To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Social activity of the individual.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Social activity of the individual'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Social activity of the individual.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Cameron, Christine. "Individual, social, and environmental factors associated with physical activity and walking." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2014. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/15145.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Participation in physical activity (PA) is influenced by a multitude of factors. Traditionally, research has focused on several theoretical frameworks focusing on the individual ; however, they do not necessarily take into consideration other influencing factors such as the social environment or the physical or built environment. As such, a comprehensive socio-ecological model considering a multiplicity of factors is useful in explaining behaviour. Aims: To 1) assess the prevalence of the individual level correlates and their association with PA and walking; 2) assess the prevalence of environmental determinants and neighbourhood characteristics and the association between these and PA and walking behaviours; 3) explore within a comprehensive and socio-ecological approach, the contribution of the individual, social, and environmental factors in predicting PA and walking. Methods: The studies used in this thesis are national, random-digit dialling telephone-based surveys of a representative population sample within Canada. All research questions and procedures underwent ethics review at York University. The studies incorporated a two-stage probability selection process to select a survey respondent, and included a number of standard self-report measures across the data collection cycles. PA and all-domain walking were measured using the telephone-administered, short International Physical Activity Questionnaire, the neighbourhood environment was measured using an abbreviated version of the Neighbourhood Environment Walkability Scale (NEWS), and individual factors such as knowledge about amount of PA required for guidelines, beliefs about the benefits of PA, self-efficacy, intention, and initial behaviour changes. Walking for transport was measured through the Physical Activity Monitor and walking for recreation were measured through an adapted version of the Minnesota Leisure-Time PA questionnaire (for the 2007 collection only). Complex sampling methods were required to take into account stratification by province or territory within Canada. Complex samples cross-tabulation procedures were used to calculate the prevalence estimates of Canadians meeting the PA and walking guidelines and 95% confidence intervals. The relationship between factors predicting sufficient activity and sufficient walking were examined using complex samples logistic regression procedures that were reflect the sample design. This thesis explored associations and the relative strength of the factors as the independent measures predicting sufficient PA and sufficient walking as the dependent measures, using age, sex, and education as covariates for each of these models. Chapter Six expands this model by including walking for recreation and transportation, and examining sub-population groups. Results: Individual factors (e.g., self-efficacy, intention, and some trial behaviours) and social factors were associated with sufficient PA and certain types of walking. Relatively few environmental factors were associated with sufficient walking (all domain and domain-specific) or sufficient PA. The relationship between high density neighbourhoods and higher rates of walking (generally and specific), and the availability of supportive walking facilities with various modes of walking were evident. Proximity of many shops and the presence of sidewalks were associated with the highest quartile of walking for transport. A greater number of the individual factors predicted walking and PA compared to the environmental/neighbourhood factors, within the context of a full socio-ecological model. Findings differed when stratified by age and sex of respondents. Conclusions: The results suggest that individual factors may be more relevant for predicting activity and walking than environmental factors, or at least should be considered in their inter-relationship with environmental factors when developing environment-based interventions. Although the inter-relationship between individual factors, social factors and the built environment are important, understanding individual factors are critical for determining strategies and interventions to promote PA among certain populations with traditionally lower levels of activity. Findings suggest that within countries like Canada, with a relative abundance of supportive environments, more specific and detailed measures of the perceived and objective physical environment may be required in order to achieve sufficient variation.
2
Titze, Sylvia [Verfasser]. "Promotion of Health-Enhancing Physical Activity : An Individual, Social, and Environmental Approach / Sylvia Titze." Aachen : Shaker, 2003. http://d-nb.info/1179023021/34.
Full text
3
Martinez, Suzanna Marie. "Individual, social and environmental correlates of physical activity among Latinos in San Diego County." Diss., [La Jolla] : [San Diego] : University of California, San Diego, ; San Diego State University, 2009. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3372449.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego and San Diego State University, 2009.<br>Title from first page of PDF file (viewed October 20, 2009). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 110-126).
4
Johnson, Elizabeth. "The Relationship of Environmental, Social and Individual Factors and Physical Activity Participation Level in Young Adults." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31201.
Full textAbstract:
Objective: To explore the relationship between individual factors (i.e. affect, self-efficacy, and self-regulation), social and environmental factors, and their effects on the level of participation in physical activity (PA). Design: Undergraduate and graduate students (N = 386) completed 11 online measures assessing physical activity level and reactions to physical activity participation at Time 1, 9 online measures at Time 2, and a measure of physical activity participation at Time 3. Measures included those assessing affective reactions to PA, outcome expectancy, self-efficacy, self-regulation, social support, and perceptions of the environment. Results: Affect had a small total effect on METs (Ã =.13, p=.03), which was partially mediated by self-regulation, a strong predictor of METs (Ã =.45, p<.01). The total effect of affect on METs was substantially reduced (Ã =.05, p=.34) when self-efficacy was added as a precursor in the model. Self-efficacy influenced both METs (Ã =.39, p<.01) and affect (Ã =.23, p<.01). Adding environment and social support as predictors of self-efficacy (Ã =.23, p<.01; Ã =.19, p<.01, respectively) further reduced the influence of affect on METs (Ã =.03, p=.63) as environment and social support influenced affect (Ã =.20, p<.01; Ã =.14, p=.02, respectively) and METs (Ã =.15, p=.02; Ã =.21, p<.01, respectively). Conclusion: As in earlier studies of acute affective response to PA, these results provide evidence that anticipatory affect is positively associated with behavioral decision-making related to PA participation. Although increasing an individualâ s self-efficacy for PA should increase their affective association with the behavior, affect may not influence PA decision-making independently of self-efficacy and ecological factors (i.e. environment and social support).<br>Master of Science
5
Prince, Stephanie. "Neighbourhood Built and Social Environments and Individual Physical Activity and Body Mass Index: A Multi-method Assessment." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/22651.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Obesity and physical inactivity rates have reached epidemic levels in Canada, but differ based on whether they are self-reported or directly measured. Canadian research examining the combined and independent effects of social and built environments on adult physical activity (PA) and body mass index (BMI) is limited. Furthermore there is a lack of Canadian studies to assess these relationships using directly measured PA and BMI.
Objectives: The objectives of this thesis were to systematically compare self-reported and directly measured PA and to examine associations between neighbourhood built and social environmental factors with both self-reported and directly measured PA and overweight/obesity in adults living in Ottawa, Canada.
Methods: A systematic review was conducted to identify observational and experimental studies of adult populations that used both self-report and direct measures of PA and to assess the agreement between the measures. Associations between objectively measured neighbourhood-level built recreation and social environmental factors and self-reported individual-level data including total and leisure-time PA (LTPA) and overweight/obesity were examined in the adult population of Ottawa, Canada using multilevel models. Neighbourhood differences in directly measured BMI and PA (using accelerometry) were evaluated in a convenience sample of adults from four City of Ottawa neighbourhoods with contrasting socioeconomic (SES) and built recreation (REC) environments.
Results: Results from the review generally indicate a poor level of agreement between self-report and direct measures of PA, with trends differing based on the measures of PA, the level of PA examined and the sex of the participants. Results of the multilevel analyses identified that very few of the built and social environmental variables were
ii
significantly associated with PA or overweight/obesity. Greater park area was significantly associated with total PA in females. Greater green space was shown to be associated with lower odds of male LTPA. Factors from the social environment were generally more strongly related to male outcomes. Further to the recreation and social environment, factors in the food landscape were significantly associated with male and female PA and overweight/obesity. Results of the directly measured PA and BMI investigation showed significant neighbourhood-group effects for light intensity PA and sedentary time. Post-hoc tests identified that the low REC/high SES neighbourhood had significantly more minutes of light PA than the low REC/low SES. BMI differed between the four neighbourhoods, but the differences were not significant after controlling for age, sex and household income.
Conclusions: Results of this dissertation show that the quantity of PA can differ based on its method of measurement (i.e. between self-report and direct methods) with implications for the interpretation of study findings. It also identifies that PA and BMI can differ by neighbourhood and recognizes that the relationships between neighbourhood environments and PA and body composition are complex, may be differ between males and females, and may not always follow intuitive relationships. Furthermore it suggests that other factors in the environment not examined in this dissertation may influence adult PA and BMI and that longitudinal and intervention studies are needed.
6
Cappe, Shauna. "Social Barriers to Physical Activity for Individuals with Physical Disabilities." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23339.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this thesis was to explore socially constructed discursive barriers to physical activity for people with physical disabilities. This research was informed by a critical disability studies framework. Eight interviews were conducted, split between end-users and stakeholders. The end-user article discusses their perspectives with regard to their own PA participation, their use of PA resources, and their views of how disability is constructed. The stakeholder article deals with their views with regard to Canada’s progress in creating inclusive PA guidelines, the research process as it effects people with physical disabilities, and how disability is constructed. The results showed awareness among both groups of the social model of disability, but that the medical model is still firmly rooted. Work is needed to create inclusive promotional materials and disseminate them effectively. An effective advocacy and lobbying effort was suggested as one avenue towards a possible solution to this issue.
7
Morita, Yurika. "Impact of corporate activity could corporations benefit individuals in developing economies? /." Diss., Connect to the thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10066/1453.
Full text
8
Riley, Dana L. "A Social Ecological Approach to Understanding Physical Activity. A Mixed Methods Exploration of the Individual, Family and Neighbourhood Characteristics That Influence Physical Activity Among Family Heart Health: Randomized, Controlled Trial Participants." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/22946.
Full textAbstract:
Study 1 - Individual - The purpose was to determine whether a 12-week behavioural risk reduction intervention caused self-reported MVPA to increase and to identify associated Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) constructs. Three hundred twenty-four physically inactive (<150 minutes/week moderate-vigorous PA) participants were included. Intervention participants were significantly more likely to meet PA guidelines at 12-weeks (OR=3.54, 95% CI 2.22-5.63, p<.001), which was significantly correlated with increases in TPB constructs. // Study 2 - Family - Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 36 participants to elicit perceptions of factors that influence PA. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed, coded and analyzed. Spouses were more likely to engage in PA with their spouse after the CHD event; however this may be limited by their partners’ capabilities. The data suggests awareness of an increased susceptibility to CHD is not stimulating participants to increase their own PA to prevent future risk, particularly among offspring, but they may take other actions. The shared family environment can promote PA, although intensity may be limited. // Study 3 - Neighbourhood - Self-reported PA from a prospective behavioural risk reduction intervention was explored in the context of objectively measured Walk Scores and neighbourhood walkability in Ottawa, Canada. Participants in the intervention arm had significantly higher odds of meeting PA guidelines at 12-weeks compared to the standard care control group. This was not influenced by Walk Scores or walkability. This individual-level intervention was effective in assisting participants to overcome potential structural barriers presented by their neighbourhood to meet PA guidelines at 12-weeks.
9
Dazdarevic, Nina, and Alexandra Stünkel. "Brukarens individuella behov eller systemets behov? : en kvalitativ studie om hur personal på daglig verksamhet arbetar med brukarens individuella behov." Thesis, Ersta Sköndal Bräcke högskola, Institutionen för socialvetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:esh:diva-8283.
Full textAbstract:
Enligt lagen om stöd och service till vissa funktionshindrade (LSS) har de som tillhör personkrets 1 eller 2 rätt till insatsen daglig verksamhet. Av samtliga tio insatser enligt LSS är daglig verksamhet vanligast. De övergripande målen med daglig verksamhet är meningsfull sysselsättning, delaktighet i samhället, stärka individens självbestämmande och att brukaren ska tillförsäkras goda levnadsvillkor. Trots stora framsteg i funktionshinderpolitiken visar forskning att dessa mål kan vara svåra att uppfylla och att dessa människor ännu marginaliseras. Syftet med denna studie är att förstå och öka kunskapen om hur personal inom daglig verksamhet arbetar för att möta brukares individuella behov. Studien är baserad på åtta kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med personal på åtta olika dagliga verksamheter i Stockholms stad. För att analysera resultatet utgick vi från teori om empowerment och paternalism. Vi identifierade tre huvudteman under kodningen; Lära känna brukaren, Genomförandeplan och Vems behov styr som presentationen av resultatet sorterats efter. Resultatet visade att daglig verksamhet är ett forum där personer med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning har möjlighet kan få sina individuella behov tillgodosedda om rätt förutsättningar ges. Vi identifierade att personal stöter på hinder för att kunna tillgodose brukarens individuella behov som vanligtvis är av organisatorisk karaktär. Det är felaktiga nivåbedömningar, brist på ekonomiska resurser, handledning och vidareutbildning samt lokaler som inte var anpassade för brukarna. Vidare fann vi att det finns stora utmaningar med att kommunicera med personer som har kognitiva svårigheter varför det är av vikt att personal har tillgång till olika kommunikativa hjälpmedel samt kunskap för att använda dessa. För att kartlägga individuella behov använder personal olika verktyg men den huvudsakliga och centrala som vi fann var genomförandeplanen. I denna studie kommer vi beskriva närmare om personalens arbetssätt, möjligheter och dess utmaningar för att möta individuella behov som visat sig vara mycket komplext.<br>According to the Swedish act concerning support and service for people with certain functional impairment (LSS) those who meet the criteria 1 or 2 specified by the act have the right to daily activity centres. Of all ten initiatives according to LSS, daily activity centres are most common. The overall goals of daily activity centres are meaningful activities, community participation, strengthening the individual's self-determination and ensuring that the user is guaranteed good living conditions. Despite major advances in disability policy, research shows that these goals can be difficult to achieve and that these people are still marginalized. The purpose of this study is to understand and increase the knowledge of how staff in daily activity centres work to meet users' individual needs. The study is based on eight qualitative semi-structured interviews with staff at eight daily activity centres in Stockholm. We used the theory of empowerment and paternalism to analyse our results. We identified three main themes during coding; Get to know the user, Implementation plan and Whose needs is in control? by which the presentation of the results is sorted. The result showed that daily activity centres is a forum where people with intellectual disabilities have the opportunity to get their individual needs met if given the right conditions. We identified that staff encounter barriers to being able to meet the user's individual needs, which are usually of an organizational nature. There are incorrect level assessments, a lack of financial resources, guidance and further education as well as facilities that were not adapted for the users. Furthermore, we found that there are major challenges in communicating with people who have cognitive difficulties, which is why it is important that staff have access to various communication aids and knowledge to use them. To identify individual needs, staff use different tools, but the main and central one we found was the implementation plan. In this study, we will describe in more detail about the staff's way of working, opportunities and its challenges in meeting individual needs that have proved very complex.
10
Clune, Tarynn N. "Experiences and Perspectives of Activity Facilitators in Memory Care." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1586808219109459.
Full text
11
Teakle, Helen. "Physical activity, weight change, and self-perception changes among obese individuals." University of Western Australia. School of Human Movement and Exercise Science, 2006. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2006.0073.
Full textAbstract:
The primary purpose of this research was to investigate relationships between physical activity participation, weight change, and selfreports of social physique anxiety, physical self-concept and health-related quality of life. A secondary purpose was to investigate personality as a mediator of self-perceptions and quality of life beliefs following obesity surgery. Two studies with differing methodologies were conducted. The first study was a cross-sectional survey of patients who had participated in a multi-component clinical weight-loss program involving a combination of physical activity, diet modification, and drug therapy. The second study was a longitudinal investigation of laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding patients. Amount of weight lost was not found to be related to changes in social physique anxiety, physical self-concept or health-related quality of life. However, physical activity levels were found to be an important predictor of improvements in physical self-concept and health-related quality of life amongst clinical weight loss patients, but not surgical patients. Improvements over time with respect to social physique anxiety, physical self-concept and health-related quality of life were observed amongst all participants who underwent LABG. Personality factors, whilst not predicting changes over time in social physique anxiety, physical self-concept or health-related quality of life, discriminated between two types of obese adults presenting for obesity surgery. Future research could be undertaken to determine if long-term outcomes differ for these two types of patients.
12
Sun, Lin. "Enabling pervasive applications by understanding individual and community behaviors." Phd thesis, Institut National des Télécommunications, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00814604.
Full textAbstract:
The digital footprints collected from the prevailing sensing systems provide novel ways to perceive an individual's behaviors. Furthermore, large collections of digital footprints from communities bring novel understandings of human behaviors from the community perspective (community behaviors), such as investigating their characteristics and learning the hidden human intelligence. The perception of human behaviors from the sensing digital footprints enables novel applications for the sensing systems. Bases on the digital footprints collected with accelerometer-embedded mobile phones and GPS equipped taxis, in this dissertation we present our work in recognizing individual behaviors, capturing community behaviors and demonstrating the novel services enabled. With the GPS footprints of a taxi, we summarize the individual anomalous passenger delivery behaviors and improve the recognition efficiency of the existing method iBOAT by introducing an inverted index mechanism. Besides, based on the observations in real life, we propose a method to detect the work-shifting events of an individual taxi. With real-life large-scale GPS traces of thousands of taxis, we investigate the anomalous passenger delivery behaviors and work shifting behaviors from the community perspective and exploit taxi serving strategies. We find that most anomaly behaviors are intentional detours and high detour inclination won't make taxis the top players. And the spatial-temporal distribution of work shifting events in the taxi community reveals their influences. While exploiting taxi serving strategies, we propose a novel method to find the initial intentions in passenger finding. Furthermore, we present a smart taxi system as an example to demonstrate the novel applications that are enabled by the perceived individual and community behaviors
13
Muchicko, Megan M. "Peer Victimization and Physical Activity Attitudes and Behaviors in Transgender and Cisgender Individuals." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1333496758.
Full text
14
Button, Andrea. "The Rescuers: intersections of individual and group activism and the recognition of the human-animal “Link”." Diss., Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/20584.
Full textAbstract:
Doctor of Philosophy<br>Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work<br>Gerad Middendorf<br>Academics, victims, and advocates have increasingly brought attention to the need for programs and policies to protect and shelter nonhuman victims of domestic violence. Research focused on the “Link” between human-based violence and violence against animals has played a significant role in the creation of these programs, and has prompted a more holistic approach to providing services to all victimized family members. In this dissertation, I focus on the unique origin points of several animal-friendly domestic violence organizations and the models used to serve both human and nonhuman victims, as well as on the individual advocacy and activism of animal-friendly domestic violence organization workers. Data collection from semi-structured interviews with thirty domestic violence workers and advocates provides the foundation for my investigation of the importance of community networks and individual identity as a source of professional navigation of the connected spheres of domestic violence and animal abuse. This study extends the ever-growing collection of research on the “Link” and on the broader discipline of human-animal studies. Finally, this research provides an additional perspective on the use of personal and collective identity to engage in advocacy on behalf of nonhuman victims of domestic violence.
15
Sun, Lin. "Enabling pervasive applications by understanding individual and community behaviors." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Evry, Institut national des télécommunications, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TELE0053.
Full textAbstract:
Les empreintes digitales recueillies par détection systèmes offrent de nouvelles façons de percevoir les comportements d'un individu. En outre, de grandes collections d'empreintes numériques des communautés apportent de nouvelles compréhensions des comportements humains. La perception des comportements humains à partir des empreintes digitales de détection permet de construire des nouvelles applications sur les systèmes de détection. D’après les empreintes digitales recueillies avec l'accéléromètre embarqué dans les téléphones mobiles et les taxis équipés avec GPS, nous présentons ici notre travail sur la reconnaissance des comportements individuels, la capture des comportements communautaires et la démonstration des nouveaux services activés. En reconnaissant les comportements individuels, nous présentons la reconnaissance des activités physiques d'une personne avec les lectures de l'accéléromètre recueillies à partir des téléphones mobiles mis dans les poches autour de la zone pelvienne. Avec les empreintes GPS d'un taxi, nous résumons les comportements anormaux du transport des passagers pour un individu et améliorons l'efficacité de la reconnaissance de la méthode existante IBOAT. En outre, sur la base des observations dans la vie réelle, nous proposons une méthode pour détecter les événements de changement de service d’un taxi individuel. Avec des traces GPS à grande échelle et à l’aide des milliers de taxis, nous étudions les comportements anormaux pour le transport des passagers et les comportements de changement de travail et exploitons les stratégies de service de taxi. En outre, nous présentons un système intelligent de taxi comme une étude exemplaire des nouvelles applications qui s’appuie sur les comportements perçus individuelles et communautaires<br>The digital footprints collected from the prevailing sensing systems provide novel ways to perceive an individual's behaviors. Furthermore, large collections of digital footprints from communities bring novel understandings of human behaviors from the community perspective (community behaviors), such as investigating their characteristics and learning the hidden human intelligence. The perception of human behaviors from the sensing digital footprints enables novel applications for the sensing systems. Bases on the digital footprints collected with accelerometer-embedded mobile phones and GPS equipped taxis, in this dissertation we present our work in recognizing individual behaviors, capturing community behaviors and demonstrating the novel services enabled. With the GPS footprints of a taxi, we summarize the individual anomalous passenger delivery behaviors and improve the recognition efficiency of the existing method iBOAT by introducing an inverted index mechanism. Besides, based on the observations in real life, we propose a method to detect the work-shifting events of an individual taxi. With real-life large-scale GPS traces of thousands of taxis, we investigate the anomalous passenger delivery behaviors and work shifting behaviors from the community perspective and exploit taxi serving strategies. We find that most anomaly behaviors are intentional detours and high detour inclination won't make taxis the top players. And the spatial-temporal distribution of work shifting events in the taxi community reveals their influences. While exploiting taxi serving strategies, we propose a novel method to find the initial intentions in passenger finding. Furthermore, we present a smart taxi system as an example to demonstrate the novel applications that are enabled by the perceived individual and community behaviors
16
Demitz-Helin, Lotta. "Ordinlärning i svenska för invandrare : Några sfi-elevers upplevelser av ett förändrat arbetssätt." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för pedagogiska studier, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-64712.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study is to examine reactions on the implementation of a method for word learning among participants in a group of pre-literate students within a beginners’ course of Swedish for immigrants. The learning method uses individual wordlists, based on personal experiences. Data were collected through lesson observations of the group as a whole and interviews with six of the students, and analysed from a pragmatic point of view, with its emphasis on life experience and social interaction as important factors for successful learning. The study focuses primarily on conceptions of activity, participation and motivation. The result shows that the students experienced differences regarding all these factors, compared to their earlier experiences of word learning. Motivation was the most positively influenced factor. When it comes to activity, more time than before was spent on homework. The study also shows that the possibility to exert an influence on the learning process through participation entails a certain amount of doubtfulness as well as increased motivation.
17
Ndhlovu, Bongani Cyprian. "David Cecil Oxford Matiwane and auto/biographic memory: political activism, social pragmatism and individual achievement in twentieth century South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4850.
Full textAbstract:
Philosophiae Doctor - PhD<br>The main theoretical and empirical interest of this study is the critical examination of the life of David Cecil Oxford (D.C.O.) Matiwane. In it, I critically examine the politics of representing Matiwane’s life and the methods employed in such a discourse. I do this by focusing on the question of representation of political, social and economic struggles launched by D.C.O. Matiwane against segregation and apartheid in South Africa in the twentieth century. This study then questions the notion of creating a biographical supernarrative of his achievements. It confronts the binary approach in the representation of his life and argues that Matiwane’s life is an embodiment of various, even contradictory, philosophies. This study puts forward an argument that Matiwane's representation should be contextualised in relation to the struggles of his contemporaries, and that his narrative should not be seen as a product of a single political route. It unpacks various communal, individual, economic and political strategies employed by organisations and persons against apartheid and colonialism. It looks at how these strategies were implemented to overcome apartheid, and analyses how Matiwane's contribution is documented, especially in relation to contributions made by others. This research project also analyses how different layers and patterns in Matiwane's narrative
have been created in an attempt to present his auto/biography as a cohesive discourse in spite of fragmented archival and oral memory. It argues that his memory has been appropriated to pursue different political and personal ends. This study further asks the following question: to what extent and why have different political systems given Matiwane’s voice a platform or silenced his point of view? Are there trends in his representation compared to narratives of his contemporaries? What are the underlying reasons behind such trends, if any? Are there continuities or discontinuities in his representation? What were the ambiguities embedded in their struggles? This study evaluates factors that led to him being declared a persona non grata. It closely examines why and how Matiwane has been represented as a source of controversy, as a lone political activist and as a pragmatist.
18
Faigin, David Adam. "Community-Based Theater and Persons with Psychiatric Disabilities: An Investigation of Individual and Group Development, Social Activism, and Community Integration." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1272138390.
Full text
19
Van, Willigen Marieke. "Social psychological benefits of voluntary work: The impact of participation in political activism, community service work, and volunteering on individual well-being /." The Ohio State University, 1997. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487945320760966.
Full text
20
Minaud, Étienne. "Écologie hivernale des abeilles mellifères : contribution des traits d'histoire de vie des individus et des colonies au succès d'hivernation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASB024.
Full textAbstract:
Dans les régions tempérées, les basses températures et le manque de ressources florales font de l'hiver une période critique pour la survie des abeilles mellifères, Apis mellifera, qui hivernent grâce à un ensemble d'adaptations à l'échelle des individus et à l'échelle des colonies. Mais depuis plus de 30 ans, de forts taux de mortalité hivernale sont observés mondialement, questionnant la durabilité du secteur apicole et celui de nombreux systèmes agricoles dépendant du service de pollinisation. Ces mortalités sont induites par de multiples facteurs de stress biotiques et abiotiques agissant en combinaison. Cependant, nous montrons par une synthèse de littérature que leurs rôles dans les mécanismes d'effondrements restent peu documentés, soulignant un manque de connaissance sur l'écologie hivernale des abeilles mellifères. Cette lacune est en partie due au défi technique associé au suivi des abeilles en hiver, sachant que les suivis traditionnels par l'ouverture des ruches perturbent la thermorégulation sociale de la colonie. Toutefois, la démocratisation des «Information and Communications Technology» (ICT) offre désormais de nouveaux outils de suivis automatisés et peu invasifs. Dans ce contexte, l'objectif de cette thèse est de mieux comprendre les mécanismes déterminant le succès ou l'échec de l'hivernation des abeilles mellifères, par le suivi automatisé de traits d'histoire de vie des individus et des colonies. Par ailleurs, nous visons à développer des indicateurs pour prédire les effondrements des colonies en hiver et en conditions naturelles. Le développement d'un outil de mesure de la température en plusieurs points de la ruche a permis de suivre la grappe que forment les abeilles pour se protéger du froid, et ainsi d'étudier la thermorégulation sociale des colonies durant l'hiver. Cet outil a été déployé sur le terrain pour suivre des colonies disposées le long d'un gradient climatique Européen, couvrant des climats méditerranéens, océaniques et continentaux. Ces suivis ont permis d'établir des indicateurs évaluant la santé des colonies hivernantes. Basés sur l'hétérogénéité des températures au sein de la colonie, ces indicateurs distinguent les périodes de survie hivernale des périodes d'effondrement, permettant ainsi d'anticiper les mortalités. Ils permettent également de suivre la reprise de croissance en hiver en mesurant la présence et la taille du couvain, deux métriques que nous avons trouvées positivement corrélées au gradient climatique européen. En hiver, la survie de la colonie dépend de la présence d'abeilles d'hiver, correspondant aux dernières générations d'abeilles émergentes en automne. Par des suivis individuels par Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID), nous montrons qu'en plus de leur longévité prolongée, les abeilles d'hiver ont plus d'activité de vol que les abeilles d'été. Leur activité de vol peut être alloué avant et après l'hiver, et nos résultats semblent indiquer que ces vols pré-hivernaux n'influencent ni la longévité, ni les performances d'activité de vol des abeilles après l'hiver. Aussi, nous montrons que seule une petite proportion d'abeilles d'hiver survit et participe aux activités de vol de la colonie au printemps, jouant ainsi un rôle crucial dans la relance de la colonie après l'hiver. Mis en contexte, nos résultats soutiennent le rôle crucial des abeilles d'hiver et de la thermoregulation sociale dans la réussite ou l'échec de l'hivernation des colonies d'abeilles mellifères. Les outils électroniques développés et les indicateurs associés permettent de dégager des perspectives appliquées pour limiter les mortalités hivernales des colonies. Nous discutons également de l'acceptation de l'apiculture de précision et montrons que les apiculteurs sont prêts à adopter ces outils électroniques, bien que des attentes supplémentaires subsistent. Enfin, nous mettons en exergue l'incertitude entourant l'avenir de l'hivernation, face aux changements climatiques<br>In temperate regions, low temperatures and a lack of floral resources make winter a critical period for the survival of honey bees, Apis mellifera, which overwinter based on a set of adaptations at both individual and colony levels. But over the past 30 years, high winter mortality rates have been reported worldwide, raising questions about the sustainability of the beekeeping sector and that of many agricultural systems dependent on pollination services. These mortalities are induced by multiple biotic and abiotic stress factors acting in combination. However, we showed through a literature review that their roles in the mechanisms of colony collapse remain poorly documented, highlighting a lack of knowledge about the winter ecology of honey bees. This gap is partly due to the technical challenge associated with monitoring honey bees in winter, given that traditional monitoring techniques imply opening the hives, which disrupts the social thermoregulation of the colony. However, the democratization of "Information and Communications Technology" (ICT) now offers new automated and minimally invasive monitoring tools. In this context, the aim of this thesis is to better understand the mechanisms determining the success or failure of honey bee overwintering, through the automated monitoring of individual and colony life history traits. In addition, we aimed to develop indicators to predict colony collapse in winter and under real field conditions. We first developed a tool for measuring temperature at several points in the hive and allowing to monitor the cluster that honey bees form to protect themselves from the cold, and thus to study the social thermoregulation of colonies during winter. This tool was then deployed in the field to monitor honey bee colonies located along a European climatic gradient, covering Mediterranean, oceanic and continental climates. This monitoring provided the establishment of health indicators of wintering colonies. Based on temperature heterogeneity within the colony, these indicators distinguish the periods of winter survival and the periods of collapse, allowing the anticipation of mortalities. They also allow monitoring of the dynamics of winter brood production by measuring its presence and size, two metrics that we found positively correlated to the European climatic gradient. In winter, colony survival depends on the presence of winter bees, corresponding to the last generations of bees to emerge in autumn. By the individual monitoring by Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) tracking, we showed that, in addition to their extended longevity, winter bees have more flight activity than summer bees. Their flight activity can be allocated either before or after winter, and our results suggest that these pre-winter flight activities do not affect the longevity or the flight activity performance of bees after winter. Also, we showed that only a small proportion of winter bees survive and participate in the colony flight activity in spring, suggesting a crucial role of these winter bees for the colony rebound after winter. Placed in context, our results support the crucial role of winter bees and social thermoregulation in the success or failure of honey bee colony overwintering. The electronic tools we have developed, and the associated indicators, may represent relevant applied perspectives for limiting winter colony mortality in the field. We also discuss the acceptability of precision beekeeping and show that beekeepers are ready to adopt these electronic tools, although further expectations remain. Finally, we highlight the uncertainty surrounding the future of overwintering, in the face of climate change
21
Hudec, John Craig. "Individual counseling to promote physical activity." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0033/NQ46854.pdf.
Full text
22
Akar, Gulsah. "Analysis of activity choice the role of activity attributes and individual schedules /." College Park, Md.: University of Maryland, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/9594.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2009.<br>Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
23
Kumar, Harish. "Does the UK sport delivery system's approach to sport provision influence individuals' sport participation and their outcomes differently? : a case study of a County Sport Partnership in England." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2018. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/35702.
Full textAbstract:
There is a lack of knowledge on how alternative forms of sports facility provision influences end user's sports and physical activity behaviour, and the consequent impact this has on their health, well-being and social capital. To address this knowledge gap, this thesis has undertaken a multi-level analysis of the sport delivery system. It examines if strategic priorities and objectives pursued by different types of sport and fitness facilities, that are being influenced by macro level forces, along with their characteristics and ownership, influences individuals sport participation behaviour with a potential consequent impact on the policy outcomes of health, well-being and social capital. In the UK recently, sport policy objectives have focussed on increasing the population s participation in sport and physical activity to enhance a range of outcomes including health, well-being and social capital. Over the last three decades, there has also been significant changes in sport provision with the growth of private sector facilities, and public sector facilities being outsourced to private management. However, there is no evidence of the effectiveness of these alternative arrangements in delivering the policy objectives. There is limited knowledge on how different agents and actors in the sport delivery system function collectively to achieve these objectives or not, and a multi-level analysis of the sport delivery system i.e., from policy, through facilities, to end users does not exist. This gap in knowledge is addressed in this thesis through the adoption of a mixed methods case study of Leicestershire and Rutland Sport-County Sport Partnership (LRS-CSP) region in the midlands of England. The sport participation of individuals who use differently owned and managed sport and fitness facilities in the LRS-CSP region is examined, and the impact this has on their health, well-being and social capital, from macro level (policy), meso level (facilities), and micro level (end users) perspectives. Data collected at these levels involves, semi-structured interviews with the regional managers (macro level) who are responsible for the development and provision of sport in the region, a quantitative survey involving the facility managers (meso level) who are responsible for the day-to-day activities of the facilities, and quantitative survey and focus groups of end users in the region (micro level). Surveys done at the meso and the micro level are matched to the facilities of a variety of different ownership and characteristics to explore the influence this might have on individuals participation frequency and the impact this has on their health, well-being and social capital. The results show that government and public sport agencies priorities towards the sports sector which operate at the macro level of the sport delivery system influence the strategic objectives pursued by different types of sport and fitness facilities that are responsible for sport provision at the meso level of the sport delivery system. Public sport agencies and government bodies through their policies seem to have a significant influence over public sector including LMC facilities strategic decision making. However, this is not the case for the private sector facilities. Neither the strategic objectives of facilities nor their ownership and characteristics are shown to have a significant difference on the users sport participation behaviour, nor on the sport policy outcomes of their health, well-being and social capital. The largest influence on sport participation seems to be when individuals engage in sport with those they meet at the facility, indicating that facilitation of the co-creation of social capital among individuals could play a bigger role in increasing participation levels. Along with this, results also show that sport participation has a direct positive influence on individuals health which then enhances their well-being and social capital. This thesis contributes towards the long-standing debate about the relative value of different ownership types that span the public, private, and LMCs and their relationship with performance . The findings of the thesis suggest that, providing general availability of space for sport and fitness activities and by facilitating a network of opportunities with others and across activities is important in achieving the policy outcomes of improved participation and the consequent positive impact this has on health, well-being and social capital, and should be given priority in sport provision.
24
Holmes, Sharon Rosa. "Individual sympathetic nervous system activity and motion sickness susceptibility." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245301.
Full text
25
Hayward, Peter C., and n/a. "From individual to social foresight." Swinburne University of Technology. Australian Graduate School of Entrepreneurship, 2005. http://adt.lib.swin.edu.au./public/adt-VSWT20061108.153623.
Full textAbstract:
To this point in time humanity has successfully responded to the challenges to its
existence. A viewpoint becoming widespread is that humanity will have to respond
to even greater challenges to its existence in the future. If adequate responses are
not formulated to these emerging challenges then a dystopian future for humanity
is a strong possibility. While experience can teach us how to act in the future it is
the express intent of this research that we should not have to experience dystopia
in order to learn how to prevent it. The innate human capacity for foresight has
played a pivotal role in responding to past challenges, however, a more extensive
form of foresight will need to be developed to respond to these future challenges.
That form of foresight will need to be both individual and social in nature.
Part I of this thesis generates an original theory of how foresight could develop
in individuals beyond our innate capacities. The theory argues that foresight ca-
pacities develop through the expansion of individual consciousness, particularly the
individual's sense of `self'. The theory is synthesised from the work of a num-
ber of psychological researchers including Jean Piaget, Jane Loevinger, Lawrence
Kohlberg, Clare Graves, Susan Cook-Greuter and Ken Wilber.
Part II is a two year study of students undertaking a postgraduate course in
strategic foresight. The study is utilised to add preliminary empirical support to
the theory proposed in Part I.
Part III integrates the previous two parts to further elaborate the attributes and
dynamics of individual foresight development before describing how social foresight
capacity can emerge from individual development. Expanded individual and so-
cial foresight capacities are achievable, but cannot be assumed. The contribution
of this thesis is to give a theoretical base to such development and to outline fur-
ther research. The development of individual foresight and the emergence of social
expressions of foresight can offer preferable, and not dystopian, futures for both
current and future generations.
26
Hayward, Peter. "From individual to social foresight." Australasian Digital Thesis Program, 2005. http://adt.lib.swin.edu.au/public/adt-VSWT20061108.153623.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (PhD) -- Swinburne University of Technology, Australian Graduate School of Entrepreneurship, 2005.<br>Submitted to the fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy - Australian Graduate School of Entrepreneurship, Faculty of Business and Enterprise, Swinburne University of Technology, 2005. Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (p. 294-308).
27
Ergon-Rowe, Emma E. "The River, the Railroad Tracks, and the Towers: How Residents’ Worldview and Use Value Transformed Wilton Manors into a Diverse, Gay-friendly, Urban Village." FIU Digital Commons, 2011. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/528.
Full textAbstract:
This case study examines the factors that shaped the identity and landscape of a small island-urban-village between the north and south forks of the Middle River and north of an urban area in Broward County, Florida. The purpose of the study is to understand how Wilton Manors was transformed from a “whites only” enclave to the contemporary upscale, diverse, and third gayest city in the U.S. by positing that a dichotomy for urban places exists between their exchange value as seen by Logan and Molotch and the use value produced through everyday activity according to Lefebvre. Qualitative methods were used to gather evidence for reaching conclusions about the relationship among the worldview of residents, the tension between exchange value and use value in the restructuration of the city, and the transformation of Wilton Manors at the end of the 1990s. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted with 21 contemporary participants. In addition, thirteen taped CDs of selected members of founding families, previously taped in the 1970s, were analyzed using a grounded theory approach. My findings indicate that Wilton Manors’ residents share a common worldview which incorporates social inclusion as a use value, and individual agency in the community. This shared worldview can be traced to selected city pioneers whose civic mindedness helped shape city identity and laid the foundation for future restructuration. Currently, residents’ quality of life reflected in the city’s use value is more significant than exchange value as a primary force in the decisions that are made about the city’s development. With innovative ideas, buildings emulating the new urban mixed-use design, and a reputation as the third gayest city in the United States, Wilton Manors reflects a worldview where residents protect use value as primary over market value in the decisions they make that shape their city but not without contestation.
28
Montoro, Sanjosé Carlos Rubin. "The language learning activity of individual learners using online tasks." Thesis, Open University, 2013. http://oro.open.ac.uk/50081/.
Full textAbstract:
This study combines an initial interest in private speech (Flavell 1966; Vygostky 1987; Ohta 2001; Ellis 2003), that is, self-addressed speech, used by individual language learners as they interact with online tasks, with a practice-based concern with the introduction of technology in a new self-access centre at the University of Guanajuato, Mexico. This had been done with little concern for the state of preparedness of learners and practitioners, as is often the case elsewhere (Benson 2001; Donaldson and Haggstrom 2006; Levy 2007; Winke and Goertler 2008). Literature on CALL, autonomy and task-based pedagogy revealed the need for an integrated, broad approach beyond technology itself with a special emphasis on the learning context, sociocultural issues and learner background. Often unexplored, the gap between what teachers plan and what learners do with tasks (Nunan 1989; Coughlan and Duff 1994; Roebuck 2000) began to focus the research efforts on investigating the nature of the language learning activity (Beetham 2007) of individual learners. Following suggestions from various authors from different traditions (e.g., Arnold and Ducate 2011; Lantolf and Poehner 2004; Chapelle 2001; Scanlon and Issroff 2005; Kaptelinin and Nardi 2006), activity theory (Vygotsky 1987; Leontiev 1978; Engeström 1987) was chosen as the most suitable theoretical framework and some of its key concepts, such as disturbances (Engeström and Sannino 2011; see also Montoro and Hampel 2011) and contradictions (Engeström 1987), were used to conduct a two-tiered analysis of empirical data gathered electronically during an online experiment followed by stimulated recall (SR) sessions. Findings include the widespread dependence of learners on private speech, memory and oral instruction and their underuse of learning tools (especially text-based ones such as dictionaries and notes), signalling links to literacy issues to be further explored and the prevalence of orality locally. Future research should explore these literacy issues and practical ways to improve the provision of language learning opportunities.
29
Wright, N. D. "Neurobiology of social and individual choice." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2011. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1336887/.
Full textAbstract:
In the course of our everyday lives, we are constantly faced with situations in which we must choose. Do we invest in the bank or the stock-market? Is a new wage deal so unfair that we should resort to a strike? These situations are elegantly described mathematically by Rational Choice Theory (RCT), which dominates the quantitative social sciences such as economics. However, unfortunately RCT often fails to predict how humans actually behave. Here I investigate choice using paradigms derived from the RCT framework, but aim to better predict actual choices by using a biological level of explanation. First, I examine simple choices that involve no social interaction, asking how choices are influenced by risk in potential outcomes, and by whether outcomes reflect potential gains or losses. The data reveal independent impacts of risk and loss on choice, findings not predicted by extant economic theories. Instead, I then harness functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) to suggest a biological mechanism by which risk and loss bias approach behaviour, and test this hypotheses in further behavioural experiments. Secondly, I examine social choices. Specifically, I examine biological systems that enable social behaviour to respond flexibly to environmental contingencies. I investigate the neural basis of the human fairness motivation using fMRI, and show how it flexibly adapts to external social context. Next, I show how this fairness motivation adapts to changes in an individual’s internal physiological state. Finally, I show how cooperation is modulated by the androgen hormone testosterone. Overall, in light of these non-social and social findings, I propose that a biologically-based account of choice can explain choices that are not predicted by existing theory.
30
Chay, Yue Wah. "Stress, individual differences, and social support." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1990. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:599bbdb1-8342-4d1a-a990-a10f3f329e04.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is concerned with the role of individual differences in personality and social support in mitigating work-related stress. The model of work stress described by House (1981) served as a general theoretical framework for two questionnaire studies of white-collar workers carried out in the course of this research. The present work also draws upon the demand-discretion model developed by Karasek (1979). The first study was carried out with a sample (N=117) of employees and self-employed business men and women. The main aims were to investigate: (i) individual differences in perceived social support; (ii) the stress-buffering role of support resources in moderating work-related stress. The results showed significant differences in personality and work characteristics between the occupational groups. There was evidence of interactive relationships between nAch, extroversion and locus of control in predicting perceived social support. Work and non-work support showed different moderating effects on job stressors in relation to job satisfaction and GHQ. A negative buffering effect of social support on job demand was also found in the prediction of GHQ. The findings suggest the importance of investigating further the role of individual differences in the way people develop and access socially supportive networks. The main objectives of the second study were: (i) to extend, in longitudinal data, previous findings concerning the buffering role of social support and individual differences in mediating the stress-illness relationship; (ii) to test the Johnson demand-control-support model of work stress. Work-related demands, social support, personality traits, and psychological health were assessed among a group of new graduates (N=121) in their first year of employment. The results showed significant changes in the overall levels of perceived demand, work-related support and psychological well-being between Time 1 and Time 2, and replicated the stress-buffering effects of social support found in the first study. More importantly, the findings suggest that the efficacious moderating effects of supportive relationships is dependent on the timing and matching of "stressors" with specific support resources; work-related social support showed weaker stress-buffering effects at initial assessment but was significantly stronger in moderating job stressors at Time 2. Analyses of individual difference variables showed that neuroticism, locus of control, and individual preferences for particular types of work characteristics acted as moderator variables. Consistent with Karasek and Johnson's models, significant demand-discretion and demand-discretion-support interactions was also found. However, in some instances, the three-way demand-control-support interactions were not of the form predicted. Overall, the present studies provide further information concerning the stress-buffering role of social support and individual differences at work. Further research should also focus on the sequencing of the stress-support process in order to provide a clearer understanding of how supportive relationships moderate work-related demands.
31
Weis, Laura Maria. "Integrating individual psychology and social networks." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2017. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10022681/.
Full textAbstract:
Using a wide range of methodological and theoretical frameworks this thesis aims to integrate the social network approach with psychological research. Chapter 1 provides an overview of the network perspective and the wide range of theories, concepts and applications. Further, a novel structural framework is offered, integrating the most important measures of network-positioning. Chapter 2 contains four studies examining how an individual’s personality and motivation relates to their perception of, and actual social network positioning. Study 1 shows that personality influences how people perceive themselves in social networks and that this perception moderates the well-researched relationship between personality and subjective wellbeing. The second study demonstrates that (similarity on) the Big Five personality factors affect the likelihood of selecting and attracting social network ties. Yet, effects are small and somewhat inconsistent with previous literature. Results of Study 3 did not support our hypothesis that differences in motivation are associated with the occupation of different social network positions, in an organizational setting. Lastly, study 4 shows how an individual’s political skill relates to his/her preferred and perceived personal networks, and their joint effect on job attitudes. Chapter 3 links SNA with Social Cognition research. Study 1 demonstrates that high self-monitors are perceived as more similar to the self, and that this (partly) accounts for the well-known effect of self-monitoring on popularity in friendship networks. Study 2 examines if, and concludes that perceptions of high popularity negatively affects the quality of a friendship relations. Lastly, Study 3 demonstrates that an individual’s sense of power negatively impacts perceptual accuracy of dyadic relations in a friendship network. Chapter 4 emphasizes qualitative aspects of social network relations. Study 1 suggests that average frequency of tie “activation” as well as advice ties that co-occur with more personal ties, lead to increased levels of employee engagement. Study 2 demonstrates that costs of giving and benefits of receiving advice are more pronounced in informal, compared to formal work networks. Overall, it is concluded that the social network approach provides a powerful research tool for psychologists, yet being fraught with both methodological as well as theoretical challenges.
32
Gerlach, Philipp. "The Social Framework of Individual Decisions." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/18725.
Full textAbstract:
Wann und warum verhalten sich Menschen ethisch (in-)korrekt? Die vorliegende Dissertation fasst allgemeine Theorien und experimentelle Befunde (nicht-)kooperativen, (un-)fairen und (un-)ehrlichen Verhaltens zusammen. Hierzu führt Kapitel 1 experimentelle Spiele als rigoroses Instrument zur Untersuchung (un-)ethischen Verhaltens ein. Kapitel 2 zeigt, dass sich kleine Veränderungen in der kontextuellen Rahmung von experimentellen Spielen langanhaltend auf die Kooperationsneigung der Teilnehmer auswirken können. Kontextuelle Rahmungen verändern zudem Verhaltenserwartungen sowie Aufteilungen in nicht-strategischen Situationen. Diese Effekte sind durch Theorien sozialer Normen erklärbar. Kapitel 3 ergründet, warum sich Studierende der Wirtschaftswissenschaften teils egoistischer verhalten als ihre Kommilitonen. Theorien sozialer Normen werden hierbei um die Bereitschaft erweitert, Nonkonformität mittels Sanktionen zu erzwingen. Es wird gezeigt, dass sich Studierende der Wirtschaftswissenschaften und anderer Fächer in ihren Aufteilungsentscheidungen ähnlich häufig mit Fairness beschäftigen und zu ähnlichen Einschätzungen kommen, welche Aufteilung als fair gilt. Sie teilen jedoch weniger großzügig und erwarten dies auch von anderen. Zudem sind sie weniger bereit, als unfair angesehene Aufteilungen zu sanktionieren. Es wird argumentiert, dass sich Studierende der Wirtschaftswissenschaften egoistischer verhalten, weil sie nicht daran glauben, dass sich andere an eine grundsätzlich geteilte Fairnessnorm halten. Kapitel 4 zeigt, dass intrinsische Sanktionen (wie Scham und Schuld) ausreichen, damit sich Menschen ethisch korrekt verhalten. Das Kapitel bietet zahlreiche Antworten zu aktuellen Debatten, wer sich unter welchen Umständen (un-)ehrlich verhält. Es wird gezeigt, dass Ehrlichkeit sowohl von situativen Einflüssen (z.B. Anreizen und Externalitäten) wie von persönlichen Aspekten (z.B. Geschlecht und Alter) und letztlich auch vom experimentellen Paradigma abhängt.<br>When and why do people engage in (un)ethical behavior? This dissertation summarizes general theories and synthesizes experimental findings on (non)cooperation, (un)fairness, and (dis)honesty. To this end, Chapter 1 introduces experimental games as a rigorous tool for studying (un)ethical behavior. Chapter 2 demonstrates that small changes in the framing of context (e.g., referring to a social dilemma as a competition vs. a team endeavor) can have long-lasting effects on the participants’ propensity to cooperate. Context framing also shapes beliefs about the cooperative behavior of interaction partners and donations in non-strategic allocation decisions. Taken together, the results suggest that social norm theories provide a plausible explanation for cooperation, including its sensitivity to context framing. Chapter 3 investigates why experimental games regularly find that economics students behave more selfishly than their peers. The concept of social norms is thereby extended to include the enforcement of compliance per sanctions. The results indicate that economics students and students of other majors are about equally concerned with fairness and they have similar notions of fairness in the situation. However, economics students make lower allocations, expect others to make lower allocations, and are less willing to sanction allocations seen as unfair. Skepticism mediated their lower allocations, suggesting that economics students behave more selfishly because they expect others not to comply with a shared fairness norm. Chapter 4 shows that intrinsic sanctions (e.g., shame and guilt) can be sufficient for ethical behavior to emerge. The chapter provides answers to many of the ongoing debates on who behaves dishonestly and under what circumstances. The findings suggest that dishonest behavior depends on situational factors (e.g., reward magnitude and externalities), personal factors (e.g., gender and age) as well as on the experimental paradigm itself.
33
Keller, Julie Ann Atkinson. "Predicting Adolescent Sexual Activity using Individual, Familial, and Extra-Familial Variables." Thesis, Montana State University, 2005. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2005/keller/KellerJ0805.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
This study examined selected individual, familial, and extra-familial variables that predict adolescent sexual activity. This secondary data analysis used data gathered from a self-report survey, from 397 adolescents age 11 to 18 in three non-urban communities in the Pacific Northwestern United States. The study employed multiple hierarchical regression analyses to examine the strength of selected variables in predicting sexual activity. The final model accounted for 58% of the variance of sexual activity among youth. The best predictors of adolescent sexual activity were peer sexual activity, attitude about sexual intercourse, age, gender, mother\'s education, and youth college aspiration. These finding have implications for future research, practitioners and policymakers.
34
Hallmark, Shauna L. "Analysis and prediction of individual vehicle activity for microscopic traffic modeling." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/20736.
Full text
35
MacLeod, Catherine A. "Individual differences and episodic memory : examining behaviour, genetics, and brain activity." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/6505.
Full textAbstract:
Dual-process models propose that two processes support recognition memory; familiarity, a general sense that something has been previously encountered; and recollection, the retrieval of details concerning the context in which a previous encounter occurred. Event-related potential (ERP) studies of recognition memory have identified a set of old/new effects that are thought to reflect these processes: the 300-500ms bilateral-frontal effect, thought to reflect familiarity and the 500-800ms left-parietal effect, thought to reflect recollection. Whilst the exact functional role of these effects remains unclear, they are widely viewed as reliable indices of retrieval. The ERP literature reviewed in this thesis suggests that the characteristics of these recognition effects vary with task specific details and individual participant differences, suggesting that the recognition effects purported to index retrieval may be conditional on both task and participant. This thesis examined the influence of individual differences on behavioural measures of recognition and the neural correlates of recognition memory, focusing on factors of stimulus material, task performance and participant genotype. Clear evidence of stimulus differences were found, with pictures eliciting more anteriorly distributed effects than words, and a late onsetting frontopolar old/new effect that was unique for voices. Furthermore, the pattern of ERP activity associated with successful recognition of faces appeared to vary as a function of general face recognition ability, with participants poorer at remembering faces exhibiting a 300-500ms old/new effect not present for those good at remembering faces. The data also suggested that activity over right-frontal electrodes, evident in some previous studies, may be participant specific and could reflect additional retrieval support processes. Contrary to expectations, behavioural task performance was not found to significantly modulate the ‘typical’ recognition memory effects. However, a number of genetic polymorphisms were found to significantly influence both behavioural scores and the pattern of ERP activity associated with recognition memory. These results therefore suggest that inherent participant differences influence the neural correlates of recognition memory, in a way that variations in task performance do not. Overall, the results from this thesis therefore suggest that the ‘typical’ bilateral-frontal and left-parietal effects thought to index retrieval are not universal. Furthermore the results suggest that the specific processes engaged during retrieval (as indexed by variations in ERP activity) may be dependent on specific task requirements, stimulus material and the genetic makeup of the individual.
36
Schlawin, E., T. Herter, M. Zhao, J. K. Teske, and H. Chen. "REDUCED ACTIVITY AND LARGE PARTICLES FROM THE DISINTEGRATING PLANET CANDIDATE KIC 12557548b." IOP PUBLISHING LTD, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621392.
Full textAbstract:
The intriguing exoplanet candidate KIC 12557548b is believed to have a comet-like tail of dusty debris trailing a small rocky planet. The tail of debris scatters up to 1.3% of the stellar light in the Kepler observatory's bandpass (0.42-0.9 mu m). Observing the tail's transit depth at multiple wavelengths can reveal the composition and particle size of the debris, constraining the makeup and lifetime of the sub-Mercury planet. Early dust particle size predictions from the scattering of the comet-like tail pointed toward a dust size of similar to 0.1 mu m for silicate compositions. These small particles would produce a much deeper optical transit depth than near-infrared transit depth. We measure a transmission spectrum for KIC 12557548b using the SpeX spectrograph (covering 0.8-2.4 mu m) simultaneously with the MORIS imager taking r' (0.63 mu m) photometry on the Infrared Telescope Facility for eight nights and one night in H band (1.63 mu m) using the Wide-field IR Camera at the Palomar 200 inch telescope. The infrared spectra are plagued by systematic errors, but we argue that sufficient precision is obtained when using differential spectroscopic calibration when combining multiple nights. The average differential transmission spectrum is flat, supporting findings that KIC 12557548b's debris is likely composed of larger particles greater than or similar to 0.5 mu m for pyroxene and olivine and greater than or similar to 0.2 mu m for iron and corundum. The r' photometric transit depths are all below the average Kepler value, suggesting that the observations occurred during a weak period or that the mechanisms producing optical broadband transit depths are suppressed.
37
Callor, Suzanne 1967. "Predictors of precocious adolescent sexual activity." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291751.
Full textAbstract:
The present study examined the possible predictors of precocious sexual behavior in 418 sibling pairs between the ages of 10 and 17. Sexual behavior was measured on a continuum ranging from dating to intercourse. Specific predictors examined included pubertal development, pubertal timing, parental affection, and the personality constructs under-control and extraversion. In addition, several moderating effects between the predictors were tested, none of which were significant. As an additional analysis, this study also examined the effects of precocious sexual activity among one sibling on the other sibling. Results revealed different predictive patterns for males than for females. For males, the personality variables proved to be the strongest predictors of precocious sexual behavior; whereas for females, pubertal timing, extraversion, and parental affection were the strongest predictors. Among sibling pairs, precocity of one sibling was most often the strongest predictor of precocious sexual behavior in the other sibling.
38
Stahlman, Stephen D. "Adult Sibling Loss: Family Dynamics and Individual Adult Sibling Loss: Family Dynamics and Individual Characteristics." VCU Scholars Compass, 1992. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5527.
Full textAbstract:
The current study investigated family, individual and sibling relationship variables of adult sibling loss, using a cross-sectional survey design. A purposive sampling procedure was used to recruit adult subjects that had experienced the death of an adult sibling within the last five years. Ninety-four subjects responded to the initial request with 84 subjects returning questionnaires for an 89% response rate. Family variables of communication, cohesion, and adaptability and individual variables of individuation, self esteem as well as level of grief were operationalized using standardized instruments through a mailed questionnaire.
It was predicted that significant relationships would be found between family variables and current level of grief. It was also predicted that individual characteristics (individuation, self esteem, church attendance, and cause of death) would be significantly related to the level of grief.
Characteristics of the sibling relationship (frequency of contact, communication, perceived emotional closeness, geographical proximity, age differential and same sex) were predicted to reveal significant relationships. Bivariate analysis yielded support for only four of the sixteen hypotheses. No family variables were related to the subjects’ level of grief at the time of the survey. The individual characteristics of individuation, self esteem and church attendance were all significantly related to the level of grief. Support was also found for the sibling relationship variable of geographical proximity with level of grief. Multivariate regression analysis was used in testing two models that investigated demographic, family, individual and sibling relationship variables with current level of grief. The first model included all variables that were statistically significant at the bivariate level and relevant demographic variables. In addition, the level of grief at death and the amount of time since death were included in the model. The level of grief at death was the strongest predictor of current level of grief. The first model explained 61.7% of the variability of current level of grief. The second model selected those variables that had significant t-values from the first model. The level of emotional involvement was the strongest predictor of the level of grief at death. This model explained 58% of the variability of current level of grief. The level of grief at death was the strongest predictor of the current level of grief in both models.
39
Green, Claire Catherine. "Authentic existence : its individual and social dimensions." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/41442.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this thesis is to provide an explication and analysis of the existential concept of authentic existence, through an
examination of Sartre, Nietzsche, Heidegger and Buber. It is primarily Sartre's treatment of authenticity, only implicit in his writings,
which this thesis seeks both to make explicit and to defend.
The positions of Nietzsche, Heidegger and Buber are each used to
compare or contrast with key aspects of Sartre's concept of authentic existence, in order to establish the strengths and weaknesses
of the Sartrean position.
Sartre's concept of individual authenticity rests upon an ethics designed to liberate the individual from living in 'bad faith'
by means of a reflective comprehension of the nature of human reality. It is an ethics of self-recovery or authentic existence, having
as its ideal the development of the morally autonomous individual
who chooses to take freedom as his ultimate value.
Sartre also maintains that authenticity requires that we take
the freedom of others, as well as our own, as our goal. At the same
time, however, his discussion of relations with others in Being and
Nothingness is a profoundly negative one, which contends that conflict is the original meaning of 'being-for-others'.
It will be argued that Sartre's theory of groups in Critique
of Dialectical Reason provides an account of how positive social relations are indeed possible within the parameters of his ontology.
The theory of groups thus renders intelligible that aspect of his
concept of authentic existence which requires of us common action
on behalf of the freedom of all.
Finally, Sartre's sociopolitical ideal, or that towards which authentic action is ultimately directed, is identified as a 'direct
democracy'. Such a community would be the concrete embodiment
of a free society of disalienated individuals mutually choosing to
promote each other's freedom.<br>Arts, Faculty of<br>Philosophy, Department of<br>Graduate
40
Ma, Sinong. "Fairness views in social and individual decisions." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2017. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/96254/.
Full textAbstract:
Fairness and efficiency are two classical and connected topics in economics. They have become well known, perhaps due to Adam Smith’s two influential works: The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759), which highlights a concern for fairness concern as part of morality, and The Wealth of Nations (1776), which underlines a concern for efficiency. However, during the rapid development of economics, fairness has received disproportionately less attention than efficiency. As a result, many people, including some economists, have incorrectly understood that economics as a subject no longer cares about fairness. The primary objective of this thesis is to dispel this misperception. We would argue here that, similar to efficiency, fairness is an important factor for both social and individual decisions, and sometimes its effect can be determined. Written in a three-paper format, this thesis explores fairness from three different angles. These angles cover the broad areas of how theoretical economists model fairness in social choice theory, how the general public perceive distributive fairness, and how people implement their fairness norms in making real-life donations. This multidimensional exploration is believed to be crucial to a comprehensive understanding of fairness.
41
Rossman, Edwin J. (Edwin John). "Individual Resources, Social Environment, and Flood Victimization." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1990. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc330855/.
Full textAbstract:
The study is a contextual analysis of flood victimization. Victimization is defined as the social, psychological, and physiological aftermath experienced by victims of a disaster. Disaster researchers concentrate on the victims' characteristics to explain the varying degrees of their victimization, providing only ambiguous results. Theorists such as Kreps, Wildavsky, and Douglas contend that the outcomes of disasters are contingent upon social structure. This analysis treats victimization as one such outcome. The condition and behavior of individuals can be explained by the presence of disaster and the conditions of social organization. A model explains victimization based on individual's attributes (individual resources), his social environment, and the disaster characteristics. This study uses the 1984 Mingo Creek Flood Victims Survey data to test the model. The data contain information measuring victimization. The survey data are linked with 1980 Census tract data. The tract data provide indicators of the social networks. This tract information, the contextual variables, taps the social conditions, including poverty, unemployment, geographic mobility, and family patterns. This study uses factor analysis to identify the dimensions of victimization. Regression tests the relationship between the contextual variables, the individual resource variables, the disaster characteristic variables, and victimization. The results of the analysis show that victimization is multidimensional with different types of variables being significant predictors for each dimension of victimization, one variable indicating the intensity of the disaster, the dollar value of damage victims experienced, is found to be a significant predictor of the psychological, physiological, and social disruption aspects of victimization. Variables measuring the family and unemployment patterns in the victims' census tract are significant predictors of the psychological and social disruption aspect of victimization. The findings provide general support for the proposed model of victimization. However, victimization is multidimensional with each dimension having a unique set of predictors. Based on the findings, this study suggests that future research focus on measurement and conceptualization of the characteristics of disasters and the victims' social environment.
42
Williams, Michael R. R. "Alcohol dependency and individual differences." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2013. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/57979/.
Full textAbstract:
This research dissertation is carried out on behalf of the Stauros Foundation, a Christian agency which endeavours to offer pastoral care and support to people with an alcohol dependency problem. The sample population consisted of 207 individuals who completed a questionnaire that covered five categories of interest, for example, background biographical, alcohol and family background, drinking habits, effects of drinking habits and perceived pastoral needs.
43
Noceti, Rodrigo Fagundes. "A aposentadoria especial do contribuinte individual." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2018. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/20914.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-03-21T12:11:46Z
No. of bitstreams: 1
Rodrigo Fagundes Noceti.pdf: 1320715 bytes, checksum: bb4ee845437ab27baa908e805d7672c8 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-21T12:11:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
Rodrigo Fagundes Noceti.pdf: 1320715 bytes, checksum: bb4ee845437ab27baa908e805d7672c8 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2018-02-21<br>The article analyses the legal relationship of the individual taxpayer, such as the one previously known as ―autonomous‖ or liberal professional. under the light of the special retirement benefit as a protective form of social security risks and contingencies. The methodology used was the legislative, doctrinal and legal research, which presents some differences of understanding regarding the matter. In on one hand the jurisprudence starts being established in the sense that the benefit becomes possible for this individual taxpayer on the other hand some authors understand that such legal situation would not be possible. The article also checks if this jurisprudential understanding is aligned with the main principles and goals of the social security system. Finally, we have concluded in accordance with this understanding based on the current structure of the system and we found some contradictions in the purpose of the system regarding this social security benefit<br>Busca o presente trabalho fazer uma análise da relação jurídica do contribuinte individual, em especial, aquele também chamado de autônomo ou profissional liberal, sob a luz do benefício da aposentadoria especial como forma protetiva de riscos e contingências sociais da previdência social. A metodologia adotada é a pesquisa legislativa, doutrinária e jurisprudencial, que nesse caso apresentam divergências de entendimento a respeito da matéria. Se por um lado a jurisprudência começa a se solidificar no sentido da possibilidade de conceder o benefício para esse sujeito, por outro lado alguns autores entendem que seria incabível tal situação jurídica. Buscamos então verificar se esse entendimento jurisprudencial de adéqua aos princípios e objetivos do sistema de seguridade social. Ao fim, concluímos pela concordância com esse entendimento com base na estrutura atual do sistema e constatamos algumas contradições na finalidade do sistema na relação com esse benefício previdenciário
44
Riddle, Dawn June. "Social Activity among Sociology Alumni." W&M ScholarWorks, 1992. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625782.
Full text
45
Ding, Guoxiang. "DERIVING ACTIVITY PATTERNS FROM INDIVIDUAL TRAVEL DIARY DATA: A SPATIOTEMPORAL DATA MINING APPROACH." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1236777859.
Full text
46
Sedda, Pierangela. "Structure activity correlation studies of anti-tumour agents based on flavone acetic acid." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14097.
Full textAbstract:
In the first part of this thesis (chapters 1-8) the structure/activity (S/A) correlation studies on a class of anti-cancer drugs based on flavone acetic acid (FAA) by means of computer modelling techniques are reported. In particular, semiempirical and ab-initio quantum mechanical calculations have been performed on ten FAAs whose expeirmental anti-cancer activity was known. The results show that some calculated properties such as bond lengths, atomic charges, energies of the HOMO and the atomic orbitals involved in its formation, correlate with the anti-tumour activity. The correlations found were then used on another 38 molecules analogous to FAA whose anti-cancer activity had also been measured and of the 21 active molecules, 20 were predicted to be active by these SA correlations (95% success rate). From this study it also emerged that the pyrone ring may be directly involved in the anti-tumour mode of action of the FAA and it is suggested that vitamin-K may also play a role. The second part (chapter 9) is a study of the dependence of the molecular electrostatic potential on the basis set. From this study it emerged that GEOSMALL and MINI-1 minimal basis sets produce MEPs that are more similar to those obtained with the 6-31G** basis set than the MEP obtained with the STO-NG basis set. GEOSMALL and MINI-1 also give better energies and better properties than STO-NG and their use is recommended when properties of large organic molecules are of interest. Also, from this study it emerged that the use of Mulliken charges for the calculation of the MEP with the point charge approximation is not advisable for it may lead to very different pictures of the electrostatic potential calculated directly from the wave function.
47
Forbes, Ian. "The individual in Marx's social and political thought." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.372555.
Full text
48
Austin, Joy Lyn. "Individual Differences in Cognitive Representations of Social Environments." W&M ScholarWorks, 1992. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625778.
Full text
49
Shideler, David W. "Individual social captial: an analysis of factors influencing investment." The Ohio State University, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1121956017.
Full text
50
Aguiar, Rodolfo Ramer da Silva. "O contribuinte individual no direito previdenciário brasileiro." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2014. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6559.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
Rodolfo Ramer da Silva Aguiar.pdf: 1891808 bytes, checksum: 4367e955b5545ebf43eaa0493d7b0e26 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2014-09-03<br>This research aims to investigate preliminarily the rise of the individual contributor and its constant evolution, through an historic, positive and systemic study; then traces the legal relationship of this from, under the protection of Civil Law (precedent law) and Social Security Law (current law), without forgetting the constant liaison with the Constitutional Law and of its origin on the dignity of the human person. The study will check the current rules by which the genus of individual taxpayer encompasses several species of policyholders, the overwhelming majority of self-employed workers, protecting them and ensuring their social security. Addressing the details of the origin of individual contributors, in addition to clarifying the requirements for its membership, subscription, contribution scheme, as well as the institutes of the rate, the contribution salary and legal design with the general social security scheme (RGPS) are fundamental aspects to understand the institute. Another highlight is the modern context of significant legislative changes, particularly the introduction of Law No. 9.876/1999, which included in the Brazilian social security system the individual taxpayer as it is known today. From this act on, those who work on their own and get income are automatically affiliated to the RGPS , so, are considered single taxpayers, hence the duty to contribute to social welfare. The constant increase in the number of individual taxpayers in the Country deems relevant a detailed study of the role from such taxpayers, as well as the institute of social security and its real conditions to minimize the social risks<br>Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo investigar, preliminarmente, o surgimento do contribuinte individual e sua constante evolução, por meio de estudo histórico, positivo e sistêmico; para, em seguida, traçar a relação jurídica dessa figura, sob a proteção do Direito Civil (direito precedente) e do Direito Previdenciário (direito atual), sem se esquecer de sua estreita ligação com o Direito Constitucional e de sua origem na dignidade da pessoa humana. O trabalho trata de verificar as regras vigentes pelas quais o gênero contribuinte individual abarca diversas espécies de segurados obrigatórios, uma imensa maioria de trabalhadores por conta própria, protegendo-lhes e garantindo-lhes a seguridade social. Aborda os pormenores da origem do contribuinte individual, além de esclarecer as exigências para a sua filiação, inscrição, contribuição no regime, assim como os institutos da alíquota, o salário de contribuição e a concepção legal perante o regime geral de previdência social (RGPS), aspectos fundamentais para o entendimento do instituto. Destaca, ainda, o contexto moderno de significativas mudanças legislativas, em especial a introdução da Lei no 9.876/1999, que incluiu no sistema previdenciário brasileiro o contribuinte individual tal qual é conhecido atualmente. A partir dessa Lei, todos aqueles que trabalham por conta própria e auferem renda são automaticamente filiados ao RGPS, portanto, contribuintes individuais, daí o dever de contribuírem para a seguridade social. O aumento constante do número de contribuintes individuais no País torna necessário um estudo detalhado para esclarecer com precisão o papel desses contribuintes, bem como o instituto da seguridade social e suas reais condições de minimizar os riscos sociais