Academic literature on the topic 'Protose'

Protose is the enzyme digest of mixed proteins that is recommended for culture media, bulk production of enzymes, antibiotics, toxins, veterinary preparations, etc. This study was proposed to evaluate the effect of biofield energy treatment on the physicochemical and spectroscopic properties of protose. The study was achieved in two groups i.e. control and treated. The control group was remained as untreated, while the treated group was received Mr. Trivedi&rsquo;s biofield energy treatment. Finally, both the control and treated samples were evaluated using various analytical techniques. The X-ray diffractograms (XRD) of control and treated samples showed the halo patterns peak that suggested the amorphous nature of both the samples of protose. The particle size analysis showed about 12.68% and 90.94 increase in the average particle size (d50) and d99&nbsp;(particle size below which 99% particles are present) of treated protose with respect to the control. The surface area analysis revealed the 4.96% decrease in the surface area of treated sample as compared to the control sample. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis revealed the 22.49% increase in the latent heat of fusion of treated sample as compared to the control. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) analysis showed increase in maximum thermal degradation temperature (Tmax) by 5.02% in treated sample as compared to the control. The increase in Tmax&nbsp;might be correlated with increased thermal stability of treated sample as compared to the control. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) study showed the alteration in the vibrational frequency of functional groups like N-H, C-H, and S=O of treated protose as compared to the control sample. Based on the overall analytical results, it is concluded that Mr. Trivedi&rsquo;s biofield energy treatment has a significant impact on the physicochemical and spectral properties of protose. As a result, the treated protose might be more effective as a culture medium than the corresponding control. <strong>Source:</strong> https://www.trivedieffect.com/science/physicochemical-and-spectroscopic-properties-of-biofield-energy-treated-protose http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo?journalid=655&amp;doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20150306.11 &nbsp;

Protose is the enzyme digest of mixed proteins that is recommended for culture media, bulk production of enzymes, antibiotics, toxins, veterinary preparations, etc. This study was proposed to evaluate the effect of biofield energy treatment on the physicochemical and spectroscopic properties of protose. The study was achieved in two groups i.e. control and treated. The control group was remained as untreated, while the treated group was received Mr. Trivedi&rsquo;s biofield energy treatment. Finally, both the control and treated samples were evaluated using various analytical techniques. The X-ray diffractograms (XRD) of control and treated samples showed the halo patterns peak that suggested the amorphous nature of both the samples of protose. The particle size analysis showed about 12.68% and 90.94 increase in the average particle size (d50) and d99 (particle size below which 99% particles are present) of treated protose with respect to the control. The surface area analysis revealed the 4.96% decrease in the surface area of treated sample as compared to the control sample. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis revealed the 22.49% increase in the latent heat of fusion of treated sample as compared to the control. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) analysis showed increase in maximum thermal degradation temperature (Tmax) by 5.02% in treated sample as compared to the control. The increase in Tmax might be correlated with increased thermal stability of treated sample as compared to the control. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) study showed the alteration in the vibrational frequency of functional groups like N-H, C-H, and S=O of treated protose as compared to the control sample. Based on the overall analytical results, it is concluded that Mr. Trivedi&rsquo;s biofield energy treatment has a significant impact on the physicochemical and spectral properties of protose. As a result, the treated protose might be more effective as a culture medium than the corresponding control. https://www.trivedieffect.com/science/physicochemical-and-spectroscopic-properties-of-biofield-energy-treated-protose http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo?journalid=655&amp;doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20150306.11

Both protease- and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated proteolysis are thought to be key effectors of tissue remodeling. We have previously shown that comparison of amino acid composition can predict the differential susceptibilities of proteins to photo-oxidation. However, predicting protein susceptibility to endogenous proteases remains challenging. Here, we aim to develop bioinformatics tools to (i) predict cleavage site locations (and hence putative protein susceptibilities) and (ii) compare the predicted vulnerabilities of skin proteins to protease- and ROS-mediated proteolysis. The first goal of this study was to experimentally evaluate the ability of existing protease cleavage site prediction models (PROSPER and DeepCleave) to identify experimentally determined MMP9 cleavage sites in two purified proteins and in a complex human dermal fibroblast-derived extracellular matrix (ECM) proteome. We subsequently developed deep bidirectional recurrent neural network (BRNN) models to predict cleavage sites for 14 tissue proteases. The predictions of the new models were tested against experimental datasets and combined with amino acid composition analysis (to predict ultraviolet radiation (UVR)/ROS susceptibility) in a new web app: the Manchester proteome susceptibility calculator (MPSC). The BRNN models performed better in predicting cleavage sites in native dermal ECM proteins than existing models (DeepCleave and PROSPER), and application of MPSC to the skin proteome suggests that: compared with the elastic fiber network, fibrillar collagens may be susceptible primarily to protease-mediated proteolysis. We also identify additional putative targets of oxidative damage (dermatopontin, fibulins and defensins) and protease action (laminins and nidogen). MPSC has the potential to identify potential targets of proteolysis in disparate tissues and disease states.

There is growing interest in the use of human whole saliva for diagnostics and disease monitoring as an alternative to blood samples. In contrast to blood, whole saliva is a non-sterile body fluid. Proper hand-ling and storage are required to preserve the integrity of potential biomarkers. We investigated salivary autoproteolytic degradation using a variety of approaches. We determined inhibition of protease activities by monitoring the endogenous proteome. In addition, the stability of highly protease-susceptible proteins—histatin 5, statherin, and PRP1—was assessed. Experimental variables included (a) protease inhibitors, (b) salivary pH, (c) incubation temperatures, and (d) sample heating. A cocktail containing AEBSF, aprotinin, pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, leupeptin, antipain, and EDTA could not prevent histatin 5, statherin, or PRP1 degradation in whole saliva. Among the other treatments evaluated, short-term storage of freshly collected samples on ice was effective without interfering with the chemistry of the proteome. In conclusion, whole saliva contains a unique mixture of enzymes as evidenced from their resilience to protease inhibition. Analytical evidence on protein stability is needed to ensure the validity of salivary biomarker study outcomes. Analysis of the data presented will provide help and guidance for the use of saliva samples for diagnostic purposes.

Abstract Processing of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) proteins by the HIV-1 protease is essential for HIV infectivity. In addition, several studies have revealed cleavage of human proteins by this viral protease during infection; however, no large-scale HIV-1 protease degradomics study has yet been performed. To identify putative host substrates in an unbiased manner and on a proteome-wide scale, we used positional proteomics to identify peptides reporting protein processing by the HIV-1 protease, and a catalogue of over 120 cellular HIV-1 protease substrates processed in vitro was generated. This catalogue includes previously reported substrates as well as recently described interaction partners of HIV-1 proteins. Cleavage site alignments revealed a specificity profile in good correlation with previous studies, even though the ELLE consensus motif was not cleaved efficiently when incorporated into peptide substrates due to subsite cooperativity. Our results are further discussed in the context of HIV-1 infection and the complex substrate recognition by the viral protease.

Components of the bacterial spore germination apparatus are crucial for survival and for initiation of infection by some pathogens. While some components of the germination apparatus are well conserved in spore-forming species, such as the spoVA operon, each species may possess a different and possibly unique germinant recognition mechanism. The significance of several individual proteins in the germination process has been characterized. However, the mechanisms of how these proteins perform their functions and the network connecting these proteins in the complete germination process are still a mystery. In this study, we characterized a Bacillus subtilis superdormant spore population and investigated the abundance of 11 germination-related proteins. The relative quantities of these proteins in dormant, germinating and superdormant spores suggested that variation in the levels of proteins, other than germinant receptor proteins may result in superdormancy. Specifically, variation in the abundance of the GerD lipoprotein may contribute to heterogeneity of spore germination rates. Spore membrane proteomes of Bacillus anthracis and B. subtilis were characterized to generate a candidate protein list that can be further investigated. Proteins that were not previously known to be spore-associated were identified, and many of these proteins shared great similarity in both Bacillus species. A significant number of these proteins are implicated in functions that play major roles in spore formation and germination, such as amino acid or inorganic ion transport and protein fate determination. By analyzing the in vivo and in vitro activity of HtrC, we proved that the protease is responsible for YpeB proteolytic processing at specific sites during germination. However, without HtrC present in the spore, other proteases appear to degrade YpeB at a reduced rate. The activity of purified HtrC in vitro was stimulated by a relatively high concentration of Mn2+ or Ca2+ ions, but the mechanism behind the stimulation is not clear. We also demonstrated that YpeB and SleB, in the absence of their partner protein, were degraded by unknown proteases other than HtrC during spore formation. Identification and characterization of these unknown proteases would be a future direction for revealing the roles of proteases in spore germination.<br>Ph. D.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 87-93).<br>This study investigates the willingness of Zimbabweans to use protest participation as an alternative route to the democratisation of Zimbabwe. A set of theoretical determinants from the literature are tested against individual reports of protest participation usmg the Afrobarometer survey: Round 3. Explanations include economic, political, cultural, cognitive and collective action factors. The evidence from this study reveals that, while conventional wisdom would associate protest with the economically insecure, the unemployed and individuals who belong to the working class, in Zimbabwe protest potential is high among the urbanised, the young, professionals, educated and the economically secure. The study raises questions about the efficacy of the strategies of civil society and opposition in Zimbabwe to mobilise protest Zimbabweans, despite being marginalised and confronted with the most severe crisis, are not inclined to push for economic and political transformation.

Orientadores: Altair A. Del Bel Cury, Pedro Luiz Rosalen<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T18:53:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_VivianeMaiaBarretode_D.pdf: 3110818 bytes, checksum: 40e9aa33bfe2bfa6fd45609e4b286025 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003<br>Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a eficácia do limpador de prótese Polident 5 minutes@ (Block and Drug Corp.) quanto à redução da concentração de Compostos Sulfurados Voláteis (CSV), por meio do Halimeter@ (Interscan Corp.) e a ação bactericida pela cultura microbiana em ágar sangue e MacConkey, além de avaliar a correlação entre a habilidade em higienizar as próteses (HA) e o índice de biofilme (IB) sobre as mesmas. Foram selecionados 19 voluntários, com idades entre de 62 a 86 anos, portadores de pelo menos prótese total superior. As análises foram realizadas em duas fases (F). FI: avaliação m e verificação HA, determinação da concentração de CSV e coleta do biofilme das próteses antigas, nos tempos To (sem uso do limpador), TI, T2eT3 (uso contínuo do limpador por 7, 14 e 28 dias); FII: novas próteses foram instaladas, a concentração de CSV foi determinada e o biofilme foi coletado após 30, 60 e 90 dias de uso contínuo do limpador (Tu, T2.2, T3.3). Os resultados para a concentração de CSV apresentaram diferença estatística entre os períodos Toe TI, e Tu e T 2.2, verificada pelo 64, 67A; T3.3: 53,67B. Na avaliação de microrganismos crescidos em aerobiose os resultados não mostraram diferença estatística significativa na FI e na F 11 houve diferença estatística entre todos os tempos, verificada pelo Teste T pareado (p<0,05): To: 3,34a; TI: 2,22a; T2: 2,92a; T3: 4,24a; Tu: O, 14c; T2.2: 1,12B; T33: 2,74B. Concluiu-se que houve uma correlação positiva entre a HA e m, que o limpador não foi eficaz na remoção do biofilme aderido à prótese antiga e não impediu a formação de biofilme nas novas próteses, assim como não reduziu os níveis de CSV dos pacientes<br>Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the Polident 5 minutes@ (Block and Drug Corp.) denture cleanser in reducing V olatile Sulphur Compounds (VSC) concentration, estimated by Halimeter@ (Interscan Corp.) and the bactericide action by Blood Ágar and MacConkey culture, besides evaluating the correlation among the denture cleaning dexterity (DC) and the biofilm index (BI). 19 volunteers were selected with age range 62 to 86 years, wearing at least the upper denture. The analysis was conducted in two phases (P): PI: BI evaluation, volunteers DC, determination of VSC concentration and the biofilm was collected ITom the old denture before the use of the treatment protocol (To), and after 7, 14 and 28 days of continuous cleanser use (TI, T2 and T3); Pu: new denture was installed, VSC concentration was determinated and biofilm was collected at 30, 60 and 90 days with daily use ofthe denture cleanser (Tu, T2.2, T3.3). The VSC concentration results showed statistical difference between To and results did not show statistical difference at Phase I and, at Phase 11, there was statistical difference between alI the times, by paired-T test (p<0.05): To: 3,343; TI: 2,223; T2: 2,923; denture cleanser was not efficient to remove the old denture biofilm, did not prevent the new denture biofilm and did not reduce patients VCS levels<br>Doutorado<br>Protese Dental<br>Doutor em Clínica Odontológica

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-02-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:45:15Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 dourado_lrb_dr_jabo.pdf: 333239 bytes, checksum: 5dcd15534caceb7ee8cf5fb1bf6de955 (MD5)<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)<br>Foram conduzidos quatro ensaios para avaliar o uso de enzimas exógenas para frangos de corte. No primeiro ensaio foi avaliada a energia metabolizável verdadeira (EMV) do milho e do farelo de soja com a adição ou não de complexo enzimático xilanase, amilase, protease (XAP), de xilanase e de fitase, utilizando o método de alimentação precisa com galos. Foi verificada melhoria de 2,3% na EMV do milho com adição de fitase. No segundo ensaio foi avaliada a energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) do milho com a adição ou não de amilase, xilanase, fitase, complexo XAP, combinação de XAP e fitase e com adição de complexo xilanase/pectinase/ßglucanase (XPBG), utilizando o método de coleta total (pintos). O milho foi suplementado com macro e microminerais. A adição das enzimas promoveu melhoria na EMA do milho entre 1,26 a 2,11%, exceto com o complexo XPBG. No terceiro ensaio foi avaliado o efeito do tipo de milho (seco no campo e artificialmente) e a eficiência de utilização de XAP em dietas com redução de 125kcal na EMA, comparada a dietas formuladas para atender as exigências das aves, sobre a digestibilidade ileal e desempenho de frangos. A adição de enzimas não promoveu respostas sobre o desempenho, entretanto, melhorou a digestibilidade de alguns nutrientes e a energia digestível das dietas...<br>Four trials were conduced to evaluate enzymes use for broilers. In the first trial the true metabolizable energy (TME) of corn and soybean meal was evaluated with or without addition of enzymatic blend (xylanase, amylase, protease - XAP), of xilanase and of fitase, using the forced feeding method with roosters. The improvement of 2.3% was observed in corn TME with fitase addition. In the second trial the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) of corn (supplied with macro and micro minerals) with or without enzyme addition using total collection technique. The enzymes were: amylase; xylanase; phytase; XAP; XAP and phytase combination; xylanase/pectinase/ßglucanase (XPBG) blend. The enzymes addition provided increase on corn AME between 1.26% to 1.66%, except with XPBG addition. In the third trial, was evaluated the effect of the corn type (field dried and oven dried) and the efficiency of use of XAP in diets with reduction of 125kcal in EMA (NC), compared to diets formulated to assist the birds requirements (PC), under nutrient digestibility and performance of broilers. The effect of enzyme addition and corn type in digestibility coefficient of minerals was observed. The birds fed oven dried corn showed better digestibility results in all evaluated variables. In conclusion, the nutrients digestibility showed the positive effect with enzyme addition on NC...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Uno dei cardini nel programma di ricerca attuale del Large Hadron Collider (LHC) al CERN è l’approfondimento della conoscenza relativa al bosone di Higgs e agli accoppiamenti di questa particella, di recente scoperta, con le altre del Modello Standard. Il prossimo Run di LHC sarà caratterizzato da collisioni di fasci di protoni con un'energia di 6.5 TeV ciascuno e renderà possibile l’acquisizione di grandi campioni di dati nei quali si prevede un aumento della statistica per tipologie di eventi che fino a questo momento è stato problematico studiare. Tra questi la produzione per Higgs-strahlung del bosone di Higgs associato al bosone vettore Z, che, essendo caratterizzata da una bassa sezione d’urto, è sempre stata considerata un processo molto difficile da investigare. Questa tesi fornisce uno studio preliminare della fattibilità di recuperare in modo efficiente questo canale, con l’obiettivo di individuare alcuni tagli che permettano di ripulire il grande fondo adronico prodotto nelle collisioni protone-protone a LHC. La presente analisi è stata effettuata su campioni di dati ottenuti tramite una generazione Monte Carlo e una simulazione parametrica del rivelatore ATLAS. Sebbene la statistica dei campioni MC sia ancora limitata e la simulazione della risposta del detector non sia dettagliata, le tecniche e i tagli utilizzati in questo lavoro di tesi potranno dare utili indicazioni per futuri studi più dettagliati e per l'investigazione di questo processo una volta che i dati del prossimo Run di LHC a √s=13 TeV saranno disponibili.

Die Anwendung von Hochintensitätslasern zur Beschleunigung von Teilchen bietet eine Alternative zu klassischen Teilchenbeschleunigern und den von diesen erzeugten Strahlenqualitäten. Nach großen Fortschritten auf dem Gebiet der Laser-Teilchenbeschleunigung wurde die Anwendung der neuen Technologie in der klinischen Ionentherapie vorgeschlagen und diskutiert. Bevor es dazu kommen kann, muss aber neben der Verbesserung der Strahleigenschaften, wie z. B. der Erhöhung der Energie, und der Stabilität der Teilchenbeschleunigung auch eine geeignete physikalische und dosimetrische Charakterisierung entwickelt und die biologische Wirksamkeit dieser neuartigen, ultrakurz gepulsten Strahlenqualität mit extrem hoher Pulsdosisleistung untersucht werden. Dies erfordert eine ganze Reihe von umfangreichen Experimenten der notwendigen Translationskette, angefangen von in vitro Zellbestrahlungen über in vivo Studien bis hin zu präklinischen Untersuchungen und ersten klinischen Studien. Hierzu wurden das Verbundprojekt onCOOPtics gegründet und in einem ersten Schritt in vitro Zellbestrahlungen zur Untersuchung der biologischen Wirksamkeit laserbeschleunigter Teilchen durchgeführt. Dazu wurden Dosis-Effekt-Kurven für humane Tumor- und Normalgewebs-Zelllinien jeweils für mehrere biologische Endpunkte bestimmt. Begonnen wurde dabei mit der umfangreichen Untersuchung laserbeschleunigter Elektronen am JeTi-Lasersystem in Jena, auf welche zum Zeitpunkt der Verfügbarkeit des DRACO-Lasersystems in Dresden die dosimetrische und strahlenbiologische Charakterisierung laserbeschleunigter Protonen an diesem Lasersystem folgte. Dabei stellte die Entwicklung einer präzisen Dosimetrie zur Bestimmung der applizierten Dosis aufgrund der Strahleigenschaften laserbeschleunigter Teilchen eine große Herausforderung dar. Sie ist aber sowohl im Hinblick auf eine spätere klinische Anwendung als auch für die Durchführung quantitativer strahlenbiologischer Experimente obligatorisch. Diese Arbeit, die im Rahmen des Verbundprojektes entstanden ist, leistet dazu in vielfacher Hinsicht einen wesentlichen Beitrag: Erstens wurden geeignete Detektoren zur präzisen dosimetrischen Charakterisierung laserbeschleunigter Elektronen und Protonen entwickelt, optimiert und charakterisiert sowie präzise kalibriert. So wurden umfangreiche Studien zu verschiedenen Eigenschaften der auch in der klinischen Dosimetrie angewandten radiochromischen Filme durchgeführt und die Filme entsprechend kalibriert. Dabei wurden neue Erkenntnisse u. a. über deren Energieabhängigkeit gewonnen, die für zahlreiche Anwendungen der Filme von Bedeutung sind. Weiterhin wurden verschiedene Ionisationskammern zur Echtzeit-Strahlmonitorierung von laserbeschleunigten Elektronen und Protonen ausgewählt und dosimetrisch charakterisiert. Zudem wurde der Einsatz von CR-39 Festkörperspurdetektoren zur spektroskopischen Untersuchung laserbeschleunigter Protonen etabliert, indem die Nachverarbeitung und Auslesung der Detektoren charakterisiert und optimiert wurden und außerdem eine retrospektive Filterprozedur der detektierten Krater entwickelt und angewendet wurde. Ferner wurde ein Faraday Cup, der auf die speziellen Eigenschaften derzeitiger laserbeschleunigter Protonen-Strahlenqualitäten abgestimmt ist, entwickelt, charakterisiert und mit drei voneinander unabhängigen Methoden kalibriert. Die radiochromischen Filme und der Faraday Cup konnten daraufhin als Referenzdosimeter sowohl an den konventionellen als auch an den neuartigen Laser-Teilchenbeschleunigern erfolgreich eingesetzt werden. Zweitens bildete die durchgeführte Echtzeit- und Referenzdosimetrie laserbeschleunigter Elektronen die Grundlage für die weltweit ersten systematischen Zellbestrahlungsexperimente dieser Strahlenqualität. Dabei konnten trotz großer Pulsdosisschwankungen alle Anforderungen bezüglich Dosishomogenität, Strahlstabilität, präziser Deposition einer vorgegebenen Dosis und Unsicherheit der bestimmten applizierten Dosis, die für eine quantitative Auswertung der radiobiologischen Daten notwendig sind, erfüllt werden. Exemplarisch sei die bestimmte Gesamt-Dosisunsicherheit von unter 10% genannt. Drittens wurden auch laserbeschleunigte Protonen so präzise dosimetrisch monitoriert und charakterisiert, dass auch mit dieser Strahlenqualität quantitative strahlenbiologische Untersuchungen durchgeführt werden konnten. Herausgefordert durch die kurze Reichweite der Protonen im Submillimeterbereich und das breite Energiespektrum dieser Strahlenqualität, gelang dies neben der Charakterisierung und Kalibrierung der einzelnen Detektoren durch die Konzeption und Realisierung eines integrierten Dosimetrie- und Zellbestrahlungssystems (IDOCIS).Weltweit erstmalig wurde eine Echtzeit-Strahlmonitorierung während der Zellbestrahlungen mit laserbeschleunigten Protonen durchgeführt, die sowohl zur kontrollierten Applikation einer vorgegebenen Dosis und zur Strahlüberwachung als auch zusammen mit der durchgeführten Referenzdosimetrie zur hochpräzisen Bestimmung der absolut in den Zellen deponierten Dosis diente. Außerdem trug die parallele und redundante Verwendung zweier voneinander unabhängiger Referenzdosimetrie-Systeme erheblich zur Erreichung einer hohen Zuverlässigkeit und Sicherheit bei. Die Unsicherheit in der bestimmten deponierten Dosis betrug entsprechend für den Endpunkt der residualen DNS-Doppelstrangbrüche 24h nach Bestrahlung, für den eine vollständige Dosis-Effekt-Kurve ermittelt wurde, nur ca. 10%. Die Unsicherheit liegt damit schon fast in dem Bereich, der an klinisch angewandten Beschleunigern zulässig ist (3-5%). Dagegen konnte zu Beginn dieser Arbeit die Dosis laserbeschleunigter Protonen nur mit einer Ungenauigkeit von mehr als 50% abgeschätzt werden. Viertens wurden die zur Bestimmung der relativen biologischen Wirksamkeit notwendigen Vergleichsbestrahlungen mit konventionellen Elektronen- und Protonenstrahlenquellen und die zur Vergleichbarkeit der konventionellen und laserbeschleunigten Strahlenqualitäten erforderlichen Referenzbestrahlungen mit 200kVp Röntgenröhren im Rahmen dieser Arbeit ebenfalls dosimetrisch optimiert und genau charakterisiert. Die dosimetrischen Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit waren eine notwendige Voraussetzung für die im Rahmen anderer Arbeiten vollzogene strahlenbiologische Auswertung der durchgeführten Zellbestrahlungen. Dabei wurde insgesamt kein signifikanter Unterschied in der strahlenbiologischen Wirksamkeit zwischen laserbeschleunigten, ultrakurz gepulsten und konventionellen, kontinuierlichen Strahlenqualitäten weder für Elektronen noch für Protonen festgestellt. Durch die Konsistenz dieser Ergebnisse für beide Teilchenarten und unterschiedliche biologische Endpunkte ist damit die nächste Stufe auf dem translationalen Weg hin zur klinischen Anwendung laserbeschleunigter Teilchen begehbar: Die Durchführung von in vivo Untersuchungen. Dabei muss zwar von einer zweidimensionalen (Zell-Monolayer) auf eine dreidimensionale Zielvolumenbestrahlung (Tumor) übergegangen werden, wobei aber die im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit entwickelten Dosimetrieverfahren und Detektoren auch bei den Tierbestrahlungen angewendet und eingesetzt werden können<br>The application of high-intensity lasers for particle acceleration provides an alternative to conventional particle accelerators and also alternative beam qualities. Soon after the recent progress in the field of laser particle acceleration, its application in clinical ion therapy was proposed and discussed widely. Besides the improvement of the beam properties (increasing of beam energy and stability of particle acceleration process, e. g.) a capable physical and dosimetric characterization has to be developed before the technology can be applied in cancer therapy. The same is true for investigation of the biological effectiveness of this new, ultra-short pulsed beam quality with extremely high pulse dose rate. Hence, the whole translational chain, beginning from in vitro cell irradiation over in vivo studies to the point of preclinical investigations and first clinical trials, is necessary. For this reason, in a first step the joint research project onCOOPtics was founded and in vitro cell irradiation experiments were performed to study the biological effectiveness of laser accelerated particles. Therefore, dose-effect-curves for tumor and normal tissue cell lines were determined for different biological endpoints. Starting with extensive experiments with laser accelerated electrons at the JeTi laser system in Jena, the investigations were continued with dosimetric and radiobiological characterization of laser accelerated protons at the DRACO laser system in Dresden shortly after the DRACO laser started its operation. In this process, the development of a precise dosimetry for determination of the applied dose posed a great challenge due to the beam properties of laser accelerated particles. However, this is a crucial and compulsive requirement for both, the future clinical application and also for the realization of quantitative radiobiological experiments. Compiled in the onCOOPtics framework, this paper contributed to this task in multiple key aspects: Firstly, capable detectors for precise dosimetric characterization of laser accelerated electrons and protons were developed, optimized and characterized as well as precisely calibrated. Thus, comprehensive investigations were performed studying different properties of radiochromic films which are also applied in clinical dosimetry. In addition, these films were precisely calibrated for different beam qualities. Thereby, new findings of the energy dependence of radiochromic films were obtained which are of importance for numerous applications of these films. Moreover, different ionization chambers for real-time beam monitoring of laser accelerated electrons and protons were selected and characterized. Furthermore, the application of CR-39 solid state track detectors was established for spectroscopic investigations of laser accelerated protons by characterizing and optimizing the postirradiation processing and the readout of the detectors. Also a retrospective filter procedure of the detected tracks was developed and applied. Moreover, a Faraday Cup adjusted to the special properties of current laser accelerated proton beam qualities was developed, characterized and precisely calibrated by means of three independent calibration methods. Finally, the radiochromic films and the Faraday Cup could be used as reference dosimeters both for conventional accelerators and also for novel laser particle accelerators. Secondly, the performed real-time and reference dosimetry of laser accelerated electrons was the prerequisite of the first systematic cell irradiation experiments with this beam quality worldwide. Despite high pulse dose fluctuations, all requirements were satisfied concerning dose homogeneity, beam stability, precise deposition of a prescribed dose and uncertainty of the applied dose, that are all necessary for a quantitative evaluation of the radiobiological data. Exemplary, a total dose uncertainty below 10% was reached. Thirdly, laser accelerated protons were precisely monitored and characterized allowing quantitative, well-founded radiobiological investigations with this beam quality. This task was very much challenged by the short range of the protons in the sub-millimeter range and the broad energy spectrum of the beam quality. It was succeeded not only due to the comprehensive characterization and precise calibration of the different detectors but also due to the conception and realization of an integrated dosimetry and cell irradiation system (IDOCIS). For the first time, a real-time beam monitoring during cell irradiation with laser accelerated protons was performed. This real-time monitoring was not only used for controlled application of the prescribed dose and beam monitoring and also – together with the performed reference dosimetry – for precise determination of the deposited dose at cell location. In addition, high reliability and safety was considerably ensured by using two independent reference dosimetry systems in parallel. Hence, the determined uncertainty of the deposited dose was only about 10% for the biological endpoint of the residual DNA double strand breaks 24h after irradiation. For this endpoint a complete dose-effect-curve was obtained. Therefore, the achieved uncertainty is almost as small as necessary at clinically applied accelerators (3

Fast and efficient methods for the detection of insurgence and progression of diseases are at the basis of modern diagnostics and medicine. In this concern, biomarkers represent a powerful diagnostic tool, as their expression profiles well correlate with the pathology progression. Thus, the pathological state could be diagnosed by measuring the altered presence of a biomarker. In this direction, conspicuous help has been given by proteomics, intended as the study of the protein pattern of a sample and most frequently performed by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Although the proteome approach is a powerful analytical method, its application to biological samples for the detection and quantification of putative biomarkers is hampered by technical problems, in fact, the wide diversity in concentrations exhibited by the proteins present in the biological samples, with a concentration range spanning over nine orders of magnitude, and the relative abundance of each protein, are responsible of masking the less abundant species and of their loss in traceability. The aim of my PhD project is to apply Molecularly Imprinted Technology to the specific removal of a high abundance protein (Human Serum Albumin, HSA) frequently affecting proteomic analysis, in order to increase the detection of potential biomarkers. This technology allows the creation of artificial recognition sites in synthetic polymers for a specific protein. These sites are tailor-made in situ by co-polymerisation of functional monomers and cross-linkers around the template molecules. Two different approaches have been assayed in order to remove HSA: • Immobilisation of protein template on a rigid silica support (bead) and creation of polymer around beads. • Polymerisation in bulk of a polymer with protein template and application of this polymer to multicompartment electrolyser. In both of the cases, the chemical and structural features of the polymers have been analysed, after that they have been applied to complex proteome pre-treatment, obtaining encouraging results.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a concordância interexaminadores na palpação muscular, após um programa de calibração, assim como, determinar as variações dessa concordância em relação ao tempo, a determinado músculo e ao lado palpado. Para tal, utilizou-se uma amostra de 32 indivíduos, proporcionalmente divididos em relação ao sexo, escolhidos aleatoriamente nas diversas clínicas (dores orofaciais, prótese, periodontia, cirurgia e dentística) da Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, da Universidade de São Paulo. Esta amostra foi dividida em dois grupos: sintomático, composto por 16 indivíduos que apresentavam sinais e sintomas de DTM, com queixas compatíveis com patologias de origem muscular e, assintomático, composto por 16 indivíduos, sem queixas de sintomas de DTM. Os exames de palpação foram realizados por quatro examinadores,previamente treinados, utilizando-se um programa de calibração, que consistiu de instruções detalhadas relativas ao exame, demonstração da localização dos músculos e da força exercida durante a palpação. Foram realizados 3 exames: inicial, intermediário (30 dias após) e final (45 dias após o início da pesquisa), utilizando-se músculos de mastigação (Masséter e Temporal) e cervical (Esternocleidomastoideo). A análise de presença ou severidade de resposta do paciente foi feita através de uma escala ordinal de 0 a 3. Apesar da presença de variáveis inerentes à análise da dor, como a oscilação dos sinais e sintomas do paciente, diferenças na reação do indivíduo e na interpretação da dor do paciente pelo examinador, verificou-se, através do teste de concordância de Kendall, que o programa de calibração foi efetivo na obtenção de concordância interexaminadores, obtendo-se valores entre 0.56 (origem do Masséter Superficial) e 0.84 (Esternocleidomastoideo Médio), considerados de aceitáveis a excelentes. O tempo não alterou essa concordância não havendo, também, diferenças na concordância entre os diversos músculos, assim como para o lado palpado. Concluiu-se que programas de calibração podem ser efetivos na padronização da palpação muscular, o que credencia tal procedimento como uma importante etapa no exame das Disfunções Temporomandibulares.<br>This study aimed to evaluate the interexaminer agreement when performing muscle palpation, after a trainning and calibration program. Reliability related to the time of examination and the side palpated were also addressed. Sample was composed of 32 individuals, matched for sex and divided into two groups: symptomatic (16 patients presenting with myogenic TMD) and asymptomatic (16 patients with no TMD symptoms). Palpation procedures were perfomed in three different times by four examiners, in masticatory (masseter and temporalis) and cervical (sternocleidomastoid – SCM) muscles. The prescuse and severity of muscle tenderness was judge by an ordinal scale (from “0” to “3”). Kendall’s concordance test measured agreement between examiners. SCM has shown the highest concordance (0.84) while the worst result was found for the origin of masseter (0.56). Levels of concordance for all muscles were considered fair and excellent, regardless the side or the time of examination. Authors concluded that a calibration program is able to standardize muscle palpation, which makes such procedure an important step in TMD evaluation.

The use of high-energy protons for radiation therapy was first proposed by Wilson in 1946. Then, at five major centers, Berkeley (United States). Dubna (Russia), Uppsala (Sweden), Harward (United States) and Moscow (Russia), between 1950 and 1960 the use of proton therapy followed. In the beginning progress was slow: 1) Because proton dosimetry and imaging techniques for tumor localization were not well developed 2) Because the accelerators used to produce the proton beams were designed as experimental facilities rather than as clinical machines. More recently, significant growth has occurred in the number of accelerators used for proton therapy. The number of centers has significantly increased over the past decade and protons are now used with more routine in multiple disease sites worldwide.

AbstractHow well do protons fit into the abundance patterns of the other elements? Protons have Q = 1 and A/Q = 1 at all temperatures of interest. When does their relative abundance fit on the power law in A/Q defined by the elements with A/Q &gt; 2? For small “pure” impulsive events, protons fit well, but for larger CME-associated impulsive events, where shock waves boost the intensities, protons are enhanced a factor of order ten by addition of seed protons from the ambient plasma. During most large gradual SEP events with strong shock waves, protons again fit the power law, but with weaker or quasi-perpendicular shock waves, dominated by residual impulsive seed particle abundances at high Z, again protons are enhanced. Proton enhancements occur when moderately weak shock waves happen to sample a two-component seed population with dominant protons from the ambient coronal plasma and impulsive suprathermal ions at high Z; thus proton-enhanced events are a surprising new signature of shock acceleration in jets. A/Q measures the rigidity dependence of both acceleration and transport but does not help us distinguish the two. Energy-spectral indices and abundances are correlated for most gradual events but not when impulsive ions are present; thus we end with powerful new correlations that probe both acceleration and transport.

Abstract The Accelerator Production of Tritium Project is part of the United States Department of Energy strategy to meet the nation’s tritium needs. The project involves the design of a proton beam accelerator, which will produce tritium through neutron/proton interaction with helium-3. Design, construction and operation of this one-of-a-kind facility will involve the utilization of a wide variety of materials exposed to unique conditions, including elevated temperature and high-energy mixed-proton and -neutron spectra. A comprehensive materials test program was established by the APT project which includes the irradiation of structural materials by exposure to high-energy protons and neutrons at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Real-time corrosion measurements were performed on specially designed corrosion probes in water irradiated by an 800 MeV proton beam. The water test system provided a means for measuring water chemistry, dissolved hydrogen concentration, and the effects of water radiolysis and water quality on corrosion rate. The corrosion probes were constructed of candidate APT materials: alloy 718, 316L stainless steel, 304L stainless steel, and 6061 Aluminum (T6 heat treatment); and alternate materials: 5052 aluminum alloy, alloy 625, and C276. Real-time corrosion rates during proton irradiation increased with proton beam current. Efforts are continuing to determine the effect of proton beam characteristics and mixed-particle flux on the corrosion rate of materials located directly in the proton beam. This paper focuses on the real-time corrosion measurements of materials located in the supply stream and return stream of the water flow line to evaluate effects of long-lived radiolysis products and water chemistry on the corrosion rates of materials. In general, the corrosion rates for the out-of-beam probes were low and were affected mainly by water conductivity. The data indicate a water conductivity threshold exists to minimize corrosion in the out-of-beam areas, especially for aluminum. The in-beam probes also revealed a water conductivity threshold but at a lower value compared to the out-of-beam probes.

Abstract This paper develops the relationships between proton reduction at the surface of metals, and hydrogen evolution or hydrogen diffusion into the metal. Equations relating the permeation rate to the proton reduction rate are developed in the case of adsorption - absorption mechanism, with Volmer - Tafel reactions. Analytical expressions are derived, and three distinct regimes are evidenced: i/a thin membrane - low current domain, where all reduced protons enter into the metal and diffuses to the exit face (i.e. the permeation rate is equal to the faradaic reaction rate); ii/a thin membrane and high current domain, where the permeation rate is proportional to the square root of the proton reduction rate, but is independent of the membrane thickness and, iii/a thick membrane high current situation, where the permeation rate is still proportional to the square root of the proton reduction rate, and also inversely proportional to the membrane thickness. These permeation regimes and their analytical expressions are then used to examine results published in the literature for α-iron and low alloy steel in different charging environments. It can be shown that the transition between thick and thin membrane regimes and low - high charging conditions are strongly inter-related. It was also possible to establish that governing equations could be described with two main parameters, i.e. a critical membrane thickness and a critical current density. The former appears to depend mainly on the metal properties, while the latter is a direct measure of the ability of the charging media to promote hydrogen entry in the metal.

Abstract The influence of acetate ion on the rate of corrosion of carbon steel (X65) in 3 % NaCl brine saturated with carbon dioxide has been investigated using voltammetry at a rotating disc electrode. It is shown that the rate of corrosion can only be understood if it is recognised that the cathodic process in the steel corrosion does not distinguish between the reduction of free protons and the reduction of the undissociated proton donor, acetic acid. Hence, for any brine composition it is important to consider the concentration of acetic acid as well as the pH of the brine in explaining the rates of corrosion of the steel. This requires the ability to predict the speciation of these complex solutions.

The mechanisms of charge coupled devices (CCD) irradiated by protons are analyzed. The simulation models of ionization damage and displacement damage are developed. The charge transfer efficiency (CTE) decreased by proton irradiation is numerically simulated. The CTE degradation caused by different traps and by protons with different energies has been studied respectively. Both surface dark signals induced by proton ionization damage and bulk dark signals induced by proton displacement damage are numerically simulated. The variability of surface dark signals, bulk dark signals, and total dark signals with proton fluence is compared. The simulation results are in agreement with the experimental results of the relevant literatures.

This paper investigates the proton diffusion phenomenon between the anode catalyst and the electrode in an enzymatic bio-fuel cell. The bio-fuel cell uses enzymatic organism as the catalyst instead of the traditional noble metal, like platinum. The fuel is normally the glucose solution. The fuel cell is membrane-less and produces electricity from the reaction taken place in the organism. When the biochemical reaction occurs, the protons and electrons are released in the solution. The electrons are collected by the electrode plate and are transported to the cathode through an external circuit, while the protons migrate to the cathode by the way of diffusion. Unfortunately, protons are easy to dissipate in the solution because the enzyme is immersed in the neutral electrolyte. It is an important issue of how to collect the protons effectively. In order to investigate the diffusion process of the protons, a molecular dynamics simulation technique was developed. The simulation results track the transfer motion of the protons near the anode. The diffusivity was evaluated from the trajectory. The research concludes that the higher the glucose concentration, the better the proton diffusivity. The enzyme promotes the electrochemical reaction; however, it also plays an obstacle in the proton diffusion path.

This paper employed molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to investigate the transport phenomena and thermal effect at nano-scale inside fuel cell electrolyte. The material of the electrolyte was chosen to be Nafion® which is the most commonly used material for proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). The transport of protons inside the electrolyte is one of the major issues that influencing the fuel cell performance. The structure of the Nafion® includes carbon-fluorine back bones and side chains (with SO3− attached at the end). Simulation results show that the transport of protons was confined to some specific regions. These specific regions (hydrophilic phase region) consist of water molecules, protons and sulfonated acid groups. Different hydration levels (3, 61.25, 9 and 15.375 H2O/SO3−) was also studied to test the sensitivity of the electrolyte water content on proton conduction. Higher water content shows greater proton mobility due to the larger water cluster size and more water clusters. The influence of the temperatures (333K, 343K and 353K) on proton mobility was due to different sizes of hydrophilic phase regions. Diffusion coefficients at various operation conditions were also evaluated and showed satisfactory agreement with the published experimental data.

Abstract A transient, one-dimensional, model of the membrane of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell is presented. The role of the membrane is to transport protons from the anode to cathode of the fuel cell while preventing the transport of other reactants. The membrane is modeled assuming mono-phase, multi-species flow. For water transport, the principle driving forces modeled are a convective force, an osmotic force (i.e. diffusion), and an electric force. The first of these results from a pressure gradient, the second from a concentration gradient, and the third from the migration of protons from anode to cathode and their effect (drag) on the dipole water molecules. Equations are developed for the conservation of protons and water, the conservation of thermal energy, and the variation of proton potential within the membrane. The model is solved using a fully implicit finite difference approach. Results showing the effects of current density, pressure gradients, water and heat fluxes, and fuel cell start-up on water concentration, temperature, and proton potential across the membrane are presented.

The proton transfer mechanism is the fundamental principle of how the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) works. This paper develops a molecular dynamics technique to simulate the transfer mechanism of the hydrogen protons inside a Nafion 117 membrane. The realistic polymer structure of the Nafion is extremely huge and very complex, it is simplified to be a repeated structure with part of the major carbon-fluoride backbone and a side chain with radicals of SO3− in this paper. Water molecules were assigned to distribute between side chains randomly. The simulation package of DLPOLY was employed as the platform. Simulation results show that the water molecules will cluster together due to the polarization characteristics, and the clusters are attracted by the side chain of the membrane electrolyte. Hydrogen protons are then transferred from one side chain to another through the water clusters. The migration process of the hydrogen protons within the membrane is a function of the water uptakes and many other factors. They are investigated to further improve the ionic conduction of the fuel cell membrane.

Abstract Aluminum coatings minimum 1.8 mm thick are applied to water-cooled proton beam collimators used in the manufacture of medical isotopes on the TRIUMF TR30 cyclotrons in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The sprayed surface of the collimators is made from silver. These collimators are used to trim the proton beam so that only a designated area on the isotope production target is irradiated with protons. Aluminum is used because its activation products at the energies used have short half-lives, thus minimizing the amount of collateral radioactivity produced. The aluminum is sprayed using an Axial III plasma spray torch. In service, the collimators are subject to high heat fluxes due to the proton beam. Service life, heat transfer and application data are provided in this paper.

This paper considers the modeling of the cosmic ray protons transport as well as the secondary component through the Earth atmosphere for periods corresponding to real events of solar energetic particles (SEP). We carried out an analysis of the primary proton flux spectral characteristics. The main work results are quantitative estimates of the calculated ionization rate for an altitude range from 0 to 98 km. Also, our work includes an estimation of the difference in the effect of solar protons on the Earth's atmosphere for SEP events with similar sources, but with different spectral energy characteristics of primary particle fluxes.

A protease from sandworms (Perinereis nuntia) was purified by using a combination of ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE cellulose and Superdex-200, respectively. The enriched preparation had a specific activity of 355.74 U/mg proteins and a yield of 18.5% total protein. The molecular weight of this protease was estimated to be 37.4 kDa by SDS-15% (w/v) PAGE. The pH stability of this protease is between pH 7-8, and it is stable up to 40 °C. The activity of the enzyme was inhibited by Cu2+ and Co2+, but was enhanced by Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions. Furthermore, protease activity was potently inhibited by EDTA.

In this study we attempted to get a better understanding of processes involved in the degradation of abnormal proteins i chloroplasts. To achieve this goal, we used a number of complementary approaches. We first characterized the expression of the two subunits of Clp protease. We demonstrated that both of them were expressed in chloroplasts in a constitutive fashion, but the expression of the regulatory subunit ClpC was enhanced by light. We generated a mutant the lumenal protein OEE33 which was targeted to the stroma in in vitro experiments. In the wrong compartment it was found unstable, and characterization of its degradation revealed that it was degraded by a soluble, ATP-dependent serine protease, which are also the characteristics of Clp protease. In search of other homologues of bacterial proteases, we found that chloroplasts contain a homologue of the FtsH protease. It is an ATP-dependent metallo-protease, bound to the stromal side of the thylakoid membrane, whose expression is dependent on light. The gene encodig this protease was cloned and characterized. In attempt to generate Arabidopsis mutant plants impaired in their capability to degrade abnormal chloroplast proteins, we fused the gene for mistargeted OEE33 to the streptomycin-detoxifying gene. This chimeric gene was introduced into Arabodipsis plants, to generate transformed plants. This transformants plants were sensitive to streptomycin due to the rapid turn-over of the chimeric protein. Seeds from these plants were then chemically mutagenised, and seedlings were selected for their capability to grow on streptomycin. The ability of these mutant transformants to grow on streptomycin is presumably due to stabilization of the chimeric protein. These plants will allow us in the future to identify the effected genes, which are likely to be involved in the protein degradation process.

Background: The LPS of A.actinomycetemcomitans is one of the major pathogenic factors in periodontal disease. It induces secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and involves in alveolar bone destruction. We hypothesized that the LPS of A.actinomycetemcomitans could affect the activation of MMP-2 and the expression of RANKL and OPG in HPDL cells leading to the destruction of periodontium. Methods: HPDL cells were cultured in serum-free medium with or without the LPS of A.actinomycetemcomitans for 36 hours. The activation of MMP-2 was analyzed by zymography. Changes of the expression of RANKL and OPG were examined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and supported by western blot analysis. Results: The activation of MMP-2 could be induced by the LPS of A.actinomycetemcomitans in HPDL cells and could be inhibited by a serine protease inhibitor. The result suggested that the LPS might activate MMP-2 through a serine protease-dependent pathway. The activation was also blocked by NF-kB inhibitor, which indicated the involvement of NF-kB. The up-regulation of RANKL but not OPG by the LPS was found in both transcription and translation and could be abolished by Indomethacin. In addition, serine protease inhibitor also inhibited the up-regulation of RANKL, suggesting the activity of serine protease.

Protests are a feature of both democratic and non-democratic regimes. However, protests in non-democratic regimes have received insufficient academic attention. The nature of protest grievances, strategies, and tactics have been little studied in authoritarian and hybrid regimes. Additionally, triggers of protests are themselves an under-theorised concept. This paper uses protest event data to understand the grievances around which protests take place, which factors trigger protests in authoritarian and hybrid regimes, and the key strategies and tactics collective action actors use when protesting.

In democracies, protests are often viewed by citizens as a costly last resort measure to demand more economic and political rights and resources from policymakers by whom they feel unheard. When citizens feel unheard, they may protest. A stark example of this was the Black Lives Matter (BLM) protests ignited by the killing of George Floyd. Over 15 million people participated in BLM protests in 2020 alone, and the protests in the 2010s resulted in it being labelled the ‘decade of protest.’ Many of these protests have highlighted distributive justice claims, from reparations to descendants of African slaves to redistribution of economic capital.

This paper argues that where institutions are strong, actors are more likely to participate in the political process through institutionalized arenas, while where they are weak, protests and other unconventional means of participation become more appealing. This relationship is explored empirically by combining country-level measures of institutional strength with individual-level information on protest participation in 17 Latin American countries. Evidence is found that weaker political institutions are associated with a higher propensity to use alternative means for expressing preferences, that is, to protest. Also found are interesting interactions between country-level institutional strength and some individual-level determinants of participation in protests.

Bacillus sp. S11 ที่ใช้เป็นโพรไบโอติกในการเพาะเลี้ยงกุ้งกุลาดำสามารถสร้างสารต้านจุลชีพได้ในระยะ log phase ของการเจริญ ภาวะการเลี้ยงที่เหมาะสมต่อการสร้างสารนี้คือ การใช้อาหารเลี้ยงเชื้อที่ประกอบด้วย สารสกัดจากยีสต์ 2% (น้ำหนัก/ปริมาตร) ไดโพแทสเซียมฟอสเฟต 0.25% (น้ำหนัก/ปริมาตร) pH ของอาหารเลี้ยงเชื้อเริ่มต้นที่ 7.0 ใช้ปริมาณหัวเชื้อตั้งต้นที่ 2.0% (ปริมาตร/ปริมาตร) อุณหภูมิในการเพาะเลี้ยง 40 องศาเซลเซียส บนเครื่องเขย่า 200 รอบต่อนาที สารต้านจุลชีพที่ได้ถูกนำให้บริสุทธิ์ตามขั้นตอนดังนี้ ตกตะกอนด้วย 0-30% แอมโมเนียม ซัลเฟต ผ่านคอลัมน์ Sephadex G-50 และผ่าน DEAE-Sephadex ให้ค่า specific activity เพิ่มขึ้นจากที่มีในน้ำหมัก 29.10 AU/mg protein เป็น 52.63, 75.36 และ 95.23 AU/mg protein ตามลำดับ เมื่อวิเคราะห์ด้วย SDS-PAGE พบว่าสารนี้มีมวลโมเลกุลประมาณ 3.5 kDa และมี lipid เป็นองค์ประกอบ สารนี้สามารถทนความร้อนที่อุณหภูมิ 70 และ 80 องศาเซลเซียส ได้ 15 นาทีและถูกทำลายหมดภายในเวลา 60 นาที เมื่อเก็บไว้ที่ 100 องศาเซลเซียส แอคติวิตีของสารหมดไปภายใน 10 นาที และตรวจไม่พบแอคติวิตีของสารนี้หลังผ่านการซึ่งฆ่าเชื้อ 121 องศาเซลเซียส 20 นาที สารนี้ให้แอคติวิตีได้ในช่วง pH ตั้งแต่ 3-10 และปริมาณโซเดียมคลอไรด์ 0-5% (น้ำหนัก/ปริมาตร) ไม่มีผลต่อแอคติวิตี ภายหลังจากการบำบัดด้วยเอนไซม์ protease, alpha-amylase และ lipase พบว่า protease ทำให้แอคติวิตีของสารนี้ลดลงในขณะที่เอนไซม์อีกสองชนิดไม่มีผลต่อแอคติวิตีของสารต้านจุลชีพนี้

El objetivo del presente documento es poder entender el concepto del “Yo-Piel” como una metáfora que representa la función del yo como una “piel psíquica” que delimita y protege al individuo, al igual que la piel física que protege el cuerpo. Se explora cómo la identidad y la estructura psíquica se forman a través de la relación entre el yo y el mundo externo y, a su vez, explora cómo las experiencias tempranas y las interacciones con el entorno influyen en la formación de la identidad y de la estructura psíquica. Sus aportes permiten una comprensión profunda de la importancia de la piel psíquica en la vida emocional y relacional del individuo.