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1

Sakorafas, George H. Septic shock: Current pathogenetic concepts, optimal management, and future perspectives. Nova Biomedical Books, 2004.

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2

J, Sibbald William, and Sprung Charles L, eds. Perspectives on sepsis and septic shock. Society of Critical Care Medicine, 1986.

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3

Jordi, Rello, and Restrepo Marcos I, eds. Sepsis: New strategies for management. Springer, 2008.

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4

Society of Critical Care Medicine, ed. Fundamental disaster management. 3rd ed. Society of Critical Care Medicine, 2009.

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5

Septic Shock (Critical Care Management). HARCOURT PUBLISHERS LIMITED, 2000.

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6

Wild, Jonathan, Emma Nofal, Imeshi Wijetunga, and Antonia Durham Hall. Emergency surgery (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198749813.003.0007.

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Emergency general surgery comprises patients with surgical problems requiring surgical intervention or post-operative surgical patients who require further surgical intervention or symptom palliation at any time of the day or night. Beyond the cases discussed below, this will include also emergency presentations from all of the sub-specialty chapters covered so far. Over 600,000 emergency hospital admissions are made to general surgery. Of these patients, they comprise the sickest patient cohort relative to the majority of elective patients, which results from sepsis, shock, or organ dysfuncti
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7

Graver, Benedict. Septic Shock: Risk Factors, Management and Prognosis. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2015.

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8

Septic Shock: Symptoms, Management and Risk Factors. Nova Science Pub Inc, 2012.

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9

Sakorafas, George H. Septic Shock: Current Pathogenetic Concepts, Optimal Management, And Future Perspectives (Nova Biomedical). Nova Biomedical Books, 2006.

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10

Peake, Sandra L., and Matthew J. Maiden. Management of septic shock in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0298.

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The management of septic shock is a medical emergency. Following prompt recognition, treatment priorities are haemodynamic resuscitation, empirical antimicrobials, urgent control of the source of infection and monitoring the response to therapy. Haemodynamic resuscitation is focused on maintaining an adequate macrocirculation, while also ensuring adequacy of microcirculatory blood flow to the cells. Intravenous fluids and catecholamines have been the mainstay of therapy. However, the amount and type of fluids, choice of vasoactive medications, and the appropriate resuscitation endpoints have b
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11

Johnson, Steven B. Pathophysiology and management of abdominal injury. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0334.

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Abdominal injuries are common following blunt and penetrating trauma. They can result in a spectrum of severity from benign to potentially life-threatening conditions. Soon after injury, haemorrhage is the predominant concern, and leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Active haemorrhage resulting in shock requires emergent operative intervention and aggressive haemostatic resuscitation. However haemodynamically-stable patients benefit from non-operative management of solid organ injuries with or without angiographic embolization. Sepsis usually occurs as a result of intra-abdominal infecti
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12

Grisoli, Dominique, and Didier Raoult. Prevention and treatment of endocarditis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0161.

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Initially always lethal, the prognosis of infective endocarditis (IE) has been revolutionized by antibacterial therapy and valve surgery. Nevertheless, it remains one of the deadliest infectious diseases, with ≥30% of patients dying within a year of diagnosis. Its incidence has also remained stable at 25–50 cases per million per year, and results predominantly from a combination of bacteraemia and a predisposing cardiac condition, including endocardial lesions and/or intracardiac foreign material. While antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended by various learned societies to cover healthcare proc
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13

Rello, Jordi, and Marcos I. Restrepo. Sepsis: New Strategies for Management. Springer, 2010.

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14

Pang, Diana, and Joseph A. Carcillo. Pediatric Shock. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199918027.003.0008.

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The chapter on pediatric shock recognition and management provides essential information on types of shock and its management. It contains summaries of hypovolemic, hemorrhagic, cardiogenic, vasoplegic, septic, metabolic, and dysoxic shock. All types of shock are best treated when therapy is targeted toward achieving specific goals (goal-directed therapy), and this chapter provides guidelines for clinical, hemodynamic, and biochemical goals. To achieve those goals, the chapter also provides guidelines on the use of key therapies, including isotonic crystalloid and colloid, blood products, cate
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15

Leach, Dr Richard, and Professor Derek Bell. Fluid management and nutrition. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199565979.003.0002.

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Chapter 2 covers fluid management and nutrition, including information about assessment of the circulation, fluid management, shock states, SIRS, sepsis, severe sepsis, septic shock, vasopressor and inotropic therapy, and nutrition.
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16

Chen, Martin, and Muoi Trinh. Cardiogenic Shock. Edited by Matthew D. McEvoy and Cory M. Furse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190226459.003.0010.

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Heart failure and cardiogenic shock are important causes of perioperative morbidity and mortality that require prompt recognition prior to the institution of specialized monitoring and treatment, including the consideration of circulatory assist devices. Patients at risk for perioperative heart failure require special consideration with respect to preoperative evaluation, medical optimization prior to proceeding with surgery, and monitoring throughout the perioperative period. The intraoperative and postoperative management need to be carefully planned in order to avoid the development of acut
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17

Torres, Antoni, and Adamantia Liapikou. Diagnosis and management of community-acquired pneumonia. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0116.

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Severe community-acquired pneumonia (SCAP) remains the most common infectious reason for admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), reaching a mortality rate of 30–40%. The microbial pattern of the SCAP has changed with S. pneumoniae still the leading pathogen, but a decrease of atypical pathogens, especially Legionella and an increase of viral and polymicrobial pneumonias. IDSA/ATS issued guidelines on the management of CAP including specific criteria to identify patients for ICU admission with good predictive value. The first selection of antimicrobial therapy should be started early coveri
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18

Astroza, Gaston M., Michael E. Lipkin, and Glen M. Preminger. Retrograde intrarenal surgery. Edited by John Reynard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0021.

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Retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS), also known as flexible ureterorenoscopy (fURS) is an effective and safe method for the management of intrarenal stones. Its use has increased in recent years with several reports showing stone-free rates as high as shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) for intrarenal stones. This improvement in efficacy of retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) is related to technological advances and improvements in endoscopic techniques that have made retrograde stone removal easier. The main advantage of RIRS compared to open operative or percutaneous intervention is a decrease in
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19

Prout, Jeremy, Tanya Jones, and Daniel Martin. Anaesthesia for plastic and reconstructive surgery. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199609956.003.0028.

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This chapter describes the anaesthetic considerations for major plastic surgery and in particular free flap surgery including the physiology of the microcirculation. Laminar flow characteristics of the microcirculation allow the anaesthetist to manipulate the perfusion pressure, extent of vasodilation and viscosity to improve flow dynamics for improved flap outcome. The pathophysiology of a burn injury is described; the burn wound and systemic response including shock and inhalational injuries. The initial assessment of the burn follows an ABCDE approach with details of assessing burn area and
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20

Davierwala, Piroze M., and Friedrich W. Mohr. Coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0048.

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The surgical management of acute coronary syndrome still remains a challenge for the cardiac surgeon. Although most patients can be managed by percutaneous coronary intervention, for patients with complex multivessel or left main coronary artery disease (high SYNTAX score), in whom percutaneous coronary intervention is not possible or is unsuccessful, urgent or emergent coronary artery bypass graft surgery is the only available option. It is very important for surgeons to determine the optimum timing of surgical intervention, which is usually based on the clinical presentation, coronary anatom
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21

Davierwala, Piroze M., and Friedrich W. Mohr. Coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0048_update_001.

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The surgical management of acute coronary syndrome still remains a challenge for the cardiac surgeon. Although most patients can be managed by percutaneous coronary intervention, for patients with complex multivessel or left main coronary artery disease (high SYNTAX score), in whom percutaneous coronary intervention is not possible or is unsuccessful, urgent or emergent coronary artery bypass graft surgery is the only available option. It is very important for surgeons to determine the optimum timing of surgical intervention, which is usually based on the clinical presentation, coronary anatom
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22

Davierwala, Piroze M., and Friedrich W. Mohr. Coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0048_update_002.

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The surgical management of acute coronary syndrome still remains a challenge for the cardiac surgeon. Although most patients can be managed by percutaneous coronary intervention, for patients with complex multivessel or left main coronary artery disease (high SYNTAX score), in whom percutaneous coronary intervention is not possible or is unsuccessful, urgent or emergent coronary artery bypass graft surgery is the only available option. It is very important for surgeons to determine the optimum timing of surgical intervention, which is usually based on the clinical presentation, coronary anatom
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23

Davierwala, Piroze M., and Friedrich W. Mohr. Coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0048_update_003.

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The surgical management of acute coronary syndrome still remains a challenge for the cardiac surgeon. Although most patients can be managed by percutaneous coronary intervention, for patients with complex multivessel or left main coronary artery disease (high SYNTAX score), in whom percutaneous coronary intervention is not possible or is unsuccessful, urgent or emergent coronary artery bypass graft surgery is the only available option. It is very important for surgeons to determine the optimum timing of surgical intervention, which is usually based on the clinical presentation, coronary anatom
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24

Lameire, Norbert. Prevention of acute kidney injury. Edited by Norbert Lameire. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0225_update_001.

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This chapter describes the most important non-pharmacologic interventions in the prevention of acute kidney injury. Specific for bypass surgery is the choice between on- versus off-pump surgery in coronary artery bypass grafting. Other interventions include optimization and maintenance of oxygen delivery and of cardiovascular haemodynamics; careful selection of fluid therapy, particularly in septic shock and the postoperative period; possible application of preoperative remote ischaemic preconditioning; maintaining euglycaemia, and application of lung-protective artificial ventilation.
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25

Chapman, Jens R., and Richard J. Bransford. Emergency management of the traumatized cervical spine. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.012038.

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♦ Unconscious patients should have CT scan of neck♦ Emergency MRI if possible in spinal cord injury♦ Avoid flexion/extension views if possible♦ In spinal shock avoid over transfusion and consider epinephrine; high dose steroids probably not indicated♦ Reduce dislocation acutely (MRI before in intact patients if possible)♦ Do not put distraction injury into traction♦ Urgent surgery for traumatic disc hernaition, expanding epidural haematoma, depressed lamina fracture or complex facet fractures with dislocation.
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26

Nolan, Jerry. The critically ill patient. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198719410.003.0035.

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This chapter discusses the anaesthetic management of the critically ill patient suffering from trauma or life-threatening illness. It begins by describing the principles of immediate trauma care, and the primary and secondary surveys. It then goes into more detail about head injuries, chest injuries, abdominal injuries, pelvic fractures, spinal injuries, limb injuries, burns, multiple trauma, post-cardiac arrest resuscitation care, and septic shock. It concludes by describing the transfer of the critically ill patient to the operating theatre or to another unit.
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27

Nolan, Jerry. The critically ill patient. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198719410.003.0035_update_001.

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This chapter discusses the anaesthetic management of the critically ill patient suffering from trauma or life-threatening illness. It begins by describing the principles of immediate trauma care, and the primary and secondary surveys. It then goes into more detail about head injuries, chest injuries, abdominal injuries, pelvic fractures, spinal injuries, limb injuries, burns, multiple trauma, post-cardiac arrest resuscitation care, and septic shock. It concludes by describing the transfer of the critically ill patient to the operating theatre or to another unit.
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28

Lapsia, Munish H., and David T. Huang. Sepsis (DRAFT). Edited by Raghavan Murugan and Joseph M. Darby. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190612474.003.0013.

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Sepsis is defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. This chapter focuses on the first 30 minutes of care for those patients with sepsis in the context of the rapid response team (RRT) activation. The definitions, etiology, incidence, and risk factors for sepsis are reviewed. Recognition of infection, sepsis, and septic shock is also reviewed while highlighting the use of sequential sepsis related organ failure assessment (SOFA) and quick SOFA (qSOFA) scores for diagnosis of sepsis. This chapter also discusses the initial fluid resuscitat
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29

Kobayashi, Leslie M., and Raul Coimbra. Diagnosis and management of lower gastrointestinal haemorrhage in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0180.

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Lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB) is a common cause of anaemia, and can be a significant cause of bleeding and hypovolaemic shock. Initial treatment should always begin with protection of the airway, fluid resuscitation, and restoration of haemodynamic stability. Early colonoscopy should be utilized for all patients with brisk bleeding and elective colonoscopy for those who are stable. An alternative to endoscopy is angiography. Surgery is reserved for patients recalcitrant to endoscopy and/or angiography, or those with poor response to resuscitation. Patients with very slow haemorrhage o
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30

Hahn, Robert G. Intravenous fluids in anaesthetic practice. Edited by Michel M. R. F. Struys. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0020.

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Infusion fluids may be regarded as drugs in the perioperative setting. The therapeutic effects of crystalloid solutions are strongly related to the administered volume, while fluids of the colloid type may also improve microcirculation and have anti-inflammatory properties. The anaesthetist should be able to handle all available infusion fluids and be aware of their benefits, limitations, and risks. Fluid administration programmes for surgery are traditionally based on a balance method in which perceived and measured losses are continuously replaced. Two outcome-guided approaches—restrictive a
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31

Vieillard-Baron, Antoine. Right ventricular function in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0135.

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Under normal conditions, the right ventricle (RV) virtually acts as a passive conduit. In critically-ill patients many situations induce uncoupling between the right ventricle and pulmonary circulation, leading to RV systolic dysfunction, then failure. Mechanical ventilation has a major impact by decreasing RV preload, but also significantly increasing RV afterload. RV function should thus always be interpreted and re-evaluated in the light of respiratory mechanics and ventilator settings. RV systolic function is key to the patient’s haemodynamic profile and must be monitored to achieve optima
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32

Hatfield, Anthea. Paediatrics. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199666041.003.0013.

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Babies and small children of all ages have surgery and come to the recovery room with special needs. Airway management, apnoea and pneumothorax, laryngospasm, and fluid management are some of the important features covered in this chapter. The diagnosis and treatment of shock and cardiac arrest are also covered in depth.
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33

Sabato, Stefan. Massive Transfusion in a Child. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199764495.003.0024.

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The traditional early management of hemorrhagic shock is currently being challenged, and many centers around the world have already changed their practice. Damage-control resuscitation, in conjunction with damage-control surgery, has been shown to improve major morbidity and mortality outcomes in adults. In children there is little direct evidence for these new approaches, but supporting evidence is accumulating. This chapter will introduce these concepts while also reinforcing the core principles of managing acute hemorrhage in the trauma setting.
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34

Fox, Grenville, Nicholas Hoque, and Timothy Watts. Cardiovascular problems. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198703952.003.0009.

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This chapter describes the aetiology, presentation, investigation, and management of congenital heart disease (CHD) and acquired cardiovascular problems. It begins by describing the fetal circulation, transition to the neonatal circulation at birth, and the epidemiology of congenital heart disease. There is a guide to the diagnosis of congenital heart disease using a problem-based approach (heart failure, cyanosis, collapse and shock, heart murmurs), together with general principles of management including the use of inotropes, prostaglandin, and surgery. Types of structural heart disease are
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35

Hahn, Robert G. Fluid and electrolyte physiology in anaesthetic practice. Edited by Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0003.

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The maintenance of body fluid homeostasis is an essential task in perioperative care. Body fluid volumes are tightly controlled by the nervous system, by hormones, and by the kidneys. All these systems are affected by anaesthesia and surgery in ways that must be appreciated by the anaesthetist. Administration of infusion fluids is the key tool to prevent major derangements of the body fluid volumes during before, during, and after surgery. By varying its composition, an infusion fluid can be made to selectively expand or shrink a body fluid compartment. The total osmolality determines whether
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36

Beattie, R. Mark, Anil Dhawan, and John W.L. Puntis. Necrotizing enterocolitis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569862.003.0005.

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Necrotizing enterocolitis 46Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most common gastroenterological emergency in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and the major cause of death for all newborns undergoing surgery. The mortality is greater than that from all the congenital disorders of the gastrointestinal tract combined. Survivors may be left with short-bowel syndrome as well as other long-term gastrointestinal, growth and neurodevelopmental sequelae. NEC frequently presents as feed intolerance with bile-stained gastric residuals, abdominal distension, blood in the stools, apnoea, and acid
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