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Journal articles on the topic 'Size of raindrops'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

MA, CHANG-JIN, MIKIO KASAHARA, and SUSUMU TOHNO. "APPLICATION OF PIXE TO CHARACTERIZATION OF SIZE-SEGREGATED SINGLE RAINDROPS." International Journal of PIXE 12, no. 01n02 (2002): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083502000032.

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The study of single raindrops is expected to give new and great information such as drop formation processes and pollutant scavenging mechanisms. To investigate the characteristics of individual raindrops, PIXE method was applied to elemental analysis. Size-segregated individual raindrops were collected at Kyoto University during rain event in October 2001. Detection limit of each element for polycarbonate filter used as the substrate of raindrops was calculated. The significant peaks of several elements in single raindrop corresponding to the channel number of PIXE could be resolved. Chlorine

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2

Kim, Hyeon-Joon, Woonseon Jung, Sung-Ho Suh, Dong-In Lee, and Cheol-Hwan You. "The Characteristics of Raindrop Size Distribution at Windward and Leeward Side over Mountain Area." Remote Sensing 14, no. 10 (2022): 2419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14102419.

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To analyze the difference in the microphysical development characteristics of orographic rainfall, several Parsivel disdrometers were installed along the windward and leeward slope of a mountain. There were differences in the raindrop size distribution according to the difference in height and distance from the center of the mountain. In low-altitude coastal areas and adjacent areas, the number concentration of raindrops smaller than 1 mm was relatively lower than in mountainous areas, and the rain rate increased with the growth in the size of the raindrops. On the other hand, a higher rain ra

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3

Shen, Zhenzhou, Wenyi Yao, Peiqing Xiao, and Xueqin Yang. "Analysis of day rainfall characteristics of Zhengzhou." E3S Web of Conferences 38 (2018): 01031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183801031.

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Raindrop characteristics, including speed and size of raindrops, in Zhengzhou city of Yellow River basin were analyzed through a natural rainfall on the loess slope. Results showed that the process of natural rainfall belonged to a parabola and counts, size and terminal velocity would increase with the rainfall intensity rising. Besides, the size and terminal velocity of natural raindrops were relatively scattered; In the process of individual rainfall, the terminal velocity and its peak value were mainly focused between 0.8~5m/s and 1m/s, respectively. Size of raindrops were mainly consisted

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4

Abdollahi, Zahra, Seyed Hamidreza Sadeghi, and Abdulvahed Khaledi Darvishan. "Detailed procedure for outdoor measurement of raindrop size distribution using photogrammetry." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 69, no. 2 (2021): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johh-2021-0007.

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Abstract Kinetic energy and corresponding erosive force of rainfall are strongly influenced by raindrop. The present paper aims to explore the raindrop size variation during rainfall events with different intensities in northern Iran by applying the processes of camera-taken photographs. Five rainfall intensities of 1 to 10 mm h–1 that occur frequently in the study area were analyzed. A camera with a very short exposure time was used to record the distribution of raindrops size. The raindrops diameters of the rain events ranged from <0.2 to 5.1 mm while the majority of them were between 1 a

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5

Kang, Zhaoping, Zhimin Zhou, Yinglian Guo, Yuting Sun, and Lin Liu. "An Investigation of the Characteristics of the Mei–Yu Raindrop Size Distribution and the Limitations of Numerical Microphysical Parameterization." Remote Sensing 17, no. 14 (2025): 2459. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17142459.

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This study examines a Mei-Yu rainfall event using rain gauges (RG) and OTT Parsivel disdrometers to observe precipitation characteristics and raindrop size distributions (RSD), with comparisons made against Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model simulations. Results show that Parsivel-derived rain rates (RR) are slightly underestimated relative to RG measurements. Both observations and simulations identify 1–3 mm raindrops as the dominant precipitation contributors, though the model overestimates small and large drop contributions. At low RR, decreased small-drop and increased large-drop

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6

Ging, Samuel Law Lik, Kuok King Kuok, Chiu Po Chan, Md Rezaur Rahman, Muhamad Khusairy Bin Bakri, and Chin Mei Yun. "PHOTOGRAMMETRIC TECHNIQUE FOR ANALYZING RAINDROP SIZE DISTRIBUTION." Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University 57, no. 5 (2022): 373–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.35741/issn.0258-2724.57.5.30.

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Rainfall erosivity and rainfall kinetic energy are predominantly affected by the rainfall droplet size distribution characteristics. This study aims to determine the raindrop size distribution with different rainfall intensities in East Malaysia using photographic method and MATLAB image processing tools. A total of five natural rainfall intensities of different ranges were analyzed: 5.51 mm hr-1, 14.20 mm hr-1, 28.80 mm hr-1, 32.41 mm hr-1 and 58.11 mm hr-1. A digital camera with fast capturing mode was used to capture falling raindrops and the droplets were then processed in MATLAB to determ

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7

KELKAR, V. N. "Size distribution of Raindrops -Part I." MAUSAM 10, no. 2 (2021): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v10i2.4040.

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Results of measurements of the size distribution of raindrops made at Poona during the months of August, September and October 1956, are reported in the form of a table showing the number of drops received at the ground level per m2 per sec for various ranges of diameter at 0.25 nterval, for different inten sities of precipitation ranging from 0 to 40 mm hr-l. Average values have been calculated and presented in the form of a similar table. Histograms showing the number, volume of liquid water, momentum and kinetic energy of raindrops per m2 per sec, against the raindrop diameters are given fo

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8

Gatlin, Patrick N., Merhala Thurai, V. N. Bringi, et al. "Searching for Large Raindrops: A Global Summary of Two-Dimensional Video Disdrometer Observations." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 54, no. 5 (2015): 1069–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-14-0089.1.

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AbstractA dataset containing 9637 h of two-dimensional video disdrometer observations consisting of more than 240 million raindrops measured at diverse climatological locations was compiled to help characterize underlying drop size distribution (DSD) assumptions that are essential to make precise retrievals of rainfall using remote sensing platforms. This study concentrates on the tail of the DSD, which largely impacts rainfall retrieval algorithms that utilize radar reflectivity. The maximum raindrop diameter was a median factor of 1.8 larger than the mass-weighted mean diameter and increased

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9

Friedrich, Katja, Evan A. Kalina, Forrest J. Masters, and Carlos R. Lopez. "Drop-Size Distributions in Thunderstorms Measured by Optical Disdrometers during VORTEX2." Monthly Weather Review 141, no. 4 (2013): 1182–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-12-00116.1.

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Abstract When studying the influence of microphysics on the near-surface buoyancy tendency in convective thunderstorms, in situ measurements of microphysics near the surface are essential and those are currently not provided by most weather radars. In this study, the deployment of mobile microphysical probes in convective thunderstorms during the second Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment (VORTEX2) is examined. Microphysical probes consist of an optical Ott Particle Size and Velocity (PARSIVEL) disdrometer that measures particle size and fall velocity distributions

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10

Seifert, Axel. "On the Parameterization of Evaporation of Raindrops as Simulated by a One-Dimensional Rainshaft Model." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 65, no. 11 (2008): 3608–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jas2586.1.

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Abstract The process of evaporation of raindrops below cloud base is investigated by numerical simulations using a one-dimensional rainshaft model with bin microphysics. The simulations reveal a high variability of the shape of the raindrop size distributions, which has important implications for the efficiency of evaporation below cloud base. A new parameterization of the shape of the raindrop size distribution as a function of the mean volume diameter is suggested and applied in a two-moment microphysical scheme. In addition, the effect of evaporation on the number concentration of raindrops

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11

You, Cheol-Hwan, and Dong-In Lee. "Decadal Variation in Raindrop Size Distributions in Busan, Korea." Advances in Meteorology 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/329327.

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This paper investigated the variability of raindrop size distributions (DSDs) in Busan, Korea, using data from two different disdrometers: a precipitation occurrence sensor system (POSS) and a particle size velocity (Parsivel) optical disdrometer. DSDs were simulated using a gamma model to assess the intercomparability of these two techniques. Annual rainfall amount was higher in 2012 than in 2002, as were the annually averagedDm(which was 0.1 mm greater in 2012) and the frequency of convective rain. Severe rainfall (greater than 20 mm h−1) occurred more frequently and with a largerDmin 2012.

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12

Wang, Dongdong, Sheng Chen, Yang Kong, et al. "Raindrop Size Distribution Characteristics for Typhoons over the Coast in Eastern China." Atmosphere 15, no. 8 (2024): 951. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos15080951.

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This study investigates the characteristics of the raindrop size distribution (DSD) for five typhoons that made landfall or passed by Zhejiang on the eastern coast of China, from 2019 to 2022. Additionally, it examines the raindrop shape–slope (µ-Λ) relationship, as well as the local Z-R relationship for these typhoons. The DSD datasets were collected by the DSG1 disdrometer located in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province. Based on rainfall rate (R), the DSD can be categorized into convective and stratiform rainfall types. Some rainfall parameters can also be derived from the DSDs to further analyze the

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13

Liu, X. C., T. C. Gao, and L. Liu. "Effect of sampling variation on error of rainfall variables measured by optical disdrometer." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 5, no. 6 (2012): 8895–924. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-5-8895-2012.

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Abstract. During the sampling process of precipitation particles by optical disdrometers, the randomness of particles and sampling variability has great impact on the accuracy of precipitation variables. Based on a marked point model of raindrop size distribution, the effect of sampling variation on drop size distribution and velocity distribution measurement using optical disdrometers are analyzed by Monte Carlo simulation. The results show that the samples number, rain rate, drop size distribution, and sampling size have different influences on the accuracy of rainfall variables. The relativ

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14

Gan, Fu-Jun, and Jian-Zhong Lin. "Evolution of particle size distribution in air in the rainfall process via the moment method." Thermal Science 16, no. 5 (2012): 1372–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci1205372g.

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Population balance equation is converted to three moment equations to describe the dynamical behavior of particle size distribution in air in the rainfall. The scavenging coefficient is expressed as a polynomial function of the particle diameter, the raindrop diameter and the raindrop velocity. The evolutions of particle size distribution are simulated numerically and the effects of the raindrop size distribution on particle size distribution are studied. The results show that the raindrops with smaller geometric mean diameter and geometric standard deviation of size remove particles much more

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15

KELKAR, VN. "Size distribution of Raindrops -Part V." MAUSAM 19, no. 1 (2022): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v19i1.5215.

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Results of measurements of the size distribution of raindrops for thunderstorm rain recorded at Poona during August, September and October 1956 are described and compared with those for monsoon rain. The basic data are given in the form of a table showing the number of raindrops received per square metre per second, (grouped country at intervals of 0.25 mm in diameter) for various intensities of precipitation. The total momentum and kinetic energy of raindrops per square metre per sea have been determined as a function of the Intensity of precipitation. The concentration of raindrops and liqui

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16

Szakáll, Miklós, Karoline Diehl, Subir K. Mitra, and Stephan Borrmann. "A Wind Tunnel Study on the Shape, Oscillation, and Internal Circulation of Large Raindrops with Sizes between 2.5 and 7.5 mm." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 66, no. 3 (2009): 755–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jas2777.1.

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Abstract Precipitation prediction using weather radars requires detailed knowledge of the shape parameters of raindrops falling at their terminal velocities in air. Because the raindrops undergo oscillation, the most important shape parameters from the radar prediction point of view are the equilibrium drop shape, the time-averaged axis ratio, and the oscillation frequency. These parameters for individual water drops with equivalent diameter from 2.5 to 7.5 mm were investigated in a vertical wind tunnel using high-speed video imaging. A very good agreement was found between the measured and th

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17

Xie, Xinxin, Raquel Evaristo, Silke Troemel, Pablo Saavedra, Clemens Simmer, and Alexander Ryzhkov. "Radar Observation of Evaporation and Implications for Quantitative Precipitation and Cooling Rate Estimation." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 33, no. 8 (2016): 1779–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-15-0244.1.

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AbstractThis study analyzes radar observations of evaporation in rain and investigates its impact on surface rainfall and atmospheric cooling rates. A 1D model is used to examine the impact of raindrop evaporation on the evolution of the initial raindrop size distribution (DSD), the resulting reflectivity (Z), and differential reflectivity (ZDR) and surface rain rates. Raindrop evaporation leads to a decrease of Z and an increase of ZDR toward the surface because of the depletion of small raindrops that evaporate first and thus enhance the mean raindrop size. The latter effect, however, can be

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18

Barros, Ana P., Olivier P. Prat, and Firat Y. Testik. "Size distribution of raindrops." Nature Physics 6, no. 4 (2010): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphys1646.

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19

Villermaux, E., and B. Bossa. "Size distribution of raindrops." Nature Physics 6, no. 4 (2010): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphys1648.

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20

Li, Guijing, Long Wan, Ming Cui, Bin Wu, and Jinxing Zhou. "Influence of Canopy Interception and Rainfall Kinetic Energy on Soil Erosion under Forests." Forests 10, no. 6 (2019): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10060509.

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Afforestation is a widely accepted measure to control soil erosion around the world. A large area of forest has been built to prevent slope soil erosion in the red soil region of southern China since the 1980s. The vegetation coverage has significantly increased; however, there is still moderate or severe soil erosion under the forest. In order to improve the situation, it is necessary to study the effects of canopy on soil erosion under the forest. Standard runoff plots were established on two typical sites, which represented pure Pinus massoniana Lamb. forest and bare land, respectively. Pre

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21

Luo, Li, Ling Wang, Tao Huo, et al. "Raindrop Size Distribution and Rain Characteristics of the 2017 Great Hunan Flood Observed with a Parsivel2 Disdrometer." Atmosphere 12, no. 12 (2021): 1556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12121556.

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Disdrometer observations obtained by an OTT Parsivel2 during the 2017 Great Hunan Flood from 1:00 a.m. LST 23 June 2017 to 4:00 a.m. LST 2 July 2017 in Changsha, Hunan Province, southern China, are analyzed to diagnose characteristics of raindrop size distribution (DSD). This event was characterized by a large number of small- to medium-sized raindrops (diameters smaller than 1.5 mm) and the mean median volume diameter (D0) is about 1.04 mm. The median values of rain rate R (1.57 mm h−1), liquid water content W (0.10 g m−3), and radar reflectivity Z (25.7 dBZ) are smaller than that of the 2013

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22

Hu, Yuntao, Xichuan Liu, Taichang Gao, and Xiaojian Shu. "Measuring Hydrometeors with a Precipitation Microphysical Characteristics Sensor: Calibration and Field Measurements." Advances in Meteorology 2017 (2017): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3049792.

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Aiming at the simultaneous measurement of the size, shape, and fall velocity of precipitation particles in the natural environment, we present here a new ground-based precipitation microphysical characteristics sensor (PMCS) based on the particle imaging velocimetry technology. The PMCS can capture autocorrelated images of precipitation particles by double-exposure in one frame, by which the size, axis ratio, and fall velocity of precipitation particles can be calculated. The PMCS is calibrated by a series of glass balls with certain diameters under varying light conditions, and a self-adaptiv

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23

Seifert, Axel, Alexander Khain, Ulrich Blahak, and Klaus D. Beheng. "Possible Effects of Collisional Breakup on Mixed-Phase Deep Convection Simulated by a Spectral (Bin) Cloud Model." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 62, no. 6 (2005): 1917–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas3432.1.

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Abstract The effects of the collisional breakup of raindrops are investigated using the Hebrew University Cloud Model (HUCM). The parameterizations, which are combined in the new breakup scheme, are those of Low and List, Beard and Ochs, as well as Brown. A sensitivity study reveals strong effects of collisional breakup on the precipitation formation in mixed-phase deep convective clouds for strong as well as for weak precipitation events. Collisional breakup reduces the number of large raindrops, increases the number of small raindrops, and, as a consequence, decreases surface rain rates and

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24

Radhakrishna, Basivi. "Raindrop size distribution (DSD) during the passage of tropical cyclone Nivar: effect of measuring principle and wind on DSDs and retrieved rain integral and polarimetric parameters from impact and laser disdrometers." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 15, no. 22 (2022): 6705–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6705-2022.

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Abstract. Raindrop size distribution (DSD) observations during the passage of landfalling tropical cyclone Nivar by impact (JWD) and laser (LPM and PARSIVEL) disdrometers are used to unveil the DSD characteristics in the eyewall as well as the inner and outer rainbands. Disdrometer measurements collected at the same location are used to study the effect of wind, measuring principle, and hardware processing on the DSDs and, in turn, on estimated rain integral and polarimetric parameters. The concentration of raindrops of diameters between 0.7 and 1.5 mm increases with rain rate (R) in all the r

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25

Jung, Woonseon, Hyun Min Sung, Cheol-Hwan You, et al. "Relationships between Aerosol and Raindrop Size Distributions during Rainfall Period (Changma) in Jeju Island, Korea." Atmosphere 13, no. 6 (2022): 933. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13060933.

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To investigate the variation in aerosol particles removed by rainfall, we determined the relationship between aerosols and raindrops observed on Jeju Island, Korea, during a heavy rainfall period (Changma) from 1–15 July 2012. Various instruments, including an aerodynamic particle sizer, rain gauge, and disdrometer, were installed at the Gosan meteorological observation site on Jeju Island. During the Changma period, precipitation between 0.7 and 25.4 mm per day was recorded, and large variations in aerosol and raindrop size distributions were observed. Aerosol removal by precipitation was ind

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DOVGALUK, YU A., N. E. VEREMEI, A. A. SIN'KEVICH, et al. "EFFECTS OF STRONG AEROSOL AIR POLLUTION ON THE EVOLUTION OF CONVECTIVE CLOUDS DURING A THUNDERSTORM IN CHINA ACCORDING TO THREE-DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS." Meteorologiya i Gidrologiya, no. 3 (March 2022): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.52002/0130-2906-2022-3-55-67.

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Numerical simulation of evolution of a convective cloud and precipitation during a thunderstorm event that took place on August 11, 2017 in Beijing (China) against a background of high aerosol air pollution was performed using a numerical nonstationary three-dimensional model. Different microphysical parameters of drops and ice particles which depend on aerosol pollution of the atmosphere, were varied: an autoconversion threshold for cloud droplets and raindrops and parameters of raindrop and hailstone size distribution. It was found for this case that liquid drops do not play a significant ro

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27

Liu, Shu, Qi Li, Dajing Shang, Rui Tang, and Qingming Zhang. "Measurement of Underwater Acoustic Energy Radiated by Single Raindrops." Sensors 21, no. 8 (2021): 2687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21082687.

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Underwater noise produced by rainfall is an important component of underwater ambient noise. For example, the existence of rainfall noise causes strong disturbances to sonar performance. The underwater noise produced by a single raindrop is the basis of rainfall noise. Therefore, it is necessary to study the associated underwater noise when drops strike the water surface. Previous research focused primarily on the sound pressure and frequency spectrum of underwater noise from single raindrops, but the study on its sound energy is insufficient. The purpose of this paper is to propose a method f

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Liu, Shu, Jian Wang, Yu Chen, et al. "The Average Sound Energy Spectrum Produced by a Single Raindrop." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2718, no. 1 (2024): 012099. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2718/1/012099.

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Abstract The characteristics of underwater acoustic radiation generated by a single raindrop impacting the water surface play a fundamental role in the study of rainfall noise. However, the underwater sound signal generated by a single raindrop has great randomness in the amplitude of sound pressure, frequency range and energy size, so that the uncertainty of the sound energy spectrum curve of a single raindrop is relatively large. In this paper, by generating artificial rainfall containing only one size of raindrop, the acoustic radiation generated by artificial rainfall composed of about 136

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Wilson, James W., Charles A. Knight, Sarah A. Tessendorf, and Courtney Weeks. "Polarimetric Radar Analysis of Raindrop Size Variability in Maritime and Continental Clouds." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 50, no. 9 (2011): 1970–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jamc2683.1.

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AbstractDuring the Queensland Cloud Seeding Research Program, the “CP2” polarimetric radar parameter differential radar reflectivity Zdr was used to examine the raindrop size evolution in both maritime and continental clouds. The focus of this paper is to examine the natural variability of the drop size distribution. The primary finding is that there are two basic raindrop size evolutions, one associated with continental air masses characterized by relatively high aerosol concentrations and long air trajectories over land and the other associated with maritime air masses with lower aerosol con

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Dai, Qiang, Jingxuan Zhu, Shuliang Zhang, Shaonan Zhu, Dawei Han, and Guonian Lv. "Estimation of rainfall erosivity based on WRF-derived raindrop size distributions." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 24, no. 11 (2020): 5407–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5407-2020.

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Abstract. Soil erosion can cause various ecological problems, such as land degradation, soil fertility loss, and river siltation. Rainfall is the primary water-driven force for soil erosion, and its potential effect on soil erosion is reflected by rainfall erosivity that relates to the raindrop kinetic energy. As it is difficult to observe large-scale dynamic characteristics of raindrops, all the current rainfall erosivity models use the function based on rainfall amount to represent the raindrops' kinetic energy. With the development of global atmospheric re-analysis data, numerical weather p

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Huang, Yi Jun, and Yu Yu Huang. "Research on Filter Paper Splash Procedure of Raindrop Diameter." Advanced Materials Research 772 (September 2013): 461–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.772.461.

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Filter paper splash procedure is a kind of measuring means to raindrop size. It is used widely and operated briefly and its cost is low. The article mainly introduces the influence of different heights to the stain diameter and the relationship between stain diameter and the raindrops. According to the experiment, the relation between the stain diameter and the raindrops is d=0.478D0.610.it is the research foundation of filter paper stain method. According to the data from Fangxian area using the method of filter paper splash procedure, we can conclude that the raindrop kinetic energy has a po

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Ekelund, Robin, Patrick Eriksson, and Michael Kahnert. "Microwave single-scattering properties of non-spheroidal raindrops." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 13, no. 12 (2020): 6933–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6933-2020.

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Abstract. Falling raindrops undergo a change in morphology as they grow in size and the fall speed increases. This change can lead to significant effects in passive and active microwave remote sensing measurements, typically in the form of a polarization signal. Because previous studies generally only considered either passive or active measurements and a limited set of frequencies, there exist no general guidelines on how and when to consider such raindrop effects in scientific and meteorological remote sensing. In an attempt to provide an overview on this topic, this study considered passive

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Liu, X. C., T. C. Gao, and L. Liu. "A comparison of rainfall measurements from multiple instruments." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 6, no. 7 (2013): 1585–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-1585-2013.

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Abstract. Simultaneous observations of rainfall collected by a tipping bucket rain gauge (TBRG), a weighing rain gauge (WRG), an optical rain gauge (ORG), a present weather detector (PWD), a Joss–Waldvogel disdrometer (JWD), and a 2-D video disdrometer (2DVD) during January to October 2012 were analyzed to evaluate how accurately they measure rainfall and drop size distributions (DSDs). For the long-term observations, there were different discrepancies in rain amounts from six instruments on the order of 0% to 27.7%. The TBRG, WRG, and ORG have a good agreement, while the PWD and 2DVD record h

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Zhang, Bin, Yu Zhang, Yunxi Li, et al. "The characteristics of laser scattered by droplets." International Journal of Modern Physics B 33, no. 21 (2019): 1950236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979219502369.

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Droplets are the primary factors which influence laser transmitting in bad weather. This paper researches the analytic expression of droplets influencing the laser, which is based on the geometric optic theory and distribution of raindrop size and shape. In this paper, the relationship between the incidence and emergence angle of droplets is discussed. The effects of an individual raindrop on Ladar divergence angle, illuminance and optical path difference are investigated, and then the cumulated influence of a large quantity of raindrops is analyzed. The illuminance of scanning the targets and

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Mao, Wenqian, Wenyu Zhang, and Menggang Kou. "Statistical characteristics of raindrop size distribution during rainy seasons in complicated mountain terrain." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 27, no. 21 (2023): 3895–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3895-2023.

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Abstract. In order to improve our understanding of the characteristics of raindrop size distribution (DSD) over complex mountainous terrain, the differences in DSD over the southern slopes, northern slopes, and interior of the Qilian Mountains were analyzed using 6 months of observations. For all rainfall events, the number concentrations of small and large raindrops in the interior and on the southern slopes were greater than on the northern slopes, but midsize raindrops were less. The DSD spectrum of the interior was more variable and differed significantly from that of the northern slopes.

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KELKAR, VN. "Size distribution of Raindrops-Part -VI." MAUSAM 19, no. 2 (2022): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v19i2.5228.

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A.C. Best has fo1lnd an empirical formula for the size distribution of raindrops. If F (x) is the fraction of liquid water in the air comprised by drops of diameter less than x, 1 -F = exp [-(x/a)n ], where a and n are constants for any particular rainfall. Contrary to the general supposition that the above formula, applies to the average size distribution of a number of samples of rain, it has boon found that the formula holds for individual samples, in 90 out of 104 cases of general monsoon rains and in 134 out of 169 cases of thundersturm rains recorded at Poona. The formula fails where the

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Clement, C. F., and R. A. Clement. "Size distributions of evaporating falling raindrops." Journal of Aerosol Science 26 (September 1995): S431—S432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-8502(95)97123-v.

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Clement, C. F., and R. A. Clement. "Size distributions of evaporating falling raindrops." Journal of Aerosol Science 26, no. 8 (1995): 1320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-8502(96)80794-4.

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Huang, Chaoying, Sheng Chen, Asi Zhang, and Ying Pang. "Statistical Characteristics of Raindrop Size Distribution in Monsoon Season over South China Sea." Remote Sensing 13, no. 15 (2021): 2878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13152878.

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The South China Sea (SCS) is the largest and southernmost sea in China. Water vapor from the SCS is the primary source of precipitation over coastal areas during the summer monsoon season and may cause the uneven distribution of rainfall in southern China. Deep insight into the spatial variability of raindrop size distribution (DSD) is essential for understanding precipitation microphysics, since DSD contains abundant information about rainfall microphysics processes. However, compared to the studies of DSDs over mainland China, very little is known about DSDs over Chinese ocean areas, especia

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Wilson, Damian R., Anthony J. Illingworth, and T. Mark Blackman. "Differential Doppler Velocity: A Radar Parameter for Characterizing Hydrometeor Size Distributions." Journal of Applied Meteorology 36, no. 6 (1997): 649–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450-36.6.649.

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Abstract Observations of Doppler-resolved spectra of differential radar reflectivity provide estimates of particle shapes as a function of their terminal velocity, and they can be derived by having the antenna at a significant elevation angle. Turbulence tends to smear out the details of the actual spectra observed, but the difference in the mean values of velocity using horizontal and vertical polarizations, which the authors call the “differential Doppler velocity” (DDV), is unaffected. Larger raindrops fall faster and are oblate, so values of DDV are positive. If a gamma function is used fo

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Wu, Haopeng, Shengjie Niu, Yue Zhou, Jing Sun, Jingjing Lv, and Yixiao He. "Characteristics of Raindrop Size Distributions in the Southwest Mountain Areas of China According to Seasonal Variation and Rain Types." Remote Sensing 15, no. 5 (2023): 1246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15051246.

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The precipitation and raindrop size distribution (RSD) characteristics of the four seasons and different rain types were studied using a PARSIVEL2 raindrop disdrometer set in the southwest mountain areas of China from 2019 to 2021. The seasonal precipitation in the southwest mountain areas was mainly stratiform rain. The peaks of the RSD were about 1–2 orders of magnitude higher than those in the plains. The convective rain in spring and autumn was very close to the ocean-like convective mass. The local shape–slope (μ–Λ), radar reflectivity–rain rate (Z–R), and kinetic energy–rain rate (KE–R)

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Jiang, Yufei, Lianmei Yang, Jiangang Li, et al. "Diurnal Variation Characteristics of Raindrop Size Distribution Observed by a Parsivel2 Disdrometer in the Ili River Valley." Advances in Meteorology 2024 (January 16, 2024): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2024/1481661.

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The diurnal variation characteristics of raindrop size distribution (RSD) in the Ili River Valley are investigated in this study, using the RSD data from May to September during 2020-2021 collected by a Parsivel2 disdrometer in Zhaosu. Significant diurnal variations (02–07, 08–13, 14–19, and 20-01 local standard time (LST)) of precipitation and RSD in Zhaosu are revealed during the rainy seasons. Precipitation mainly occurs in the late afternoon and early evening. A higher concentration of small raindrops is observed in the morning, whereas more mid-size and large raindrops are observed in the

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Lima, João L. M. P. de, Valdemir P. Silva, M. Isabel P. de Lima, João R. C. B. Abrantes, and Abelardo A. A. Montenegro. "Revisiting simple methods to estimate drop size distributions: a novel approach based on infrared thermography." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 63, no. 3 (2015): 220–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/johh-2015-0025.

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Abstract The infrared thermography has been successfully applied as a tool for high resolution imaging in different hydrological studies. This exploratory experimental study aimed at evaluating the possibility of using infrared thermography to determine the diameter of raindrops. Rain samples are collected on a pre-heated acrylic board, which is exposed to rain during an instant, and thermograms are recorded. The area of the thermal stains (“signatures” of the raindrops) emerging on the board is measured and converted to drop diameters, applying a calibration equation. Diameters of natural rai

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Wu, Zuhang, Yun Zhang, Lifeng Zhang, Hepeng Zheng, and Xingtao Huang. "A Comparison of Convective and Stratiform Precipitation Microphysics of the Record-breaking Typhoon In-Fa (2021)." Remote Sensing 14, no. 2 (2022): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14020344.

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In July 2021, Typhoon In-Fa attacked eastern China and broke many records for extreme precipitation over the last century. Such an unrivaled impact results from In-Fa’s slow moving speed and long residence time due to atmospheric circulations. With the supports of 66 networked surface disdrometers over eastern China and collaborative observations from the advanced GPM satellite, we are able to reveal the unique precipitation microphysical properties of the record-breaking Typhoon In-Fa (2021). After separating the typhoon precipitation into convective and stratiform types and comparing the dro

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Träumner, Katja, Jan Handwerker, Andreas Wieser, and Jens Grenzhäuser. "A Synergy Approach to Estimate Properties of Raindrop Size Distributions Using a Doppler Lidar and Cloud Radar." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 27, no. 6 (2010): 1095–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jtecha1377.1.

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Abstract Remote sensing systems like radars and lidars are frequently used in atmospheric measurement campaigns. Because of their different wavelengths, they operate in different scattering regimes. Combined use may result in new measurement options. Here, an approach to estimate raindrop size distribution using vertical velocities measured by a lidar–radar combination is introduced and tested using a 2-μm Doppler lidar and a 35.5-GHz cloud radar. The lidar spectra are evaluated to deduce air motion from the aerosol peak and the fall velocity of the raindrops from the rain peak. The latter is

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Chen, Puchen, Puyu Wang, Zhongqin Li, et al. "Raindrop Size Distribution Characteristics of Heavy Precipitation Events Based on a PWS100 Disdrometer in the Alpine Mountains, Eastern Tianshan, China." Remote Sensing 15, no. 20 (2023): 5068. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15205068.

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As a key component of the hydrological cycle, knowledge and comprehension of precipitation formation and evolution are of leading significance. This study investigates the statistical characteristics of raindrop size distribution for heavy precipitation events with observations collected by a Present Weather Sensor (PWS100) disdrometer located in the alpine area of eastern Tianshan, China. The characteristics are quantified based on heavy rain, heavy snow, and hail precipitation events classified using the rainfall intensity and the precipitation-related weather codes (US National Weather Serv

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Testik, F. Y., and M. K. Rahman. "High-Speed Optical Disdrometer for Rainfall Microphysical Observations." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 33, no. 2 (2016): 231–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-15-0098.1.

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AbstractA high-speed optical disdrometer (HOD) that was developed for measuring rainfall microphysical quantities, including raindrop shape, size distribution, and fall velocity/acceleration, is the subject of this paper. The main components of the HOD are a high-speed video camera, a light-emitting diode (LED) light, and a sensing unit to detect raindrops passing through the camera view frame. The high-speed video camera is directed at the LED light to capture the silhouettes of the backlit drops when triggered by a raindrop that is detected within a specified focal depth by the sensing unit.

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Rahman, Kalimur, and Firat Y. Testik. "Shapes and Fall Speeds of Freezing and Frozen Raindrops." Journal of Hydrometeorology 21, no. 6 (2020): 1311–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-19-0204.1.

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AbstractThis study investigates the shapes and fall speeds of freezing and frozen raindrops through field observations using an instrument called the high-speed optical disdrometer (HOD) that we developed recently. Our field observations showed that while the shapes of all of the observed freezing raindrops and a portion of the frozen raindrops (39% of the frozen raindrops that are larger than 1.0 mm in volume equivalent diameter D) resemble the shapes of warm raindrops, majority of frozen raindrops (61% of the frozen raindrops with D > 1.0 mm) exhibited a distinct feature such as a spicule

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Uijlenhoet, R. "Raindrop size distributions and radar reflectivity–rain rate relationships for radar hydrology." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 5, no. 4 (2001): 615–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-5-615-2001.

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Abstract. The conversion of the radar reflectivity factor Z(mm6m-3) to rain rate R(mm h-1 ) is a crucial step in the hydrological application of weather radar measurements. It has been common practice for over 50 years now to take for this conversion a simple power law relationship between Z and R. It is the purpose of this paper to explain that the fundamental reason for the existence of such power law relationships is the fact that Z and R are related to each other via the raindrop size distribution. To this end, the concept of the raindrop size distribution is first explained. Then, it is d

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He, Jingshu, Jiafeng Zheng, Zhengmao Zeng, Yuzhang Che, Min Zheng, and Jianjie Li. "A Comparative Study on the Vertical Structures and Microphysical Properties of Stratiform Precipitation over South China and the Tibetan Plateau." Remote Sensing 13, no. 15 (2021): 2897. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13152897.

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Under different water vapor and dynamic conditions, and the influence of topographies and atmospheric environments, stratiform precipitation over South China and the Tibetan Plateau can produce different features. In this study, stratiform precipitation vertical characteristics, bright-band (BB) microstructures, and the vertical variations of the raindrop size distribution (DSD) over a low-altitude site (Longmen site, 86 m) in South China and a high-altitude site (Nagqu site, 4507 m) on the Tibetan Plateau were comprehensively investigated and compared using measurements from a Ka-band millime

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