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Books on the topic 'Renal tissue'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

National Institute of Arthritis, Diabetes, and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (U.S.), ed. Cell/tissue culture in renal research: September 9-10, 1985. The Institute, 1985.

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2

McElligott, Anthony M. The role of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors, the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, in renal cell carcinoma cell invasion and metastasis. The Author], 1999.

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3

Amir, Tejani, and Fine Richard N, eds. Pediatric renal transplantation. Wiley-Liss, 1994.

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4

B, Graybar Gwendolyn, and Bready Lois L, eds. Anesthesia for renal transplantation. Nijhoff, 1986.

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5

Jong-Tieben, Linda M. de. Human papillomavirus infection and skin cancer in renal transplant recipients. University of Leiden, 1998.

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6

Gabriel, Roger. A patient's guide to dialysis and transplantation. 3rd ed. MTP Press, 1987.

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7

Gabriel, Roger. A patient's guide to dialysis and transplantation. 3rd ed. MTP Press, 1987.

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8

McDaniel, Lurlene. Saving Jessica. Bantam Books, 1996.

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9

Capodagli, Liane C. Accumulation and tissue distribution of toxic metals in wild mink (Mustela vison) and muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) living near mining/smelting operations and in mink following infection by the giant kidney worm (Dioctophyme renale). Laurentian University, School of Graduate Studies and Research, 2002.

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10

Milanković-Vasović, Ljiljana. Stečajni postupak. Intermex, 2010.

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11

Herrington, William G., Aron Chakera, and Christopher A. O’Callaghan. Interstitial renal disease. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0160.

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Tubulointerstitial renal diseases affect the renal tubules and/or the supporting interstitial tissue around them. The glomeruli are typically spared in early disease. Acute interstitial nephritis is characterized by an inflammatory infiltrate (often containing eosinophils). Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) is characterized by extensive tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis. The processes are clinically distinct but a prolonged acute interstitial nephritis will develop into chronic disease. This chapter looks at the etiology of interstitial renal disease, as well as its symptoms a

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12

Sun, Xiaodong, Alexandre A. da Silva, and Cheng-Chao Ruan, eds. The Impact of Adipose Tissue Dysfunction on Cardiovascular and Renal Disease. Frontiers Media SA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88974-359-9.

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13

Ritchie, James, Darren Green, Constantina Chrysochou, and Philip A. Kalra. Renal artery stenosis. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0213.

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Renovascular disease refers to a narrowing of a main or branch renal artery. Consequences include loss of functional renal tissue and renovascular hypertension, with other manifestations depending on the underlying cause. Worldwide the most common cause is atherosclerotic narrowing, with other causal pathologies including fibromuscular disease (FMD) and inflammatory conditions. FMD occurs much more frequently in women than in men, and is associated with smoking but genetic predisposing factors are also suspected. In South East Asia, Takayasu arteritis is an important cause.Takayasu disease oft

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14

Herrington, William G., Aron Chakera, and Christopher A. O’Callaghan. Renal vascular disease. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0171.

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Renal vascular disease typically occurs with progressive narrowing of the main renal artery or smaller arterial vessels. Often, both patterns of disease coexist and result in ‘ischaemic nephropathy’ with damage to renal tissue. Much less commonly, inflammatory vasculitis can affect small or medium vessels. Ninety per cent of renal vascular disease is caused by atherosclerosis. Patients with renal vascular disease have an increased risk of cardiovascular death from associated cerebrovascular and coronary heart disease. Less than 10% of renal vascular disease is caused by fibromuscular dysplasia

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15

Hartley, Alice E., and Toby Page. Renal and retroperitoneal abscess. Edited by Rob Pickard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0005.

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Retroperitoneal infections are often difficult to diagnose as their clinical presentation is often non-specific. They generally occur in people with anatomical abnormalities, malignancy, injury, or infection of the retroperitoneal organs, but may result from lymphatic or haematogenous spread. Delayed diagnosis can lead to abscess formation with associated high morbidity and risk of mortality. The retroperitoneum can be divided into anterior, perinephric, and posterior compartments and an understanding of this anatomy can help localize the source of infection. Both aerobic and anaerobic organis

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16

Swales, Catherine. Inflammatory connective tissue disease. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.010005.

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♦ Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the commonest multisystem connective tissue disease♦ All patients with SLE are antinuclear antibody (ANA) positive, but not all ANA-positive patients have SLE♦ Renal lupus carries a high mortality and requires aggressive immunosuppression♦ Dermatomyositis may be associated with malignancy in the elderly♦ The vasculitides are classified according to vessel size and ANCA (antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody) profile♦ Therapy for vasculitis includes corticosteroids, steroid-sparing agents, and cytotoxics.

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17

Elder, Grahame J. Metabolic bone disease after renal transplantation. Edited by Jeremy R. Chapman. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0288.

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Patients who undergo kidney transplantation have laboratory, bone, and soft tissue abnormalities that characterize chronic kidney disease mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). After successful transplantation, abnormal values of parathyroid hormone, fibroblast growth factor 23, calcium, phosphate, vitamin D sterols, and sex hormones generally improve, but abnormalities often persist. Cardiovascular risk remains high and is influenced by prevalent vascular calcification, and fracture risk increases due to a combination of abnormal bone ‘quality’, compounded by immunosuppressive drugs and reducti

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18

Bissell, Lesley-Anne, Dwomoa Adu, and Paul Emery. The patient with rheumatoid arthritis, mixed connective tissue disease, Sjögren syndrome, or polymyositis. Edited by Giuseppe Remuzzi. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0166.

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Renal disease is a well-recognized cause of ill health and death in rheumatoid arthritis. Three broad categories of renal disease occur. The first—and by far the most common—arises from the nephrotoxicity of the drugs used in the treatment of arthritis, particularly with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs such as gold and D-penicillamine may lead to proteinuria and a glomerulonephritis in 10–30% of patients. Ciclosporin is associated with significant nephrotoxicity and hypertension. A second major but diminishing cause of renal disease in rheumatoid ar

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19

Glasper, Edward Alan, Gillian McEwing, and Jim Richardson, eds. Genito-urinary problems. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569572.003.0013.

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Anatomy and physiology of the renal system 404Nephrotic syndrome 406Chronic renal failure 408Acute renal failure 410Vesico-ureteral reflux (VUR) 412Acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) 414Haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) 416Circumcision 418Renal transplantation in children 420Ethical issues in the live donation of organs/tissue by children ...

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20

Das, Raj, Susan Heenan, and Uday Patel. Magnetic resonance imaging in urology. Edited by Michael Weston. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0134.

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Magnetic resonance imaging is essential for urological imaging. It offers excellent soft tissue contrast and resolution, allowing manipulation of tissue contrast with different image weighting and sequences. The multiplanar aspect of MRI allows image acquisition in different planes and degrees of obliquity to best exhibit pathology. The basic physics of MRI is explored initially with explanation of image weighting, sequences, and diffusion-weighted imaging. The chapter is then divided into renal, bladder, and prostate MRI imaging. The paragraphs on renal MRI outline renal mass analysis and inc

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21

Herrington, William G., Aron Chakera, and Christopher A. O’Callaghan. The kidney in systemic disease. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0170.

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Many systemic diseases can affect the kidney, including autoimmune conditions, malignancies, infections, and vascular diseases. Autoimmune conditions can cause inflammation of the glomeruli or tubules, or deposition of inflammatory proteins (AA amyloidosis). Malignancy can cause infiltration of normal renal tissue, immunoglobulin deposition in the renal vessels, glomeruli or tubules, or paraneoplastic renal dysfunction as occurs in secondary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Infections can cause inflammation in glomeruli, in association with immune complex deposition. Vascular disease and va

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22

Chakera, Aron, William G. Herrington, and Christopher A. O’Callaghan. Disorders of plasma magnesium. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0177.

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Normal serum magnesium levels are in the range of 0.7–1.0 mmol/l and, as for calcium, most of the total body magnesium is found in bone and soft tissues. Magnesium is essential for normal cell metabolism (as a cofactor for numerous enzymes) and for neuronal function, and regulates parathyroid hormone release. Alterations in serum magnesium levels are usually asymptomatic unless severe. As there are large tissue reserves of magnesium, hypomagnesaemia usually only develops with chronic gastrointestinal or renal losses, or prolonged dietary insufficiency. Hypermagnesaemia is almost always iatroge

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23

Harper, Lorraine, and David Jayne. The patient with vasculitis. Edited by Giuseppe Remuzzi. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0160.

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The goals of treatment in renal vasculitis are to stop vasculitic activity and recover renal function. Subsequent strategies are required to prevent vasculitis returning and to address longer-term co-morbidities caused by tissue damage, drug toxicity, and increased cardiovascular and malignancy risk.Cyclophosphamide and high-dose glucocorticoids remain the standard induction therapy with alternative immunosuppressives, such as azathioprine, to prevent relapse. Plasma exchange improves renal recovery in severe presentations. Refractory disease resulting from a failure of induction or remission

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24

Heidet, Laurence, Bertrand Knebelmann, and Marie Claire Gubler. Alport syndrome. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0321.

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Alport syndrome is an inherited renal disorder characterized by early haematuria, progressing to proteinuria, sensorineural hearing loss, and progressive renal failure typically in the third or fourth decade but with wide variation. It is responsible for about 1% of end-stage renal failure. Over 80% of cases are X-linked and young men are most affected, but heterozygous carriers of the abnormal gene are also at significantly increased risk of end-stage renal failure in their lifetime. Those affected by the autosomal recessive variant are phenotypically very similar. It is caused by mutations i

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25

Glockner, James F., Kazuhiro Kitajima, and Akira Kawashima. Magnetic resonance imaging. Edited by Christopher G. Winearls. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0015_update_001.

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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides excellent anatomic detail and soft tissue contrast for the evaluation of patients with renal disease. MRI needs longer scan time than computed tomography (CT); however, no radiation is involved. Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) are used to help provide additional image contrast during MRI. MRI is indicated for characterization of renal mass, staging of malignant renal neoplasms, and determination of vena cava involvement by the renal tumour. Magnetic resonance (MR) angiography is widely accepted as a non-invasive imaging work-up of renal artery

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26

Kennish, Steven. Intervention. Edited by Christopher G. Winearls. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0012_update_001.

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Imaging technology allows complex yet minimally invasive diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in the genitourinary tract. It provides precise targeting for tissue biopsy to allow accurate diagnosis. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is invaluable in the treatment of complex stone disease and percutaneous nephrostomy insertion preserves normal renal tissue in the patient with malignant or benign urinary tract obstruction. (Percutaneous nephrolithotomy and percutaneous nephrostomy are very different.) Antegrade ureteric procedures allow strictures, stones, and tumours to be dealt with, often with

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27

Jayne, David. Treatment of ANCA-associated vasculitis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0132.

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The goals of treatment in anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody (ANCA) vasculitis are to stop vasculitic activity, to prevent vasculitis returning, and to address longer-term comorbidities caused by tissue damage, drug toxicity, and increased cardiovascular and malignancy risk. Cyclophosphamide and high-dose glucocorticoids remain the standard induction therapy with alternative immunosuppressives, such as methotrexate or azathioprine, to prevent relapse. Refractory disease resulting from a failure of induction or remission maintenance therapy requires alternative agents and rituximab has been par

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28

Tsai, Ching-Wei, Sanjeev Noel, and Hamid Rabb. Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury, Repair, and Regeneration. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0030.

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Acute kidney injury (AKI), regardless of its aetiology, can elicit persistent or permanent kidney tissue changes that are associated with progression to end-stage renal disease and a greater risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD). In other cases, AKI may result in complete repair and restoration of normal kidney function. The pathophysiological mechanisms of renal injury and repair include vascular, tubular, and inflammatory factors. The initial injury phase is characterized by rarefaction of peritubular vessels and engagement of the immune response via Toll-like receptor binding, activation of

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29

Hymes, Leonard Curtis. Pediatric Renal Transplantation: Protocols and Controversies. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2014.

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30

Lameire, Norbert. Yellow fever, severe acute respiratory syndrome virus, and H1N1 influenza infections. Edited by Vivekanand Jha. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0190_update_001.

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Serious yellow fever infections are associated with acute kidney injury (AKI) on the basis of haemorrhagic shock with acute tubular necrosis, although a direct viral effect on renal tissue has been suggested. A single yellow fever vaccination provides sufficient immunity against the disease, negating the need for booster vaccinations every 10 years; vaccination failures are extremely rare. Severe SARS infections may be complicated by multi-organ dysfunction syndrome including AKI. Hypotension caused by nosocomial infections, gastrointestinal bleeding, or SARS per se, and rhabdomyolysis were as

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31

Connective Tissue. Diamond, 2009.

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32

Collins, Graham, and Chris Bunch. Multiple myeloma and related conditions. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0290.

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Multiple myeloma is a cancerous disorder of the bone marrow and arises from a clonal proliferation of plasma cells, resulting in end-organ damage (e.g. renal failure, hypercalcaemia, bone disease, and bone marrow failure). When a plasma cell clone is only detected in one site (either bony or soft tissue), it is termed a plasmacytoma. Monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance is also a clonal proliferation of plasma cells but, by definition, does not result in end-organ damage. This chapter addresses the diagnosis and management of multiple myeloma.

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33

Kennish, Steven. Interventional radiology. Edited by Michael Weston. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0135.

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Advances in imaging technology allow ever more complex yet minimally invasive diagnostic and therapeutic interventions to take place in the genitourinary tract. Imaging provides precise targeting for tissue biopsy to facilitate rapid and accurate diagnosis—the basis of all subsequent treatment regimes. Percutaneous renal intervention is invaluable in the treatment of complex stone disease and for renal preservation in the patient with malignant or benign urinary tract obstruction. Antegrade ureteric procedures allow strictures, stones, and tumours to be tackled, often with much greater ease th

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34

Hastie, Nick, and Eve Miller-Hodges. WT1 and its disorders. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0329_update_001.

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Mutations in the Wilms tumour suppressor gene, WT1, are associated with Wilms tumour in childhood. However, in addition WT1 has a key role in renal development, emerging roles in podocyte function, and a potential role in tissue regeneration. An understanding of WT1 is of increasing importance to clinical practice. WT1 is a complex gene with multiple isoforms. It is crucial for normal embryonic development, especially kidney development, where it is necessary for mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition to form the nephron. WT1 mutations lead to abnormalities in renal and genitourinary development

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35

Extracorporeal renal surgery and autotransplantation. Springer, 1997.

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36

Voinescu, Alexandra, Nadia Wasi Iqbal, and Kevin J. Martin. Pathophysiology of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0117.

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Chronic kidney disease is associated with the inability to control normal mineral homeostasis, resulting in abnormalities in serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone, fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and vitamin D metabolism. These disturbances lead to the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism, skeletal abnormalities, vascular calcifications, and other systemic manifestations. Traditionally, mineral and bone abnormalities seen in chronic kidney disease were included in the term ‘renal osteodystrophy’. More recently, the term chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone dis

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37

Wolf, Farrah J., and Jason Iannuccilli. Percutaneous Thermal Ablation: Hydrodissection and Balloon Displacement to Protect Adjacent Non-Target Critical Structures. Edited by S. Lowell Kahn, Bulent Arslan, and Abdulrahman Masrani. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199986071.003.0071.

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This chapter describes techniques that may be utilized to protect soft tissue structures and vessels that lie less than 1 cm from the planned ablation zone from thermal injury. Hydrodissection with dextrose 5% in water combined with non-ionic contrast material may be used as a means of providing mechanical displacement. Alternatively, an angioplasty balloon inflated with air may be used to provide both physical displacement and thermal insulation. This chapter provides an overview of the percutaneous image-guided thermal ablation technique as well as clinical examples, including microwave abla

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38

Muche, Marion, and Seema Baid-Agrawal. Hepatitis B. Edited by Vivekanand Jha. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0185_update_001.

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Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been causally linked to a variety of renal diseases, the most common being glomerular diseases and systemic autoimmune disease. Membranous nephropathy (MN) is the commonest HBV-associated glomerulonephritis (HBV-GN), followed by membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN), mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis, immunoglobulin (Ig)-A nephropathy, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). Polyarteritis nodosa is a rare manifestation. The incidence of HBV-associated renal diseases seems to be decreasing with the introduction of vaccination programmes.HBV-

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39

Neligan, Patrick J., and Clifford S. Deutschman. Management of metabolic acidosis in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0256.

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Metabolic acidosis (MA) commonly complicates critical illness, usually manifesting as a fall in arterial pH (<7.4) accompanied by a concomitant fall in serum bicarbonate concentration. Acidosis caused by unmeasured anions (UMA), can be distinguished from Hyperchloraemic acidosis by demonstrating a widening of the anion gap (AG). AG should be corrected for albumin and lactate. The base deficit (BD) calculates degree of metabolic acidosis and represents the amount of strong cation required to restore the pH to 7.4. Neither the AG nor the BD specify the cause of acidosis, and are unhelpful in

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40

Kuypers, Dirk R. J., and Morie A. Gertz. Light-chain deposition disease. Edited by Giuseppe Remuzzi. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0154_update_001.

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Light-chain deposition disease (LCDD) is characterized by extracellular tissue deposition of non-amyloid monoclonal immunoglobulin light chains (predominantly kappa light chains) in various organs including kidneys, heart, and liver. It is a rare cause of renal insufficiency. In two-thirds of cases it is associated with multiple myeloma, while in the remainder their monoclonal B cell proliferation does not meet the criteria for that diagnosis.Renal involvement occurs almost invariably and dominates the clinical course of the disease: greater than 90% of patients with LCDD have renal functional

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41

Krywawych, Steve. Metabolic Acidosis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199972135.003.0081.

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Hydrogen ion turnover in resting adults exceeds 500 mole/24 hours and maintenance of hydrogen ion balance is an essential requirement for normal cellular, organ and body function. A variety of mechanisms co-operate to ensure that the hydrogen concentration in plasma can be tightly controlled between 35 to 46 nano moles per litre and any deviation being rapidly compensated. Inherited metabolic diseases can to a variable degree impact to disturb this equilibrium. The underlying causes responsible for this outcome are disease dependent and may occur due to generation of overwhelming quantities of

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42

Kühn, Wolfgang, and Gerd Walz. The molecular basis of ciliopathies and cyst formation. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0303.

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Abnormalities of the cilium, termed ‘ciliopathies’, are the prime suspect in the pathogenesis of renal cyst formation because the gene products of cystic disease-causing genes localize to them, or near them. However, we only partially understand how cilia maintain the geometry of kidney tubules, and how abnormal cilia lead to renal cysts, and the diverse range of diseases attributed to them. Some non-cystic diseases share pathology of the same structures. Although still incompletely understood, cilia appear to orient cells in response to extracellular cues to maintain the overall geometry of a

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43

Chiem, Alan, and Vi Am Dinh, eds. Emergency and Clinical Ultrasound Board Review. Oxford University PressNew York, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190696825.001.0001.

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Abstract Emergency and Clinical Ultrasound Board Review is a comprehensive guide for preparing for the Advanced Emergency Medicine Ultrasonography or Critical Care Echocardiography board exams, and for residents preparing for in-training examinations in ultrasound. The text consists of over 500 multiple-choice questions, organized into 18 chapters covering ultrasound topics such as physics, eFAST, echocardiography, thoracic, aorta, hepatobiliary, renal, pregnancy, soft tissue, ocular, procedural, airway, ENT, DVT, testicular, abdominal, and musculoskeletal applications. This is a multi-special

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44

Dalbeth, Nicola. Pathophysiology of gout. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0039.

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The clinical features of gout occur in response to monosodium urate (MSU) crystals. Gout should be considered a chronic disease of MSU crystal deposition. A number of pathophysiological checkpoints are required for development of gout. First, elevated urate concentrations are required: urate overproduction and underexcretion contribute to total urate balance. Overproduction occurs due to alterations in the purine synthesis and degradation pathways. Renal underexcretion is an important cause of elevated serum urate concentrations (hyperuricaemia), and occurs through alterations in the urate tra

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45

Narouze, Samer N. Cervical Transforaminal/Nerve Root Injections: Ultrasound. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199908004.003.0005.

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Ultrasound provides direct visualization and imaging of various soft tissues without radiation exposure. Thus, it is a very appealing modality in neck injections, with the magnitude of critical soft-tissue structures compacted in a very vascular area. Moreover, ultrasound imaging allows real-time needle advancement and monitoring the spread of injectate, which improves the accuracy of the block and minimizes the risk of intravascular injection. This chapter reviews the feasibility and safety of the ultrasound-guided approach. It also provides a new insight into the technique and why some pract

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46

Keum, NaNa, Mingyang Song, Edward L. Giovannucci, and A. Heather Eliassen. Obesity and Body Composition. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0020.

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In 2014, an estimated 1.9 billion adults worldwide were either overweight (BMI 25–29.9) or obese (BMI ≥30). The so-called obesity epidemic began in high-income, English-speaking countries in the early 1970s, but soon spread globally; more than one-third (38%) of all adults and 600,000 children under age five are overweight or obese, as are two-thirds (69%) of adults in the United States. Excessive body fat is a major cause of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular and liver disease, among other disorders, and has been designated a definite cause of at least fourteen cancer sites: breast

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47

Dalbeth, Nicola. Epidemiology. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198748311.003.0003.

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The aetiopathogenesis of gout is initiated by urate overproduction and uric acid under-excretion, leading to hyperuricaemia. Foods such as seafood, red meat, beer, and sugar-sweetened beverages contribute to overproduction. Under-excretion is mediated by renal and gut uric acid transporters such as SLC2A9, ABCG2, and URAT1. In hyperurcaemia, there is formation of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals in joints, with acute gouty arthritis mediated by the innate immune system occurring in response to these crystals. Factors such as urate concentration, proteins present in synovial fluid, temperature,

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48

Ho, Kwok M. Kidney and acid–base physiology in anaesthetic practice. Edited by Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0005.

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Anatomically the kidney consists of the cortex, medulla, and renal pelvis. The kidneys have approximately 2 million nephrons and receive 20% of the resting cardiac output making the kidneys the richest blood flow per gram of tissue in the body. A high blood and plasma flow to the kidneys is essential for the generation of a large amount of glomerular filtrate, up to 125 ml min−1, to regulate the fluid and electrolyte balance of the body. The kidneys also have many other important physiological functions, including excretion of metabolic wastes or toxins, regulation of blood volume and pressure

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49

Brimioulle, Serge. Pathophysiology, causes, and management of metabolic alkalosis in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0257.

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Metabolic alkalosis occurs in up 51% of abnormal acid-base samples in the hospital. It is characterized by a primary increase in bicarbonate concentration and is always associated with chloride depletion. In critically-ill patients, it is most often generated by diuretic administration, digestive losses, alkali administration, or rapid correction of hypercapnia. Even after all causal factor are removed, it can be maintained by blood volume depletion and potassium depletion. Metabolic alkalosis results in hypercapnia, hypoxaemia, cardiac arrhythmias, altered consciousness, and neuromuscular hyp

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Hall, Andrew, and Shamima Rahman. Mitochondrial diseases and the kidney. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0340.

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Abstract:

Mitochondrial disease can affect any organ in the body including the kidney. As increasing numbers of patients with mitochondrial disease are either surviving beyond childhood or being diagnosed in adulthood, it is important for all nephrologists to have some understanding of the common renal complications that can occur in these individuals. Mitochondrial proteins are encoded by either mitochondrial or nuclear DNA (mtDNA and nDNA, respectively); therefore, disease causing mutations may be inherited maternally (mtDNA) or autosomally (nDNA), or can arise spontaneously. The commonest renal pheno

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