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Journal articles on the topic 'Spruce Root'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2025

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1

Piri, Tuula. "Early development of root rot in young Norway spruce planted on sites infected by Heterobasidion in southern Finland." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, no. 4 (2003): 604–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x02-200.

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Root rot infections in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) regeneration, planted after the clear-cutting of spruce on sites infested by Heterobasidion, were investigated on 21 experimental plots in eight 2- to 23-year-old plantations. Heterobasidion root rot became evident about 10 years after planting and the proportion of infected spruces increased steadily with plantation age. The average number of planted spruces infected per old decayed stump was 0.2 trees in 2- to 9-year-old plantations, 0.8 trees in 11- to 15-year-old plantations, and 1.8 trees in 20- to 23-year-old plantations. Abo

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2

Krause, Cornelia, and Hubert Morin. "Tree-ring patterns in stems and root systems of black spruce (Picea mariana) caused by spruce budworms." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29, no. 10 (1999): 1583–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x99-138.

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Radial growth along the stems and root systems of black spruce trees (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) was examined to determine the effects of spruce budworm defoliation. A mixed conifer and pure black spruce stand located in the boreal zone of Quebec, Canada were sampled. Following defoliation, dendrochronological analyses revealed the percent growth reduction in the ring width at different stem heights and throughout the root system. Ring widths of black spruce were found to be reduced during the last three spruce budworm outbreaks. The reduction of the tree-ring width after spruce budworm outbre

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3

Tripepi, Robert R., and Joseph E. Carter. "Growth and Quality of Colorado Spruce Transplanted during the Spring Growth Flush." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 7, no. 4 (1989): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-7.4.151.

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Abstract Conifers transplanted during the spring growth flush can be injured or even killed due to severe root losses. In this study, 3-2 Colorado spruce (Picea pungens Engelm.) were dug as balled and burlapped or bare-root plants in late April and May. Bare-root plants were treated with distilled water, absolute (100%) ethanol, or 1000 mg/L of indole-3-butyric acid (lBA) in 20% or absolute ethanol. Less than 2% of all trees transplanted in April died, whereas 80 and 100% of the plants dug in May and treated with absolute ethanol or IBA in absolute ethanol died. Terminal growth on balled and b

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4

Lawrence, Derek Joseph, N. Luckai, W. L. Meyer, et al. "Distribution of white spruce lateral fine roots as affected by the presence of trembling aspen: root mapping using simple sequence repeat DNA profiling." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 42, no. 8 (2012): 1566–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x2012-082.

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Mixedwood forests of white spruce ( Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) and trembling aspen ( Populus tremuloides Michx.) may possess ecological advantages over monospecific white spruce stands. Belowground competition may be reduced through vertically stratified roots; facilitation of growth may occur in upper soil layers through nutrient-rich trembling aspen litterfall. These effects may incentivize white spruce to preferentially exploit upper soil layers in mixedwood stands, resulting in wider root systems. This research contrasted white spruce fine root (diameter <2 mm) distributions in organic

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5

Levan, Mary Ann, and Susan J. Riha. "Response of root systems of northern conifer transplants to flooding." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16, no. 1 (1986): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x86-008.

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The response of root systems of four conifer species (Pinusstrobus, Pinusresinosa, Piceaglauca, and Piceamariana) to saturated soil conditions was examined in growth chamber experiments using 2- to 4-year-old nursery transplants potted into Plexiglas cylinders using a soil-containing mix. None of the conifers appeared adapted to grow roots into flooded soil, with the deepest roots of any species reaching only 10 cm below a water table after allowing time for maximum growth (30 days, 23 °C). Accordingly, anatomical observations of root cross sections indicated that none of the species had a sig

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6

Livingston, William H. "Armillariaostoyae in young spruce plantations." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20, no. 11 (1990): 1773–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x90-236.

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Black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) and white spruce (P. glauca (Moench) Voss) plantations, 4–10 years old, were examined for Armillaria root disease. The disease was found in 89% of 27 sample locations, and up to 2% of the trees were recently killed. Armillariaostoyae (Romagn.) Herink was the cause of the disease. Spruce show little reduction in stem height and diameter prior to being killed by the fungus. Lethal infections of A. ostoyae develop primarily at the root collar and are associated with root deformities and small diameters of lateral roots. Root deformities, frequently assoc

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7

Schmid, Iris, and Marian Kazda. "Vertical distribution and radial growth of coarse roots in pure and mixed stands of Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, no. 3 (2001): 539–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x00-195.

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The vertical distribution of roots greater than 2 mm diameter was determined from digital images covering 116-m2 profile walls in soil pits in pure stands of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and in a mixed stand of both species. Radial root growth was assessed for roots greater than 5 mm diameter by growth ring analysis. Beech roots showed maximum density at the 10- to 20-cm depth, whereas the density of spruce roots decreased exponentially with increasing soil depth. Roots of both species reached the maximum excavation depth (1 m) in their mon

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8

Whitney, R. D. "Armillaria Root Rot Damage in Softwood Plantations in Ontario." Forestry Chronicle 64, no. 4 (1988): 345–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc64345-4.

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Armillaria root rot. caused most likely by Armillaria obscura (Pers) Herink, killed 6-to 21-year-old white spruce, black spruce, jack pine and red pine saplings in each of 49 plantations examined in northern Ontario. Annual mortality in the four species over the last 2 to 6 years averaged 1.4%, 1.5%, 0.5% and 0.2%, respectively. In all but one of 25 white spruce and red pine plantations (43 to 58 years old) in eastern and southern Ontario. Armillaria root rot was associated with mortality. Accumulated mortality in white spruce and red pine (initially recorded in 1978) averaged 7.6% and 11.7%,

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9

Lieffers, V. J., and S. J. Titus. "The effects of stem density and nutrient status on size inequality and resource allocation in lodgepole pine and white spruce seedlings." Canadian Journal of Botany 67, no. 10 (1989): 2900–2903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-372.

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Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Loudon) and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) seedlings were grown at three densities (900, 2200, and 4000 stems/m2) in fertilized and unfertilized soil. Pine was grown for 111 days and spruce for 120 days. For both the pine and spruce, the mean weight of shoots, roots, and total plant was significantly greater and the root to shoot ratio was lowest in the fertilized and low density treatments. For the spruce, the fertilized treatment had significantly higher size inequality (as measured by the Gini coefficient) for shoot, root, and total mass. For lodgep

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10

Bernabei, Mauro, and Jarno Bontadi. "Distinguishing root- and stem-wood of Picea Abies." IAWA Journal 32, no. 3 (2011): 375–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000065.

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In archaeology, palaeobotany and dendrochronology, it can be important to distinguish between root- and stem-wood. Although numerous studies have described the root-wood of various species in great detail, there is, as yet, no quick and generally accepted wood anatomy-based method to distinguish Norway spruce root- from stem-wood. This study compared the anatomical characteristics of Norway spruce root- and stem-wood, and found it was possible to distinguish these two parts of the tree by differences in the average number of rows of ray tracheids as viewed in radial section, and in the frequen

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11

Lewis, Kathy J., and B. Staffan Lindgren. "Relationship between spruce beetle and tomentosus root disease: two natural disturbance agents of spruce." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32, no. 1 (2002): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x01-170.

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This project investigated the interaction between tomentosus root disease of spruce, caused by Inonotus tomentosus (Fr.:Fr.) S. Teng, and spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby)). Both organisms are important agents of mortality and volume loss in boreal and sub-boreal spruce forests of British Columbia. They also occur in similar stand types with respect to species composition and tree age. One study involved an intensive survey of 23 spruce stands, where trees were sampled for both beetle and root disease. Tree condition (dead standing, live, windthrown) was also recorded. Few stands

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12

Whitney, R. D. "Root rot damage in naturally regenerated stands of spruce and balsam fir in Ontario." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19, no. 3 (1989): 295–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x89-045.

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In an 11-year study in northern Ontario, root rot damage was heaviest in balsam fir, intermediate in black spruce, and least in white spruce. As a result of root rot, 16, 11, and 6%, respectively, of dominant or codominant trees of the three species were killed or experienced premature windfall. Butt rot, which resulted from the upward extension of root rot into the boles of living trees, led to a scaled cull of 17, 12, and 10%, respectively, of gross merchantable volume of the remaining living trees in the three species. The total volume of wood lost to rot was, therefore, 33, 23, and 16%, re

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13

Browning, Mark H. R., and Roy D. Whitney. "Responses of jack pine and black spruce seedlings to inoculation with selected species of ectomycorrhizal fungi." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21, no. 5 (1991): 701–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x91-096.

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Seedlings of jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.) and black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) were inoculated with liquid cultures of fragmented hyphae of 10 species of ectomycorrhizal fungi and grown in either aseptic culture tubes for 20 weeks or nonaseptic pots for 16 weeks. Seedlings in pots received more total nutrients and produced larger root systems than those in tubes. Four of the fungi produced higher levels of colonization associated with these larger root systems. Short-root density of black spruce was increased compared with that of uninoculated seedlings by inoculation with Laccar

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14

Štofko, P., and M. Kodrík. "Comparison of the root system architecture between windthrown and undamaged spruces growing in poorly drained sites." Journal of Forest Science 54, No. 4 (2008): 150–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3101-jfs.

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In the locality Hnilé Blatá (High Tatras Mts.) the parameters of root plates and the number, length and diameter of the individual root branches in windthrows and standing Norway spruces (<I>Picea abies </I>[L.] Karst.) were measured. Individual root branches were classified to 12 diameter classes according to their diameter measured in the middle of the root branch length. Using random sampling, 21 windthrows were selected. In their neighbourhood, another 21 undamaged trees were selected on the basis of their similarity in aboveground parameters and they were uprooted by a tractor

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15

Dumais, Daniel, Carole Coursolle, Francine J. Bigras, and Hank A. Margolis. "Simulated root freezing in the nursery: effects on the growth and physiology of containerized boreal conifer seedlings after outplanting." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32, no. 4 (2002): 605–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x02-005.

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The effects of induced root freezing injury on 2+0 white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss), black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP), and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) seedlings were studied. Hardened seedlings were exposed to freezing during the fall and cold stored until planting. Seedlings were planted in spring on two field sites with different soil moisture levels (wet or dry). Seedling morphology and physiology were measured periodically during the first growing season, and mortality was evaluated at the end of the season. With the exception of June measurements on the wet site, wh

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16

Carter, Joseph E., and Robert R. Tripepi. "Lifting Date Influences the Ability of Auxins to Promote Root Regeneration of Colorado Spruce." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 7, no. 4 (1989): 147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-7.4.147.

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Abstract The inability of older conifer seedlings to regenerate new roots after bare-root transplanting can lead to plant death. Lifting date and auxin treatments were evaluated for their effects on root regeneration of Colorado spruce (Picea pungens Engelm.). Roots of five-year-old plants were treated monthly during fall and spring with 1000, 5000, or 10,000 mg/L of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), 5000 mg/L of phenyl indole-3-thiolobutyrate (P-ITB), or 100% ethanol (control). After treatment, plants were grown in a greenhouse for 30 days before total number, length and dry weight of new roots we

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17

Major, John E., Alex Mosseler, Debby C. Barsi, Moira Campbell, and Om P. Rajora. "Morphometric, allometric, and developmentally adaptive traits in red spruce and black spruce. I. Species and seed-source variation." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, no. 5 (2003): 885–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x03-049.

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The study objective was to compare intraspecific seed source and interspecifc variation of red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) and black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) in a number of morphometric, allometric, and adaptive traits. Analyses of variance for cotyledon number, root dry weight, shoot to root ratio, and seedling water balance revealed significant species effects. Germination time, total height, diameter, needle and stem wood dry weight, and survival had significant species effects and species × region interactions. Potential inbreeding depression effects were reflected in a positive

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18

Ghotsa Mekontchou, Claudele, Daniel Houle, Yves Bergeron, and Igor Drobyshev. "Contrasting Root System Structure and Belowground Interactions between Black Spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P) and Trembling Aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx) in Boreal Mixedwoods of Eastern Canada." Forests 11, no. 2 (2020): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11020127.

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This study explored the underground interactions between black spruce and trembling aspen in pure and mixed stands to understand how their soil resource use help these species coexist in the boreal mixedwoods of Western Quebec. We analyzed species-specific fine root foraging strategies (root biomass and root tissue density) along three soil layers (organic, top 0–15 cm, and bottom 15–30 cm mineral soil), using 180 soil cores. We collected cores in three sites, each containing three 20 × 50 m2 plots of pure spruce, pure aspen, and mixed spruce and aspen stands. Spruce had a shallow rooting, whe

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19

Jacobi, Volker, and John D. Castello. "Infection of red spruce, black spruce, and balsam fir seedlings with tomato mosaic virus." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 22, no. 7 (1992): 919–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x92-122.

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Red spruce (Picearubens Sarg.), black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.), and balsam fir (Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill.) seedlings were root inoculated with tomato mosaic virus, potted, and maintained in a cold frame. The virus was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in root extracts of several inoculated seedlings of each species 6–12 months postinoculation, and in root extracts of approximately 35–40% of both inoculated and noninoculated seedlings of each species 12–18 months postinoculation. Virus spread apparently occurred from the roots of infected to noninfected seedlings within t

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20

Warren, Stuart L., Walter A. Skroch, Katharine B. Perry, and Thomas J. Monaco. "Vegetation Management: Its Influence on Survival and Early Growth of Fraser Fir and Norway Spruce." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 112, no. 6 (1987): 955–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.112.6.955.

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Abstract Seven vegetation management programs ranging from 100% cover of grass-dominated vegetation to bare soil were created on opposing north and south aspects. After 3 years, fraser fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.] survival had decreased when grown in bare soil, compared to survival in the other management programs. Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] survival was not affected by the management programs. Maximum stem diameter and root growth of Norway spruce were obtained with a bare row regardless of the interrow vegetation. Root growth in fraser fir was similar to spruce, but bare so

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21

Lewis, Katherine J., and Everett M. Hansen. "Survival of Inonotustomentosus in stumps and subsequent infection of young stands in north central British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21, no. 7 (1991): 1049–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x91-144.

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Distribution of tomentosus root disease in spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss and P. glauca × engelmannii Engelm.) and pine (Pinusconforta var. latifolia Engelm.) stumps in 1- to 30-year-old harvest units, survival of Inonotustomentosus (FR) Teng in stumps, and infection of regeneration trees were examined by transect surveys and root excavations. The number of diseased stumps ranged from 8 to 71 per hectare (2.1–27.5%); these were in patches, commonly two to three stumps each. Viable mycelium was found in 80 and 53% of the 30-year-old spruce and pine stumps, respectively. Distal growth by I. t

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22

Konôpka, B. "Differences in fine root traits between Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) – A case study in the Kysucké Beskydy Mts." Journal of Forest Science 55, No. 12 (2009): 556–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10/2009-jfs.

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Interspecific comparisons of the fine root “behaviour” under stressful situations may answer questions related to resistance to changing environmental conditions in the particular tree species. Our study was focused on Norway spruce (<I>Picea abies</I> [L.] Karst.) and European beech (<I>Fagus sylvatica</I> L.) grown in an acidic soil where acidity was caused by past air pollution in the Kysucké Beskydy Mts., North-Western Slovakia. Between April and October 2006, the following fine root traits were studied: biomass and necromass seasonal dynamics, vertical distribution

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23

Rizzo, D. M., and T. C. Harrington. "Root movement and root damage of red spruce and balsam fir on subalpine sites in the White Mountains, New Hampshire." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 18, no. 8 (1988): 991–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x88-152.

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Crown dieback and mortality of red spruce and balsam fir in the subalpine zone of the northern Appalachian Mountains have been attributed to wind-induced crown and root damage. Vertical root movements, damage to roots and crowns, and growth rate were measured on wind-exposed spruce and fir trees near canopy gaps at Kancamagus Pass (875 m elevation) and Wildcat Mountain (1160 m) in the White Mountain National Forest, New Hampshire. Root movements were significantly correlated with windspeed, crown exposure, and depth of soil to rock. Woody roots that had made movements in excess of 10 mm had fe

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24

Lautenschlager, R. A. "Environmental resource interactions affect red raspberry growth and its competition with white spruce." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29, no. 7 (1999): 906–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x99-078.

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Multifactor experiments were used to study the effects of (1) shade, moisture, and nutrients on above- and below-ground biomass production of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) and (2) intra- versus inter-specific competition for light, nitrogen, and space in interplantings of raspberry and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) seedlings. Interactive effects among the manipulated resources on seedling growth were common. Raspberry biomass increased with increasing moisture and nutrients or with added nitrogen when nitrogen was the only nutrient manipulated. Seventy-three percent shade reduced

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25

Vogel, Jason G., David W. Valentine, and Roger W. Ruess. "Soil and root respiration in mature Alaskan black spruce forests that vary in soil organic matter decomposition rates." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, no. 1 (2005): 161–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x04-159.

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Climate warming at high latitudes is expected to increase root and microbial respiration and thus cause an increase in soil respiration. We measured the root and microbial components of soil respiration near Fairbanks, Alaska, in 2000 and 2001, in three black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill) B.S.P.) forests. We hypothesized faster decomposition correlates with greater amounts of both root and microbial contributions to soil respiration. Contrary to our prediction, the site with the coolest summer soil temperatures and slowest decomposition (site identification "high-np") had significantly (p <

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26

Klaviņa, Dārta, Indriķis Muižnieks, Imants Baumanis, Jurģis Jansons, Tālis Gaitnieks, and Audrius Menkis. "Survival, Growth and Mycorrhization of Containerised Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies Seedlings of Different Provenances Outplanted in a Forest Clear-Cut." Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences. 71, no. 4 (2017): 293–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/prolas-2017-0049.

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Abstract We studied field performance of containerised Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies seedlings of different provenances. Shoot height, needle chemical composition, root collar diameter, root mycorrhization and mycorrhizal species composition were evaluated after four growing seasons following outplanting. The results showed that in general spruce had better survival than pine. Ectomycorrhizas on spruce were dominated by Wilcoxina, Amphinema and Tylospora, while on pine — by Suillus and Thelephora species. Spruce and pine showing best growth rates were colonised by ectomycorrhizal fungus Amp

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27

Flepp, Gianluca, Roger Robyr, Roberto Scotti, et al. "Temporal Dynamics of Root Reinforcement in European Spruce Forests." Forests 12, no. 6 (2021): 815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12060815.

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The quantification of post-disturbance root reinforcement (RR) recovery dynamics is of paramount importance for the optimisation of forest ecosystem services and natural hazards risk management in mountain regions. In this work we analyse the long-term root reinforcement dynamic of spruce forests combining data of the Swiss National Forest Inventory with data on root distribution and root mechanical properties. The results show that root reinforcement recovery depends primarily on stand altitude and slope inclination. The maximum root reinforcement recovery rate is reached at circa 100 years.

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Lindström, Anders, and Christer Nyström. "Seasonal variation in root hardiness of container-grown Scots pine, Norway spruce, and lodgepole pine seedlings." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17, no. 8 (1987): 787–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x87-126.

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Roots of containerized seedlings of Scots pine (PinussylvestrisL.), Norway spruce (Piceaabies (L.) Karst.), and lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl.) grown for one season were experimentally frozen during autumn, winter, and spring. After freezing, root growth capacity and seedling survival were determined by growing the seedlings for 3 weeks in a growth chamber. Root vitality was also tested with the triphenyl tetrazolium chloride method. The seedlings showed a progressive increase in root hardiness towards midwinter and a dehardening as spring approached. Scots pine and lodgepole pine roots

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29

Schier, George A. "Response of red spruce and balsam fir seedlings to aluminum toxicity in nutrient solutions." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 15, no. 1 (1985): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x85-007.

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Red spruce (Picearubens Sarg.) and balsam fir (Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill.) were grown in nutrient solutions containing 0, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/L aluminum (Al) at pH 3.8. Seedlings died only when placed directly in solutions containing Al without first being conditioned to growth in a hydroponic system. In preconditioned seedlings, no evidence of Al injury was noted in the tops of seedlings at any level of Al, except for small reductions in shoot growth. Aluminum toxicity symptoms in roots, however, were well developed, though spruce showed less tolerance than fir. Inhibition of root growth in

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30

Šņepsts, Guntars, Oskars Krišāns, Roberts Matisons, Andris Seipulis, and Āris Jansons. "Cervid Bark-Stripping Is an Explicit Amplifier of Storm Legacy Effects in Norway Spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) Stands." Forests 13, no. 11 (2022): 1947. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13111947.

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The interactions between wind damage and biotic agents, such as root-rot and cervids (bark-stripping), amplify the effects of storms on forests in Europe and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) stands, in the Eastern Baltic region in particular. Due to uneven manageability of the biotic agents, the information about their effects on susceptibility to wind damage can aid the prioritization of management for sustaining spruce stands. This study compared the effect of root-rot and bark-stripping on the mechanical stability of Norway spruce via mixed covariance analysis of basal bending moment

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31

Lewis, Kathy J., R. Douglas Thompson, and Lori Trummer. "Growth response of spruce infected by Inonotus tomentosus in Alaska and interactions with spruce beetle." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, no. 6 (2005): 1455–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-081.

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Thirty-eight trees from Alaska's Kenai Peninsula and 39 from the interior near Fairbanks (Delta Junction) were sampled by detailed stem dissections to determine the impact of tomentosus root disease [Inonotus tomentosus (Fr.: Fr.) S. Teng] on growth and decay volume in spruce, with and without the influence of past spruce beetle activity in stands. Disease severity was assessed by the number of primary roots (out of four) infected and by the average proportion of root cross-section area colonized by stain and (or) decay. Butt rot volumes were positively related to disease severity at both loca

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32

Simpson, David G., and Alan Vyse. "Planting stock performance: Site and RGP effects." Forestry Chronicle 71, no. 6 (1995): 739–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc71739-6.

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Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii var glauca (Beissn.) Franco], interior spruce [Picea glauca Moench (Voss), Picea engelmannii (Parry) and their naturally occurring hybrids] and lodge-pole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) seedlings were planted on several forest sites in south central British Columbia. At planting, root growth potential (number of newly elongated roots longer than 10 mm per seedling) was determined. Trees were assessed for survival and height for at least five years. Survival of Douglas-fir and growth of all three species was affected by planting site, probably reflecting moistur

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33

Whitney, R. D. "Root-rotting fungi in white spruce, black spruce, and balsam fir in northern Ontario." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 25, no. 8 (1995): 1209–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x95-134.

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Fungi associated with root rot in living trees were isolated and identified from 521 white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss), 1342 black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.), and 1383 balsam fir (Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill.) ranging in age from 26 to 208 years (at a 30-cm height), in 165 stands across northern Ontario. Trees were pulled out with the winch of a skidder, root decays and stains were measured, and cultures were made from root and butt sections. Armillaria spp., considered in this study to be mostly Armillariaostoyae (Romagn.) Herink, was the most frequently isolated fungus, occurrin

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Piercey-Normore, M. D., and J. A. Bérubé. "Artificial inoculation with Armillaria ostoyae in established conifers stressed by defoliation, planting, and thinning in Newfoundland." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30, no. 11 (2000): 1758–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x00-105.

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Armillaria ostoyae (Romagnesi) Herink causes root disease in conifers of the northern hemisphere. Pathogenicity tests of established conifer trees with A. ostoyae, has never been done in the boreal forest. Seven forest plots were selected in Newfoundland; a black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) plantation, a naturally regenerated black spruce stand, a balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) stand with hemlock looper (Lambdina fiscellaria (Guen.)) defoliation, two balsam woolly adelgid (Adelges piceae (Ratz.)) infested balsam fir stands (thinned and unthinned sites), a balsam fir sawfly (Neod

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Štofko, P., and M. Kodrík. "Architecture of root branches of Norway spruce trees (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) growing in gley soil." Journal of Forest Science 54, No. 11 (2008): 485–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/55/2008-jfs.

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In the locality Hnilé Blatá (the High Tatras Mts.), the structure was measured of root branches in the windthrown spruces (<I>Picea abies </I>[L.] Karst.). After cleaning the root plates, the number, diameter, and length of individual root branches were measured. Individual root branches were classified into twelve diameter classes – according to their diameters measured in the middle of the root branch length. We found out a high frequency of the root branches in the first three root-diameter classes; the values of the average frequency of root branches smoothly declined with thei

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Woods, Alex J. "Species diversity and forest health in northwest British Columbia." Forestry Chronicle 79, no. 5 (2003): 892–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc79892-5.

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Forest management in the Interior Cedar Hemlock (ICH) zone of the Kispiox TSA in northwest British Columbia has focused on two tree species. Interior spruce (Picea engelmanni Parry ex Engelm. × Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Dougl. ex Loud.) have dominated plantations, while historically, western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.), true firs (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. and (Abies amabilis (Dougl. ex Loud.) Dougl. ex Forbes) and western redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don), have dominated the landscape. Tomentosus root disease (Inonot

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Thompson, B., and P. Puttonen. "Patterns of gas exchange, photosynthate allocation, and root growth during a root growth capacity test." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 22, no. 2 (1992): 248–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x92-032.

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Shoot and root growth, net assimilation, leaf conductance and transpiration rates, and carbon allocation were measured on 1.5-year-old Scots pine (Pinussylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Piceaabies (L.) Karst.) seedlings during a 28-day root growth capacity test. The aim was to determine whether current rates of assimilation, carbon allocation, or shoot growth were related to root growth during the test. Carbon allocation was determined using 14C tracer techniques by exposing the seedlings to, 14CO2 for 24 h, while gas exchange was measured with a LI-COR 6200 meter seven times during the 28-day

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Karpechko, Anna Yu, and Sergey M. Sinkevich. "Influence of Reconstructive Cutting in Deciduous-Spruce Stands on Root Competition of Species." Lesnoy Zhurnal (Forestry Journal), no. 2 (June 10, 2023): 99–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-3-99-112.

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The predominance of mixed forest stands in a productive forest fund, which is located in the middle taiga subzone of Northwest Russia, determines the relevance of an investigation of the growth and development characteristics of the trees. In secondary stands, created by an extensive human consumption of primary spruce stands, spruce trees are generally presented in a minor quantity. The recovery of their dominance is an urgent economic and ecological issue. Despite the unity of approaches concerning the maintenance of deciduous-spruce forests, the research characteristics on the structure of

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Whitney, R. D. "Damage by Tomentosus root rot in white spruce plantations in Ontario, and the effects of thinning on the disease." Forestry Chronicle 69, no. 4 (1993): 445–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc69445-4.

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Mortality caused by Inonotus tomentosus (Fr.) Teng (Tomentosus root rot) to dominant and codominant trees was found in all but one of 17 white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) plantations 43–58 years old. Even though mortality usually commences at 30–35 years, younger trees can be killed. An average of 0.7% of white spruce were killed annually over the 6-year study period.Average accumulated mortality of dominant and codominant trees was 10.3 % for all plantations. Butt cull in remaining living trees averaged 13.8% of gross merchantable volume in two plots that had been clearcut at Searchmo

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Sarvaš, M. "Effect of desiccation on the root system of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) seedlings and a possibility of using hydrogel STOCKOSORB^®for its protection." Journal of Forest Science 49, No. 11 (2012): 531–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4796-jfs.

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The aims of this study were: 1. to determine the effect of dexiccation treatment on the physiological quality of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) seedlings by measurements of electrolyte leakage from the root system; b) to test the use of hydrogl STOCKOSORB<sup>&reg;</sup> for protection of the root system of spruce seedlings during their transplanting. The results showed that desiccation treatment significantly affected the rate of electrolyte leakage (34% leakage for control seedlings and 53% in contrast with seedlings after 5 hours of desiccation). Likewise, significa

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Mareš, R. "The extent of root rot damage in Norway spruce stands established on fertile sites of former agricultural land." Journal of Forest Science 56, No. 1 (2010): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/36/2009-jfs.

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The aim of this study was to compare the degree of root rot damage in two large complexes of Norway spruce stands established on former agricultural land at fertile sites. The root rot infection was observed on the stump cutting area on both intended and salvage clear fellings. Stands in Kružberk area in the Nízký Jeseník Mts. established on arable land showed very poor stability and large root rot damage at the age of 40–50 years. In contrast, stands in Lužná area in the Javorníky Mts., founded on former sheep pastures, were markedly much less damaged at the age of 90–110 years and proved to

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Piri, Tuula, and Kari Korhonen. "Infection of advance regeneration of Norway spruce by Heterobasidion parviporum." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, no. 6 (2001): 937–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x01-021.

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The incidence of Heterobasidion root rot in the advance regeneration of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) was studied in nine stands at four different localities in southern Finland. The mean age of the unthinned advance regeneration on the 17 sample plots ranged from 14 to 44 years. On infested plots, the proportion of Norway spruce infected by Heterobasidion varied from 22.2 to 75.0% (mean 52.5%) in the overstory and from 1.8 to 68.2% (mean 21.1%) in the advance regeneration. The corresponding values on healthy-looking control plots were 06.7% (mean 5.9%) and 1.33.9% (mean 2.4%), res

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Jean, Stephanie A., Bradley D. Pinno, and Scott E. Nielsen. "Early Regeneration Dynamics of Pure Black Spruce and Aspen Forests after Wildfire in Boreal Alberta, Canada." Forests 11, no. 3 (2020): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11030333.

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Research Highlights: Black spruce (Picea mariana Mill.) and trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) both regenerated vigorously after wildfire. However, pure semi-upland black spruce stands are at increasing risk of changing successional trajectories, due to greater aspen recruitment. Background and Objectives: Black spruce and aspen are found across the boreal forest with black spruce dominating lowlands and aspen being common in uplands. Both species are well adapted to wildfire with black spruce holding an aerial seedbank while aspen reproduce rapidly via root suckering. In the summer

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Tian, Suzhong, та William D. Ostrofsky. "Butt and Root Decay in Precommercially Thinned SpruceߝFir Stands". Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 24, № 2 (2007): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/24.2.129.

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Abstract To test the effect of precommercial thinning (PCT) on butt decay development, 10 commercial thinning size spruceߝfir stands that were precommercially thinned 10ߝ24 years ago and seven unthinned (UT) control stands were assessed for butt decay incidence. The data indicate that PCT did not increase butt decay incidence for either red spruce or balsam fir compared with UT control stands. However, butt decay incidence increased with dbh, height, age, and years of PCT for balsam fir. These relationships were not found for red spruce. No significant PCT treatment effect was found for either

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Juzwik, J., C. Honhart, and N. Chong. "Cylindrocladium root rot in Ontario bare-root nurseries: estimate of spruce seedling losses." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 18, no. 11 (1988): 1493–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x88-230.

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Estimates of cylindrocladium root rot losses in three black and three white spruce compartments at five Ontario bare-root nurseries were determined through visual field assessment and seedling isolation. The causal fungus, Cylindrocladiumfloridanum Sob. & C.P. Seym., was isolated from 10–77% of the symptomatic and 0–28% of the apparently healthy seedlings in each compartment. In five compartments, estimates of mean incidence based on seedling isolations and visual assessment, were higher than those based on visual assessment alone. The percentage of living spruce (apparently healthy or sym

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Harrington, T. C. "Growth decline of wind-exposed red spruce and balsam fir in the White Mountains." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16, no. 2 (1986): 232–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x86-041.

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Overstory red spruce (Picearubens Sarg.) and balsam fir (Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill.) trees suddenly exposed to strong, turbulent winds along a ski trail cut in 1962 in New Hampshire showed growth (increment of basal area) reductions during 1974 through 1983 of 82 and 63%, respectively, compared with growth during 1954 through 1963. Growth of comparable trees on the upwind side of the ski trail did not decline during this period. Mechanical damage to crowns and roots during tree sway is proposed as the primary cause of the growth decline. Six downwind fir trees had smaller living crowns, fewer li

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Stefani, Franck O. P., Philippe Tanguay, Gervais Pelletier, Yves PichÃ¯Â¿Â½, and Richard C. Hamelin. "Impact of Endochitinase-Transformed White Spruce on Soil Fungal Biomass and Ectendomycorrhizal Symbiosis." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 8 (2010): 2607–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02807-09.

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ABSTRACT The impact of transgenic white spruce [Picea glauca (Moench) Voss] containing the endochitinase gene (ech42) on soil fungal biomass and on the ectendomycorrhizal fungi Wilcoxina spp. was tested using a greenhouse trial. The measured level of endochitinase in roots of transgenic white spruce was up to 10 times higher than that in roots of nontransformed white spruce. The level of endochitinase in root exudates of three of four ech42-transformed lines was significantly greater than that in controls. Analysis soil ergosterol showed that the amount of fungal biomass in soil samples from c

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Österås, Ann Helén, Lars Ekvall, and Maria Greger. "Sensitivity to, and accumulation of, cadmium in Betula pendula, Picea abies, and Pinus sylvestris seedlings from different regions in Sweden." Canadian Journal of Botany 78, no. 11 (2000): 1440–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b00-119.

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This study compared the sensitivity to, and uptake and distribution of, cadmium (Cd) in three tree species, Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), and European white birch (Betula pendula Roth), as well as different populations of these species. Seedlings of each species from three regions (southern, central, and northern parts of Sweden) were cultivated in nutrient solution and treated with varying concentrations of Cd. Sensitivity was determined by using the Weibull function on root and shoot dry weight and root length measurements. Cd uptake and transloca

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Ostroshenko, Valentina Y. "Prolonged effect of growth stimulants on cultivation of planting material of Koyama spruce Picea koraiensis Nakai." RUDN Journal of Agronomy and Animal Industries 18, no. 3 (2023): 309–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-797x-2023-18-3-309-319.

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Koyama spruce (Picea koraiensis Nakai) is one of the main tree species in Primorsky Krai. Due to its rapid growth, light loving characteristics and good renewal on wood cutting and burned areas in combination with high technical qualities and decorative properties that distinguish it from other Far Eastern spruces, as well as positive experience of plants in various regions of Russia, this tree species is one of the promising coniferous species of the Russian Far East for forest restoration. Koyama spruce is valuable for landscaping cities and towns. However, its introduction is constrained by

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Jalkanen, Anneli. "Growth and Morphology of Black Spruce, Jack Pine, and White Spruce Container Seedlings in Northern Ontario." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 12, no. 2 (1995): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/12.2.69.

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Abstract The development of morphological attributes of containerized seedlings during the growing season was studied in eight crops from three nurseries in Northern Ontario, including four black spruce crops, three jack pine crops, and one white spruce crop. The variability was proportionally largest in root and shoot dry mass, followed by height and diameter. During seedling growth, proportionally the variability of size did not seem to increase. In absolute scale, however, differences between individual seedlings increased more than differences between seedling trays, possibly due to compet

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