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Academic literature on the topic 'Slags'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Slags"

Li, Qi Nan, Guo Jun Ma, Xiang Zhang, and Xun Cai. "Characteristics of Metallurgical Waste Slag and its Heating Behavior in a Microwave Field." Key Engineering Materials 680 (February 2016): 574–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.680.574.

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Four kinds of typical metallurgical waste slags were characterized with their chemical composition, crystalline phases, microstructure and thermal behavior. The heating behavior of these slags in a microwave field were also examined. The results show that there is a high content of CaO in these waste slags. When the metallurgical waste slags were heated from room temperature to 1300°C, the weight loss of Blast Furnace (BF) slag and ladle furnace (LF) refining slag are only 2.25% and 0.9%, respectively, while the weight loss of Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) slag and electric arc furnace (EAF) slag

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Matino, Ismael, Alice Petrucciani, Antonella Zaccara, Valentina Colla, Maria Ferrer Prieto, and Raquel Arias Pérez. "Characterization of EAF and LF Slags Through an Upgraded Stationary Flowsheet Model of the Electric Steelmaking Route." Metals 15, no. 3 (2025): 279. https://doi.org/10.3390/met15030279.

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The current, continuous increase in attention toward preservation of the environment and natural resources is forcing resource-intensive industries like steelworks to investigate new solutions to improve resource efficiency and promote the growth of a circular economy. In this context, electric steelworks, which inherently implement circularity principles, are spending efforts to enhance valorization of their main by-product, namely slags. A reliable characterization of the slag’s composition is crucial for the identification of the best valorization pathway, but, currently, slag monitoring is

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Gupta, Avishek Kumar, Matti Aula, Jouni Pihlasalo, Pasi Mäkelä, Marko Huttula, and Timo Fabritius. "Preparation of Synthetic Titania Slag Relevant to the Industrial Smelting Process Using an Induction Furnace." Applied Sciences 11, no. 3 (2021): 1153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11031153.

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A high titania slag that is used as a feedstock for TiO2 manufacturing is obtained by ilmenite smelting (FeO.TiO2). The composition of the slag obtained by smelting is dependent on the composition of the mineral used for slag preparation, i.e., ilmenite in our study. At the laboratory scale, ilmenite slags are mostly obtained by using ilmenite as the raw material. An easy and simple way would be to prepare the synthetic slag using the individual components and heating them to high temperature in a furnace. The titania slag has a high oxidizing nature and requires an inert atmosphere to prevent

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Ho, Hsing-Jung, Atsushi Iizuka, and Hironari Kubo. "Identification of suitable conventional cooling methods for direct aqueous carbonation of blast furnace slags and their mechanism." International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials 32, no. 7 (2025): 1566–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-3054-x.

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Abstract The iron and steel industries generate large amounts of unavoidable CO2 emissions as well as considerable quantities of slags. More than one-half of the emitted CO2 is produced in blast furnaces during ironmaking, and thus it is meaningful to use blast furnace slags to capture CO2 while addressing the byproducts and flue gas of ironmaking. Mineral carbonation of slags is a promising route to achieve carbon neutrality and effective slag utilization. To exploit slag more effectively and capture CO2 in flue gas, an in-depth investigation into the carbonation of blast furnace slags genera

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Matinde, E. "Presidential Address: Metallurgical slags: A drive to circularity and search for new research agenda." Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 124, no. 9 (2024): 491–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2024/2024.

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Poor phase separation and fine dissemination of the desired components within congruous slag phases are key challenges limiting the recoverability of values from slags by conventional beneficiation methods. Slag microstructure conditioning is a pragmatic approach to increasing the value-in-use of discard slags, especially when integrated with the broader smelter infrastructure. Although not yet tested on oxide slag systems, this paper explores the potential application of magnetohydrodynamic principles to the crystallization behaviour of bulk slags. Integrating the slag microstructure conditio

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Wiraseranee, C., T. Yoshikawa, T. H. Okabe, and K. Morita. "Effect of Al2O3, MgO, and CuOx on the dissolution behavior of rhodium in the Na2O-SiO2 slags." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 49, no. 2 (2013): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb121221018w.

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Aiming to optimize rhodium recovery in the high temperature recycling process by minimizing rhodium loss into slags in an oxidizing atmosphere by controlling slag composition, the effects of representative slag components, such as Al2O3, MgO, and CuOx, on the dissolution behavior of rhodium into the Na2O-SiO2 slags was investigated. The solubility of rhodium was measured by equilibrating the sodium silicate based slags with pure solid rhodium at 1473 K in air. Considering that rhodium dissolved into slags as RhO1.5, the effect of the oxide addition on the activity coefficient of RhO1.5 in slag

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Long, Xiao, Wenbo Luo, Guohong Lu, et al. "Iron Removal from Metallurgical Grade Silicon Melts Using Synthetic Slags and Oxygen Injection." Materials 15, no. 17 (2022): 6042. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15176042.

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Novel SiO2-CaO-CaF2-R2O-MgO based synthetic slags (R2O represents alkali metal oxides) with varied binary basicity values were used with oxygen injection to refine silicon melts and remove Fe from metallurgical-grade silicon. Silicon samples and slags at the silicon-slag interfaces were obtained during refinement. The compositions of the silicon samples were analyzed, and the quenched slag samples and mild cooling slags from the final crucible were inspected using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. After 15 min of refinement, the Fe removal rate ranged from

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Haubner, Roland, and Susanne Strobl. "Slag from Modern Copper Production Found in Bergwerk, Burgenland, Austria." Solid State Phenomena 341 (March 15, 2023): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-4zdd71.

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The investigated slags from Bergwerk (Burgenland, Austria) are from the 17th century and a byproduct of a copper smelting process. These slags are typical plate slags but metallographic studies have shown that these slags are atypical compared to alpine slags. There is an elongated texture running across the slag but the typical fayalite dendrites are absent. Noticeable are high sulfur and Fe levels. SEM-EDX element mappings show that FeO and FeS coexist locally, suggesting that a eutectic FeO-FeS mixture exists. The melting point could have been lowered to 930 °C by the FeO-FeS eutectic. CaSO

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Zhao, Qiang, Lang Pang, and Dengquan Wang. "Adverse Effects of Using Metallurgical Slags as Supplementary Cementitious Materials and Aggregate: A Review." Materials 15, no. 11 (2022): 3803. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15113803.

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This paper discusses a sustainable way to prepare construction materials from metallurgical slags. Steel slag, copper slag, lead-zinc slag, and electric furnace ferronickel slag are the most common metallurgical slags that could be used as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) and aggregates. However, they have some adverse effects that could significantly limit their applications when used in cement-based materials. The setting time is significantly delayed when steel slag is utilized as an SCM. With the addition of 30% steel slag, the initial setting time and final setting time are del

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Xu, Zhong Hui, Dong Wei Li, and Xi Peng. "Environmental Activity of Heavy Metals in Slags Treated by Electrokinetic Removal Technology." Applied Mechanics and Materials 84-85 (August 2011): 264–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.84-85.264.

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Ancient pyrometallurgical zinc generated large amounts of slag. Natural leaching from ancient pyrometallurgical zinc sites had contaminated the soil closed to the deposits. Enhanced electrokinetic removal technology was adopted to treat these slags. In this paper, atomic fluorescence spectrometer and scanning electronic microscope were used to investigate the total metal concentration and the surface topography of slags. The results showed that the heavy metals content in slags was high. The content of zinc in slags was up to 114550mg/kg. The surface topography of slags indicated that that the

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Slags"

Bronsch, Arne. "Viscosity of slags." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universitaet Bergakademie Freiberg Universitaetsbibliothek "Georgius Agricola", 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:105-qucosa-229196.

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Slags plays a significant role at high temperature processes. The estimation of the slag viscosity is vital for the safe run of e.g. entrained flow gasifiers. One opportunity of determination is rotational viscometry. This technique is disadvantageous in view of elevated temperatures, applied materials and the necessary time. Additionally, the viscosity can be predicted by the help of viscosity models, where viscosity is a function of slag composition and temperature. Due to changing slag properties within the technical processes, the calculated viscosities can hugely differ from measured ones

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Muhmood, Luckman. "Investigations of thermophysical properties of slags with focus on slag-metal interface." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Materialens processvetenskap, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-26611.

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The objective of this research work was to develop a methodology for experimentally estimating the interfacial properties at slag-metal interfaces. From previous experiments carried out in the division, it was decided to use surface active elements like sulfur or oxygen to trace any motion at the interface. For this purpose the following experimental investigations were carried out. Firstly the density of slag was estimated using the Archimedes Principle and the Sessile Drop technique. The density of the slag would give the molten slag height required for the surface active element to travel b

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Larsson, Jesper. "Acid neutralization using steel slags : Adsorption of fluorides in solutions using AOD slags." Thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-171235.

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Surface treatment processes of stainless steel, such as pickling, produces acidic waste water consisting of Na⁺, Cl⁻, F⁻, NO⁻3, SO42-, PO43-, Fe3+, Cr6+ and Ni2+. At Sandvik ABs steel works in Sandviken, this waste water is treated and neutralized using slaked lime before being released into the lake Storsjön. The aim of this report was to make a literary review of previous work in using slag as a neutralizing agent for acidic waste water. Furthermore, to see if it’s possible to replace some or all of the slaked lime in the neutralization process with slag and to study what slag that might be

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Ekengård, Johan. "Aspects on slag/metal equilibrium calculations and metal droplet characteristics in ladle slags." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Materials Science and Engineering, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-1788.

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<p>In the present work the mixing between the metal and slagphase during the ladle refining process from tapping from theelectric arc furnace to casting in two different Swedish steelplants has been studied.</p><p>Three slag models and the sulphur-oxygen equilibrium betweenslag and steel was used together with the dilute solution modelfor the liquid steel phase to predict the equilibrium oxygenactivity in steel bulk and metal droplets in top slag inequilibrium with the top slag. The predicted oxygen activitieswere compared with measured oxygen activities from the steelbulk. The results show si

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Johnston, Murray. "Thermodynamics of selenium and tellurium in molten metallurgical slags and alloys." University of Western Australia. School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0064.

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There are a number of impurity elements present in sulphide ores that can have a deleterious effect on the properties of the final copper metal product. In this thesis, an equilibrium distribution technique was used to determine the thermodynamic behaviour of selenium and tellurium in molten slags used in copper production. Calcium ferrite based slags and copper or silver alloy were equilibrated in magnesia crucibles at temperatures of 1200 to 1400 °C and oxygen partial pressures of 10-11 to 10-0.68 atm. Under conditions typical of those employed during copper converting, the minor elements we

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Coetzee, Colette. "Solidification behaviour of titania slags." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2003. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02282007-152308.

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Nzotta, Mselly M. "Sulphide capacities of multicomponent slags /." Stockholm : Tekniska högsk, 1999. http://www.lib.kth.se/abs99/nzot0219.pdf.

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Jelkina, Albertsson Galina. "Investigations of Stabilization of Cr in Spinel Phase in Chromium-Containing Slags." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Materialens processvetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-50709.

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The influence of basicity, heat treatment as well as different oxygen partial pressures on the phase relationships in the CaO-MgO-SiO2-Cr2O3 slags was studied with a view to control the precipitation of Cr-spinel in the slag phase. The equilibrium phases in CaO-MgO-SiO2-Cr2O3 slag system in the range on 1673-1873 K have been investigated under low oxygen partial pressure as well as in as air atmosphere. In low oxygen partial pressure experiments, a suitable mixture of CO and CO2 was used to control the oxygen partial pressure. The oxygen partial pressure was kept at 10-4 Pa. The Cr2O3 and MgO

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McDonnell, John G. "The classification of early ironworking slags." Thesis, Aston University, 1986. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/11864/.

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Bessinger, Deon. "Cooling characteristics of high titania slags." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2001. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-07212006-102324/.

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Books on the topic "Slags"

Piatak, Nadine M., and Vojtech Ettler, eds. Metallurgical Slags. Royal Society of Chemistry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781839164576.

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Smirnova, L. A., dokt. tekhn. nauk., Deri͡a︡bina A. A та Uralʹskiĭ nauchno-issledovatelʹskiĭ institut chernykh metallov., ред. Shlaki chernoĭ metallurgii, ikh pererabotka i ispolʹzovanie. Uralʹskiĭ nauchno-issl. in-t chernykh metallov, 1990.

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Östman, Nan Inger. Ett slags sällskap: Roman. Wahlstrr̈om & Wikdstrand, 1999.

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Frostholm, Christian Yde. Virvaret, en slags orkester. Borgen, 1986.

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Harms, Angelica. Lesbos - ett slags limbo. Mångkulturellt centrum, 2018.

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Hansen, Trond. Jack: Et slags liv. Schibsted, 2006.

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Ferreira, Jardel Prata. Nitrogen solubility in molten slags. National Library of Canada, 1992.

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Mills, K. C. Physicochemical properties of BOS slags. Commission of the European Communities, 1986.

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Mikrovas, Anthony C. Heat transfer characteristics of molten slags. National Library of Canada, 1990.

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Rømhild, Lars Peter. Slags: Om litterære arter, genrer, motiver. Gyldendal, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Slags"

Beswick, Katie. "Affect and Synaesthesia." In Slags on Stage. Routledge, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367815851-1.

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Beswick, Katie. "Kelly Green." In Slags on Stage. Routledge, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367815851-8.

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Beswick, Katie. "Eirini Kartsaki." In Slags on Stage. Routledge, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367815851-11.

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Beswick, Katie. "Slaggy." In Slags on Stage. Routledge, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367815851-3.

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Beswick, Katie. "You Slag." In Slags on Stage. Routledge, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367815851-4.

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Beswick, Katie. "What Women Want." In Slags on Stage. Routledge, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367815851-12.

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Beswick, Katie. "Michaela Coel." In Slags on Stage. Routledge, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367815851-10.

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Beswick, Katie. "Cash Carraway." In Slags on Stage. Routledge, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367815851-9.

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Beswick, Katie. "The Slag, the Bitch and the Wardrobe." In Slags on Stage. Routledge, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367815851-5.

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Beswick, Katie. "TRacey Emin." In Slags on Stage. Routledge, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367815851-7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Slags"

Usman, Akerele Ayodeji, and Póliska Csaba. "Investigating the Impacts of Slag Contents on the Thermal Characteristics of Foam Glasses." In 10th International Scientific Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering. Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-legj9i.

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The scourge of tonnes of waste generation from municipal, industrial, and medical facilities, among other sources, is a serious concern, significantly the increase in disposal through landfills, incineration, and others, which may pose further health and environmental challenges. In our work, we intend to study the characteristics of foam glass made from hazardous waste incinerator slags (HWIS) and waste bottle glass with 1.5%wt SiC used as foaming agents. Varying percentages (10%wt, 20%wt, 25%wt) of slags were sintered with waste bottles (88.5%wt, 78.5%wt, 73.5%wt). The increase in the height

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Bennett, James P., Kyei-Sing Kwong, Hugh Thomas, Anna Nakano, and Jinichiro Nakano. "Microstructure and Corrosion of Phosphate Containing Cr2o3 Gasifier Refractories." In CORROSION 2015. NACE International, 2015. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2015-05974.

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Abstract Gasification is an efficient, environmentally clean technology capable of processing a variety of abundant natural carbon sources or industry wastes/byproducts such as coal, petroleum coke, or biomass into CO and H2 (synthesis gas, or syngas) used in the production of electric power or chemicals. Gasification is considered an important option in future energy or chemical production because of its efficiency and because environmental pollutants such as SO3 and mercury are easily captured. However, the short service life of the Cr2O3 refractory used to protect the outer steel containmen

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Hussain, M. S. n., and Peter Elliott. "Aspects of Vanadate Slag Corrosion on Ni 50Cr and Nimonic 90 (Ni 20Cr 16.4Co 2.2Ti 2A1 1Fe) Alloys." In CORROSION 1989. NACE International, 1989. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1989-89526.

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Abstract Alloy performance is considered following laboratory exposure to synthetic molten slags developed from vanadium pentoxide alone, or as an 80-20% mixture of vanadium pentoxide and sodium sulfate. Test samples were exposed isothermally for times up to 100 hours at 900 C (1652 F) under flowing oxygen. The performance is characterized in terms of corrosion damage as determined from gravimetric, metallographic and conventional analytical procedures. Electronoptical techniques were of value in resolving the morphologies. Accelerated corrosion was found in the presence of the vanadic slags.

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Wong-Moreno, A., D. Lopez-Lopez, A. Gutierrez Vazquez, and L. Martinez. "Corrosion of High Chromium Alloys by Sulfated Slags at Elevated Temperatures." In CORROSION 1996. NACE International, 1996. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1996-96168.

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Abstract The aim of this paper is to study the corrosion behavior at elevated temperatures of four commercial heat resistant alloys exposed to a slag containing sodium sulfates and vanadates. Laboratory corrosion tests were conducted to obtain information on the performance of the alloys. The UNS specifications of the tested alloys were S44600, N06601, N08330, and ODS MA956. The slag used as corrosive agent was collected from the high temperature zone of an utility oil-fired boiler. Corrosion weight-loss measurements as well as microscopic observations were performed to evaluate resistance of

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Reddy, R. G., and A. Yahya. "Sulfur distribution ratio in iron and steelmaking slags." In 12th International Conference of Molten Slags, Fluxes and Salts (MOLTEN 2024) Proceedings. Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (AusIMM), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.62053/osyh4816.

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The sulfur distribution ratio (Ls) is an expression of the amount of sulfur in slag to the amount of sulfur in molten metal. The sulfide capacities calculated from Reddy-Blander (RB) model were used to calculate the sulfur distribution ratio (Ls). A new Reddy model for sulfur distribution ratio (Ls) was developed for modelling Ls for ironmaking, steelmaking, and secondary steelmaking conditions. Besides calcium oxide, the major component in the ladle furnace (LF) slags is alumina. The Ls was calculated for typical LF slags as a function of temperature and composition. The model calculated Ls v

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Tang, K., M. Zhu, J. You, X. Ma, and G. Tranell. "Evaluation of thermal conductivities of molten SiO2-Al2O3-CaO slags." In 12th International Conference of Molten Slags, Fluxes and Salts (MOLTEN 2024) Proceedings. Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (AusIMM), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.62053/ltyl7744.

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The thermal conductivity of slag is critical for the efficiency of high temperature metallurgical processes such as the smelting reduction of ferroalloys, the ladle refining and the continuous casting mold flux in steelmaking. Experimental determination of slag’s thermal conductivity is fraught with challenges, as seen in yielding data for the SiO2-Al2O3-CaO system that are often inconsistent and widely dispersed. In molten slags of this system, thermal transport occurs via phonons within the network structure. To quantitatively describe thermal conductivity based on the microstructure, high-t

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Boeykens, P.-J., R. Starykh, M. Shevchenko, et al. "Methodology development of electrical conductivity measurements for non-ferrous slags." In 12th International Conference of Molten Slags, Fluxes and Salts (MOLTEN 2024) Proceedings. Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (AusIMM), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.62053/slau5977.

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As a result of the globally increasing consumer use of electronic devices, it is expected that pressure will increase on the supply chain of precious metals. Hence, recycling of these electronics becomes increasingly important, as well as optimising the current processes. One major issue in metallurgical processes is the amount of metal that is lost into the slag. This metal loss is inherent to the production process and therefore, additional processing steps such as slag cleaning may be required. Slag cleaning can be done in electrical resistance furnaces where heat is produced using the Joul

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Rimal, V., and M. Tangstad. "Flow investigation of multiphase manganese slags." In 12th International Conference of Molten Slags, Fluxes and Salts (MOLTEN 2024) Proceedings. Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (AusIMM), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.62053/eshw9511.

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Multiphase slags form the basis of the reduction pathway for manganese ferroalloy production. The present work aims to understand the flow of slag through the coke bed based on experimentation in controlled conditions. Synthetic slags of different basicities were evaluated for their phase composition, viscosity, and flow. The two-phase slag will have two zones: a liquid slag zone and a multiphase zone. The multiphase zone will consist mostly of a solid phase with some liquid slag between the solid particles. The multiphase part will hence have a high viscosity. The liquid zone will flow into t

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Stovpchenko, G., L. Medovar, L. Lisova, D. Stepanenko, and D. Togobitskaya. "Prognostic models for electroslag remelting process and slag engineering." In 12th International Conference of Molten Slags, Fluxes and Salts (MOLTEN 2024) Proceedings. Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (AusIMM), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.62053/tbyl4271.

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Classical electroslag remelting of consumable electrodes is a drop-by-drop melt feeding through a slag layer into a renewing molten metal bath, slowly solidifying into a homogeneous, dense, defect-free ingot in a copper water-cooled mould. The new look at the additive nature of the electroslag remelting (ESR) process in a protective atmosphere allowed us to formulate the principles of a comprehensive thermodynamic-based model that can predict dynamic changes in slag and metal composition at certain ingot remelting. The model considers drastically different slag-to-metal mass ratios at the begi

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Andersson, A., J. Isaksson, L. Brander, A. Lennartsson, Å. Roos, and F. Engström. "The effect of FeO/SiO2 ratio on the feasibility of utilising iron silicate slags as supplementary cementitious materials." In 12th International Conference of Molten Slags, Fluxes and Salts (MOLTEN 2024) Proceedings. Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (AusIMM), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.62053/grua2777.

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Slags are the most voluminous solid by-products generated in pyrometallurgical operations, and, as such, finding an application for these oxidic materials is pertinent to maintaining resource efficiency. In particular, pyrometallurgical copper production is associated with high slag rates, typically ranging from 2.2 to 3.0 tons of slag per ton produced copper, which necessitates slag valourisation. A possible application for these iron silicate slags is as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), which effectively lowers the CO2 emissions per ton of cementitious material. Although utilisin

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Reports on the topic "Slags"

Steadman, E. N., S. A. Benson, and J. W. Nowok. Thermal conductivity of coal ashes and slags. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10110104.

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Alan W. Cramb. Quantifying the Thermal Behavior of Slags (TRP 9903). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/840954.

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Choudhry, Vas, Stephen Kwan, and Steven R. Hadley. UTILIZATION OF LIGHTWEIGHT MATERIALS MADE FROM COAL GASIFICATION SLAGS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/785151.

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Choudhry, V., and S. Hadley. Utilization of Lightweight Materials Made from Coal Gasificaiton Slags. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/425211.

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Unknown. UTILIZATION OF LIGHTWEIGHT MATERIALS MADE FROM COAL GASIFICATION SLAGS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/767395.

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Unknown. UTILIZATION OF LIGHTWEIGHT MATERIALS MADE FROM COAL GASIFICATION SLAGS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/769318.

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J.Y. Hwang. Verification of Steelmaking Slags Iron Content Final Technical Progress Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/892748.

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Douglas, E., P. Mainwaring, M. Can Roode, and R. T. Hemmings. Determination of glass content in fly ashes and blast-furnace slags. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/307262.

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John Kay and Kurt Eylands. Advanced Characterization of Slags and Refractory Bricks Using Electron Backscatter Diffraction. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/984654.

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Choudhry, V., T. Zimmerle, and D. D. Banerjee. Utilization of Illinois slags for the production of ultra-lightweight aggregates. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6865619.

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