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Journal articles on the topic 'Robotic friction stir welding'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 February 2022

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1

Cook, George E., Reginald Crawford, Denis E. Clark, and Alvin M. Strauss. "Robotic friction stir welding." Industrial Robot: An International Journal 31, no. 1 (February 2004): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01439910410512000.

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2

De Backer, Jeroen, and Gunnar Bolmsjö. "Deflection model for robotic friction stir welding." Industrial Robot: An International Journal 41, no. 4 (June 10, 2014): 365–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ir-01-2014-0301.

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Purpose – This paper aims to present a deflection model to improve positional accuracy of industrial robots. Earlier studies have demonstrated the lack of accuracy of heavy-duty robots when exposed to high external forces. One application where the robot is pushed to its limits in terms of forces is friction stir welding (FSW). This process requires the robot to deliver forces of several kilonewtons causing deflections in the robot joints. Especially for robots with serial kinematics, these deflections will result in significant tool deviations, leading to inferior weld quality. Design/methodology/approach – This paper presents a kinematic deflection model, assuming a rigid link and flexible joint serial kinematics robot. As robotic FSW is a process which involves high external loads and a constant welding speed of usually below 50 mm/s, many of the dynamic effects are negligible. The model uses force feedback from a force sensor, embedded on the robot, and predicts the tool deviation, based on the measured external forces. The deviation is fed back to the robot controller and used for online path compensation. Findings – The model is verified by subjecting an FSW tool to an external load and moving it along a path, with and without deviation compensation. The measured tool deviation with compensation was within the allowable tolerance for FSW. Practical implications – The model can be applied to other robots with a force sensor. Originality/value – The presented deflection model is based on force feedback and can predict and compensate tool deviations online.

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3

Mendes, N., P. Neto, M. A. Simão, A. Loureiro, and J. N. Pires. "A novel friction stir welding robotic platform: welding polymeric materials." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 85, no. 1-4 (June 12, 2014): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-014-6024-z.

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4

Crawford, Reginald, George E. Cook, Alvin M. Strauss, and Daniel A. Hartman. "Modelling of friction stir welding for robotic implementation." International Journal of Modelling, Identification and Control 1, no. 2 (2006): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmic.2006.010087.

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5

De Backer, Jeroen, Anna‐Karin Christiansson, Jens Oqueka, and Gunnar Bolmsjö. "Investigation of path compensation methods for robotic friction stir welding." Industrial Robot: An International Journal 39, no. 6 (October 12, 2012): 601–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01439911211268813.

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6

Wu, Jiafeng, Rui Zhang, and Guangxin Yang. "Design and experiment verification of a new heavy friction-stir-weld robot for large-scale complex surface structures." Industrial Robot: An International Journal 42, no. 4 (June 15, 2015): 332–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ir-01-2015-0009.

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Purpose – This paper aims to present a new friction-stir-weld robot for large-scale complex surface structures, which has high stiffness and good flexibility. Design/methodology/approach – The robot system is designed according to manufacturability of large aluminum products in aeronautic and astronautic area. The kinematic model of the robot is established, and a welding trajectory planning method is also developed and verified by experiments. Findings – Experimental results show that the robot system can meet the requirements of friction stir welding (FSW) for large-scale complex surface structures. Practical implications – Compared with other heavy robotic arm and machine tool welding devices, this robot has better working quality and capability, which can greatly improve the manufacturability for large-scale complex surface structures. Originality/value – The friction-stir-weld robot system is a novel solution for welding large-scale complex surface structures. Its major advantages are the high stiffness, good flexibility and high precision of the robot body, which can meet the requirements of FSW. Besides, a welding trajectory planning method based on iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm is used for welding trajectory.

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7

Callegari, Massimo, Archimede Forcellese, Matteo Palpacelli, and Michela Simoncini. "Robotic Friction Stir Welding of AA5754 Aluminum Alloy Sheets at Different Initial Temper States." Key Engineering Materials 622-623 (September 2014): 540–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.622-623.540.

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Robotic friction stir welding experiments were performed on AA5754 aluminium alloy sheets, 2.5 mm in thickness, in two different temper states (H111 and O-annealed). A six axes robot with a hybrid structure, characterised by an arm with parallel kinematics and a roll-pitch-roll wrist with serial kinematics, was used. The effect of the process parameters on the macro-and micro-mechanical properties and microstructure of joints was widely analysed. It was shown that, under the same process condition, the mechanical properties of the joints are strongly influenced by the initial temper state of the alloy. In particular, as AA5754-H111 is welded, the ultimate tensile strength is not significantly affected by the process parameters whilst the ultimate elongation significantly depends on the welding speed. In AA5754-O, both ultimate values of tensile strength and elongation are affected by the welding speed whilst a negligible effect of the rotational speed can be observed. Irrespective of the welding parameters, the H111 temper state leads to mechanical properties higher than those given by the O-annealed state. An investigation has been also carried out in order to evaluate the micro-hardness profiles and microstructure of the FSWed joints in order to understand the mechanisms operating during robotic friction stir welding.

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8

De Backer, Jeroen, Gunnar Bolmsjö, and Anna-Karin Christiansson. "Temperature control of robotic friction stir welding using the thermoelectric effect." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 70, no. 1-4 (September 14, 2013): 375–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-013-5279-0.

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9

Qin, Jinna, Francois Leonard, and Gabriel Abba. "Real-Time Trajectory Compensation in Robotic Friction Stir Welding Using State Estimators." IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology 24, no. 6 (November 2016): 2207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcst.2016.2536482.

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10

Kolegain, Komlan, François Leonard, Sandra Chevret, Amarilys Ben Attar, and Gabriel Abba. "Off-line path programming for three-dimensional robotic friction stir welding based on Bézier curves." Industrial Robot: An International Journal 45, no. 5 (August 20, 2018): 669–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ir-03-2018-0038.

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Purpose Robotic friction stir welding (RFSW) is an innovative process which enables solid-state welding of aluminum parts using robots. A major drawback of this process is that the robot joints undergo elastic deformation during the welding, because of the high forces induced by the process. This leads to tool deviation and incorrect orientation. There is currently no computer-aided manufacturing/computer-aided design (CAD) software for generating off-line paths which integrates robot deflections, and the main purpose of this study is to propose an off-line methodology to plan a path for RFSW with the integration of the deflections. Design/methodology/approach The approach is divided into two steps. The first step consists of extracting position and orientation data from CAD models of the workpieces and adding the deflections calculated with a deflection model to generate a suitable path for performing RFSW. The second step consists of the smooth fitting of the suitable path using Bézier curves. Findings The method is experimentally validated by welding a curved workpiece using a Kuka KR500-2MT robot. A suitable tool position and orientation were calculated to perform this welding, an experimental procedure was set up, a defect-free weld was performed and a high accuracy was achieved in terms of position and orientation. Practical implications This method can help manufacturers to easily perform RFSW for three-dimensional workpieces regardless of the lateral tool deviation, loss of the right orientation and control force stability. Originality/value The originality of this method lies in compensating for robot deflections without using expensive sensors, which is the most commonly used method for compensating for robot deflection. This off-line method can lead to a reduction in programming time in comparison with teach programming method and leads to reduced investment costs in comparison with commercial off-line programming packages.

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11

Mendes, N., A. Loureiro, C. Martins, P. Neto, and J. N. Pires. "Morphology and strength of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene welds performed by robotic friction stir welding." Materials & Design 64 (December 2014): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.07.047.

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12

Wanjara, P., B. Monsarrat, and S. Larose. "Gap tolerance allowance and robotic operational window for friction stir butt welding of AA6061." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 213, no. 4 (April 2013): 631–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2012.10.010.

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13

Lijin, Fang, and Sun Longfei. "Design of a novel robotic arm with non-backlash driving for friction stir welding process." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 93, no. 5-8 (June 21, 2017): 1637–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-017-0617-2.

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14

Shultz, Edward F., Axel Fehrenbacher, Frank E. Pfefferkorn, Michael R. Zinn, and Nicola J. Ferrier. "Shared control of robotic friction stir welding in the presence of imperfect joint fit-up." Journal of Manufacturing Processes 15, no. 1 (January 2013): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2012.07.002.

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15

Bosneag, Ana, Marius Adrian Constantin, Eduard Niţu, and Monica Iordache. "Analysis of the influence of position of welding materials on the FSW seams properties for three dissimilar aluminium alloy." MATEC Web of Conferences 178 (2018): 03003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817803003.

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Friction Stir Welding, abbreviated FSW is a new and innovative welding process. This welding process is increasingly required, more than traditional arc welding, in industrial environment such us: aeronautics, shipbuilding, aerospace, automotive, railways, general fabrication, nuclear, military, robotics and computers. FSW, more than traditional arc welding, have a lot of advantages, such us the following: it uses a non-consumable tool, realise the welding process without melting the workpiece material, can be realised in all positions (no weld pool), results of good mechanical properties, can use dissimilar materials and have a low environmental impact. This paper presents the results of experimental investigation of friction stir welding joints to three dissimilar aluminium alloy AA2024, AA6061 and AA7075. For experimenting the value of the input process parameters, the rotation speed and advancing speed were kept the same and the position of plates was variable. The exit date recorded in the time of process and after this, will be compared between them and the influence of position of plate will be identified on the welding seams properties and the best position of plates for this process parameters and materials.

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16

Lakshmi Balasubramaniam, Guruvignesh, Enkhsaikhan Boldsaikhan, Shintaro Fukada, Mitsuo Fujimoto, and Kenichi Kamimuki. "Effects of Refill Friction Stir Spot Weld Spacing and Edge Margin on Mechanical Properties of Multi-Spot-Welded Panels." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 4, no. 2 (June 7, 2020): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp4020055.

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Refill friction stir spot welding (RFSSW) is an emerging technology for joining aerospace aluminum alloys. The aim of the study is to investigate the effects of the refill friction stir spot weld spacing and the edge margin on the mechanical properties of multi-spot-welded AA7075-T6 panels. AA7075-T6 is a baseline aerospace aluminum alloy used in aircraft structures. The study employs an innovative robotic RFSSW system that is designed and developed by Kawasaki Heavy Industries (KHI). The experimental strategy uses Design of Experiments (DoE) to characterize the failure loads of multi-spot-welded panels in terms of the spot weld spacing, edge margin, and heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the spot weld. The RFSSW process leaves behind a thermal “imprint” as HAZ in heat-treatable aluminum alloys. According to the DoE results, larger spot weld spacings with no HAZ overlap produce higher failure loads of multi-spot-welded panels. On the other hand, edge margins that are equal to or less than the spot weld diameter demonstrate abnormal plastic deformations, such as workpiece edge swelling and weld crown dents, during the RFSSW process. The larger edge margins do not demonstrate such abnormal deformations during the welding process.

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17

Wang, K., F. Léonard, and G. Abba. "Dynamic Model Identification of Axial Force in Robotic Friction Stir WeldingÕ." IFAC-PapersOnLine 48, no. 3 (2015): 1936–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2015.06.370.

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18

Kolegain, K., F. Leonard, S. Zimmer-Chevret, A. Ben Attar, and G. Abba. "A feedforward deflection compensation scheme coupled with an offline path planning for robotic friction stir welding." IFAC-PapersOnLine 51, no. 11 (2018): 728–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2018.08.405.

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19

Chen, C., and R. Kovacevic. "Thermomechanical modelling and force analysis of friction stir welding by the finite element method." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 218, no. 5 (May 1, 2004): 509–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440604323052292.

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Friction stir welding (FSW) is a solid-state jointing technology, in which the butted plates are heated, plasticized and jointed locally by the plunged probe and shoulder moving along the joint line. The residual stresses due to the thermomechanical performance of the material and the constraint of the welded plates by the fixture are one of main concerns for this process. A prediction of the clamping force applied on the plates during FSW is expected to be helpful in controlling the residual stresses and weld quality. Furthermore, the prediction of the force history in FSW will be beneficial to understand the mechanics of the process and to provide valid models for controlling the process, especially in the case of robotic FSW. In this paper, a three-dimensional model based on a finite element method is proposed to study the thermal history and stress distribution in the weld and, subsequently, to compute mechanical forces in the longitudinal, lateral and vertical directions. The proposed model includes a coupled thermomechanical modelling. The parametric investigation of the effects of the tool rotational and longitudinal speed on the longitudinal, lateral and vertical forces is also conducted in order to compute the appropriate clamping force applied on the plates. Measurements by the load cells in the longitudinal, lateral and vertical directions are presented and reveal a reasonable agreement between the experimental results and the numerical calculations.

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20

Prevey, Paul S., Douglas J. Hornbach, and N. Jayaraman. "Controlled Plasticity Burnishing to Improve the Performance of Friction Stir Processed Ni-Al Bronze." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 3807–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.3807.

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Friction stir welding (FSW) allows the joining of aluminum alloys in ways previously unattainable offering new manufacturing technology. Friction stir processing (FSP) of cast alloys such as Ni-Al bronze eliminates casting voids and improves the properties to that of wrought material. However, the local heating produced by both FSW and FSP can leave a fusion zone with reduced mechanical properties and a heat-affected zone with tensile residual stresses that can be deleterious to fatigue performance. Controlled plasticity burnishing (CPB) is an established surface treatment technology that has been investigated and described extensively for the improvement of damage tolerance, corrosion fatigue, and stress corrosion cracking performance in a variety of alloys. Mechanical CPB processing in conventional CNC machine tools or with robotic tool positioning is readily adapted to industrial FSW and FSP fabrication of components, either simultaneously or as a post process. CPB was applied to FSP Ni-Al Bronze to produce a depth of compression of 2.5 mm and a maximum subsurface magnitude of –150 ksi. The effect of FSP on the fatigue performance in a saltwater marine environment and in the presence of foreign object damage (FOD) was documented with and without CPB processing. FSP was found to increase the fatigue strength of the Ni-Al Bronze by 70% without affecting the corrosion behavior of neutral salt solution. FSW actually produced a more noble material in the acidic salt solution. CPB after FSP mitigated damage 1 mm deep.

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21

Rahul, S. G., S. Kripa, and R. Chitra. "System Identification Based Controller Design for Friction Stir Welding Process During Joining of Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 3293–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.9175.

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Friction Stir Welding (FSW) process was initially implemented by modifying the milling machines. With the advancements in robotics and automation, movement along three primary axes are made controllable using computer integration. FSW being a temperature-dependent process, the temperature at the weld zone affects the weld quality since the microstructure is totally altered by the temperature variations. If welding is done at constant process parameters by ignoring the process disturbances, it would also result in undesirable material properties. From research studies, it is understood that tool pin position and spindle speed are significant process parameters contributing to heat generation during the joining process. In this study, an attempt is made to control the spindle speed of the rotating tool by measuring tool-workpiece interface temperature and vibrational disturbances during joining of Aluminium Metal Matrix Composite (Al-MMC) plates. The system model is estimated from the experimental data using the concept of system identification. Followed by, a Smith Predictor control scheme is developed and validated in a closed loop FSW system to examine the tensile strength.

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22

Hasieber, Michael, Michael Grätzel, and Jean Pierre Bergmann. "A Novel Approach for the Detection of Geometric- and Weight-Related FSW Tool Wear Using Stripe Light Projection." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 4, no. 2 (June 23, 2020): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp4020060.

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Friction stir welding (FSW) has become an up-and-coming joining method with a wide range of industrial applications. Besides the unique weld seam properties, recent investigations have focused on the process-related tool wear of shoulder and probe, which can have detrimental economic and technological effects. This paper presents a systematic quantitative characterization of FSW tool wear using stripe light projection as a novel method to detect weight and form deviations of shoulder and probe. The investigations were carried out with a robotic welding setup in which AA-6060 T66 sheets, with a thickness of 8 mm, were joined by weld seams up to a total length of 80 m. During the experimental tests, geometrical deviations of the tool induced by wear were detected for varying weld seam lengths and different measuring points on the probe and shoulder. It was shown that wear depended on welding length which in turn caused significant deviations and weight losses on shoulder and probe. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the wear on shoulder and probe can be considered separately. It was found that there is a progressive wear rate on the shoulder and a degressive wear rate on the probe depending on the weld seam length. To demonstrate the negative impact of tool wear on shoulder and probe after 80 m weld seam length, visual and metallographic inspections and tensile tests were carried out to detect resultant irregularities in the weld seam.

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23

Silva-Magalhães, Ana, Lars Cederqvist, Jeroen De Backer, Emil Håkansson, Bruno Ossiansson, and Gunnar Bolmsjö. "A Friction Stir Welding case study using Temperature Controlled Robotics with a HPDC Cylinder Block and dissimilar materials joining." Journal of Manufacturing Processes 46 (October 2019): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2019.08.012.

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24

HIRANO, Satoshi. "Friction Stir Welding." JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY 77, no. 5 (2008): 446–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2207/jjws.77.446.

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25

Reynolds, A. P. "Friction stir welding." Science and Technology of Welding and Joining 12, no. 4 (May 2007): 282–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174329307x202550.

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26

Kumar Rajak, Dipen, Durgesh D. Pagar, Pradeep L. Menezes, and Arameh Eyvazian. "Friction-based welding processes: friction welding and friction stir welding." Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 34, no. 24 (June 21, 2020): 2613–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01694243.2020.1780716.

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27

SATO, Yutaka. "Friction Stir Welding (FSW)." JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY 84, no. 8 (2015): 573–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2207/jjws.84.573.

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28

Rahmi, M., and Mahmoud Abbasi. "Friction stir vibration welding process: modified version of friction stir welding process." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 90, no. 1-4 (August 27, 2016): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-016-9383-9.

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29

Abbasi, Mahmoud, Amin Abdollahzadeh, Behrouz Bagheri, Ahmad Ostovari Moghaddam, Farzaneh Sharifi, and Mostafa Dadaei. "Study on the effect of the welding environment on the dynamic recrystallization phenomenon and residual stresses during the friction stir welding process of aluminum alloy." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 235, no. 8 (June 21, 2021): 1809–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14644207211025113.

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Various methods have been proposed to modify the friction stir welding. Friction stir vibration welding and underwater friction stir welding are two variants of this technique. In friction stir vibration welding, the adjoining workpieces are vibrated normal to the joint line while friction stir welding is carried out, while in underwater friction stir welding the friction stir welding process is performed underwater. The effects of these modified versions of friction stir welding on the microstructure and mechanical characteristics of AA6061-T6 aluminum alloy welded joints are analyzed and compared with the joints fabricated by conventional friction stir welding. The results indicate that grain size decreases from about 57 μm for friction stir welding to around 34 μm for friction stir vibration welding and about 23 μm for underwater friction stir welding. The results also confirm the evolution of Mg2Si precipitates during all processes. Friction stir vibration welding and underwater friction stir welding processes can effectively decrease the size and interparticle distance of precipitates. The strength and ductility of underwater friction stir welding and friction stir vibration welding processed samples are higher than those of the friction stir welding processed sample, and the highest strength and ductility are obtained for underwater friction stir welding processed samples. The underwater friction stir welding and friction stir vibration welding processed samples exhibit about 25% and 10% higher tensile strength compared to the friction stir welding processed sample, respectively. The results also indicate that higher compressive residual stresses are developed as underwater friction stir welding and friction stir vibration welding are applied.

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30

TOKISUE, Hiroshi, and Kazuyoshi KATOH. "Deformation Flow Welding（3）Friction Stir Welding, Friction Spot Welding and Friction Seam Welding." Journal of the Japan Society for Technology of Plasticity 47, no. 548 (2006): 817–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.9773/sosei.47.817.

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31

Vairis, Achilles, George Papazafeiropoulos, and Andreas-Marios Tsainis. "A comparison between friction stir welding, linear friction welding and rotary friction welding." Advances in Manufacturing 4, no. 4 (December 2016): 296–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40436-016-0163-4.

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32

Venugopal, T., and K. Prasad Rao. "Friction Stir Welding-An Overview." Indian Welding Journal 36, no. 4 (October 1, 2003): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22486/iwj.v36i4.178778.

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33

SATO, Yutaka S., and Hiroyuki KOKAWA. "Friction Stir Welding (FSW) Process." Journal of the Japan Welding Society 72, no. 1 (2003): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2207/qjjws1943.72.27.

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34

OKA, Takeharu. "Robot Friction Stir Welding System." JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY 87, no. 8 (2018): 552–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2207/jjws.87.552.

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35

Thomas, W. M. "Friction Stir Welding - Recent Developments." Materials Science Forum 426-432 (August 2003): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.426-432.229.

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36

FUJII, Hidetoshi. "Friction Stir Welding of Steels." JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY 77, no. 8 (2008): 731–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2207/jjws.77.731.

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., Mystica Augustine Michael Duke. "FRICTION STIR WELDING OF STEEL." International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 03, no. 09 (September 25, 2014): 286–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2014.0309044.

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38

Murr, L. E., R. D. Flores, O. V. Flores, J. C. McClure, G. Liu, and D. Brown. "Friction-stir welding: microstructural characterization." Materials Research Innovations 1, no. 4 (March 1998): 211–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100190050043.

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39

Mishra, R. S., and Z. Y. Ma. "Friction stir welding and processing." Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports 50, no. 1-2 (August 2005): 1–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mser.2005.07.001.

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40

Rai, R., A. De, H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia, and T. DebRoy. "Review: friction stir welding tools." Science and Technology of Welding and Joining 16, no. 4 (May 2011): 325–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1362171811y.0000000023.

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41

Fukuda, T. "Friction stir welding (FSW) process." Welding International 15, no. 8 (January 2001): 611–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09507110109549412.

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42

Fujii, Hidetoshi. "Friction stir welding of steels." Welding International 25, no. 4 (April 2011): 260–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09507111003655358.

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43

Threadgill, P. L. "Terminology in friction stir welding." Science and Technology of Welding and Joining 12, no. 4 (May 2007): 357–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174329307x197629.

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44

Sato, Y. S., and H. Kokawa. "Friction stir welding (FSW) process." Welding International 17, no. 11 (November 2003): 852–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/wint.2003.3174.

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45

Hovanski, Yuri, John E. Carsley, Kester D. Clarke, and Paul E. Krajewski. "Friction-Stir Welding and Processing." JOM 67, no. 5 (April 8, 2015): 996–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-015-1397-5.

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46

Baraev, A. V., S. M. Vaytsekhovich, Yu M. Dolzhanskiy, A. V. Ilingina, S. A. Kochergin, and V. I. Kulik. "Improving friction stir welding tool." Welding International 33, no. 10-12 (December 2, 2019): 373–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09507116.2021.1884461.

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47

FUJIMOTO, Mitsuo. "Friction Stir Spot Welding (Friction Spot Joining)." JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY 78, no. 6 (2009): 520–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2207/jjws.78.520.

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48

Lacki, P., W. Więckowski, and P. Wieczorek. "Assessment Of Joints Using Friction Stir Welding And Refill Friction Stir Spot Welding Methods." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 2297–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0377.

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Abstract FSW (Friction Stir Welding) and RFSSW (Refill Friction Stir Spot Welding) joints have been increasingly used in industrial practice. They successfully replace fusion-welded, riveted or resistance-welded joints. In the last two decades, dynamic development of this method has stimulated investigations of the fast methods for joint diagnostics. These methods should be non-destructive and easy to be used in technological processes. The methods of assessment of joint quality are expected to detect discontinuities in the structures welded using FSW and FSSW methods. Reliable detection of flaws would substantially extend the range of applications of FSW joints across many sectors of industry, including aviation. The investigations carried out in this paper allowed for characterization of defects present in FSW and RFSSW joints. Causes of these defects were also stressed. An overview of the methodologies for assessment of joint quality was presented. Results of assessment of the quality of joints made of 2024T6 aluminium sheet metal using FSW and RFSSW method were presented.

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Awang, M., I. M. Ahmat, and P. Hussain. "Experience on Friction Stir Welding and Friction Stir Spot Welding at Universiti Teknologi Petronas." Journal of Applied Sciences 11, no. 11 (May 15, 2011): 1959–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jas.2011.1959.1965.

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50

Mabuwa, Sipokazi, and Velaphi Msomi. "Review on Friction Stir Processed TIG and Friction Stir Welded Dissimilar Alloy Joints." Metals 10, no. 1 (January 17, 2020): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10010142.

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There is an increase in reducing the weight of structures through the use of aluminium alloys in different industries like aerospace, automotive, etc. This growing interest will lead towards using dissimilar aluminium alloys which will require welding. Currently, tungsten inert gas welding and friction stir welding are the well-known techniques suitable for joining dissimilar aluminium alloys. The welding of dissimilar alloys has its own dynamics which impact on the quality of the weld. This then suggests that there should be a process which can be used to improve the welds of dissimilar alloys post their production. Friction stir processing is viewed as one of the techniques that could be used to improve the mechanical properties of a material. This paper reports on the status and the advancement of friction stir welding, tungsten inert gas welding and the friction stir processing technique. It further looks at the variation use of friction stir processing on tungsten inert gas and friction stir welded joints with the purpose of identifying the knowledge gap.

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