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Books on the topic 'State support to insurgent groups'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Canada. Parliament. House of Commons. Standing Committee on Secretary of State. Presentation by the Quebec Committee in Support of Visible Minority Women to the Standing Committee on the Secretary of State: March 26, 1987, Ottawa. National Action Committee on the Status of Women, 1987.

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2

The complete directory for pediatric disorders: Disorder descriptions, body systems descriptions, national & state associations, libraries & resource centers, support groups & hotlines, books & periodicals, research centers, web sites. 6th ed. Grey House Pub., 2011.

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3

Mihaylikov, Vitaliy, Pavel Voynov, Aleksandr Tarasenko, and Sergey Kolmykov. Tactical and special training. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1083291.

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The textbook deals with the basics of the legal and organizational regulation of the activities of the Department of Internal Affairs in emergency situations, highlights the tactics of the actions of the Department of Internal Affairs officers as part of service orders and functional groups during special operations, presents the methodology for calculating the forces and means of the Department of Internal Affairs when performing operational and service-combat tasks in various operational conditions, shows various tactical techniques for conducting active actions as part of a group of forces

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4

San-Akca, Belgin. States in Disguise: Causes of State Support for Rebel Groups. Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 2016.

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5

States in Disguise: Causes of State Support for Rebel Groups. Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 2016.

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6

Giustozzi, Antonio. The Taliban at War. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190092399.001.0001.

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How does the Taliban wage war? How has its war changed over time? Firstly, the movement’s extraordinary military operation relies on financial backing. This volume analyses such funding. The Taliban’s external sources of support include foreign governments and non-state groups, both of which have affected the Taliban’s military campaigns and internal politics. Secondly, this is the first full-length study of the Taliban to acknowledge and discuss in detail the movement’s polycentric character. Here not only the Quetta Shura, but also the Haqqani Network and the Taliban’s other centers of power

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7

Developing Support Groups for Students Out of State. Caps Pr, 1992.

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8

Washington (State). Aging and Adult Services Administration., ed. A Guide to caregiver support groups in Washington State. Dept. of Social & Health Services, Aging and Adult Services Administration, 1989.

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9

Washington (State). Aging and Adult Services Administration., ed. A Guide to Alzheimer support groups in Washington State. Washington State Dept. of Social & Health Services, Aging and Adult Services Administration, 1987.

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10

A Guide to caregiver support groups in Washington State. Aging and Adult Services Administration, 1990.

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11

A Guide to Alzheimer support groups in Washington State. Aging and Adult Services Administration, 1987.

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12

Ramsundar, Narissa. State Responsibility for Support of Armed Groups in the Commission of International Crimes. BRILL, 2020.

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13

Bolle, Jacques L. A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF STATE ANXIETY, SOCIAL SUPPORT, AND COPING STYLES AS PERCEIVED BY MALE HOMOSEXUALS PARTICIPATING IN THE WORRIED WELL, AIDS-RELATED COMPLEX, AND ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME SUPPORT GROUPS. 1988.

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14

Inc, Grey House Publishing, ed. The complete directory for pediatric disorders: Disorder descriptions, body systems descriptions, national & state associations, libraries & resource centers, support groups & hotlines, books & periodicals, research centers, web sites. 4th ed. Grey House Pub., 2007.

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15

Ellen, Paul, ed. The adoption directory: The most comprehensive guide to family-building options including state statutes on adoption, public and private adoption agencies, adoption exchanges, foreign requirements and adoption agencies, independent adoption services, foster parenting, and support groups. 2nd ed. Gale Research, 1995.

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16

Inclán, María. Zapatistas between Sliding Doors of Opportunity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190869465.003.0006.

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This chapter summarizes the main arguments of the book and offers an explanation of why a seemingly successful insurgent social movement might be able to mobilize sympathy and support for its agenda but fail to force state authorities to address its demands. The conclusion is that despite relative failures, through protest mobilization and the support of solidaristic social movement organizations, insurgent social movements like the Zapatista movement may be able to survive as salient actors within a new democratic regime and as iconic figures among other social movements around the world. Thi

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17

Ellen, Paul, ed. The Adoption directory: The most comprehensive guide to family-building options, including state statutes on adoption, public and private adoption agencies, adoption exchanges, foreign requirements and adoption agencies, independent adoption services, foster parenting, biological alternatives, and support groups. Gale Research, 1989.

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18

Fortin, Katharine. Control of Territory and Human Rights Obligations of Armed Groups. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808381.003.0009.

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Chapter 9 considers the relevance of control of territory to the acquisition of legal obligations by armed groups. Employing the principle of ‘effectiveness’ as its starting point, the chapter conducts a detailed analysis of the rules on State responsibility, focusing in particular on Article 9. It also charts jurisprudence from the US Supreme Court, the US-Mexico General Claims Commission, and the Franco-Italian Conciliation Commission. Finding support for the idea that States may be held responsible for the impersonal acts of armed groups, the chapter explains how this case law may give rise

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19

Rider, Toby C. The Cold War, Propaganda, and the State–Private Network. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040238.003.0002.

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This chapter traces the reemergence of the U.S. psychological warfare apparatus—particularly propaganda—during the Cold War. Though widely deployed during the Second World War, these methods were initially held back in its aftermath. Nevertheless, the machinery for psychological warfare was designed, built, and refined under the presidency of Harry S. Truman and eagerly molded by his successor, Dwight Eisenhower. That both administrations decided to pour time and energy into propaganda also reveals much about the history of the twentieth century. This chapter maps out the United States' use of

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20

Moseley, Mason W. Tracing the Roots of the Protest State in Argentina. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190694005.003.0005.

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The fifth chapter introduces the case of Argentina, a country where protest has taken root as a common characteristic of everyday political life over the past two decades. The chapter begins by analyzing the history of protest from Carlos Menem’s election in 1989 to the current Fernández de Kirchner government, arguing that it has indeed crystallized as a routine form of political participation in this regime. I attribute this trend to the weakness of political institutions and strength of Argentine civil society: the two pillars of the protest state. I then proceed to utilize survey data and

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21

Sen, Rumela. Farewell to Arms. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197529867.001.0001.

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How do rebels give up arms and return to the political system that they once sought to overthrow? Policymakers often focus on incentives like cash and jobs to lure rebels away from extremism. From the rebels’ perspective, however, physical safety is more important than these livelihood options. Rebels quit extremist groups only when they know that they can disarm without getting killed in the process. This book shows that retiring Maoist rebels in India believe that they could lose their lives after they disarm, targeted either by enemies they made during their insurgent career or by their for

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22

Inclán, María. The Zapatista Movement and Mexico's Democratic Transition. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190869465.001.0001.

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What happens to insurgent social movements that emerge during a democratic transition but fail to achieve their goals? How influential are they? Are they able to survive their initial mobilizing boom? Using the development of the Zapatista movement during Mexico’s democratic transition in the 1990s, this book seeks to answer these questions. The Zapatista movement is probably the best example of an influential and salient insurgent social movement emerging during a democratic transition that successfully mobilized sympathy and support for the indigenous agenda inside and outside of the country

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23

Barkataki-Ruscheweyh, Meenaxi. Introduction to the Tirap Area. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199472598.003.0002.

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The second chapter is a general introduction, both geographical as well as historical, to the ‘Tirap’ area where the Tangsa live in Assam. It also contains a description of the ethnic diversity of the area, where tribal groups such as the Tangsa, the Singpho, the Sema Naga and the Tai Phake live together with other communities such as the Nepali, the Ahoms and the Tea-tribes; Also discussed are the problems that the older tribal groups face as a result of the large number of new settlers coming to the area, the consequent gradual polarisation that is taking place there, and the state’s reactio

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24

Larsson, Mats, and Tom Petersson. Sweden. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198717973.003.0010.

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This chapter analyzes the prevalence of business groups in Sweden. The Swedish economy has since the early twentieth century been dominated by a rather small number of large and internationally oriented companies. The relations between banks and industry have been important in understanding the long-term growth of the Swedish economy. Two business groups—the Wallenberg group and the Handelsbanken group—stand out as especially resilient and dynamic. The Wallenberg and Handelsbanken groups have both developed into diversified business groups with a commercial bank in the center of each. The succ

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25

Verkhovsky, Alexander. The Russian nationalist movement at low ebb. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474433853.003.0007.

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This chapter examines changes in the Russian nationalist movement from Russia’s annexation of Crimea until the State Duma elections in September 2016. Since 2014, the nationalist movement has been split over which side to support in the war in Ukraine. Then, with the subsequent increase in state repression of ultra-rightists, the movement lapsed into total decline. The chapter traces activities in various sectors of Russian nationalism, discussing the separate trajectories of the pro-Kremlin and oppositional nationalists, as well as the latter group’s further subdivision into groups that suppo

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26

Rodenhäuser, Tilman. Conceptual Considerations on the Notion of ‘Crimes against Humanity’. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198821946.003.0010.

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When considering which kinds of armed groups could form the entity behind crimes against humanity, legal debate has turned around the question of whether these groups need to be ‘state-like’ or not. As the law could support different interpretations, this first chapter on crimes against humanity engages with the rich philosophical debate on the crime’s main characteristics. Discussing a variety of philosophical works on this issue, this chapter develops a new approach, arguing that crimes against humanity should be understood as large-scale crimes committed in a context in which victims are de

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27

Hintz, Lisel. Taking the Theory “Outside”. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190655976.003.0007.

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This chapter shows how identity contestation theory extends to state and non-state actors outside of Turkey, aiding understanding of how identity struggles spill over into foreign policy. It focuses on (1) the Israeli Likud Party’s efforts to shore up hardline, anti-Iran support in the US Congress; (2) India’s foreign policy shifts under the Hindu nationalist BJP; (3) Iranian moderates’ use of the nuclear deal as Western engagement to advance their position back home; and (4) anti-apartheid activists’ normative suasion tactics to force the United States to discontinue support of South Africa’s

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28

Vail, Mark I. Economic Adjustment through Group Subsidization. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190683986.003.0004.

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This chapter analyzes how the German tradition of corporate liberalism has shaped policy outcomes in fiscal policy, labor-market policy, and financial regulation since the early 1990s. After German reunification and in the wake of the fiscal-policy strictures of the Maastricht Treaty, German authorities developed reform strategies designed to support economic growth, reduce unemployment, and modernize their financial systems. In so doing, they rejected neoliberal prescriptions in favor of policies that sheltered and subsidized core groups in their export-based growth model, in particular skill

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29

Jorio, Rosa De. The Fate of Timbuktu’s Sufi Heritage. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040276.003.0006.

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This chapter deals with the destruction of the Sufi saints' mausoleums (a World Heritage Site) during the six-month occupation of Mali's northern regions by Tuareg-Islamist forces. Prior to the occupation, the government, foreign entities, and religious NGOs had deeply invested in the field of culture as a strategy to strengthen the influence of moderate Islam in Mali and to counter the Islamist groups' proselytizing in the north. The chapter investigates the symbolic implications the mausoleums' destruction held for different constituencies (e.g. Islamist groups, UNESCO representatives, the l

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30

Godsey, William D. A Commissariat for the Standing Army, c.1650–1764. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809395.003.0005.

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This chapter shows how the Estates were transformed from a military factor in the older sense of territorial defense into an essentially civilian support organization for the standing army. The growth and durability of the commissariat they established for guiding, billeting, feeding, and paying troops reflected the rise of the army and the central agency responsible for military economy known as the General Field War Commissariat. This development suggests how the Habsburg dynastic state could dispense with expensive institution-building because it was able to rely on already-extant, corporat

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31

Guisinger, Alexandra. Trade Preferences and Politics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190651824.003.0003.

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Chapter 3 introduces a novel theoretical model and empirical test for explaining variations in individuals’ expressed support for trade protection. Drawing on original survey data from 2006 and 2010, the chapter describes the state of Americans beliefs about the costs and benefits of trade for themselves, their community, and the country. To understand the sources of variation in these beliefs, the chapter offers a description of information environment on trade policy: how information sources have changed in content and influence over time; how information influence may vary across different

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32

Chhibber, Pradeep K., and Rahul Verma. Transmitting Ideology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190623876.003.0008.

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Ideology is transmitted to citizens through multiple pathways, each of which provide heuristic cues to ordinary voters. Citizens form their political views through the efforts of political parties and the political elite; their socialization, especially the kind of education they receive; the media; and through their activities in the social organization including religious associations. In India, those who are more religiously active, get their news from local and vernacular media, and do not speak English language are less likely to support either an active role for the state in transforming

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33

Goode, J. Paul. Everyday patriotism and ethnicity in today’s Russia. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474433853.003.0012.

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When does patriotism turn into nationalism? From 2001, the Kremlin promoted a multi-ethnic vision of patriotism and patriotic education in all walks of life, while publicly opposing extremist and opposition nationalism. However, the outpouring of public support for the 2014 annexation of Crimea and subsequent involvement in the Donbas in eastern Ukraine showed that patriotism and nationalism are not easily distinguished, and that the one may shift into the other. Through interviews and focus groups conducted in Russian regions, this chapter investigates how Russian citizens understand the mean

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34

McBride, Spencer W., Brent M. Rogers, and Keith A. Erekson, eds. Contingent Citizens. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501716737.001.0001.

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This book features fourteen chapters that track changes in the ways Americans have perceived the Latter-day Saints since the 1830s. From presidential politics, to political violence, to the definition of marriage, to the meaning of sexual equality—the book places Mormons in larger American histories of territorial expansion, religious mission, Constitutional interpretation, and state formation. The chapters also show that the political support of the Latter-day Saints has proven, at critical junctures, valuable to other political groups. The willingness of Americans to accept Latter-day Saints

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35

Blank, Thomas O., Lara Descartes, and Marysol Asencio. Male Patients and Their Male Caregivers (DRAFT). Edited by Youngmee Kim and Matthew J. Loscalzo. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190462253.003.0006.

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There is a dearth of literature on male-to-male caregiving relationships generally and almost none specific to cancer. Some prior studies have included male caregivers and/or male care recipients, but they have rarely separated out male–male dyads for analysis. Thus, without access to much research specific to male–male caregiving for cancer, this chapter draws on related and relevant literature, such as that on men caring for men with AIDS and interactions within prostate cancer support groups. These findings are used to describe what male–male caregiving may look like. A consideration of how

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36

Michael, Damian, and David Lindenmayer. Rocky Outcrops in Australia. CSIRO Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486307913.

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Rocky outcrops are landscape features with disproportionately high biodiversity values relative to their size. They support specialised plants and animals, and a wide variety of endemic species. To Indigenous Australians, they are sacred places and provide valuable resources. Despite their ecological and cultural importance, many rocky outcrops and associated biota are threatened by agricultural and recreational activities, forestry and mining operations, invasive weeds, altered fire regimes and climate change. Rocky Outcrops in Australia: Ecology, Conservation and Management contains ch

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37

Stewart, Frances, Gustav Ranis, and Emma Samman. Successful Transition Towards a Virtuous Cycle of Human Development and Economic Growth. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794455.003.0005.

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This chapter provides studies of politics and policies in some of the good transition countries. Countries selected include Bangladesh, Nepal, Thailand, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Bolivia, and Peru. There was no single recipe for success in economic conditions or political structures. Government determination to advance the well-being of the population appeared to be a necessary condition, but this can be motivated in different ways: through left-wing ideology, identification with particular deprived groups, a desire to advance conflict-prevention, or the need to secure popular support for re-elect

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38

Danielson, Michael S. When the Road to the Mayor’s Office Crosses the Border. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190679972.003.0004.

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Are migrant politicians more likely to align with dominant political actors or the opposition when they return home? Do they come from different socioeconomic backgrounds than non-migrants? In sum, does the political empowerment of migrants change the face of local political power in substantively important ways; or rather, does any power gained simply shore up already dominant social and political groups? To answer this question the chapter analyzes original data from a survey of municipal governments in the southern Mexico state of Oaxaca. The analysis finds that migrant mayors were more lik

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39

Freer, Courtney. Politicians or Preachers? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190861995.003.0005.

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This chapter continues tracing the development of the Muslim Brotherhood affiliates in Kuwait, Qatar, and the UAE. It focuses on the period of expansion of the Brotherhood after the fall of Arab Nationalism from the 1970s through the 1990s, with a view to how Ikhwan movements used their ties with governments and their social appeal to earn more popular support. It presents case studies of Brotherhood activities within Kuwait, Qatar, and the UAE during this period to show that the forms adopted by Brotherhood movements in the super-rentiers, similar to Ikhwan elsewhere in the region, were dicta

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40

Ballvé, Teo. The Frontier Effect. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501747533.001.0001.

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This book challenges the notion that in Urabá, Colombia, the cause of the region's violent history and unruly contemporary condition is the absence of the state. Although the book takes this locally oft-repeated claim seriously, it demonstrates that Urabá is more than a case of Hobbesian political disorder. Through this exploration of war, paramilitary organizations, grassroots support and resistance, and drug-related violence, the book argues that Urabá, rather than existing in statelessness, has actually been an intense and persistent site of state-building projects. Indeed, these projects h

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41

Camargo, José Jailton. Perfis políticos e resistência: O Paraná e a ditadura (1964-1985). Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5016-389-1.

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This research presents resistance actions effected by people who were residing in Paraná state during the civil-military dictatorship of 1964. This research focuses on personal action, although almost all the people who were mentioned were connected to any political or social movement. The objective is to understand actions taken by individuals, without privileging the groups they belonged, and actions that were registered by the agents of repression in their records and individual folders. The primary sources used in the research are available at Paraná’s Public Archives Department, in the co

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42

Pinho, Patricia de Santana. Mapping Diaspora. University of North Carolina Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469645322.001.0001.

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Brazil, like some countries in Africa, has become a major destination for African American tourists seeking the cultural roots of the black Atlantic diaspora. Drawing on over a decade of ethnographic research as well as textual, visual, and archival sources, Patricia de Santana Pinho investigates African American roots tourism, a complex, poignant kind of travel that provides profound personal and collective meaning for those searching for black identity and heritage. It also provides, as Pinho’s interviews with Brazilian tour guides, state officials, and Afro-Brazilian activists reveal, econo

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43

Poore, Gary CB, Shane T. Ahyong, and Joanne Taylor, eds. Biology of Squat Lobsters. CSIRO Publishing, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643104341.

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Squat lobsters of the superfamilies Chirostyloidea and Galatheoidea are highly visible crustaceans on seamounts, continental margins, shelf environments, hydrothermal vents and coral reefs. About 1000 species are known. They frequently feature in deep-sea images taken by submersibles and are caught in large numbers by benthic dredges. Some species are so locally abundant that they form ‘red tides’. Others support a variety of important fisheries.  The taxonomy of squat lobsters has been intensively studied over the past few decades, making them one of the best known deepwater crustacean

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44

Béland, Daniel, Kimberly J. Morgan, and Christopher Howard, eds. Oxford Handbook of U.S. Social Policy. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199838509.001.0001.

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This Oxford Handbook pulls together much of our current knowledge about the origins, development, functions, and challenges of American social policy. After the introduction, the first substantive part of the handbook offers a historical overview of U.S. social policy from the colonial era to the present. This is followed by a set of chapters on different theoretical perspectives for understanding and explaining the development of social policy in the United States. The four following parts of the volume focus on concrete social programs for the elderly, the poor and near-poor, the disabled, a

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45

Tromly, Benjamin. Cold War Exiles and the CIA. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198840404.001.0001.

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During the height of the Cold War in the 1950s, the United States government unleashed covert operations intended to weaken the Soviet Union. As part of these efforts, the CIA undertook support of Russian exiles, populations uprooted either during World War II or by the Russian Revolution decades before. No one seemed better prepared to fight in the American secret war against communism than the uprooted Russians, whom the CIA directed to carry out propaganda, espionage, and subversion operations from their home base in West Germany. Yet the American engagement of Russian exiles had unpredicta

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46

O'Neill, Daniel C. Dividing ASEAN and Conquering the South China Sea. Hong Kong University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789888455966.001.0001.

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The “ASEAN Way” is based on the principle of consensus; any individual member state effectively has a veto over any proposal it does not support. This book analyzes how China uses its financial power and influence to divide the member countries of ASEAN in order to prevent them from acting collectively to resolve their territorial disputes with China in the South China Sea. Comparative case studies of China’s relations with Cambodia, the Philippines, and Myanmar illustrate that the regime type in the country with which China is interacting plays an important role in enhancing or constraining C

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47

Vogel, David. California Greenin'. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691196176.001.0001.

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Over the course of its 150-year history, California has successfully protected its scenic wilderness areas, restricted coastal oil drilling, regulated automobile emissions, preserved coastal access, improved energy efficiency, and, most recently, addressed global climate change. How has this state, more than any other, enacted so many innovative and stringent environmental regulations over such a long period of time? This book shows why the Golden State has been at the forefront in setting new environmental standards, often leading the rest of the nation. From the establishment of Yosemite, Am

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48

Üngör, Uğur Ümit. Paramilitarism. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825241.001.0001.

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From the deserts of Sudan to the jungles of Colombia, and from the streets of Belfast to the mountains of Kurdistan, paramilitaries have appeared in violent conflicts in very different settings. Paramilitaries are generally depicted as irregular armed organizations that carry out acts of violence against civilians on behalf of a state. In doing so, they undermine the state’s monopoly of legitimate violence, while at the same time creating a breeding ground for criminal activities. Why do governments with functioning police forces and armies use paramilitary groups? This book tackles this quest

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49

Fuchs, Simon Wolfgang. In a Pure Muslim Land. University of North Carolina Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469649795.001.0001.

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Centering Pakistan in a story of transnational Islam stretching from South Asia to the Middle East, Simon Wolfgang Fuchs offers the first in-depth ethnographic history of the intellectual production of Shi‘is and their religious competitors in this “Land of the Pure.” The notion of Pakistan as the pinnacle of modern global Muslim aspiration forms a crucial component of this story. It has empowered Shi'is, who form about twenty percent of the country's population, to advance alternative conceptions of their religious hierarchy while claiming the support of towering grand ayatollahs in Iran and

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50

Schmitz, Hans Peter. Transnational Human Rights Networks: Significance and Challenges. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.354.

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Transnational human rights networks refer to a form of cross-border collective action that seeks to promote compliance with universally accepted norms. Principled transnational activism began to draw sustained scholarly attention after the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 and the creation of a new type of information-driven and impartial transnational activism, embodied in organizations such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch. Scholarship on transnational human rights networks emerged during the 1990s within the subfield of International Relations and

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