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Journal articles on the topic 'Reassortment'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Lycett, S. J., G. Baillie, E. Coulter, et al. "Estimating reassortment rates in co-circulating Eurasian swine influenza viruses." Journal of General Virology 93, no. 11 (2012): 2326–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.044503-0.

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Swine have often been considered as a mixing vessel for different influenza strains. In order to assess their role in more detail, we undertook a retrospective sequencing study to detect and characterize the reassortants present in European swine and to estimate the rate of reassortment between H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 subtypes with Eurasian (avian-like) internal protein-coding segments. We analysed 69 newly obtained whole genome sequences of subtypes H1N1–H3N2 from swine influenza viruses sampled between 1982 and 2008, using Illumina and 454 platforms. Analyses of these genomes, together with prev

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2

Barrat-Charlaix, Pierre, Timothy G. Vaughan, and Richard A. Neher. "TreeKnit: Inferring ancestral reassortment graphs of influenza viruses." PLOS Computational Biology 18, no. 8 (2022): e1010394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010394.

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When two influenza viruses co-infect the same cell, they can exchange genome segments in a process known as reassortment. Reassortment is an important source of genetic diversity and is known to have been involved in the emergence of most pandemic influenza strains. However, because of the difficulty in identifying reassortments events from viral sequence data, little is known about its role in the evolution of the seasonal influenza viruses. Here we introduce TreeKnit, a method that infers ancestral reassortment graphs (ARG) from two segment trees. It is based on topological differences betwe

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3

Macken, Catherine A., Richard J. Webby, and William J. Bruno. "Genotype turnover by reassortment of replication complex genes from avian Influenza A virus." Journal of General Virology 87, no. 10 (2006): 2803–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.81454-0.

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Reassortment among the RNA segments of Influenza A virus caused the two most recent human influenza pandemics; recently, reassortment has generated viral genotypes associated with outbreaks of avian H5N1 influenza in Asia and Europe. A statistical analysis has been developed for the systematic identification and characterization of reassortant viruses. The analysis was applied to the genes of the replication complex of 152 avian influenza A viruses isolated between 1966 and 2004 from predominantly terrestrial and domestic aquatic avian species. The results indicated that reassortment among the

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4

WAN, XIU-FENG, MUFIT OZDEN, and GUOHUI LIN. "UBIQUITOUS REASSORTMENTS IN INFLUENZA A VIRUSES." Journal of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology 06, no. 05 (2008): 981–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219720008003813.

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The influenza A virus is a negative-stranded RNA virus composed of eight segmented RNA molecules, including polymerases (PB2, PB1, PA), hemagglutinin (HA), nucleoprotein (NP), neuraminidase (NA), matrix protein (MP), and nonstructure gene (NS). The influenza A viruses are notorious for rapid mutations, frequent reassortments, and possible recombinations. Among these evolutionary events, reassortments refer to exchanges of discrete RNA segments between co-infected influenza viruses, and they have facilitated the generation of pandemic and epidemic strains. Thus, identification of reassortments

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Tao, Hui, Lian Li, Maria C. White, John Steel, and Anice C. Lowen. "Influenza A Virus Coinfection through Transmission Can Support High Levels of Reassortment." Journal of Virology 89, no. 16 (2015): 8453–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01162-15.

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ABSTRACTThe reassortment of gene segments between influenza viruses increases genomic diversity and plays an important role in viral evolution. We have shown previously that this process is highly efficient within a coinfected cell and, given synchronous coinfection at moderate or high doses, can give rise to ∼60 to 70% of progeny shed from an animal host. Conversely, reassortmentin vivocan be rendered undetectable by lowering viral doses or extending the time between infections. One might also predict that seeding of transmitted viruses into different sites within the target tissue could limi

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Dlugolenski, Daniel, Les Jones, Elizabeth Howerth, David Wentworth, S. Mark Tompkins, and Ralph A. Tripp. "Swine Influenza Virus PA and Neuraminidase Gene Reassortment into Human H1N1 Influenza Virus Is Associated with an Altered Pathogenic Phenotype Linked to Increased MIP-2 Expression." Journal of Virology 89, no. 10 (2015): 5651–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00087-15.

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ABSTRACTSwine are susceptible to infection by both avian and human influenza viruses, and this feature is thought to contribute to novel reassortant influenza viruses. In this study, the influenza virus reassortment rate in swine and human cells was determined. Coinfection of swine cells with 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus (huH1N1) and an endemic swine H1N2 (A/swine/Illinois/02860/09) virus (swH1N2) resulted in a 23% reassortment rate that was independent of α2,3- or α2,6-sialic acid distribution on the cells. The reassortants had altered pathogenic phenotypes linked to introduction of the swine vir

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7

Feoktistova, Sofya G., Alexandra O. Ivanova, Egor P. Degtyarev, Daria I. Smirnova, Pavel Yu Volchkov, and Andrei A. Deviatkin. "Phylogenetic Insights into H7Nx Influenza Viruses: Uncovering Reassortment Patterns and Geographic Variability." Viruses 16, no. 11 (2024): 1656. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v16111656.

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Influenza A viruses (IAVs), which belong to the Orthomyxoviridae family, are RNA viruses characterized by a segmented genome that allows them to evolve and adapt rapidly. These viruses are mainly transmitted by wild waterfowl. In this study, we investigated the evolutionary processes of H7Nx (H7N1, H7N2, H7N3, H7N4, H7N5, H7N6, H7N7, H7N8, H7N9) viruses, which pose a significant pandemic risk due to the known cases of human infection and their potential for rapid genetic evolution and reassortment. The complete genome sequences of H7Nx influenza viruses (n = 3239) were compared between each ot

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8

Müller, Nicola F., Ugnė Stolz, Gytis Dudas, Tanja Stadler, and Timothy G. Vaughan. "Bayesian inference of reassortment networks reveals fitness benefits of reassortment in human influenza viruses." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 29 (2020): 17104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1918304117.

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Reassortment is an important source of genetic diversity in segmented viruses and is the main source of novel pathogenic influenza viruses. Despite this, studying the reassortment process has been constrained by the lack of a coherent, model-based inference framework. Here, we introduce a coalescent-based model that allows us to explicitly model the joint coalescent and reassortment process. In order to perform inference under this model, we present an efficient Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm to sample rooted networks and the embedding of phylogenetic trees within networks. This algorithm

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9

Taylor, Kishana Y., Ilechukwu Agu, Ivy José, et al. "Influenza a virus reassortment is strain dependent." PLOS Pathogens 19, no. 3 (2023): e1011155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1011155.

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RNA viruses can exchange genetic material during coinfection, an interaction that creates novel strains with implications for viral evolution and public health. Influenza A viral genetic exchange can occur when genome segments from distinct strains reassort in coinfected cells. Predicting potential genomic reassortment between influenza strains has been a long-standing goal. Experimental coinfection studies have shed light on factors that limit or promote reassortment. However, determining the reassortment potential between diverse Influenza A strains has remained elusive. To address this chal

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10

Ding, Xiao, Xuye Yuan, Longfei Mao, Aiping Wu, and Taijiao Jiang. "FluReassort: a database for the study of genomic reassortments among influenza viruses." Briefings in Bioinformatics 21, no. 6 (2019): 2126–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbz128.

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Abstract Genomic reassortment is an important genetic event in the generation of emerging influenza viruses, which can cause numerous serious flu endemics and epidemics within hosts or even across different hosts. However, there is no dedicated and comprehensive repository for reassortment events among influenza viruses. Here, we present FluReassort, a database for understanding the genomic reassortment events in influenza viruses. Through manual curation of thousands of literature references, the database compiles 204 reassortment events among 56 subtypes of influenza A viruses isolated in 37

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11

Feoktistova, Sofia, Marya Sayganova, Kseniya Trutneva, et al. "Abundant Intra-Subtype Reassortment Revealed in H13N8 Influenza Viruses." Viruses 16, no. 4 (2024): 568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v16040568.

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Influenza A viruses (IAVs) pose a serious threat to global health. On the one hand, these viruses cause seasonal flu outbreaks in humans. On the other hand, they are a zoonotic infection that has the potential to cause a pandemic. The most important natural reservoir of IAVs are waterfowl. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of IAV in birds in the Republic of Buryatia (region in Russia). In 2020, a total of 3018 fecal samples were collected from wild migratory birds near Lake Baikal. Of these samples, 11 were found to be positive for the H13N8 subtype and whole-genome sequencing was

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12

Nelson, Martha I., Susan E. Detmer, David E. Wentworth, et al. "Genomic reassortment of influenza A virus in North American swine, 1998–2011." Journal of General Virology 93, no. 12 (2012): 2584–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.045930-0.

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Revealing the frequency and determinants of reassortment among RNA genome segments is fundamental to understanding basic aspects of the biology and evolution of the influenza virus. To estimate the extent of genomic reassortment in influenza viruses circulating in North American swine, we performed a phylogenetic analysis of 139 whole-genome viral sequences sampled during 1998–2011 and representing seven antigenically distinct viral lineages. The highest amounts of reassortment were detected between the H3 and the internal gene segments (PB2, PB1, PA, NP, M and NS), while the lowest reassortme

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13

Semen, Buriachenko, and Stegniy Borys. "REASSORTMENT EVENTS IN HA, NA AND NP GENES DETECTED BY PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF INFLUENZA A VIRUS STRAINS OF SUBTYPES A (H1N1) AND A (H7N9)." Sciences of Europe 1, no. 42 (2019) (2019): 3–11. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3497268.

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The influenza virus is a serious pathogens of animals, humans and birds that regularly causes epidemics, as well as high-mortality pandemics; therefore, an analysis of the assessment of reassortment in the hemagglutinin (HA), neurominidase (NA) and nucleoproteine (NP) genes is necessary. Reassortment causes the necessary genetic variability, which allows a virus with high efficiency to overcome the interspecies barrier. Determination of the reassortment events will allow assessing the degree of variability of the genes of the proteins responsible for the infection process in the infection of t

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14

Solarte-Murillo, Laura, Humberto Reyes, Loreto Ojeda, Juan G. Cárcamo, Juan Pablo Pontigo, and Carlos A. Loncoman. "Analyses and Insights into Genetic Reassortment and Natural Selection as Key Drivers of Piscine orthoreovirus Evolution." Viruses 16, no. 4 (2024): 556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v16040556.

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Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) is a pathogen that causes heart and skeletal muscle inflammation in Salmo salar and has also been linked to circulatory disorders in other farmed salmonids, such as Oncorhynchus kisutch and Oncorhynchus mykiss. The virus has a segmented, double-stranded RNA genome, which makes it possible to undergo genetic reassortment and increase its genomic diversity through point mutations. In this study, genetic reassortment in PRV was assessed using the full genome sequences available in public databases. This study used full genome sequences that were concatenated and genome

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15

Meng, Bo, Qian Wang, Haoyu Leng, et al. "Evolutionary Events Promoted Polymerase Activity of H13N8 Avian Influenza Virus." Viruses 16, no. 3 (2024): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v16030329.

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Wild birds are considered to be the natural reservoir hosts of avian influenza viruses (AIVs). Wild bird-origin AIVs may spill over into new hosts and overcome species barriers after evolutionary adaptation. H13N8 AIVs used to be considered primarily circulated in multispecies gulls but have recently been shown to possess cross-species infectivity. In this study, we analyzed the genetic changes that occurred in the process of the evolution of H13 AIVs. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that H13 AIVs underwent complex reassortment events. Based on the full genomic diversity, we divided H13 AIVs in

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Ganti, Ketaki, Anish Bagga, Juliana DaSilva, et al. "Avian Influenza A Viruses Reassort and Diversify Differently in Mallards and Mammals." Viruses 13, no. 3 (2021): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13030509.

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Reassortment among co-infecting influenza A viruses (IAVs) is an important source of viral diversity and can facilitate expansion into novel host species. Indeed, reassortment played a key role in the evolution of the last three pandemic IAVs. Observed patterns of reassortment within a coinfected host are likely to be shaped by several factors, including viral load, the extent of viral mixing within the host and the stringency of selection. These factors in turn are expected to vary among the diverse host species that IAV infects. To investigate host differences in IAV reassortment, here we ex

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17

Kim, Kyoung Hee. "Jennerian reassortment rotavirus vaccines." Korean Journal of Pediatric Infectious Diseases 3, no. 1 (1996): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14776/kjpid.1996.3.1.23.

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18

Balaraman, Velmurugan, Sabarish V. Indran, In Joong Kim, et al. "Rift Valley Fever Phlebovirus Reassortment Study in Sheep." Viruses 16, no. 6 (2024): 880. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v16060880.

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Rift Valley fever (RVF) in ungulates and humans is caused by a mosquito-borne RVF phlebovirus (RVFV). Live attenuated vaccines are used in livestock (sheep and cattle) to control RVF in endemic regions during outbreaks. The ability of two or more different RVFV strains to reassort when co-infecting a host cell is a significant veterinary and public health concern due to the potential emergence of newly reassorted viruses, since reassortment of RVFVs has been documented in nature and in experimental infection studies. Due to the very limited information regarding the frequency and dynamics of R

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Postnikova, Yulia, Anastasia Treshchalina, Elizaveta Boravleva, et al. "Diversity and Reassortment Rate of Influenza A Viruses in Wild Ducks and Gulls." Viruses 13, no. 6 (2021): 1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13061010.

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Influenza A viruses (IAVs) evolve via point mutations and reassortment of viral gene segments. The patterns of reassortment in different host species differ considerably. We investigated the genetic diversity of IAVs in wild ducks and compared it with the viral diversity in gulls. The complete genomes of 38 IAVs of H1N1, H1N2, H3N1, H3N2, H3N6, H3N8, H4N6, H5N3, H6N2, H11N6, and H11N9 subtypes isolated from wild mallard ducks and gulls resting in a city pond in Moscow, Russia were sequenced. The analysis of phylogenetic trees showed that stable viral genotypes do not persist from year to year

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He, Dongchang, Xiyue Wang, Huiguang Wu, et al. "Genome-Wide Reassortment Analysis of Influenza A H7N9 Viruses Circulating in China during 2013–2019." Viruses 14, no. 6 (2022): 1256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14061256.

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Reassortment with the H9N2 virus gave rise to the zoonotic H7N9 avian influenza virus (AIV), which caused more than five outbreak waves in humans, with high mortality. The frequent exchange of genomic segments between H7N9 and H9N2 has been well-documented. However, the reassortment patterns have not been described and are not yet fully understood. Here, we used phylogenetic analyses to investigate the patterns of intersubtype and intrasubtype/intralineage reassortment across the eight viral segments. The H7N9 virus and its progeny frequently exchanged internal genes with the H9N2 virus but ra

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Bowen, James M., Krista Gunter, Andrew M. Lunel, et al. "Probing orthobunyavirus reassortment using Bunyamwera and Batai viruses as models." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 19, no. 5 (2025): e0013120. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0013120.

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Reassortment is a critical evolutionary mechanism for segmented viruses, enabling the exchange of intact genome segments during co-infection and driving orthobunyavirus evolution; however, the molecular mechanisms underpinning this process remain unclear. With over 100 orthobunyavirus species, many of which are significant human and veterinary pathogens, understanding how reassortment influences transmissibility and virulence is essential for preempting the emergence of novel pathogens. Here, we use Bunyamwera virus (BUNV) and Batai virus (BATV) as models to explore orthobunyavirus reassortmen

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Degtyarev, Egor, Sofia Feoktistova, Pavel Volchkov, and Andrey Deviatkin. "Complex Evolutionary Dynamics of H5N8 Influenza A Viruses Revealed by Comprehensive Reassortment Analysis." Viruses 16, no. 9 (2024): 1405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v16091405.

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Influenza A viruses (IAVs) circulate among different species and have the potential to cause significant pandemics in humans. This study focuses on reassortment events in the H5N8 subtype of IAV, which poses a serious threat to public health due to its high pathogenicity in birds and potential for cross-species transmission. We retrieved 2359 H5N8 IAV sequences from GISAID, and filtered and analyzed 442 complete genomic sequences for reassortment events using pairwise distance deviation matrices (PDDMs) and pairwise distance correspondence plots (PDCPs). This detailed case study of specific H5

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White, Maria C., Hui Tao, John Steel, and Anice C. Lowen. "H5N8 and H7N9 packaging signals constrain HA reassortment with a seasonal H3N2 influenza A virus." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 10 (2019): 4611–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1818494116.

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Influenza A virus (IAV) has a segmented genome, which (i) allows for exchange of gene segments in coinfected cells, termed reassortment, and (ii) necessitates a selective packaging mechanism to ensure incorporation of a complete set of segments into virus particles. Packaging signals serve as segment identifiers and enable segment-specific packaging. We have previously shown that packaging signals limit reassortment between heterologous IAV strains in a segment-dependent manner. Here, we evaluated the extent to which packaging signals prevent reassortment events that would raise concern for pa

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Glass, R., J. Gentsch, and J. Smith. "Rotavirus vaccines: success by reassortment?" Science 265, no. 5177 (1994): 1389–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.8073280.

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McCullers, Jonathan A., Takehiko Saito, and Amy R. Iverson. "Multiple Genotypes of Influenza B Virus Circulated between 1979 and 2003." Journal of Virology 78, no. 23 (2004): 12817–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.78.23.12817-12828.2004.

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ABSTRACT The segmented genome of influenza B virus allows exchange of gene segments between cocirculating strains. Through this process of reassortment, diversity is generated by the mixing of genes between viruses that differ in one or more gene segments. Phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses of all 11 genes of 31 influenza B viruses isolated from 1979 to 2003 were used to study the evolution of whole genomes. All 11 genes diverged into two new lineages prior to 1987. All genes except the NS1 gene were undergoing linear evolution, although the rate of evolution and the degree to which nucleo

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Harris, Emma K., Velmurugan Balaraman, Cassidy C. Keating, et al. "Co-Infection of Culex tarsalis Mosquitoes with Rift Valley Fever Phlebovirus Strains Results in Efficient Viral Reassortment." Viruses 17, no. 1 (2025): 88. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17010088.

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Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV) is a zoonotic mosquito-borne pathogen endemic to sub-Saharan Africa and the Arabian Peninsula which causes Rift Valley fever in ruminant livestock and humans. Co-infection with divergent viral strains can produce reassortment among the L, S, and M segments of the RVFV genome. Reassortment events can produce novel genotypes with altered virulence, transmission dynamics, and/or mosquito host range. This can have severe implications in areas where RVFV is endemic and convolutes our ability to anticipate transmission and circulation in novel geographic regions.

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Neumann, Gabriele, Margaret A. Green, and Catherine A. Macken. "Evolution of highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza viruses and the emergence of dominant variants." Journal of General Virology 91, no. 8 (2010): 1984–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.020750-0.

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Highly pathogenic avian H5N1 viruses have circulated in South-east Asia for more than a decade and have now spread to more than 60 countries. The evolution of these viruses is characterized by frequent reassortment of the so-called ‘internal’ genes, creating novel genotypes. Additionally, over time, the surface glycoprotein, haemagglutinin (HA), which is the primary target of the adaptive immune response, has evolved by point mutation into 20 genetically and potentially antigenically distinct clades. To investigate the evolution of avian H5N1 influenza viruses, we undertook a high-resolution a

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Zhou, Zhaorui, Fei Deng, Na Han, et al. "Reassortment and migration analysis of Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever virus." Journal of General Virology 94, no. 11 (2013): 2536–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.056374-0.

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Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a tick-borne virus with high pathogenicity to humans. CCHFV contains a three-segment [small (S), medium (M) and large (L)] genome and is prone to reassortment. Investigation of identified reassortment events can yield insight into the evolutionary history of the virus, while migration events reflect its geographical dissemination. While many studies have already considered these issues, they have investigated small numbers of isolates and lack statistical support for their findings. Here, we consider a larger set of 30 full genomes to investiga

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BURT, F. J., J. T. PAWESKA, B. ASHKETTLE, and R. SWANEPOEL. "Genetic relationship in southern African Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus isolates: evidence for occurrence of reassortment." Epidemiology and Infection 137, no. 9 (2009): 1302–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268808001878.

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SUMMARYCrimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne viral zoonosis widely distributed in Africa, Asia and eastern Europe. Reassortment of CCHF genome segments has been shown to occur in nature. We therefore investigated the genetic relationship of southern African isolates using partial sequence data for each RNA segment, S, M and L, and comparing the tree topologies constructed using a neighbour joining method. A total of 21 southern African isolates were studied. The incongruencies which were identified in S, M and L sequence datasets involved group switching implying reassortment

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Gischke, Marcel, Reiner Ulrich, Olanrewaju I. Fatola, et al. "Insertion of Basic Amino Acids in the Hemagglutinin Cleavage Site of H4N2 Avian Influenza Virus (AIV)—Reduced Virus Fitness in Chickens is Restored by Reassortment with Highly Pathogenic H5N1 AIV." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 7 (2020): 2353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21072353.

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Highly pathogenic (HP) avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are naturally restricted to H5 and H7 subtypes with a polybasic cleavage site (CS) in hemagglutinin (HA) and any AIV with an intravenous pathogenicity index (IVPI) ≥ 1.2. Although only a few non-H5/H7 viruses fulfill the criteria of HPAIV; it remains unclear why these viruses did not spread in domestic birds. In 2012, a unique H4N2 virus with a polybasic CS 322PEKRRTR/G329 was isolated from quails in California which, however, was avirulent in chickens. This is the only known non-H5/H7 virus with four basic amino acids in the HACS. Here, we

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Kopanke, Jennifer, Justin Lee, Mark Stenglein, and Christie Mayo. "In Vitro Reassortment between Endemic Bluetongue Viruses Features Global Shifts in Segment Frequencies and Preferred Segment Combinations." Microorganisms 9, no. 2 (2021): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9020405.

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Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arthropod-borne pathogen that is associated with sometimes severe disease in both domestic and wild ruminants. Predominantly transmitted by Culicoides spp. biting midges, BTV is composed of a segmented, double-stranded RNA genome. Vector expansion and viral genetic changes, such as reassortment between BTV strains, have been implicated as potential drivers of ongoing BTV expansion into previously BTV-free regions. We used an in vitro system to investigate the extent and flexibility of reassortment that can occur between two BTV strains that are considered enzootic

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Razzauti, Maria, Angelina Plyusnina, Tarja Sironen, Heikki Henttonen, and Alexander Plyusnin. "Analysis of Puumala hantavirus in a bank vole population in northern Finland: evidence for co-circulation of two genetic lineages and frequent reassortment between strains." Journal of General Virology 90, no. 8 (2009): 1923–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.011304-0.

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In this study, for the first time, two distinct genetic lineages of Puumala virus (PUUV) were found within a small sampling area and within a single host genetic lineage (Ural mtDNA) at Pallasjärvi, northern Finland. Lung tissue samples of 171 bank voles (Myodes glareolus) trapped in September 1998 were screened for the presence of PUUV nucleocapsid antigen and 25 were found to be positive. Partial sequences of the PUUV small (S), medium (M) and large (L) genome segments were recovered from these samples using RT-PCR. Phylogenetic analysis revealed two genetic groups of PUUV sequences that bel

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Bobrova, Nataliia A., Ekaterina D. Lisenenkova, Ekaterina S. Avsievich, Olga N. Mityaeva, Pavel Yu Volchkov, and Andrey A. Deviatkin. "Reassortment Dynamics: Phylogeography and Evolution of H4N9 Influenza Viruses." Pathogens 14, no. 5 (2025): 469. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14050469.

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A characteristic feature of influenza A viruses is their high capacity for reassortment, significantly increasing their genetic diversity. This can lead to the formation of influenza A virus variants with unique phenotypic characteristics, particularly those with pandemic potential. Representatives of the H4N9 subtype are low-pathogenic influenza A (LPAI) viruses. Despite their low pandemic potential, these viruses may represent an important reservoir of genes for genetic exchange with other IAVs. Here, we analyzed the reassortment events of H4N9 viruses using all publicly available sequences.

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Zheng, Yuke, Xiaodong Tian, Ruichen Wang, et al. "Genetic Characteristics of Wuxiang Virus in Shanxi Province, China." Viruses 16, no. 1 (2024): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v16010103.

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Wuxiang virus (WUXV) is the first sandfly-borne Phlebovirus isolated from Phlebotomus chinensis collected in China and has been established as a consistent viral presence in the local sandfly populations of both Wuxiang County and Yangquan City. However, its distribution in the Shanxi Province remains unclear. In this study, three novel WUXV strains were isolated from sandflies collected from Jiexiu City, Shanxi Province, China, in 2022. Subsequently, whole-genome sequences of these novel strains were generated using next-generation sequencing. The open reading frame (ORF) sequences of the WUX

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Octaviani, Cássio Pontes, Makoto Ozawa, Shinya Yamada, Hideo Goto, and Yoshihiro Kawaoka. "High Level of Genetic Compatibility between Swine-Origin H1N1 and Highly Pathogenic Avian H5N1 Influenza Viruses." Journal of Virology 84, no. 20 (2010): 10918–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01140-10.

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Reassortment is an important mechanism for the evolution of influenza viruses. Here, we coinfected cultured cells with the pandemic swine-origin influenza virus (S-OIV) and a contemporary H5N1 virus and found that these two viruses have high genetic compatibility. Studies of human lung cell lines indicated that some reassortants had better growth kinetics than their parental viruses. We conclude that reassortment between these two viruses can occur and could create pandemic H5N1 viruses.

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Hassan, Kareem, Timm Harder2, and Hafez M. Hafez. "Avian influenza infections in poultry farms in Egypt, a continuous challenge: Current problems related to pathogenesis, epidemiology, and diagnosis." GMPC Thesis and Opinions Platform 1, no. 1 (2021): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.51585/gtop.2021.0004.

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This study's main objective was to update avian influenza (AI) epidemiological situation, including molecular characterization reassortment analysis and genotyping of circulating AI virus (AIV) subtypes in Egyptian poultry farms between 2017 and 2019. As a necessity for such work, improved diagnostic tools were developed for AIV detection. Subtype H9N2 infections were detected in 27 out of 39 examined farms and were frequently mixed with high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI)AIV H5N8 in 22/39 farms. Next-generation and Sanger sequencing helped to define novel reassortant HPAIV H5N2 and low pat

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Fuller, Trevon L., Marius Gilbert, Vincent Martin, et al. "Predicting Hotspots for Influenza Virus Reassortment." Emerging Infectious Diseases 19, no. 4 (2013): 581–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1904.120903.

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Khiabanian, Hossein, Vladimir Trifonov, and Raul Rabadan. "Reassortment Patterns in Swine Influenza Viruses." PLoS Currents 1 (October 21, 2009): RRN1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/currents.rrn1008.

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Khiabanian, Hossein, Vladimir Trifonov, and Raul Rabadan. "Reassortment Patterns in Swine Influenza Viruses." PLoS ONE 4, no. 10 (2009): e7366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0007366.

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Tao, H., J. Steel, and A. C. Lowen. "Intrahost Dynamics of Influenza Virus Reassortment." Journal of Virology 88, no. 13 (2014): 7485–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00715-14.

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Conceição-Neto, Nádia, João Rodrigo Mesquita, Mark Zeller, et al. "Reassortment among picobirnaviruses found in wolves." Archives of Virology 161, no. 10 (2016): 2859–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00705-016-2987-4.

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Svinti, Victoria, James A. Cotton, and James O. McInerney. "New approaches for unravelling reassortment pathways." BMC Evolutionary Biology 13, no. 1 (2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-1.

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Matsuzaki, Y., K. Mizuta, K. Sugawara, et al. "Frequent Reassortment among Influenza C Viruses." Journal of Virology 77, no. 2 (2003): 871–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.77.2.871-881.2003.

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ABSTRACT In a 9-year survey from December 1990 to December 1999 in Sendai City, Japan, we succeeded in isolating a total of 45 strains of influenza C virus. These 45 strains were isolated in clusters within 4 months in a year, especially from winter to early summer. Previous studies of the hemagglutinin-esterase genes of various influenza C virus isolates revealed the existence of five distinct virus lineages (Aichi/1/81-, Yamagata/26/81-, Mississippi/80-, Sao Paulo/82-, and Kanagawa/1/76-related lineage) in Japan between 1970 and the early 1990s (Y. Matsuzaki, K. Mizuta, H. Kimura, K. Sugawar

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Lebarbenchon, Camille, Srinand Sreevatsan, Thierry Lefèvre, et al. "Reassortant influenza A viruses in wild duck populations: effects on viral shedding and persistence in water." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1744 (2012): 3967–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.1271.

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Wild ducks of the genus Anas represent the natural hosts for a large genetic diversity of influenza A viruses. In these hosts, co-infections with different virus genotypes are frequent and result in high rates of genetic reassortment. Recent genomic data have provided information regarding the pattern and frequency of these reassortant viruses in duck populations; however, potential consequences on viral shedding and maintenance in the environment have not been investigated. On the basis of full-genome sequencing, we identified five virus genotypes, in a wild duck population in northwestern Mi

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Silva, João, Athos de Oliveira, Mariana de Almeida, Richard Kormelink, Tatsuya Nagata, and Renato Resende. "Tomato Chlorotic Spot Virus (TCSV) Putatively Incorporated a Genomic Segment of Groundnut Ringspot Virus (GRSV) Upon a Reassortment Event." Viruses 11, no. 2 (2019): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11020187.

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Tomato chlorotic spot virus (TCSV) and groundnut ringspot virus (GRSV) share several genetic and biological traits. Both of them belong to the genus Tospovirus (family Peribunyaviridae), which is composed by viruses with tripartite RNA genome that infect plants and are transmitted by thrips (order Thysanoptera). Previous studies have suggested several reassortment events between these two viruses, and some speculated that they may share one of their genomic segments. To better understand the intimate evolutionary history of these two viruses, we sequenced the genomes of the first TCSV and GRSV

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Falkenhagen, Alexander, Corinna Patzina-Mehling, Antje Rückner, Thomas W. Vahlenkamp, and Reimar Johne. "Generation of simian rotavirus reassortants with diverse VP4 genes using reverse genetics." Journal of General Virology 100, no. 12 (2019): 1595–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.001322.

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Species A rotaviruses (RVAs) are a major cause of gastroenteritis in animals and humans. Their genome consists of 11 segments of dsRNA, and reassortment events between animal and human strains can contribute to the high genetic diversity of RVAs. We used a plasmid-based reverse genetics system to investigate the reassortment potential of the genome segment encoding the viral outer capsid protein VP4, which is a major antigenic determinant, mediates viral entry and plays an important role in host cell tropism. We rescued reassortant viruses containing VP4 from porcine, bovine, bat, pheasant or

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Shoeib, Ashraf, Daniel E. Velasquez Portocarrero, Yuhuan Wang, and Baoming Jiang. "First isolation and whole-genome characterization of a G9P[14] rotavirus strain from a diarrheic child in Egypt." Journal of General Virology 101, no. 9 (2020): 896–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.001455.

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An unusual group A rotavirus (RVA) strain (RVA/Human-tc/EGY/AS997/2012/G9[14]) was isolated for the first time in a faecal sample from a 6-month-old child who was hospitalized for treatment of acute gastroenteritis in Egypt in 2012. Whole-genome analysis showed that the strain AS997 had a unique genotype constellation: G9-P[14]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A11-N2-T1-E2-H1. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the strain AS997 had the consensus P[14] genotype constellation with the G9, T1 and H1 reassortment. This suggests either a mixed gene configuration originated from a human Wa-like strain and a P[14]-cont

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Lanahan, Matthew, Andrea Erickson, and Julie Pfeiffer. "2224 Determining if intestinal commensal bacteria enhance the frequency of reassortment of an enteric, segmented virus, reovirus." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 2, S1 (2018): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2018.62.

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OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The overall goal is to determine if intestinal commensal bacteria play a role in enteric virus evolution. We will use reovirus, an enteric segmented virus, to investigate specific goals. First, we will determine if specific bacterial species enhance the coinfection frequency of 2 separate strains of reovirus. Second, we will determine if the presence/absence of different bacterial species in the microbiota of mice results in different reovirus reassortment frequencies. Finally, we will discover if reassortant reovirus is present in human populations. METHODS/STUDY POP

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Heitmann, Anna, Frederic Gusmag, Martin G. Rathjens, et al. "Mammals Preferred: Reassortment of Batai and Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus Occurs in Mammalian but Not Insect Cells." Viruses 13, no. 9 (2021): 1702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13091702.

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Reassortment is a viral genome-segment recomposition known for many viruses, including the orthobunyaviruses. The co-infection of a host cell with two viruses of the same serogroup, such as the Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus and the Batai orthobunyavirus, can give rise to novel viruses. One example is the Ngari virus, which has caused major outbreaks of human infections in Central Africa. This study aimed to investigate the potential for reassortment of Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus and the Batai orthobunyavirus during co-infection studies and the replication properties of the reassortants in differe

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Dalby, Andrew R. "Complete analysis of the H5 hemagglutinin and N8 neuraminidase phylogenetic trees reveals that the H5N8 subtype has been produced by multiple reassortment events." F1000Research 5 (October 6, 2016): 2463. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.9261.1.

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The analysis of the complete H5 hemagglutinin and H8 neuraminidase phylogenetic trees presented in this paper shows that the H5N8 avian influenza has been generated by multiple reassortment events. The H5N8 strain does not have a single origin and is produced when the H5 hemagglutinin and N8 neuraminidase re-assort from other H5 and N8 containing strains. While it was known that there had been a re-assortment to incorporate the Guangdong H5 hemagglutinin at the start of the Korean outbreak, the results show that there have also been multiple reassortment events amongst the non-Korean sequences

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