Relevant bibliographies by topics / Spruce Root

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Spruce Root'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Spruce Root"

1

Piri, Tuula. "Early development of root rot in young Norway spruce planted on sites infected by Heterobasidion in southern Finland." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, no. 4 (2003): 604–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x02-200.

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Root rot infections in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) regeneration, planted after the clear-cutting of spruce on sites infested by Heterobasidion, were investigated on 21 experimental plots in eight 2- to 23-year-old plantations. Heterobasidion root rot became evident about 10 years after planting and the proportion of infected spruces increased steadily with plantation age. The average number of planted spruces infected per old decayed stump was 0.2 trees in 2- to 9-year-old plantations, 0.8 trees in 11- to 15-year-old plantations, and 1.8 trees in 20- to 23-year-old plantations. Abo
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Krause, Cornelia, and Hubert Morin. "Tree-ring patterns in stems and root systems of black spruce (Picea mariana) caused by spruce budworms." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29, no. 10 (1999): 1583–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x99-138.

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Radial growth along the stems and root systems of black spruce trees (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) was examined to determine the effects of spruce budworm defoliation. A mixed conifer and pure black spruce stand located in the boreal zone of Quebec, Canada were sampled. Following defoliation, dendrochronological analyses revealed the percent growth reduction in the ring width at different stem heights and throughout the root system. Ring widths of black spruce were found to be reduced during the last three spruce budworm outbreaks. The reduction of the tree-ring width after spruce budworm outbre
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Tripepi, Robert R., and Joseph E. Carter. "Growth and Quality of Colorado Spruce Transplanted during the Spring Growth Flush." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 7, no. 4 (1989): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-7.4.151.

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Abstract Conifers transplanted during the spring growth flush can be injured or even killed due to severe root losses. In this study, 3-2 Colorado spruce (Picea pungens Engelm.) were dug as balled and burlapped or bare-root plants in late April and May. Bare-root plants were treated with distilled water, absolute (100%) ethanol, or 1000 mg/L of indole-3-butyric acid (lBA) in 20% or absolute ethanol. Less than 2% of all trees transplanted in April died, whereas 80 and 100% of the plants dug in May and treated with absolute ethanol or IBA in absolute ethanol died. Terminal growth on balled and b
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Lawrence, Derek Joseph, N. Luckai, W. L. Meyer, et al. "Distribution of white spruce lateral fine roots as affected by the presence of trembling aspen: root mapping using simple sequence repeat DNA profiling." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 42, no. 8 (2012): 1566–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x2012-082.

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Mixedwood forests of white spruce ( Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) and trembling aspen ( Populus tremuloides Michx.) may possess ecological advantages over monospecific white spruce stands. Belowground competition may be reduced through vertically stratified roots; facilitation of growth may occur in upper soil layers through nutrient-rich trembling aspen litterfall. These effects may incentivize white spruce to preferentially exploit upper soil layers in mixedwood stands, resulting in wider root systems. This research contrasted white spruce fine root (diameter <2 mm) distributions in organic
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Levan, Mary Ann, and Susan J. Riha. "Response of root systems of northern conifer transplants to flooding." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16, no. 1 (1986): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x86-008.

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The response of root systems of four conifer species (Pinusstrobus, Pinusresinosa, Piceaglauca, and Piceamariana) to saturated soil conditions was examined in growth chamber experiments using 2- to 4-year-old nursery transplants potted into Plexiglas cylinders using a soil-containing mix. None of the conifers appeared adapted to grow roots into flooded soil, with the deepest roots of any species reaching only 10 cm below a water table after allowing time for maximum growth (30 days, 23 °C). Accordingly, anatomical observations of root cross sections indicated that none of the species had a sig
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Livingston, William H. "Armillariaostoyae in young spruce plantations." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20, no. 11 (1990): 1773–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x90-236.

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Black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) and white spruce (P. glauca (Moench) Voss) plantations, 4–10 years old, were examined for Armillaria root disease. The disease was found in 89% of 27 sample locations, and up to 2% of the trees were recently killed. Armillariaostoyae (Romagn.) Herink was the cause of the disease. Spruce show little reduction in stem height and diameter prior to being killed by the fungus. Lethal infections of A. ostoyae develop primarily at the root collar and are associated with root deformities and small diameters of lateral roots. Root deformities, frequently assoc
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Schmid, Iris, and Marian Kazda. "Vertical distribution and radial growth of coarse roots in pure and mixed stands of Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, no. 3 (2001): 539–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x00-195.

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The vertical distribution of roots greater than 2 mm diameter was determined from digital images covering 116-m2 profile walls in soil pits in pure stands of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and in a mixed stand of both species. Radial root growth was assessed for roots greater than 5 mm diameter by growth ring analysis. Beech roots showed maximum density at the 10- to 20-cm depth, whereas the density of spruce roots decreased exponentially with increasing soil depth. Roots of both species reached the maximum excavation depth (1 m) in their mon
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Whitney, R. D. "Armillaria Root Rot Damage in Softwood Plantations in Ontario." Forestry Chronicle 64, no. 4 (1988): 345–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc64345-4.

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Armillaria root rot. caused most likely by Armillaria obscura (Pers) Herink, killed 6-to 21-year-old white spruce, black spruce, jack pine and red pine saplings in each of 49 plantations examined in northern Ontario. Annual mortality in the four species over the last 2 to 6 years averaged 1.4%, 1.5%, 0.5% and 0.2%, respectively. In all but one of 25 white spruce and red pine plantations (43 to 58 years old) in eastern and southern Ontario. Armillaria root rot was associated with mortality. Accumulated mortality in white spruce and red pine (initially recorded in 1978) averaged 7.6% and 11.7%,
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Lieffers, V. J., and S. J. Titus. "The effects of stem density and nutrient status on size inequality and resource allocation in lodgepole pine and white spruce seedlings." Canadian Journal of Botany 67, no. 10 (1989): 2900–2903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-372.

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Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Loudon) and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) seedlings were grown at three densities (900, 2200, and 4000 stems/m2) in fertilized and unfertilized soil. Pine was grown for 111 days and spruce for 120 days. For both the pine and spruce, the mean weight of shoots, roots, and total plant was significantly greater and the root to shoot ratio was lowest in the fertilized and low density treatments. For the spruce, the fertilized treatment had significantly higher size inequality (as measured by the Gini coefficient) for shoot, root, and total mass. For lodgep
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Bernabei, Mauro, and Jarno Bontadi. "Distinguishing root- and stem-wood of Picea Abies." IAWA Journal 32, no. 3 (2011): 375–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000065.

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In archaeology, palaeobotany and dendrochronology, it can be important to distinguish between root- and stem-wood. Although numerous studies have described the root-wood of various species in great detail, there is, as yet, no quick and generally accepted wood anatomy-based method to distinguish Norway spruce root- from stem-wood. This study compared the anatomical characteristics of Norway spruce root- and stem-wood, and found it was possible to distinguish these two parts of the tree by differences in the average number of rows of ray tracheids as viewed in radial section, and in the frequen
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Spruce Root"

1

Cook, Paul Andrew. "Effect of the spruce root aphid, Pachypappa vesicalis on the growth and physiology of Sitka spruce seedlings." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.337573.

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Evans, Douglas. "Soil water regime, root water extraction and the growth of fine roots of Sitka Spruce." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1988. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU020973.

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The effect of removing soil water stress on fine root growth and the pattern of water use was studied by irrigating a small plot (20 m x 20 m) of 40 year old Sitka spruce. A control plot was established close by. Soil water content and soil matric potential were measured independently on both plots at several depths. Root growth was measured using monthly coring for the surface horizons (c. 10 cm depth) and ingrowth cores to study rooting at depth. In the absence of irrigation the 2 plots had similar water regimes. The irrigation kept matric potential > 20 kPa and water content > 20%. Areas be
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Lehto, Tarja Helena. "Role of mycorrhizas in drought resistance of Sitka spruce seedlings." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/11045.

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Salt, David Thomas. "Effects of gaseous air pollution on root-feeding aphids of spruce." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333442.

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Thor, Magnus. "Heterobasidion root rot in Norway spruce : modelling incidence, control efficacy and economic consequences in Swedish forestry /." Uppsala : Department of Forest Mycology and Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2005. http://epsilon.slu.se/200505.pdf.

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Stattin, Eva. "Root freezing tolerance and storability of Scots pine and Norway spruce seedlings /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 1999. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/1999/91-576-5639-8.pdf.

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Stokes, Alexia. "Responses of young trees to wind : effects on root architecture and anchorage strength." Thesis, University of York, 1994. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2438/.

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Sturesson, Claes. "Nondestructive testing (NDT) of Norway spruce with respect to infection by root and butt rot using ultrasound and acoustic methods." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för teknik, TEK, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-15753.

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Rönnberg, Jonas. "Incidence of root and butt rot in consecutive rotations, with emphasis on Heterobasidion annosum in Norway spruce /." Alnarp : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 1999. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/1999/91-576-5630-4.pdf.

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Bambridge, Lorraine. "The effect of ozone and ambient pollution on the root and shoot growth of spruce." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239784.

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Books on the topic "Spruce Root"

1

Trummer, Lori. Tomentosus root rot. The Region, 1999.

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2

Paul, Frances. Spruce root basketry of the Alaska Tlingit. 2nd ed. Sheldon Jackson Museum, 1991.

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Marie, Suzan. Dene spruce root basketry: Revival of a tradition. Canadian Museum of Civilization, 2002.

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Langerud, Bjørn R. Bartreplanters rotsymmetri i felt: Root-symmetry of conifer plants in field. Norsk institutt for skogforskning, 1988.

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Lundquist, J. E. Distribution and causes of canopy gaps in white spruce in the Black Hills. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1993.

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Majdi, Hooshang. Effects of nutrient applications on fine-root dynamics and root/rhizosphere chemistry in a Norway spruce stand. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Dept. of Ecology and Environmental Research, 1994.

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Clemensson-Lindell, Anna. Norway spruce fine-root morphology and function influenced by nutrient applications in forests. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Dept. of Ecology and Environmental Research, 1994.

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Clemensson-Lindell, Anna. Norway spruce fine-root morphology and function influenced by nutrient applications in forests. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Dept. of Ecology and Environmental Research, 1994.

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lantbruksuniversitet, Sveriges, ed. Effects of nutrient applications on fine-root dynamics and root/rhizosphere chemistry in a Norway spruce stand. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Dept. of Ecology and Environmental Research, 1994.

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10

Salonius, P. O. Effects of cell size and spacing on root density and field performance of container-reared black spruce. Canadian Forest Service, Atlantic Forestry Centre, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Spruce Root"

1

Hantula, Jarkko, Malin Elfstrand, Anne-Maarit Hekkala, et al. "Forest Damage." In Managing Forest Ecosystems. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-70484-0_12.

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Abstract Heterobasidion root and butt rot pose a greater risk in continuous cover forestry (CCF) than in rotation forestry (RF) in conifer-dominated forests, regardless of whether selective, gap or shelterwood cutting is used. Damage from wind, snow, spruce bark beetle, and large pine weevil are likely to be less severe in CCF than in RF. However, the conversion of RF to CCF may briefly expose stands to windthrow. Browsing by large herbivores on saplings may limit regeneration of tree species other than spruce in continuous cover forestry and reduce tree species diversity, but alternative silv
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Heim, A., I. Brunner, B. Frey, E. Frossard, and J. Luster. "Aluminium resistance of Norway spruce: Root exudation versus immobilisation in roots." In Plant Nutrition. Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47624-x_217.

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Venäläinen, Ari, Kimmo Ruosteenoja, Ilari Lehtonen, Mikko Laapas, Olli-Pekka Tikkanen, and Heli Peltola. "Climate Change, Impacts, Adaptation and Risk Management." In Forest Bioeconomy and Climate Change. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99206-4_3.

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AbstractUnder the moderate future greenhouse gas emissions scenario (RCP4.5), climate model simulations project that the annual mean temperature will increase in Europe by up to 2–3 °C by the middle of this century, compared to the end of the nineteenth century. The temperature increase is projected to be larger in Northern Europe than in Central and Southern Europe. The annual precipitation is projected to decrease in Southern Europe and increase in Northern and Central Europe. The projected changes in temperature and precipitation are expected to be higher in the winter than in the summer mo
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Desrochers, Annie, and Réjean Gagnon. "Dating Black Spruce (Picea mariana) with the Awareness of its Adventitious Root System." In Biology of Root Formation and Development. Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5403-5_61.

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Hallgren, S. W., M. Rüdinger, and E. Steudle. "Root hydraulic properties of spruce measured with the pressure probe." In Structure and Function of Roots. Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3101-0_28.

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Schneider, B. U., J. Meyer, E. D. Schulze, and W. Zech. "Root and Mycorrhizal Development in Healthy and Declining Norway Spruce Stands." In Forest Decline and Air Pollution. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61332-6_17.

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Krause, Cornelia, and Mylaine Fournier. "Development and Initiation of the Root System of Old Black Spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) and Balsam Fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) Trees." In Biology of Root Formation and Development. Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5403-5_60.

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Clemensson-Lindell, A., and H. Persson. "Fine-root vitality in a Norway spruce stand subjected to various nutrient supplies." In Nutrient Uptake and Cycling in Forest Ecosystems. Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0455-5_18.

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Nielson, C. N., and I. Dencker. "Root architecture and root/shoot-ratios of Norway spruce as affected by thinning intensity and soil type in Denmark." In Root Demographics and Their Efficiencies in Sustainable Agriculture, Grasslands and Forest Ecosystems. Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5270-9_62.

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Külla, Tiit, and Krista Lõhmus. "Influence of cultivation method on root grafting in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.)." In The Supporting Roots of Trees and Woody Plants: Form, Function and Physiology. Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3469-1_10.

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Conference papers on the topic "Spruce Root"

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Hribešek, Matija, and Simon Kulovec. "Design Optimization and Fatigue Evaluation of Wood Composite Gears." In Socratic lectures 10. University of Lubljana Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.55295/psl.2024.i20.

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Abstract: A great deal of research in polymer gears has gained importance in the last decade. It is necessary to highlight the different polymer materials and fibers used for gears to meet the requirements of a particular drivetrain application. With the increasing need to recycle already used materials, there are trends towards the use of BIO-based materials that would allow recycling and reuse in secondary, less demanding parts or assemblies. To integrate these materials into a real mechanical part such as a gearbox, their mechanical, thermal, and tribological operational performances must b
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MOZGERIS, Gintautas, Ina BIKUVIENĖ, and Donatas JONIKAVICIUS. "THE OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES OF USING AIRBORNE LASER SCANNING FOR FOREST INVENTORIES IN LITHUANIA." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.023.

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The aim of this study was to test the usability of airborne laser scanning (ALS) data for stand-wise forest inventories in Lithuania based on operational approaches from Nordic countries, taking into account Lithuanian forest conditions and requirements for stand-wise inventories, such as more complex forests, unified requirements for inventory of all forests, i.e. no matter the ownership, availability of supporting material from previous inventories and high accuracy requirements for total volume estimation. Test area in central part of Lithuania (area 2674 ha) was scanned using target point
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Bonitz, Frank, and Martin Schickert. "Ultra-Wideband Radar Tomography for Rot Determination in Spruce." In 2018 12th International Conference on Electromagnetic Wave Interaction with Water and Moist Substances (ISEMA). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isema.2018.8442322.

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Nasantogtokh, B., and G. Binderiya. "THE SEED MORPHOLOGY AND LABORATORY GERMINATION OF SIBIREAN SPRUCE (PICEA OBOVATA LEDEB)." In SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT FOR LIVESTOCK BREEDING IN SIBERIA. Krasnoyarsk Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture is a separate division of the Federal Research Center KSC SB RAS, 2024. https://doi.org/10.52686/conferencearticle_67597cea762a39.59505838.

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Only one species of Siberian spruce (Picea obovata Ledeb) is distributed in Mongolia. It is a coniferous tree that forms a forest in a limited area, resembling a ridge-like strip along the border of the Larch and Siberian pine forests. Siberian spruce seeds are oval-boat-shaped, measuring 3.89 mm in length and 2.03 mm in width. A thousand seeds weigh 4.3 g and have a black-brown or brown-brown color with a smooth surface. At a temperature of +20°C in the laboratory thermostat, seed germination reaches 77%, with a growth rate of 6.9 days and a growth uniformity of 2.6 seeds. Conversely, at +25°
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Jansone, Baiba, Linards Sisenis, Irina Pilvere, Marcis Vinters, and Karlis Bickovskis. "Influence of drainage reconstruction on radial increment of conifers: case study." In Research for Rural Development 2020. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/rrd.26.2020.006.

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Drainage ensures flow of water and access of oxygen to the roots of the trees. Therefore, melioration systems have been established in a third of the forest area of Latvia, and for the most part highly productive stands can be observed in these areas. Water flow in these systems is often stopped by beaver dams. The aim of our case study was to assess the impact of ditch reconstruction on the increment of the coniferous trees. Increment cores were collected from 169 trees at a distance up to 45 m from the ditch in the drainage system that was reconstructed 8 years prior. Drainage system reconst
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Voskoboinik, Mihail. "FOREST-SEED PLANTATIONS: SPECIES COMPOSITION AND PLANTING SCHEMES IN TEMPERATE CLIMATE ZONE CONDITIONS." In Adaptation of forestry to climate change: nature-oriented solutions and digitalization. Forestry – 2024. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2025. https://doi.org/10.58168/ffys2024_21-27.

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The temperate climate zone is one of the most suitable places to create seed plantations due to its clear seasons and sufficient rainfall. The winter here is not too cold, with temperatures around -10 °C, and in summer the temperature reaches 18-22 °C. These conditions are ideal for the growth of woody plants and allow a variety of tree species to develop harmoniously. Common pine, common spruce, oak, birch and larch are among the most suitable for seed plantations in temperate climates. These trees are well adapted to temperature changes and can grow successfully even in difficult conditions.
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Hossamel-deen, Yehia H., Sayed M. Metwalli, and Abdel-hamed S. Hassan. "A CAD Program for Optimum Nonlinear Characteristics of a Vehicle Shock Absorber." In ASME 1991 International Computers in Engineering Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/cie1991-0036.

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Abstract A Computer Aided Design (CAD) program has been developed in which both simulation and optimization techniques are utilized. A nonlinear representation of the shock absorber damping characteristics has been considered. The output of this CAD program is the optimum shape of this nonlinear characteristics. This is obtained by minimization of a performance index consisting of a weighted sum of the root mean square (rms) of both tire terrain normal force (as a measure of controllability) and the sprung masses acceleration (as a measure of ride comfort). The time response can also be obtain
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KLAVINS, Ivars, Arta BARDULE, and Zane LIBIETE. "CHANGES IN MACRONUTRIENT CONCENTRATIONS IN SOIL SOLUTION FOLLOWING REGENERATION FELLING IN PINE AND SPRUCE STANDS: WHOLE-TREE HARVESTING VERSUS STEM-ONLY HARVESTING." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.172.

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While conventional forest management in boreal and hemiboreal conditions has traditionally been targeted to use and enhance mainly provisioning services like timber production, the main goal of national and European forest policy is to ensure sustainable management of European forests in all aspects. Regeneration felling is a major disturbance in boreal and hemiboreal forests resulting in significant increase of organic matter on the forest floor in the form of logging residues (bark, small branches, tree tops) and severed roots (in case of stump harvesting), and can increase the risk of nutri
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Bas¸lamıs¸lı, S. C¸ag˘lar, and Selis O¨nel. "Entropy Based Classification of Road-Profiles." In ASME 2010 10th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2010-24448.

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In this study, the Shannon entropies of six different road-profiles ranging from “very good asphalt road” to “dirt road (terrain)” were calculated. Results indicate that each type of road has a well defined entropy value and that the entropies of roads ranging from “very good asphalt” to “dirt road (terrain)” lie on a nearly linear locus. A second approach presented in this paper consists in measuring the sprung mass vertical acceleration of a vehicle running over segments of roads of different qualities and calculating the entropies of the acceleration signals. This procedure has been applied
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Zhang, Yue, Xiandong Liu, Jintao Luo, and Yingchun Shan. "Effects of Different Cooling Methods After Demoulding on the Cornering Fatigue Resistance of the Injection-Molded Long-Glass-Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic Composite Wheel." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-23341.

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Abstract As an un-sprung rotary part of the vehicle, the wheel has a significant effect on reducing fuel consumption and emission for conventional fuel vehicles and increasing the mileage of electric vehicles, which is significantly higher than that of a spring-loaded non-rotating part. The high-performance long fiber reinforced thermoplastic composite is used to manufacture wheel through the injection molding, which not only can achieve wheel weight reduction but also provides a new way to promote wheel lightweight due to its advantages of fast molding, easy to achieve mass production, easy t
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