), so no standard assumptions (e.g. seed populations, or some ad-hoc escape rate of accelerate

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Lilensten, J., and M. Galand. "Proton-electron precipitation effects on the electron production and density above EISCAT (Tromsø) and ESR." Annales Geophysicae 16, no. 10 (1998): 1299–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-998-1299-8.

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Abstract. The suprathermal particles, electrons and protons, coming from the Sun and precipitating into the high-latitude atmosphere are an energy source for the Earth's ionosphere. They interact with the ambient thermal gas through inelastic and elastic collisions. Most of the physical quantities perturbed by the precipitation, such as the electron production rate, may be evaluated by solving the stationary Boltzmann transport equation, which yields the particle fluxes as a function of altitude, energy, and pitch angle. This equation has been solved for the three different suprathermal specie

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McKEE, J. S. C. "HIGH ENERGY PROTON PIXE [HEPP]." International Journal of PIXE 03, no. 03 (1993): 187–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s012908359300015x.

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Studies of particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE) have been widespread and detailed in recent years and despite the fact that most data obtained are from low energy 1–3 MeV experiments, the value of higher energy proton work with its emphasis on K X-ray emission has become more marked as time has progressed. The purpose of this review paper is to outline the history of analysis using high energy protons and to compare and contrast the results obtained with those from lower energy analysis using more firmly established analytical techniques. The work described will concentrate exclusively on pr

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Strauss, R. D., N. Dresing, I. G. Richardson, J. P. van den Berg, and P. J. Steyn. "On the Onset Delays of Solar Energetic Electrons and Protons: Evidence for a Common Accelerator." Astrophysical Journal 951, no. 1 (2023): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acd3ef.

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Abstract The processes responsible for the acceleration of solar energetic particles (SEPs) are still not well understood, including whether SEP electrons and protons are accelerated by common or separate processes. Using a numerical particle transport model that includes both pitch-angle and perpendicular spatial diffusion, we simulate, among other quantities, the onset delay for MeV electrons and protons and compare the results to observations of SEPs from widely separated spacecraft. Such observations have previously been interpreted, in a simple scenario assuming no perpendicular diffusion

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Chilingarian, A., and A. Reymers. "Investigations of the response of hybrid particle detectors for the Space Environmental Viewing and Analysis Network (SEVAN)." Annales Geophysicae 26, no. 2 (2008): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-26-249-2008.

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Abstract. A network of particle detectors located at middle to low latitudes known as SEVAN (Space Environmental Viewing and Analysis Network) is being created in the framework of the International Heliophysical Year (IHY-2007). It aims to improve the fundamental research of the particle acceleration in the vicinity of the Sun and space environment conditions. The new type of particle detectors will simultaneously measure the changing fluxes of most species of secondary cosmic rays, thus turning into a powerful integrated device used for exploration of solar modulation effects. Ground-based de

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