Academic literature on the topic 'SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine'
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Journal articles on the topic "SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine"
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Sheibak, V. M., and M. V. Haretskaya. "DEVELOPMENT OF VACCINES FOR SARS-COV-2." Journal of the Grodno State Medical University 20, no. 1 (2022): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.25298/2221-8785-2022-20-1-5-12.
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Background. Currently, an active search for effective vaccines against the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus continues. Purpose. To analyze the literature and assess the status of active vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2. Material and methods. We analyzed Russian and English language literature sources on the problem of finding an effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. Results. Structural proteins of the coronavirus have been analyzed as basic compounds for the development of vaccines. It was found that protein S is an ideal structure for creating vaccines that effectively induce the synthesis of neutralizing antibodies and provide the formation of immunity. Information about current trends in vaccine development has been obtained. Conclusions. The SARS-CoV-2 virus continues to mutate, which leads to the emergence of new highly contagious strains such as Delta, Omicron. In this regard, more research and clinical trials are needed to confirm the effectiveness of the current SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, or to continue developing the new ones.
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Bretón I, Andrea, and Alejandro Afani S. "Vacunas SARS-CoV-2." Revista Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile 32, no. 2 (2021): 168–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5354/2735-7996.2021.69660.
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Vaccines are biological products that stimulate the immune system to generate specific responses and immune memory. Faced with the magnitude of the problem caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, there is an urgent need to find an effective and safe preventive intervention. The race to find the ideal vaccine against this new coronavirus has required optimizing research times on this topic. Currently, more than 200 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates are in development, 177 in preclinical evaluation, 63 in clinical evaluation and 16 of them in phase 3 of clinical trials. In our country, 3 SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are already authorized for administration, which have demonstrated safety and efficacy in clinical trials.
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Bellamkonda, Navya, Upendra Pradeep Lambe, Sonali Sawant, Shyam Sundar Nandi, Chiranjib Chakraborty, and Deepak Shukla. "Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines." Biomedicines 10, no. 7 (2022): 1464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10071464.
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COVID-19 vaccines have been developed to confer immunity against the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Prior to the pandemic of COVID-19 which started in March 2020, there was a well-established understanding about the structure and pathogenesis of previously known Coronaviruses from the SARS and MERS outbreaks. In addition to this, vaccines for various Coronaviruses were available for veterinary use. This knowledge supported the creation of various vaccine platforms for SARS-CoV-2. Before COVID-19 there are no reports of a vaccine being developed in under a year and no vaccine for preventing coronavirus infection in humans had ever been developed. Approximately nine different technologies are being researched and developed at various levels in order to design an effective COVID-19 vaccine. As the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for generating substantial adaptive immune response, mostly all the vaccine candidates have been targeting the whole spike protein or epitopes of spike protein as a vaccine candidate. In this review, we have compiled the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and followed by the mechanism of action of various vaccine platforms such as mRNA vaccines, Adenoviral vectored vaccine, inactivated virus vaccines and subunit vaccines in the market. In the end we have also summarized the various adjuvants used in the COVID-19 vaccine formulation.
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Ebrahim, Fawzi, Salah Tabal, Yosra Lamami, et al. "Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG Antibodies Post-COVID-19 or Post-Vaccination in Libyan Population: Comparison of Four Vaccines." Vaccines 10, no. 12 (2022): 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10122002.
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Measurement of strength and durability of SARS-COV-2 antibody response is important to understand the waning dynamics of immune response to both vaccines and infection. The study aimed to evaluate the level of IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and their persistence in recovered, naïve, and vaccinated individuals. We investigated anti-spike RBD IgG antibody responses in 10,000 individuals, both following infection with SARS-CoV-2 and immunization with SARS-COV-2 AstraZeneca, Sputnik V, Sinopharm, and Sinovac. The mean levels of anti-spike IgG antibodies were higher in vaccinated participants with prior COVID-19 than in individuals without prior COVID-19. Overall, antibody titers in recovered vaccinee and naïve vaccinee persisted beyond 20 weeks. Vaccination with adenoviral–vector vaccines (AstraZeneca and Sputnik V) generates higher antibody titers than with killed virus vaccine (Sinopharm and Sinovac). Approximately two-thirds of asymptomatic unvaccinated individuals had developed virus-specific antibodies. A single dose of vaccine is likely to provide greater protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection in individuals with apparent prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, than in SARS-CoV-2-naive individuals. In addition, the high number of seropositivity among asymptomatic unvaccinated individuals showed that the number of infections are probably highly underestimated. Those vaccinated with inactivated vaccine may require more frequent boosters than those vaccinated with adenoviral vaccine. These findings are important for formulating public health vaccination strategies during COVID-19 pandemic.
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ISI-SENAI-CIMATEC Group and Development and Innovation Laboratory of Butantan Institute. "Vaccines’ Candidates Against SARS-CoV-2." JOURNAL OF BIOENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY APPLIED TO HEALTH 3, no. 2 (2020): 249–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.34178/jbth.v3i2.126.
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Scientists, health organizations, and pharmaceutical companies are making a large global effort to develop vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, the virus of COVID-19 since the outbreak began. Until now, we have more than 150 candidates. However, 19 vaccine candidates have entered clinical trials in phase 2 and 3 trials (31 July 2020). In this article we aimed to present the platforms for COVID-19 vaccine, the types of vaccines (live, attenuated, inactivated, DNA/RNA, proteins subunits, viral vector), the antigen selection, adjuvants, and we focused on the phase 2/3 trial vaccines at this point (Sinopharm, Coronavac, Moderna, Oxford, Biontech). We searched the data in the main database (PubMed/Medline, Elsevier Science Direct, Scopus, Isi Web of Science, Embase, Excerpta Medica, UptoDate, Lilacs, Novel Coronavirus Resource Directory from Elsevier), in the high-impact international scientific Journals (Scimago Journal and Country Rank - SJR - and Journal Citation Reports - JCR), such as The Lancet, Science, Nature, The New England Journal of Medicine, Physiological Reviews, Journal of the American Medical Association, Plos One, Journal of Clinical Investigation, and in the data from Center for Disease Control (CDC), National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) and World Health Organization (WHO). We prior selected meta-analysis, systematic reviews, article reviews, and original articles in this order. We reviewed 216 articles and used 106 from March to June 2020, using the terms coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, novel coronavirus, Wuhan coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome, 2019-nCoV, 2019 novel coronavirus, n-CoV-2, covid, n-SARS-2, COVID-19, corona virus, coronaviruses, vaccine, platform, antigen, subunit, live and attenuated vaccine, RNA vaccine, live vaccine, inactivated vaccine, types of vaccines, adjuvants, replication, viral vector, phase 1-3, trial, with the tools MeSH (Medical Subject Headings), AND, OR, and the characters [,“,; /., to ensure the best review topics. We concluded that although vaccines have shown safety in phase 1 and efficacy in phase 2 and the beginning of phase 3 is starting, the most renowned scientists believe that a vaccine will be available only in the middle of next year.
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Geng, Qibin, Wanbo Tai, Victoria K. Baxter, et al. "Novel virus-like nanoparticle vaccine effectively protects animal model from SARS-CoV-2 infection." PLOS Pathogens 17, no. 9 (2021): e1009897. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009897.
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The key to battling the COVID-19 pandemic and its potential aftermath is to develop a variety of vaccines that are efficacious and safe, elicit lasting immunity, and cover a range of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Recombinant viral receptor-binding domains (RBDs) are safe vaccine candidates but often have limited efficacy due to the lack of virus-like immunogen display pattern. Here we have developed a novel virus-like nanoparticle (VLP) vaccine that displays 120 copies of SARS-CoV-2 RBD on its surface. This VLP-RBD vaccine mimics virus-based vaccines in immunogen display, which boosts its efficacy, while maintaining the safety of protein-based subunit vaccines. Compared to the RBD vaccine, the VLP-RBD vaccine induced five times more neutralizing antibodies in mice that efficiently blocked SARS-CoV-2 from attaching to its host receptor and potently neutralized the cell entry of variant SARS-CoV-2 strains, SARS-CoV-1, and SARS-CoV-1-related bat coronavirus. These neutralizing immune responses induced by the VLP-RBD vaccine did not wane during the two-month study period. Furthermore, the VLP-RBD vaccine effectively protected mice from SARS-CoV-2 challenge, dramatically reducing the development of clinical signs and pathological changes in immunized mice. The VLP-RBD vaccine provides one potentially effective solution to controlling the spread of SARS-CoV-2.
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Walker, Karrie. "SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine." Global Reproductive Health 5, no. 3 (2020): e42-e42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/grh.0000000000000042.
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Zhang, Qiong, Shashi Tiwari, Jing Wen, et al. "Induction of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants by a multivalent mRNA-lipid nanoparticle vaccine encoding SARS-CoV-2/SARS-CoV Spike protein receptor-binding domains in mice." PLOS ONE 19, no. 4 (2024): e0300524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0300524.
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To address the need for multivalent vaccines against Coronaviridae that can be rapidly developed and manufactured, we compared antibody responses against SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and several variants of concern in mice immunized with mRNA-lipid nanoparticle vaccines encoding homodimers or heterodimers of SARS-CoV/SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domains. All vaccine constructs induced robust anti-RBD antibody responses, and the heterodimeric vaccine elicited an IgG response capable of cross-neutralizing SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan-Hu-1, B.1.351 (beta), and B.1.617.2 (delta) variants.
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Hou, Xu-Chen, Hui-Fang Xu, Yang Liu, et al. "A Vaccine with Multiple Receptor-Binding Domain Subunit Mutations Induces Broad-Spectrum Immune Response against SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern." Vaccines 10, no. 10 (2022): 1653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10101653.
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With the emergence of more variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the immune evasion of these variants from existing vaccines, the development of broad-spectrum vaccines is urgently needed. In this study, we designed a novel SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) subunit (RBD5m) by integrating five important mutations from SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs). The neutralization activities of antibodies induced by the RBD5m candidate vaccine are more balanced and effective for neutralizing different SARS-CoV-2 VOCs in comparison with those induced by the SARS-CoV-2 prototype strain RBD. Our results suggest that the RBD5m vaccine is a good broad-spectrum vaccine candidate able to prevent disease from several different SARS-CoV-2 VOCs.
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Thomas, Whitney, Adam Albano, Dean Kirkel, Nason Rouhizad, and Folasade Arinze. "Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura following Administration of mRNA-Based SARS-CoV-2 and MMR Vaccinations: A Cautionary Tale." Case Reports in Infectious Diseases 2021 (October 9, 2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2704249.
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We report a case of immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) in an otherwise healthy 31-year-old man following coadministration of the live measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine with the Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. The patient was hospitalized briefly and treated for ITP with glucocorticoids, IVIG, and platelet transfusion. Although our patient’s clinical presentation and subsequent course are similar to those of other cases of ITP in association with SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, to our knowledge, this is the first reported case of ITP following MMR and mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine coadministration. It would be impossible to conclusively prove that the patient’s thrombocytopenia was secondary to the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine alone, the MMR vaccine, or an additive effect of both vaccines. However, with the CDC guidelines recommending the coadministration of the mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine without regards to timing with other vaccines, we urge further caution as there is limited evidence to inform practice. This case highlights the need for further safety data regarding the coadministration and timing of the mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine with other vaccines.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine"
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Chenane, Houssem Eddine. "Étude de marqueurs sérologiques et génomiques des virus respiratoires SARS-CoV-2 et VRS." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris Cité, 2025. https://wo.app.u-paris.fr/cgi-bin/WebObjects/TheseWeb.woa/wa/show?t=7854&f=76741.
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Depuis son émergence en 2019, le SARS-CoV-2 a engendré une pandémie mondiale sans précédent, bouleversant les systèmes de santé et provoquant une crise sanitaire majeure. Le diagnostic de la COVID-19 repose principalement sur la détection de l'ARN viral par RT-PCR nasopharyngée, mais la quantification de l'antigène N dans le sérum (antigénémie N) pourrait offrir une alternative précieuse en tant que marqueur pronostique de la sévérité de la maladie. Par ailleurs, l'apparition continue de nouveaux variants, porteurs de mutations sur la protéine de spicule S, a amplifié les défis posés par la pandémie en augmentant la transmissibilité du virus et en affaiblissant l'efficacité de la réponse immunitaire. Dans ce contexte, cette thèse explore les marqueurs sérologiques et génomiques du SARS-CoV-2 pour : caractériser l'antigénémie N comme indicateur pronostique de gravité de la COVID-19 ; étudier la dynamique réplicative et l'impact de nouveaux variants sur la cinétique de l'infection ; et évaluer l'efficacité du vaccin BNT162b2 (Pfizer) afin de raffiner les stratégies vaccinales adaptées à l'évolution du virus. Nous avons d'abord évalué l'antigénémie N comme indicateur pronostique chez les patients atteints de COVID-19. Nos résultats montrent que les patients décédés présentaient des niveaux significativement plus élevés d'antigène N dans les 8 jours suivant l'apparition des symptômes et un délai de clairance plus long que les survivants. Cette clairance retardée, non observable dans les charges virales nasopharyngées, suggère que l'antigénémie N pourrait mieux refléter la gravité de l'infection pulmonaire et servir de marqueur pronostique fiable. Nous avons ensuite étudié la réplication de plusieurs variants (Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta et A.27) ainsi que de la souche historique Wuhan dans des lignées cellulaires Vero E6 et A549-ACE2. Nos résultats révèlent que les variants Alpha et Delta présentent une réplication plus rapide et des titres infectieux plus élevés par rapport aux autres, ce qui est en cohérence avec les charges virales élevées observées cliniquement et pourrait expliquer leur transmissibilité accrue. En revanche, les variants Beta, Gamma et A.27 montrent une cinétique de réplication similaire à celle de la souche historique. Enfin, dans un contexte de vaccination des professionnels de santé, nous avons suivi la persistance et l'efficacité des anticorps neutralisants induits par le vaccin BNT162b2 (Pfizer) face aux variants Delta et Omicron, en intégrant l'effet d'une troisième dose de vaccin. Nos analyses montrent qu'un mois après la deuxième dose de vaccin, les titres neutralisants restent élevés pour Delta mais diminuent significativement quatre mois plus tard, suggérant une protection déclinante. Avec l'émergence d'Omicron, nous avons observé qu'un mois après la troisième dose de vaccin, les titres d'anticorps pour Omicron, bien que considérablement augmentés, restent huit fois inférieurs à ceux obtenus pour Delta, révélant une évasion immunitaire partielle. Ce "boost" post-rappel souligne néanmoins la nécessité d'une dose supplémentaire pour restaurer une protection efficace contre ces variants. En conclusion, notre travail révèle l'utilité de l'antigénémie N comme marqueur pronostique, met en évidence les capacités de réplication élevées des variants Alpha et Delta et l'importance d'une dose de rappel pour maintenir une immunité suffisante face aux mutations virales. Ces résultats contribuent à une compréhension approfondie des interactions entre le SARS-CoV-2 et l'hôte, offrant des pistes pour adapter les stratégies vaccinales face à l'évolution du SARS-CoV-2<br>Since its emergence in 2019, SARS-CoV-2 has generated an unprecedented global pandemic, disrupted healthcare systems and triggered a major health crisis. COVID-19 diagnosis primarily relies on detecting viral RNA through nasopharyngeal RT-PCR; however, quantifying the N antigen in serum (N antigenemia) may offer a valuable alternative as a prognostic marker of disease severity. Additionally, the continual emergence of new variants, bearing mutations on the spike protein (S), has intensified the pandemic's challenges by increasing viral transmissibility and diminishing the effectiveness of immune responses. In this context, this thesis explores the serological and genomic markers of SARS-CoV-2 to characterize N antigenemia as a prognostic marker of COVID-19 severity; investigate the replication dynamics and impact of new variants on infection kinetics; and evaluate the efficacy of the BNT162b2 (Pfizer) vaccine to refine vaccination strategies adapted to viral evolution. We first assessed N antigenemia as a prognostic indicator in patients with COVID-19. Our results show that deceased patients exhibited significantly higher N antigen levels within 8 days of symptom onset and a longer antigen clearance time than survivors. This delayed clearance, not observed in nasopharyngeal viral loads, suggests that N antigenemia may better reflect the severity of pulmonary infection and serve as a reliable prognostic marker. Next, we studied the replication of several variants (Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and A.27) along with the historical Wuhan strain in Vero E6 and A549-ACE2 cell lines. Our findings reveal that the Alpha and Delta variants display faster replication and higher infectious titers compared to others, consistent with clinically observed high viral loads and potentially explaining their increased transmissibility. In contrast, the Beta, Gamma, and A.27 variants exhibit replication kinetics like those of the historical strain. Finally, within the context of healthcare worker vaccination, we monitored the persistence and effectiveness of neutralizing antibodies induced by the BNT162b2 (Pfizer) vaccine against the Delta and Omicron variants, including the impact of a third booster dose. Our analyses indicate that one month after the second vaccine dose, neutralizing titers remain high for Delta but decrease significantly four months later, suggesting waning protection. With the emergence of Omicron, we observed that one month after the third vaccine dose, antibody titers against Omicron, while significantly boosted, remain eight times lower than those observed for Delta, indicating partial immune escape. Nevertheless, this post-booster increase underscores the necessity of an additional dose to restore effective protection against these variants. In conclusion, our work highlights the utility of N antigenemia as a prognostic marker, demonstrates the high replication capacity of the Alpha and Delta variants, and underscores the importance of a booster dose to maintain sufficient immunity against viral mutations. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of SARS-CoV-2 host interactions, providing insights to adapt vaccination strategies in response to SARS-CoV-2 evolution
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ALTAMIRA, Asociación Peruana de Bibliotecas Académicas. "Boletín diario de información científica N° 15." Asociación Peruana de Bibliotecas Académicas ALTAMIRA, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/651864.
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ALTAMIRA, Asociación Peruana de Bibliotecas Académicas. "Boletín diario de información científica N° 26." Asociación Peruana de Bibliotecas Académicas ALTAMIRA, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/651935.
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ALTAMIRA, Asociación Peruana de Bibliotecas Académicas. "Boletín diario de información científica N° 14." Asociación Peruana de Bibliotecas Académicas ALTAMIRA, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/651857.
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Svensson, Adrian. "En jämförelse av olika covid-19 vaccin." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa och samhälle (HS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-44521.
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Bakgrund: I slutet av 2019 upptäcktes flertalet fall av pneumoni av okänd etiologi i Wuhan, Kina. Efter isolering och sekvensering framkom det att det rörde sig om ett coronavirus, benämnt SARS-CoV-2. Sociala restriktioner och munskydd har inte lyckats stoppa denna pandemi, och hoppet ligger nu på de olika vaccinkandidater som började utvecklas under 2020. Syfte: Syftet var att jämföra olika vaccins effektivitet och förekomst av olika biverkningar. Metod: En systemisk litteraturstudie utfördes, där en sökning i Pubmed utfördes och fyra artiklar valdes ut till arbetet för att jämföra vaccineffektivitet och biverkningar för de tre vaccin som var godkända av läkemedelsverket i februari. Resultat: Pfizer/BioNTechs mRNA-vaccin hade en effektivitet på 94,8%, Modernas mRNA-vaccin en effektivitet på 94,1% och Oxford-AstraZenecas vektorvaccin uppvisade en effektivitet på 70,4%. De vanligaste biverkningarna vid vaccinering var smärta vid injektionsplatsen, huvudvärk samt utmattning. Slutsats: En tillfredsställande jämförelse kunde inte genomföras då de olika fas III studierna utfördes på olika åldersgrupper och i olika delar av världen där SARS-CoV-2 mutationerna skiljde sig åt, vilket kan ha påverkat resultaten.<br>Background: At the end of 2019, several cases of pneumonia of unknown ethology were discovered in Wuhan, China. After isolating and sequencing the pathogen it became apparent that it was a Coronavirus, named SARS-CoV-2. Social restrictions and mask wearing mandates have not managed to stop this pandemic, and the hope lies with the different vaccine candidates that started to be developed during 2020. Aim: The aim was to compare different vaccines efficacy and prevalence of side effects. Method: A systemic literature study was implemented, the search was done in Pubmed and four papers were selected to compare vaccine efficacy and side effects for the three vaccines that were approved by Läkemedelsverket in February. Results: Pfizer/BioNTech’s mRNA-vaccine showed an efficacy of 94,8%, Moderna’s an efficacy of 94,1% and Oxford-AstraZeneca’s vector vaccine showed an efficacy of 70,4%. The most common side effects following vaccination was pain at the site of injection, headache and fatigue. Conclusion: A satisfying comparison could not be achieved since the different phase III studies were performed on different age groups and in different parts of the world where SARS-CoV-2 mutations differ, which could impact the results.
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Wrywood, Sean. "Vaccin mot SARS-CoV-2 – en utvärdering av effektivitet och säkerhet av ledande vaccin : En Litteraturstudie." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för kemi och biomedicin (KOB), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-104678.
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Introduktion: Coronavirus är RNA-virus med ett lipidhölje som är täckt utav karaktäristiska spikprotein. De mest kända coronavirusvarianterna är SARS-CoV-1 som var aktiv mellan 2002-2004, MERS-CoV som har varit aktiv sedan 2012 och SARS-CoV-2 som har varit aktiv sedan 2019–tillsvidare. SARS-CoV-2 infektionen betecknades januari 30 2020 som en pandemi. Flera läkemedelsföretag har forcerat ??? till att framställa vaccin riktad mot SARS-CoV-2, “The United States Food and Drug Administration” (FDA) och “European Medicines Agency” (EMA) har nödgats att ge ut “Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) i hopp om att få kontroll på dess spridining. Syfte och mål: Syftet med arbetet är att undersöka säkerheten och effektiviteten hos de EMA-godkända vaccinerna riktade mot SARS-CoV-2. Metod: Studierna för vardera vaccin hittades och valdes ut genom World Health Organizations (WHO) “Draft landscape and tracker of COVID-19 candidate vaccines”. Totalt inkluderades åtta studier baserade på tio kliniska prövningar som undersökte säkerheten och effektiviteten hos de fyra ledande vaccinerna från Pfizer BioNTech, Moderna, AstraZeneca och Johnson & Johnson. Resultat: De fyra undersökta vaccinerna visade en god säkerhet utan grövre biverkningar. De vanligaste biverkningarna hos samtliga vaccin var lokal smärta, trötthet och huvudverk. Dessa biverkningar varade mellan en till två dagar efter vaccination och var till större del milda. Större skillnader kunde ses hos de olika vaccinernas effektivitet, Pfizer BioNTech och Modernas mRNA-vacciner visade på effektiviteter runt 95% medan AstraZeneca och Johnson & Johnsons adenovirus-vektor-vacciner visade på effektiviteter runt 66-70%. Diskussion: Inga större skillnader i säkerhet kunde ses mellan de undersökta vaccinerna. AstraZeneca använde ett influensa vaccin istället för isoton vattenlösning till deras kontrollgrupper. Detta kan ha haft en påverkan på placebo och resultaten från deras prövningar. En tydlig skillnad i effektivitet kunde ses mellan de olika vaccintyperna, vilket har ett stort inflytande på hur lätt man kan inducera flockimmunitet hos en befolkning. Eftersom flockimmunitet har en stor roll i både att bromsa spridningen men även i att förebygga förekomsten av nya virus varianter så bör endast mRNA vacciner rekomenderas om möjligt.<br>Introduction: Coronaviruses are RNA viruses with a lipid envelope that is covered by characteristic spike protein. The most well-known coronaviruses are SARS-CoV-1 which were active between 2002-2004, MERS-CoV which is active since 2012 and SARS-CoV-2 which is active since 2019. SARS-CoV-2 was designated a pandemic January 30, 2020. Several pharmaceutical companies have been rushing to produce vaccines targeting SARS-CoV-2, The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) have had to issue Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) in the hope of gaining control of its spread. Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the safety and efficacy of the EMA-approved vaccines targeting SARS-CoV-2. Method: The studies for each vaccine were found and selected through the World Health Organizations' (WHO) "Draft landscape and tracker of COVID-19 candidate vaccines". A total of eight studies were included based on ten clinical trials examining the safety and efficacy of the four leading vaccines from Pfizer BioNTech, Moderna, AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson. Results: The four vaccines examined showed good safety without any serious side effects, the most common side effects with all vaccines were local pain, fatigue, and headache. These side effects lasted between one to two days after vaccination and were mostly mild. Larger differences could be seen in the efficacy of the different vaccines, with Pfizer BioNTech and Moderna's mRNA vaccines showing efficacies of around 95%. While AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson's adenovirus vector vaccines showed efficacies of around 66-70%. Discussion: No major differences in safety could be seen between the vaccines examined. AstraZeneca used an influenza vaccine instead of isotonic aqueous solution for their control groups, this may have had an impact on placebo and thus the results of their trials. A clear difference in efficacy could be seen between the different types of vaccines. This has a great influence on how easily one could induce herd immunity to a population. Herd immunity plays a major role in both slowing the spread but also in preventing the occurrence of new virus variants, therefore mRNA vaccines should be recommended if possible.
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Filippini, Federica. "VALUTAZIONE DELLA RISPOSTA UMORALE E CELLULO-MEDIATA CONTRO SARS-COV-2 EVOCATA DAL VACCINO PFIZER mRNA BNT162b2 IN PAZIENTI IMMUNOSOPPRESSI." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Brescia, 2023. https://hdl.handle.net/11379/570888.
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In questo lavoro di tesi è stata valutata la risposta immunitaria umorale e cellulo-mediata, in seguito alla somministrazione del vaccino a mRNA anti-COVID-19 (Pfizer mRNA BNT162b2), in pazienti trattati con farmaci immunosoppressi e con immunodeficienza comune variabile (CVID).
Dall’Unità di Reumatologia e Immunologia Clinica, dell’A.O. Spedali Civili di Brescia sono stati reclutati 38 pazienti, di cui 34 affetti da malattie reumatiche croniche (RDs), 4 da CVID e 11 persone sane (HC), utilizzate come controlli.
Tutti i pazienti con RDs erano sottoposti ad una terapia a base di corticosteroidi e/o trattamento immunosoppressivo e/o farmaci biologici; in particolare, 14 pazienti assumevano abatacept (ABA), 10 rituximab e 10 tocilizumab.
In primo luogo, è stato valutato il titolo anticorpale sia contro la proteina del nucleocapside (N) che della proteina Spike (S) di SARS-CoV-2 mediante immunodosaggio ad elettro chemiluminescenza. È stata analizzata la risposta immunitaria cellulo-mediata dei linfociti T CD4+ e CD4+-CD8+ mediante il test di rilascio dell’interferone- (IFN-) e valutata la produzione di chemochine indotte dall’IFN- (CXCL9 e CXCL10) e dalle cellule dell’immunità innata (CCL2, CXCL8 e CCL5), mediante l’uso di cytometric bead array method (CBA) a seguito di stimolazione con due pool di peptidi differenti della proteina S di SARS-CoV-2. Infine, mediante citofluorimetria, è stata studiata l’espressione di marcatori di attivazione precoce, come CD40L, CD137 e di citochine intracellulari, come IL-2, IFN- e IL-17, a seguito di stimolazione dei linfociti T con due pool di peptidi differenti della proteina S.
I principali risultati ottenuti sono stati: (i) una ridotta risposta anti-S nei pazienti trattati con ABA, ripristinata però dopo la terza dose vaccinale; (ii) una ridotta attivazione delle cellule T dovuta ad una riduzione di IFN- e chemochine (CXCL9 e CXCL10); (iii) una riduzione di cellule T CD8+ della memoria nei pazienti trattati con ABA; (iv) una significativa abilità dei pazienti trattati con ABA di sviluppare una risposta cellulo-mediata delle cellule T CD4+, se stimolate con antigeni derivati dalla proteina S di SARS-CoV-2.
Nonostante questo lavoro sia stato limitato dal basso numero di pazienti reclutati, l’esecuzione di numerose valutazioni effettuate a livello cellulare, ha contribuito a dimostrare il tipo di risposta immunitaria che i pazienti sottoposti a diverse terapie immunosoppressive sono stati in grado di generare a seguito della vaccinazione anti-COVID-19. La capacità di generare cloni di linfociti T CD4+ SARS-CoV-2 specifici in seguito alla vaccinazione, ha garantito a questi pazienti un’efficace protezione contro il virus. Inoltre, dal momento che, i pazienti trattati con ABA, dopo la somministrazione della terza dose di vaccino a mRNA anti-COVID-19 hanno acquisito la capacità di aumentare la risposta anticorpale, si può affermare che dosi ripetute di vaccino potrebbero essere necessarie al fine di ottimizzare la risposta immunologica in pazienti altamente vulnerabili.<br>In this study, we analyzed T cell-mediated response after COVID-19 mRNA vaccine in immunosuppressed patients and patients with common variable immunodeficiency disease (CVID).
We enrolled 38 patients, from the Unit of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, of the A.O. Spedali Civili of Brescia, Italy, and 11 healthy sex- and age- matched controls (HC). Four patients were affected by CVID and 34 by chronic rheumatic diseases (RDs). All patients with RDs were treated by corticosteroid therapy and/or immunosuppressive treatment and/or biological drugs: 14 patients were treated with abatacept, 10 with rituximab and 10 with tocilizumab.
Total antibody titer to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was assessed by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay, CD4+ and CD4+-CD8+ T cell-mediated immune response was analyzed by interferon- (IFN-) release assay, the production of IFN-γ-inducible (CXCL9 and CXCL10) and innate-immunity chemokines (CCL2, CXCL8 and CCL5) by cytometric bead array after stimulation with different spike peptides. The expression of CD40L, CD137, IL-2, IFN-γ and IL-17 on CD4 and CD8 T cells, evaluating their activation status, after SARS-CoV-2 spike peptides stimulation, was analyzed by intracellular flow cytometry staining.
The main findings were (i) a reduced anti-S response in ABA-treated group, restored after the third dose of vaccine; (ii) an impaired T cell activation, represented by a reduction of IFN-γ and related chemokines; (iii) a reduction of effector memory CD8+ T cells in ABA-treated group; (iiii) a significant ability of ABA treated group to mount a CD4 T cell response, when stimulated with spike derived antigens.
Our work was limited by the low number of patients enrolled but performing extended cellular assessments, contributed to explain which kind of immune response patients chronically exposed to different immunosuppressive regimen are able to generate in response to COVID-19 vaccination. The preserved ability to generate clones of CD4+ T lymphocytes specific for SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins represents the assurance of an effective protection of vaccination to SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, after the third dose of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine, ABA-treated patients acquired the capability to produce a strong antibody response, despite they maintained a significant reduction of CD8+ T response. All these data represent a critical message from laboratory research bench to clinical patients’ side, suggesting that repeated vaccine doses may be necessary to optimize the immunological response and to induce more robust serological responses in these high-risk vulnerable patients.
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Ganser, Iris. "Utilisation des modèles mathématiques face à la COVID-19 : analyse des effets des interventions en santé publique et de la dynamique immunitaire." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0351.
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La pandémie de COVID-19, causée par le SRAS-CoV-2, a entrainé une morbidité et une mortalité importantes, mettant à rude épreuve les systèmes de santé mondiaux. Les vaccinations et les interventions non pharmaceutiques (INP) sont essentielles pour contrôler la propagation du virus. Avant les vaccins, les gouvernements s’appuyaient sur des INP dont l’impact épidémiologique et sociétal restait incertain, notamment sur plusieurs vagues pandémiques. Le déploiement des vaccins a augmenté l’immunité collective, mais l’émergence de variants préoccupants (VoCs) échappant à l’immunité et l’affaiblissement de l’immunité induite ont réduit l’immunité effective. La dynamique à long terme de ce déclin est mal comprise, surtout dans le contexte d’infections multiples et par divers VoCs. Les épidémies étant partiellement observées et leur dynamique non linéaire, les modèles mathématiques sont bien adaptés pour leur analyse. Dans ma thèse, j’ai appliqué ces modèles à diverses données COVID-19, depuis les données agrégées sur les infections et les hospitalisations jusqu’aux titres d’anticorps (Ac) chez les individus, pour quantifier l’efficacité des INP et vaccins, identifier les seuils de protection des Ac et caractériser la décroissance de l’immunité. Mon premier objectif était d’estimer l’efficacité des INP et des vaccins en France et d’explorer des scénarios contrefactuels des INP et des vaccins. Nous avons développé un modèle mécaniste ajusté aux données épidémiologiques françaises de mars 2020 à octobre 2021. Le modèle a montré une réduction significative de la transmission virale grâce aux INP, bien que leur efficacité ait diminué avec le temps. Les simulations ont montré que les vaccins avaient sauvé près de 160000 vies au cours de la période étudiée, mais qu’une mise en œuvre plus précoce ou un déploiement plus rapide aurait évité encore plus de décès. Pour comprendre la variabilité des estimations de l’efficacité des INP, nous avons évalué deux méthodologies pour mon deuxième objectif : les modèles mécanistes et une régression en deux étapes couramment utilisée, qui d’abord estime le nombre de reproduction ( Rt), puis le régresse sur les paramètres des INP. En utilisant des données simulées, les modèles mécanistes ont montré un biais minimal (0-5%) et une couverture d’intervalle de confiance (IC) élevée, tandis que les régressions en deux étapes ont montré des biais jusqu’à 20% et une couverture d’IC inferieure. Ce biais était dû à la déplétion des susceptibles et aux difficultés d’estimation de Rt, montrant que cette méthode nécessite prudence malgré sa rapidité. Les modèles épidémiologiques précis nécessitent des paramètres actualisés. Mon troisième objectif était donc 1) relier les niveaux d’Ac SARS-CoV-2 au risque de (ré)infection et 2) caractériser la décroissance des Ac. Grâce aux données d’Ac de plus de 220000 donneurs de sang canadiens entre avril 2020 et décembre 2023, nous avons constaté que les Ac anti-S et anti-N réduisaient le risque d’infection, avec un effet plus prononcé des anti-N à de faibles titres. J’ai estimé avec des modèles de décroissance biphasique que 51.3% (95% IC 40.6-66.1%) des individus tomberaient en dessous des niveaux détectables d’Ac anti-N dans les trois ans suivant une infection. La durée de détection des Ac augmentait après chaque infection. Cependant, les Ac chutaient en quelques mois en dessous des seuils requis pour une protection substantielle, même après plusieurs infections et vaccinations, indiquant la nécessité d’administrer des rappels réguliers pour maintenir la protection. Les analyses dans ma thèse soulignent l’importance des interventions rapides et du suivi continu de l’immunité pour mieux se préparer aux futures épidémies. De plus, j’ai démontré que les modèles mathématiques sont un outil puissant pour orienter la prise de décision en santé publique et les stratégies de prévention<br>The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has led to significant morbidity and mortality, straining healthcare systems worldwide. Fundamental approaches for controlling viral spread and mitigating its impact are vaccinations and non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). Before vaccines became available, governments relied on NPIs with largely unknown epidemiological and societal impacts. Despite numerous studies, the effectiveness of NPIs on COVID-19 dynamics remained uncertain, especially over multiple pandemic waves. With a gradual roll-out of vaccines, population immunity increased, but this increase in was counteracted by the emergence of immune-escaping variants of concern (VoCs) and waning of both infection- and vaccine-induced immunity. The long-term dynamics of this decline are currently not well characterized, particularly in the context of multiple infections and infections with different VoCs. Given the only partially observed nature of epidemics and their non-linear dynamics, mathematical models are uniquely suited for their analysis. In my thesis, I applied mathematical models to various COVID-19 data, from aggregated population-level data of infections and hospitalizations to antibody (Ab) titers in individuals, with the goal of quantifying the effectiveness of NPIs and vaccines, identifying protective Ab thresholds, and characterizing immunity waning dynamics. Specifically, my first objective was to estimate the effectiveness of NPIs and vaccines in France and explore counterfactual NPI and vaccine implementation scenarios. We developed a population-based mechanistic model, which we fit to epidemiological data in France from March 2020 to October 2021. The model showed a significant reduction in viral transmission by lockdowns, school closures, and curfews, though their effectiveness decreased over time. Simulations demonstrated that vaccines had saved nearly 160k lives over the study period, but an earlier implementation or a faster rollout could have prevented even more deaths. To understand why NPI effectiveness estimates vary across studies, we evaluated two methodologies in my second objective: mechanistic models and a commonly used two-step regression approach. The latter first estimates the reproductive number (Rt) and then regresses it against NPI parameters. Using simulated data of varying complexity, mechanistic models consistently showed minimal bias (0-5%) and high confidence interval (CI) coverage, whereas the two-step regressions had biases up to 20% and much lower CI coverage. The bias stemmed from the depletion of susceptibles and challenges in estimating Rt, indicating that caution is warranted with this method despite its simplicity and speed. Accurate epidemiological models require up-to-date parameters. My third objective was therefore two-fold: 1) to relate SARS-CoV-2 specific Ab levels to the risk of infection and 2) to characterize antibody waning. Using Ab data from over 220k Canadian blood donors between April 2020 and December 2023, we found that both anti-S and anti-N Abs reduced infection risk, with anti-N showing a stronger effect at lower titers. We used biphasic decay models to characterize waning dynamics and estimated that that 51.3% (95% CI 40.6-66.1%) of individuals would drop below detectable anti-N Ab levels within three years after a single infection. The duration of Ab detection increased after subsequent infections. However, antibodies waned within months below thresholds needed to attain substantial protection, even after multiple infections and vaccinations, indicating that continuous vaccine booster doses might be needed to sustain protection. The analyses I conducted in my PhD research highlight the importance of timely interventions and continuous monitoring of immunity to better prepare for future outbreaks. Moreover, I illustrated that mathematical models are a powerful tool to inform public health decision making and strategies
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Murer, Bianca. "Emergenza e pandemia: Traduzioni dal sito web del Robert Koch Institut." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021.
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Ci troviamo in un singolare momento storico dovuto alla pandemia. In tutto il mondo si sono prodotti enormi cambiamenti della vita quotidiana, sono stati, e continuano ad essere, presi provvedimenti restrittivi al riguardo. Quest’emergenza sanitaria internazionale è qualcosa di nuovo, e nonostante gli studi sul SARS-CoV-2 siano moltissimi, le domande rimangono tante e altrettanti sono i dettagli che ancora non si sanno. In Germania il Robert Koch Institut è l’ente di riferimento per la situazione sanitaria, e attraverso il Covid è diventato ancora più importante. La voglia di rendere accessibile la pagina web anche al pubblico italiano mi ha spinto a scegliere il sito web del Robert Koch Institut come oggetto della mia tesina.
In seguito, propongo degli approfondimenti sui compiti del RKI e il suo ruolo in Germania, facendone un confronto con l’Italia. Successivamente entro nello specifico del lavoro di traduzione con un’analisi dei tipi di testi, esponendo poi le varie proposte di traduzione per la Home della pagina web, per parti di altre sezioni di approfondimento sul SARS-CoV-19 e per le strategie da adottare per limitarne il contagio. Infine, il focus verte sulle difficoltà riscontrate nel tradurre. Per ultimo la bibliografia e in allegato la grafica originale delle schermate del sito web che sono state tradotte.
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Malladi, Sameer Kumar. "HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 immunogen design." Thesis, 2020. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/5595.
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) is the aetiologic agent of AIDS. Presently there are ~38 million HIV-1 infected individuals worldwide and ~1 million deaths in 2019. Since its discovery, the quest for vaccine candidate for HIV-1 is alive, yet no effective vaccine exists till date. HIV-1 viral displayed Envelope (Env) protein is the primary viral target of the humoral immune system and is thus an obvious vaccine candidate. The historic RV144 HIV-1 clinical trial resulted in a modest efficacy of the gp120 clade B/E vaccine candidate and renewed hope in finding a HIV-1 vaccine. However, monomeric gp120 does not induce protective antibodies and native-like trimeric Env was hypothesized to be a better candidate to induce broadly neutralizing antibodies. The recent structure of the BG505SOSIP.664 gp140 ectodomain reinvigorated interest in rational immunogen design. Chapter 1 outlines the HIV-1 virus, organisation, and structures of the Env ectodomain gp140, gp120, gp41 and various strategies to elicit neutralizing antibodies. Chapter 2 provides proof of principle of a method involving a computational sequence and structure guided Rosetta mutational scanning approach PROSS, to generate high yielding variants of the Env derivative gp140 without altering the trimeric structure and antigenicity. Chapter 3 utilizes the approach of cyclic permutation to rationally design trimeric gp120 derivatives that display a native V1V2 apex and retain binding to quaternary epitope directed bNAbs such as PGT145 and PGDM1400. Further, a nanoparticle display of the cyclic permutant was carried out to improve the immunogenicity of these potentially attractive vaccine candidates. Chapter 4 utilizes a structure guided approach to derive stable Env ectodomain variants by a cyclic permutation design strategy and describes an approach to engineer disulfides at the trimer Apex to covalently link the trimers for obtaining dynamically stable Env variants. HIV-1 Env displays conserved epitopes that are targeted by broadly neutralizing antibodies. CD4 binding site (CD4bs) antibodies are amongst the most potent. These CD4bs in humans are observed to be produced from a highly restricted set of germline sequences of the antibody repertoire. Chapter 5 attempts to utilize a structure guided approach to computationally design antibodies derived from novel germlines that are predicted to be energetically stable. Functional and biochemical characterization of these antibodies is reported Chapter 5. With the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic we attempted to develop a vaccine candidate utilizing a structure guided approach in Chapter 6. The Receptor binding domain (RBD) of the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 has been observed to be the primary target of the most potent neutralizing antibodies. Hence in Chapter 6 we designed an RBD subunit vaccine candidate to combat COVID-19. The designed RBD derivative is highly thermotolerant and
also immunogenic and produces neutralizing antibodies comparable to several candidates currently being tested in the clinic.
Books on the topic "SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine"
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Mueller, Siguna. Challenges and Opportunities of mRNA Vaccines Against SARS-CoV-2. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18903-6.
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Saha, Indrajit, Dariusz Plewczynski, and Nimisha Ghosh, eds. SARS-CoV-2: From Genetic Variability to Vaccine Design. Frontiers Media SA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-83250-176-4.
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SARS-CoV-2: Testing and Treating Covid-19. Should You Get the Vaccine? Part 2 Of 2. Independently Published, 2020.
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SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Global Population Vulnerability: Diagnostic Strategies, Vaccine Development, and Therapeutic Management. Apple Academic Press, Incorporated, 2024.
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SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Global Population Vulnerability: Diagnostic Strategies, Vaccine Development, and Therapeutic Management. Apple Academic Press, Incorporated, 2024.
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Crawford, Dorothy H. Viruses: A Very Short Introduction. 3rd ed. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780192865069.001.0001.
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Abstract Viruses: A Very Short Introduction examines the recent rise in emerging virus infections, especially coronaviruses. It explores why SARS-CoV-2 was able to spread rapidly and cause a pandemic, as opposed to more localized epidemics. It also highlights the recent revolution in vaccine technology and other preventive measures for the management of future dangerous viruses that will undoubtedly emerge. This VSI provides a rounded and concise account of the nature of viruses, how they attack their hosts, and the efforts to control them. Viruses are everywhere and, as the COVID-19 pandemic has shown, cannot be ignored.
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Medeiros, Mauricio, Beatriz Fialho, Priscila Soares, and Daniel Lacerda, eds. A primeira vacina 100% brasileira contra a Covid-19: a conquista de Bio-Manguinhos/Fiocruz. Fundação Oswaldo Cruz / Bio-Manguinhos, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35259/vacinacovid.2022_52830.
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The Covid-19 pandemic is a unique event in the modern history of humanity, which has generated great challenges and, at the same time, valuable opportunities for public health. A number of examples of them are found in the more than three hundred pages of this book. In each chapter it is possible to understand how a vaccine for Covid-19 was developed in record time - due to the urgency of an antidote that would allow us to deal with this terrible disease - through the acceleration, compliance and improvement of all labor criteria, production, evaluation, timely release, and security. This entire process of developing the first vaccine produced by Brazil was described in a very creative way, allowing the reader to dive into a technical-scientific content of the highest level. The book presents an overview that goes through the origin of the virus, the transmission mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2, the vaccine development process and the regulatory and legal instruments to guarantee access to vaccination - starting with the most vulnerable populations. It also describes the trials and phases of clinical study development that ensured the vaccine's safety and efficacy. It also covers the logistics of distribution and pharmacovigilance for monitoring the product in the user population until the detailing of the technological prospection, as well as showing the necessary steps to carry out a process of technology transfer of the vaccine from the viral vector. Among the various innovations, it is worth highlighting: preparation of a technological order through ETEC; use of continuous submission to the National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA); and emergency use authorization. This effort made it possible to meet the expressive demand for Covid-19 vaccines in Brazil in a timely manner and on an unprecedented scale. For the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), which turns 120 on December 2, 2022, it is an honor to have Bio-Manguinhos/Fiocruz as part of our history. Due to its outstanding performance on the international scene, this institute is a true heritage of humanity. And now, with the first Brazilian vaccine for Covid-19, Bio-Manguinhos/Fiocruz consolidates Brazil's leadership in the production of immunobiologicals in Latin America and the Caribbean, ensuring greater self-sufficiency and sustainability of basic health supplies not only for the country, but for the entire region of the Americas.
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MARROQUÍN-DE JESÚS, Ángel, Juan Manuel OLIVARES-RAMÍREZ, Marisela CRUZ-RAMÍREZ, and Luis Eduardo CRUZ-CARPIO. CIERMMI Women in Science Engineering and Technology TXV. ECORFAN, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35429/h.2021.6.1.180.
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In recent years, society has achieved a better quality of life; this has been possible thanks to scientific and technological advances. Among the advances that have allowed us to move forward is, without a doubt, the development of the vaccine against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The method used for the synthesis of this vaccine was developed by Ugur Sahin and Öezlem Türeci, founders of BioNTech. Yes, behind the scientific development of greatest impact and relevance in recent years are a man and a woman. This scientific development was possible thanks to both of them, and here it is important to highlight the quality of women in science related to seeing issues from another perspective. Therefore, the union of their strengths and their differences made it possible to have a vaccine that makes it possible to return to life without confinement, without fear of going out, and with the possibility of enjoying it. Thus, the role of women in science is not only valuable, but fundamental to solve the problems that afflict us today. In this context, I can only thank and congratulate the women who today, thanks to their training, discipline and commitment, are giving us this wonderful work of science. I am sure that more challenges will come, but always counting on them, we will come out ahead. My most sincere appreciation and admiration.
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Singh, Pankaj Kumar, Dharmendra Kumar Khatri, Shashi Bala Singh, and Anitha Sriram, eds. An Update on SARS-CoV-2: Damage-response Framework, Potential Therapeutic Avenues and the Impact of Nanotechnology on COVID-19 Therapy Volume 1. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/97898150398631220101.
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This update on SARS-CoV-2 focuses on basic knowledge about the virus and COVID-19 treatment. Chapters present basic information about the disease and its treatment. The virology, epidemiology, etiology, and damage response framework of SARS-CoV-2 are also discussed in detail. The book also covers recent topics of interest to pharmacology scholars such as the immunopathogenesis of SARS-CoV2, nanotechnology, repurposed drug treatments, COVID-19 vaccines, and phytomedicine for COVID-19 therapeutics. Readers in pharmacology, virology and medicine will find the book a simple, yet informative update on SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 treatment.
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Mueller, Siguna. Challenges and Opportunities of MRNA Vaccines Against SARS-CoV-2: A Multidisciplinary Perspective. Springer International Publishing AG, 2022.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine"
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Jain, Ananya, and Shilpa Sharma. "Nanotechnology in COVID-19 Vaccines." In Proceedings of the Conference BioSangam 2022: Emerging Trends in Biotechnology (BIOSANGAM 2022). Atlantis Press International BV, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-020-6_3.
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AbstractNanotechnology has been proposed in vaccine development as carriers and adjuvants time and again but received limited recognition before the development of vaccines for the COVID-19 pandemic. Nanotechnology has played a pivotal role in the triumph of the vaccines for the current pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The first vaccine got approved within a year of the earliest reported case of the novel coronavirus. Presently, more than 35 vaccines are approved in at least one country, 10 out of which are sanctioned for emergency use by the WHO. The key categories include peptide vaccine, mRNA vaccine, inactivated & viral vector vaccines. Nanotechnology is a crucial component in the success of mRNA vaccines. Nanoparticles not only allow targeted drug delivery but also boost the pharmacokinetic profile and the immune response against the therapeutic. A few nanoparticles have received approval for use as adjuvants (MF59), and countless others (virosomes, PGLA) are under development for many vaccines for infectious diseases, for instance, Influenza, Hepatitis B, Human Papillomavirus, Malaria, Tuberculosis, etc. In this article, we will review the vaccines available against SARS-CoV-2 with a focus on the nanotechnology utilized in their development.
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Magnus, Clara Luzia, and Barbara Schmidt. "SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Against Virus: Mission Accomplished!?" In Frontiers of COVID-19. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08045-6_27.
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Mueller, Siguna. "Relevance for mRNA Vaccine Safety." In Challenges and Opportunities of mRNA Vaccines Against SARS-CoV-2. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18903-6_3.
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Paschall, Amy V., and Fikri Y. Avci. "Chapter 5. Pathogenesis and Immunity of SARS-CoV-2 and Vaccination Programs Against COVID-19." In Vaccine Development. Royal Society of Chemistry, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781839162572-00112.
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Kumar, Anup, Dixa A. Vaghela, Pankti C. Balar, et al. "Nasal Vaccine for the Control of Emerging Variants of SARS-CoV-2." In SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Global Population Vulnerability. Apple Academic Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003467939-9.
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Aljabali, Alaa A. A., Mohammad A. Obeid, and Murtaza M. Tambuwala. "Fast Track Vaccine Development for COVID-19 and Impact of Emerging Variants." In SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Global Population Vulnerability. Apple Academic Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003467939-8.
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Mueller, Siguna. "The Challenge of Evaluating Vaccine Safety and Effectiveness." In Challenges and Opportunities of mRNA Vaccines Against SARS-CoV-2. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18903-6_5.
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Bok, Karin. "12.1 In Focus: Novel Manufacturing Platforms for Pandemic Preparedness and Emergency Response." In Principles and Practice of Emergency Research Response. Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48408-7_15.
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AbstractThis feature focuses on several relatively novel (mRNA, DNA, and vector-based) manufacturing platforms for vaccine design that can facilitate rapid response to infectious disease emergencies caused by emerging and re-emerging pathogens, such as Ebola virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Both gene- and vector-based platforms can deliver well-designed vaccine antigens inducing humoral and cellular immunity while avoiding most vaccine-associated safety concerns and limitations (integration into the host cell genome or anti-vector immunity). The manufacture of vector-based vaccines can be easily standardized and scaled up and is suitable for single-dose vaccine regimens. However, the mRNA platform has clear advantages over DNA and vector-based platforms. Establishing global mRNA supply chain, manufacturing, and fill/finish capacities is essential for promptly controlling emerging epidemics and pandemics. Aggressive “100 Day Mission” preparedness plans to improve on the lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic and further accelerate global access to lifesaving vaccines will depend on progress in this field.
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Mueller, Siguna. "mRNA Vaccine Safety and Efficacy—Official Criteria When AEs Are Caused by the Injection." In Challenges and Opportunities of mRNA Vaccines Against SARS-CoV-2. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18903-6_8.
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Pathak, Drishya. "COVID-19 Vaccination: A Necessitated Drive Becoming an Unsolved Puzzle." In Global Perspectives of COVID-19 Pandemic on Health, Education, and Role of Media. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1106-6_9.
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AbstractThe scientific community has achieved a remarkable feat by developing COVID-19 vaccines in a record duration of 12 months. The fastest vaccine developed and deployed previously was within a time-frame of four years, to prevent mumps in the 1960s. The speedy approach to prevent SARS-CoV-2 has changed the future of vaccine science with several vaccines showing excellent results in large trials. The COVID-19 vaccination strategy is of crucial importance for controlling the pandemic. As the vaccination mandate was faster than information dissemination, and even faster than the clinical trial results in some regions, numerous challenges emerged during the implementation of the vaccination strategy. The author discusses the objectives of the vaccination drive that include: reduction of overall COVID-19 severity and mortality; re-opening of society; disease elimination; reduction of pressure on the healthcare system; and equitable distribution of vaccines across all regions of the globe. While reflecting on these objectives, the author discusses the importance of transparency in vaccination surveillance data and the way forward.
Conference papers on the topic "SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine"
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Shi, Xinyu, Yixin Tao, and Shih-Chi Lin. "Deep Neural Network-Based Prediction of B-Cell Epitopes for SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2: Enhancing Vaccine Design through Machine Learning." In 2024 4th International Signal Processing, Communications and Engineering Management Conference (ISPCEM). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/ispcem64498.2024.00050.
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"Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern Omicron: Biological Features and Genomic Concern." In International Conference on Public Health and Humanitarian Action. International Federation of Medical Students' Associations - Jordan, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56950/itrx2370.
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Abstract Corona virus infection is a worldwide health threat that has infected a substantial portion of the world's population and is caused by SARS-CoV-2. It is the natural tendency of a virus to change the genetic makeup through the point mutation, and such viruses are called the variant of the original virus. SARS-CoV-2 virus also undergoes such mutation (may be one or more and distinct from other) over time, and many genetically diverse variant has risen. Such variants might be of variants of concern (VOC) and variant of interest (VOI) based on the differences in virulence, transmissibility, pathogenicity, and vaccination efficacy. Omicron, a new VOC of SARS-CoV-2, has recently emerged as a global distress to more than 115 countries. The article provides a summary of the evolutionary, biological, and genomic aspects of different SARS-CoV-2 VOC with respect to Omicron and found that amino acid mutation in spike proteins such as A67V, Δ69-70, Q954H, N969K, L981F etc and other structural protein mutations such as D3G, Q19E, A63T in membrane protein, T9I in envelope protein and P13L, Δ31-33, R203K, G204R in nucleocapsid protein results major differences between different VOC/VOI of SARS-CoV-2. Further, effectiveness of the widely used SARS-CoV-2 vaccines has been reviewed specific to Omicron. The existing available COVID-19 vaccines developed and manufactured by Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson, Moderna, and Novavax show reduced efficacy against the latest VOC of SARS- CoV-2 Omicron. Based on the available literature of preliminary findings, people who get a booster shot or a third vaccine dosage may have better protected against Omicron. Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, Omicron, Variants of Concern, Variants of Interest, Mutation, Vaccine.
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Emi Aikawa, Nádia, Léonard de Vinci Kanda Kupa, Sandra Gofinet Pasoto, et al. "DYNAMICS OF INACTIVATED SARS-COV-2 VACCINE ANTIBODY RESPONSE IN SARS-COV-2-SEROPOSITIVE AUTOIMMUNE RHEUMATIC DISEASE PATIENTS." In SBR 2021 Congresso Brasileiro de Reumatologia. Sociedade Brasileira de Reumatologia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47660/cbr.2021.1905.
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Lupu, Vasile Valeriu, Ingrith Miron, Anamaria Ciubara, et al. "SARS COV 2 PANDEMIC - BETWEEN CAUTION AND PRUDENCE." In The European Conference of Psychiatry and Mental Health "Galatia". Archiv Euromedica, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35630/2022/12/psy.ro.3.
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There is no doubt that a natural phenomenon of the magnitude of a pandemic requires a series of tough precautionary measures in order to limit the spread of the disease, to combat the manifestations of the disease by appropriate therapeutic means and to increase the resistance of the population through prophylactic immunisation, namely vaccination. At the same time, caution points out that not all precautionary measures achieve their aim, for at least two reasons: first, it is an extremely versatile micro-organism (like any virus) which can change its genetic configuration through mutations, thus retaining its main characteristics; contagiousness and pathogenicity; second, the preventive measures initially used: quarantine, mask and physical distancing, have proved to be totally outdated and ineffective in today's conditions (economic interdependence, population movement, overpopulation of the planet). The very vaccination on which so much hope was pinned has failed to stem the new pandemic waves (3 and 4), even in countries where the vaccine immunisation rate has exceeded 70%. The three major means of prevention are reviewed which, beyond the immense frustration they have produced in the population, have had a devastating socio-economic impact, and the results of forcible imposition have produced insignificant results. It has been demonstrated once again that the global approach to the pandemic is doomed to failure (witness the successive waves) and that precautionary measures are illusory. Thus, between precaution and prudence, prudence must prevail in order not to replace an existing evil with a greater evil. The only effective measures remain outbreak control with specific means (which epidemiologists know very well) and immunisation by vaccine.
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Luche, DD. "SARS-COV-2 NT-CHIP, A NOVEL FUNCTIONAL MULTIPLEX IMMUNOASSAY FOR SARS-COV-2 EVALUATION OF HUMORAL RESPONSE AND DETECTION OF NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODIES." In Resumos do 54º Congresso Brasileiro de Patologia Clínica/Medicina Laboratorial. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.140s1.7075.
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Objective: Here we present the initial development and characterization of the Sars-CoV-2 NT-Chip. This test allows combining general detection of binding antibodies against RBDs (humoral signature) and, in the same assay, to detect and quantify the subset of these antibodies that promote functional neutralization against Sars-CoV-2 infection. Moreover, high detection of antibodies against N suggests previous infection for Omicron-positive samples. Method: The Sars-CoV-2 VOC Virachip IgG test was first developed to promote a multiplex detection of binding antibodies against the Sars-CoV-2 proteins N (nucleocapsid), S1 (spike fragment S1), S2 (spike fragment S2) and RBDs from Wuhan virus (RBD), Delta VOC (RBD-d) and Omicron VOC (RBD-o). This test was modified and further developed to incorporate the competence of evaluating the effectiveness of neutralization promoted by the antibodies binding to the various RBDs, notably determining the percentage of inhibition of neutralizing antibodies with affinity to the Omicron variant. To achieve this goal, a purified ACE-2 Alkaline-Phophatase conjugate was incorporated into the assay and its binding to RBD-coated wells of the microarrays was measured. Subsequently, the presence of neutralizing antibodies in the sera or plasma was assessed for its capability of preventing such interaction, hence allowing us to detect and quantify nAbs. Conclusion: Currently, the goal is to determine efficacy of vaccines and the duration and magnitude of the humoral responses against different VOCs in patients with Sars-CoV-2 infection or after vaccination. It is our understanding that this assay brings a valuable tool for evaluation of serological surveillance, immunological protection, and new vaccine strategies.
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Dubrovskaya, E. V., D. I. Ivkina, and A. R. Imatdinov. "RECOMBINANT INFLUENZA A VIRUS REASSORTANT VACCINE STRAIN EXPRESSING MODIFIED RBD FRAGMENT OF SARS-COV-2 CORONAVIRUS SPIKE GLYCOPROTEIN." In OpenBio-2023. Novosibirsk State University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/978-5-4437-1526-1-244.
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Influenza A virus and SARS-CoV-2 virus have a high pandemic potential. Vaccination is an effective method of prevention, but existing vaccines cannot be quickly updated to match circulating virus variants. This paper describes a recombinant reassortant strain of influenza A virus expressing SARS-CoV-2 trimerized RBD, which can be used as a component of candidate multivalent vaccines.
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Legostaev, S. S., E. V. Protopopova, R. Yu Lutkovsky, and V. A. Svyatchenko. "STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF SARS-COV-2 CO-INFECTION WITH A NON-PATHOGENIC VARIANT OF THE COXSACKIE A7 VIRUS (LEV-8 STRAIN) AND ENTEROVIRUS 71." In X Международная конференция молодых ученых: биоинформатиков, биотехнологов, биофизиков, вирусологов и молекулярных биологов — 2023. Novosibirsk State University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/978-5-4437-1526-1-256.
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The paper presents the results of the study of the effects of co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 with non-pathogenic for humans strain LEV-8 (live enterovirus vaccine) of Coxsackie virus A7 and enterovirus 71 (EV71) on the model of cell cultures and laboratory animals. In vitro experiments showed that during infection enteroviruses and SARS-CoV-2 have a competitive inhibitory effect on each other, with a more pronounced degree of suppression of SARS-CoV-2. Modeling of SARS-CoV-2 co-infection with enteroviruses in laboratory animals showed that preliminary infection with enteroviruses leads to a pronounced inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 replication in the lungs of co-infected animals and a faster release of the lower respiratory tract from infectious SARS-CoV-2 virus, as well as to a decrease in the severity of clinical manifestations of coronavirus infection. The results obtained indicate that the studied enteroviruses have a pronounced interfering activity during co-infection, which manifests itself in a sharp inhibition of the infectious activity of SARS-CoV-2.
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Kisakova, L. A., D. N. Kisakov, V. A. Yakovlev та ін. "СOMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF IMMUNOGENICITY OF MRNA CONSTRUCTS ENCODING RBD PROTEIN S OF SARS-COV-2 VIRUS AND HEMAGGLUTININ OF INFLUENZA TYPE A (H1N1) VIRUS DELIVERED BY MAGNETIC AND LIPID NANOPARTICLES". У XI МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ КОНФЕРЕНЦИЯ МОЛОДЫХ УЧЕНЫХ: БИОИНФОРМАТИКОВ, БИОТЕХНОЛОГОВ, БИОФИЗИКОВ, ВИРУСОЛОГОВ, МОЛЕКУЛЯРНЫХ БИОЛОГОВ И СПЕЦИАЛИСТОВ ФУНДАМЕНТАЛЬНОЙ МЕДИЦИНЫ. IPC NSU, 2024. https://doi.org/10.25205/978-5-4437-1691-6-328.
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The use of lipid nanoparticles for the delivery of mRNA vaccines encoding the SARS-COV-2 virus RBD protein S and the influenza A (H1N1) virus hemagglutinin produced a significant increase in humoral and T-cell responses. However, the application of magnetic nanoparticles did not show activation of both parts of the immune response and needs further optimization of the mRNA vaccine delivery method.
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Kudrov, G. A., S. S. Zainutdinov, I. S. Shulgina, et al. "PROTECTIVE PROPERTIES OF MUCOSAL VACCINE AGAINST COVID-19 BASED ON RECOMBINANT VARIANT OF SENDAI VIRUS STRAIN MOSCOW." In XI МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ КОНФЕРЕНЦИЯ МОЛОДЫХ УЧЕНЫХ: БИОИНФОРМАТИКОВ, БИОТЕХНОЛОГОВ, БИОФИЗИКОВ, ВИРУСОЛОГОВ, МОЛЕКУЛЯРНЫХ БИОЛОГОВ И СПЕЦИАЛИСТОВ ФУНДАМЕНТАЛЬНОЙ МЕДИЦИНЫ. IPC NSU, 2024. https://doi.org/10.25205/978-5-4437-1691-6-193.
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A vaccine construct Sen-Sdelta(M), which expresses the full-length spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 delta variant, was developed based on Sendai virus strain Moscow. Using the Syrian hamster model, it was shown that a single intranasal vaccination with Sen-Sdelta(M) induces high titers of virus-neutralizing antibodies specific to SARS-CoV-2 and protects animals from the development of coronavirus infection.
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Yakovlev, V. A., M. B. Borgoyakova, E. V. Tigeeva, D. N. Kisakov, L. A. Kisakova, and L. I. Karpenko. "BOOSTER IMMUNIZATION OF MICE WITH A CANDIDATE POLYEPITOPE DNA VACCINE USING JET INJECTION LEADS TO A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN THE T-CELL IMMUNE RESPONSE." In XI МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ КОНФЕРЕНЦИЯ МОЛОДЫХ УЧЕНЫХ: БИОИНФОРМАТИКОВ, БИОТЕХНОЛОГОВ, БИОФИЗИКОВ, ВИРУСОЛОГОВ, МОЛЕКУЛЯРНЫХ БИОЛОГОВ И СПЕЦИАЛИСТОВ ФУНДАМЕНТАЛЬНОЙ МЕДИЦИНЫ. IPC NSU, 2024. https://doi.org/10.25205/978-5-4437-1691-6-367.
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The T-cell immune response is an important part of immunity against SARS-CoV-2. In this work, it was shown that the developed candidate DNA vaccine pBSI-COV-Ub has the ability to induce T-cell immunity in Balb/c mice. The immune response was most effectively stimulated by double intramuscular administration of the vaccine, followed by booster immunization using jet injection.
Reports on the topic "SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine"
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Bymark, Jeff. SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Development. Iowa State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/cc-20240624-1255.
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Harris, Jeffrey. The Repeated Setbacks of HIV Vaccine Development Laid the Groundwork for SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w28587.
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Heilskov, Madison. A review on the development of multi-epitope vaccine candidates for SARS-CoV-2. Iowa State University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/cc-20240624-78.
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Vagnoni, Cristiana. COVID-19 vaccines: Immunisation and prioritisation of eligible groups. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.58248/rr42.
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The UK Government secured early access to 340 million doses of six different COVID-19 vaccine candidates. It is still unknown whether any of them will be able to protect from SARS-CoV-2. In case of a successful vaccine candidate, supply may be initially constrained and therefore priority groups need to be defined.
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Vagnoni, Cristiana. COVID-19 vaccines: July update on research. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.58248/rr35.
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There are almost 150 coronavirus vaccine candidates under development. Only 19 of these are now being tested in humans. Many types of vaccines are rapidly progressing through clinical trials. Only two vaccine candidates have announced large scale Phase 3 trials, involving several thousands of people. Only one candidate has been approved for restricted human use. Measuring a reduction in COVID-19 levels is an obstacle for Phase 3 clinical trials, as they require a high infection rate among the tested population to prove vaccine efficacy. International agreements with countries where SARS-CoV-2 infection rates are still high are facilitating those trials. Future challenges in vaccine development include a better understanding of COVID-19 immunity and development of vaccination strategies.
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Mishra, Sharmistha, Nathan M. Stall, Huiting Ma, et al. A Vaccination Strategy for Ontario COVID-19 Hotspots and Essential Workers. Ontario COVID-19 Science Advisory Table, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47326/ocsat.2021.02.26.1.0.
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Ontario’s initial mass COVID-19 vaccination strategy in place until April 8, 2021 was based on per-capita regional allocation of vaccines with subsequent distribution – in order of relative priority – by age, chronic health conditions and high-risk congregate care settings, COVID-19 hotspots, and essential worker status. Early analysis of Ontario’s COVID-19 vaccine rollout reveals inequities in vaccine coverage across the province, with residents of higher risk neighbourhoods being least likely get vaccinated. Accelerating the vaccination of COVID-19 hotspots and essential workers will prevent considerably more SARS-CoV-2 infections and COVID-19 hospitalizations, ICU admissions and deaths as compared with Ontario’s initial mass vaccination strategy (Figure 1).
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Jenkins, J. Lee, Edbert B. Hsu, Anna Russell, Allen Zhang, Lisa M. Wilson, and Eric B. Bass. Infection Prevention and Control for the Emergency Medical Services and 911 Workforce. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepctb42.
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Objectives. To summarize current evidence on exposures to infectious pathogens in the emergency medical services (EMS) and 911 workforce, and on practices for preventing, recognizing, and controlling occupationally acquired infectious diseases and related exposures in that workforce. Review methods. We obtained advice on how to answer four Guiding Questions by recruiting a panel of external experts on EMS clinicians, State-level EMS leadership, and programs relevant to EMS personnel, and by engaging representatives of professional societies in infectious diseases and emergency medicine. We searched PubMed®, Embase®, CINAHL®, and SCOPUS from January 2006 to March 2022 for relevant studies. We also searched for reports from State and Federal Government agencies or nongovernmental organizations interested in infection prevention and control in the EMS and 911 workforce. Results. Twenty-five observational studies reported on the epidemiology of infections in the EMS and 911 workforce. They did not report demographic differences except for a higher risk of hepatitis C in older workers and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in minorities. EMS clinicians certified/licensed in Advanced Life Support have a high risk for blood and fluid exposure, and EMS clinicians had a higher risk of hospitalization or death from SARS-CoV-2 than firefighters whose roles were not primarily related to medical care. Eleven observational studies reported on infection prevention and control practices (IPC), providing some evidence that hand hygiene, standard precautions, mandatory vaccine policies, and on-site vaccine clinics are effective. Research on IPC in EMS and 911 workers has increased significantly since the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Conclusions. Moderate evidence exists on the epidemiology of infections and effectiveness of IPC practices in EMS and 911 workers, including hand hygiene, standard precautions, mandatory vaccine policies, and vaccine clinics. Most evidence is observational, with widely varying methods, outcomes, and reporting. More research is needed on personal protective equipment effectiveness and vaccine acceptance, and better guidance is needed for research methods in the EMS and 911 worker setting.
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Bunn, Sarah. COVID-19: Omicron, recent developments, and the likely impact of future variants on the pandemic. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.58248/rr78.
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The Omicron variant of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, has been found across the world since it was first detected in early November 2021. This article describes the characteristics of the variant and its health impacts. It also discusses vaccine effectiveness against the variant and the medium and long-term outlook for the future course of the pandemic.
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Golan, Maureen, Emerson Mahoney, Benjamin Trump, and Igor Linkov. Resilience and Efficiency for the Nanotechnology Supply Chains Underpinning COVID-19 Vaccine Development. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2025. https://doi.org/10.21079/11681/49696.
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Nanotechnology facilitated the development and scalable commercialization of many SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. However, the supply chains underpinning vaccine manufacturing have demonstrated brittleness at various stages of development and distribution. Whereas such brittleness leaves the broader pharmacological supply chain vulnerable to significant and unacceptable disruption, strategies for supply chain resilience are being considered across government, academia, and industry. How such resilience is understood and parameterized, however, is contentious. Our review of the nanotechnology supply chain resilience literature, synthesized with the larger supply chain resilience literature, analyzes current trends in implementing and modeling resilience and recommendations for bridging the gap in the lack of quantitative models, consistent definitions, and trade-off analyses for nano supply chains.
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Bunn, Sarah. COVID-19 and social distancing: the 2 metre advice. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.58248/rr32.
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An infected person produces respiratory droplets when talking, coughing and sneezing. These are responsible for the transmission of virus between people. Droplets can travel up to 2m, with finer aerosols containing smaller viral particles travelling even further. Numerous complex and interacting factors influence how they move and settle onto surfaces, and how infectious they are. The further away a person is, the fewer droplets they will be exposed to and so their risk of being infected with the virus reduces. The advice on 2 m distancing is a risk assessment based on relative not absolute risk; 2 m does not represent zero risk. Measures to mitigate the increased risk of reducing physical distancing include ventilation, physical barriers (screens and face coverings), reduced building occupancy and enhanced cleaning. These will vary according to the context. The wider range of social distancing practices will need to be maintained to contain viral transmission even if the 2 m advice changes. Social distancing and other public health measures are likely to be needed long-term, until a vaccine or more effective treatments for COVID-19 are available. There are numerous knowledge gaps about SARS-CoV-2 transmission; research to address them will inform policy-making.