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Journal articles on the topic 'Streptococcus pneumoniae'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 June 2025

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Park, Hee Kuk, Sang-Jae Lee, Jang Won Yoon, et al. "Identification of the cpsA gene as a specific marker for the discrimination of Streptococcus pneumoniae from viridans group streptococci." Journal of Medical Microbiology 59, no. 10 (2010): 1146–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.017798-0.

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Streptococcus pneumoniae, the aetiological agent of pneumonia and non-gonococcal urethritis, shares a high degree of DNA sequence identity with the viridans group of streptococci, particularly Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus oralis. Although their clinical and pathological manifestations are different, discrimination between S. pneumoniae and its close viridans cocci relatives is still quite difficult. Suppression subtractive hybridization was performed to identify the genomic differences between S. pneumoniae and S. mitis. Thirty-four resulting S. pneumoniae-specific clones were examined by sequence determination and comparative DNA sequence analysis using blast. S. pneumoniae-specific primers were subsequently designed from one of the clonal DNA sequences containing the cps gene (coding for capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis). The primer specificities were evaluated using 49 viridans streptococci including 26 S. pneumoniae, 54 other streptococci, 14 Lactococcus species, 14 Enterococcus species and three Vagococcus species, and compared with the specificities of previously described autolysin (lytA), pneumolysin (ply), Spn9802 and Spn9828 primers. The newly designed cpsA-specific primer set was highly specific to S. pneumoniae and was even better than the existing primers. These findings may help improve the rapid identification and differentiation of S. pneumoniae from closely related members of the viridans group streptococci.

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Soenarti, Sri, Yannita Wijaya, Adhya Pratama, et al. "Prevalence of streptococcus pneumoniae in elderly with pneumonia: A meta-analysis and systematic review in Asia." Deka in Medicine 1, no. 2 (2024): e278. http://dx.doi.org/10.69863/dim.2024.e278.

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BACKGROUND: There is currently insufficient study focusing on comprehensive studies that thoroughly assess the prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae specifically among elderly patients with pneumonia in Asia. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae as a causative factor of pneumonia among elderly populations in Asian countries. METHODS: This meta-analysis was designed to systematically collect data from PubMed, Scopus, and Embase within the timeframe of January to February 2024. The study focused on gathering prevalence data of Streptococcus pneumoniae among elderly patients diagnosed with pneumonia in Asian countries. Statistical analysis employed a single-arm meta-analysis methodology to consolidate and evaluate the cumulative prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae in this specific population group. RESULTS: The total sample included in our study comprised 15 articles. Through our analysis, we found that the cumulative prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae among elderly patients diagnosed with pneumonia in Asia was 9% (Event rate: 0.09; 95% CI: 0.06, 0.12; Egger's test: p = 0.7047; p Heterogeneity < 0.0001; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Streptococcus pneumoniae remains a plausible causative agent of pneumonia in elderly Asian populations.

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Гатагонова, Tamara Gatagonova, Цаллагова, Olga Tsallagova, Болиева, and Laura Bolieva. "Antibiotic resistance of strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia in the republic of North Ossetia-Alania." Vladikavkaz Medico-Biological Bulletin 20, no. 30 (2014): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/11806.

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An increase of antibiotic resistance of bacteria, in particular, Streptococcus pneumoniae, has been registered recently in most developed countries. This necessitates the study of regional characteristics of etiological structure of causative bacterial agents of community-acquired pneumonia and their sensitivity to antibiotics. The aim of the study was to study the spectrum of bacterial pathogens of community-acquired pneumonia and the sensitivity of Streptococcus pneumoniae to antimicrobial agents in hospitalized patients in the Republic of North Ossetia - Alania. Bacteriological examination of sputum with definition of sensitivity of isolated strains of bacteria to antibiotics was performed in 270 patients with community-acquired pneumonia. According to our data, the main causative agent of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized patients in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania is Streptococcus pneumoniae. III generation cephalosporins, respiratory fluoroquinolones, macrolides, showed high activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from hospitalized patients. Low activity of natural and semi-synthetic penicillins was shown. The obtained results allow optimizing of antimicrobial therapy of community-acquired pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae.

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Kim, Gyu-Lee, Seung-Han Seon, and Dong-Kwon Rhee. "Pneumonia and Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccine." Archives of Pharmacal Research 40, no. 8 (2017): 885–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12272-017-0933-y.

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Tang, Kuo-Shu, Chih-Min Tsai, Ming-Chou Cheng, Ying-Hsien Huang, Chih-Hao Chang, and Hong-Ren Yu. "Salivary Biomarkers to Differentiate between Streptococcus pneumoniae and Influenza A Virus-Related Pneumonia in Children." Diagnostics 13, no. 8 (2023): 1468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13081468.

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Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is common among children and can be fatal in certain conditions. In children, CAP can be caused by viral or bacterial infections. Identification of pathogens can help select appropriate therapeutic strategies. Salivary analysis may be a potential diagnostic tool because it is noninvasive, patient-friendly, and easy to perform in children. A prospective study was conducted in children with pneumonia admitted to a hospital. Salivary samples from patients with definite Streptococcus pneumoniae and influenza A strains were used for gel-free (isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)) proteomics. No statistically significant difference was detected in salivary CRP levels between Streptococcus pneumoniae and influenza A pneumonia in children. Several potential salivary biomarkers were identified using gel-free iTRAQ proteomics to differentiate pneumonia from Streptococcus pneumoniae or influenza A virus infections in pediatric patients. ELISA validated that Streptococcus pneumoniae group has a higher abundance of salivary alpha 1-antichymotrypsin than those in the influenza A group. Whether these salivary biomarkers can be used to distinguish other bacteria from viral pneumonia requires further verification.

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Koshkarina, Е. A., O. V. Kovalishena, N. V. Saperkin, V. V. Krasnov, Р. G. Zubarov, and O. М. Chekanina. "Assessment of current laboratory diagnosis of pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia." Fundamental and Clinical Medicine 5, no. 4 (2020): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.23946/2500-0764-2020-5-4-21-29.

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Aim. To investigate the aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalised children and to evaluate the accuracy of the methods for its laboratory confirmation. Materials and Methods. We performed descriptive and cross-sectional epidemiological studies. Results of the rapid immunochromatographic assay (ICT) were compared with those obtained by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results. DNA of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae was found in 65.5% and 13.8% of the patients. Microbial associations were observed in 13.7% of patients (Mycoplasma pneumoniae + Streptococcus pneumoniae, 10.3%; Streptococcus pneumoniae + Haemophilus influenzae, 3.4%). Chlamydophila pneumoniae and SARS-CoV-2 were not detected. The cause of community-acquired pneumonia was not identified in 6.9% of the cases. A diagnostic accuracy of ICT was 27.58% and its sensitivity was relatively small (9.09%; 95% CI 1; 29), compared with a relatively high specificity (85.7%; 95% CI 42; 100). Conclusions. Rapid ICT assay must be accompanied by the PCR or other diagnostic methods for the diagnosis of pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia in children.

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Khairani, Tetty Noverita, Khairani Fitri, Loura Novilla, Fahma Shufyani, and Liza Fiska. "Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Metanol Bunga Tapak Dara (Catharanthus roseus) Terhadap Bakteri Streptococcus pneumoniae dan Bakteri Klebsiella pneumoniae." Journal of Pharmaceutical And Sciences 5, no. 2 (2022): 438–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.36490/journal-jps.com.v5i2.162.

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Pendahuluan: Pneumonia adalah infeksi akut yang mengenai jaringan paru-paru (alveoli) yang dapat disebabkan oleh bakteri, virus, dan jamur. Sebagian besar disebabkan oleh bakteri. Adapun gejala berupa panas tinggi disertai batuk berdahak, napas cepat (frekuensi nafas >50 kali/menit), sesak, serta gejala lainnya (sakit kepala, gelisah dan nafsu makan berkurang). Tujuan: untuk mengetahui aktivitas anti bakteri dan konsentrasi yang paling baik dari ekstrak metanol bunga tapak dara terhadap bakteri Streptococcus pneumonia dan Klebsiella pneumoniae. Metode: pada penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian eksperimental, yaitu kegiatan percobaan yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui variable bebas, variabel terikat dan juga parameter dari penelitian. Tahap penelitian meliputi pengambilan sampel, pembuatan simplisia, pembuatan ekstrak, pengujian karateristik simplia dan ekstrak, uji daya hambat ekstrak bunga tapak dara terhadap bakteri patogen (Streptococcus pneumoniae dan Klebsiella pneumoniae) dengan perbandingan antibiotik doksisiklin. Hasil: ekstrak metanol bunga tapak dara memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap bakteri Streptococcus pneumonia dan Klebsiella pneumonia. Dimana uji aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak metanol bunga tapak dara pada bakteri Streptococcus pneumonia menunjukkan rata-rata zona hambat masing konsentrasi yaitu : 10% (12,6 mm), 15% (13,26 mm), 20% (15,26 mm). Dan pada bakteri Klebsiella pneumoniae menunjukkan rata-rata zona hambat masing konsentrasi yaitu 10% (12,86 mm), 15% (13,71 mm), 20% (15,86 mm). Kesimpulan: bahwa ekstrak metanol bunga tapak dara memiliki aktivitas antibakteri dan konsentrasi yang paling baik untuk menghambat bakteri Streptococcus pneumonia dan Klebsiella pneumonia adalah konsentrasi 20%.

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Limelette, Anne, Thomas Guillard, Marie Laure Boubee, et al. "Necrotizing pneumonia due to Streptococcus pneumoniae." Annales de biologie clinique 73, no. 4 (2015): 491–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1684/abc.2015.1064.

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Palmer, D. L. "Laboratory Diagnosis of Streptococcus pneumoniae Pneumonia." Journal of Infectious Diseases 151, no. 2 (1985): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/151.2.378.

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Bauer, Torsten, Santiago Ewig, María A. Marcos, Gerhard Schultze-Werninghaus, and Antoni Torres. "STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE IN COMMUNITY-AQUIRED PNEUMONIA." Medical Clinics of North America 85, no. 6 (2001): 1367–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-7125(05)70385-0.

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Olarte, Liset, and Mary Anne Jackson. "Streptococcus pneumoniae." Pediatrics in Review 42, no. 7 (2021): 349–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.2020-0062.

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Eagle, Kim, and David M. Phillips. "Streptococcus pneumoniae." New England Journal of Medicine 329, no. 7 (1993): 477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejm199308123290706.

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Fouch, Sarah. "Streptococcus pneumoniae." Biomedical & Life Sciences Collection 2024, no. 10 (2024): e1006446. http://dx.doi.org/10.69645/wndj4866.

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Vaughan, David J., Glenn S. Tillotson, and Keith P. Klugman. "Streptococcus pneumoniae." Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice 15, no. 2 (2007): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.idc.0000239722.78078.17.

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SHEFF, BARBARA. "Streptococcus pneumoniae." Nursing 29, no. 3 (1999): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-199903000-00006.

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Geslin, P., A. Fremaux, and G. Sissia. "Streptococcus pneumoniae." Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses 21, no. 4 (1991): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0399-077x(05)81406-4.

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&NA;. "STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE." Shock 14, no. 5 (2000): 582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00024382-200014050-00015.

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Greenberg, David. "Streptococcus pneumoniae." Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection 48, no. 2 (2015): S16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2015.02.157.

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Guan, Shanshan, Ketong Zhu, Yanjiao Dong, et al. "Exploration of Binding Mechanism of a Potential Streptococcus pneumoniae Neuraminidase Inhibitor from Herbaceous Plants by Molecular Simulation." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 3 (2020): 1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21031003.

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Streptococcus pneumoniae can cause diseases such as pneumonia. Broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy for Streptococcus pneumoniae is increasingly limited due to the emergence of drug-resistant strains. The development of novel drugs is still currently of focus. Abundant polyphenols have been demonstrated to have antivirus and antibacterial ability. Chlorogenic acid is one of the representatives that has been proven to have the potential to inhibit both the influenza virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. However, for such a potential neuraminidase inhibitor, the interaction mechanism studies between chlorogenic acid and Streptococcus pneumoniae neuraminidase are rare. In the current study, the binding mechanism of chlorogenic acid and Streptococcus pneumoniae neuraminidase were investigated by molecular simulation. The results indicated that chlorogenic acid might establish the interaction with Streptococcus pneumoniae neuraminidase via hydrogen bonds, salt bridge, and cation-π. The vital residues involved Arg347, Ile348, Lys440, Asp372, Asp417, and Glu768. The side chain of Arg347 might form a cap-like structure to lock the chlorogenic acid to the active site. The results from binding energy calculation indicated that chlorogenic acid had strong binding potential with neuraminidase. The results predicted a detailed binding mechanism of a potential Streptococcus pneumoniae neuraminidase inhibitor, which will be provide a theoretical basis for the mechanism of new inhibitors.

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Bekawi, D., A.-M. Gierke, S. A. Hasan, W. Al-Zyoud, and M. Hessling. "Photoinactivation of Streptococcus cristatus and Streptococcus vestibularis by 222 and 254 nm UVC Irradiation." Acta Microbiologica Bulgarica 40, no. 4 (2024): 563–67. https://doi.org/10.59393/amb24400416.

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Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the world’s most important pathogens, causing over 800,000 deaths annually without being the only pathogenic Streptococcus species. This motivates research in strep¬tococci disinfection approaches, including UVC and Far-UVC irradiation, and identifying suitable sur¬rogates for the development and testing of disinfection measures and systems. Therefore, the UVC and Far-UVC sensitivity of two non-pathogenic Streptococcus strains should be investigated and, if possible, assessed for their suitability as S. pneumoniae surrogates. The non-pathogenic streptococci Streptococcus vestibularis and Streptococcus cristatus were irradiated with Far-UVC (222 nm) and conventional UVC (254 nm) in phosphate-buffered saline. Exponential photoinactivation was observed for both strains and wavelengths. The determined log-reduction doses at 222 / 254 nm for S. vestibularis and S. cristatus were 1.8/1.7 mJ/cm2 and 5.2/4.2 mJ/cm2, respectively. Both species were slightly more sensitive to 254 nm irra¬diation. However, their photosensitivity differed by more than a factor of two at both wavelengths. Never¬theless, UVC and Far-UVC are very effective against streptococci, and the observed log-reduction doses fit very well in the broad range of the few so far published values. However, as no reliable log-reduction doses of S. pneumoniae were identified, no assessment of the suitability of S. vestibularis or S. cristatus as S. pneumoniae surrogate could be performed. Considering the many fatal streptococci infections, more in¬vestigations into their UVC and Far-UVC sensitivities should be performed with a focus on S. pneumoniae.

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Sodik, Jajang, and Yani Mulyani. "Penicillin Binding Protein Mutation and Beyond: A Comprehensive Approach to Addressing Streptococcus pneumoniae Resistance." Sciences of Pharmacy 2, no. 1 (2023): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.58920/sciphar02010050.

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Antibiotic resistance is a critical issue that threatens global health. Streptococcus pneumoniae, a common respiratory pathogen, has developed resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, which is of great concern. The primary mechanism of β-lactam resistance in S. pneumoniae is the acquisition of PBP genes from related species through recombination, resulting in changes in penicillin-binding proteins that affect cell wall synthesis. This mini-review summarized the understanding of β-lactam resistance in S. pneumoniae, focusing on the mechanisms and factors influencing resistance development. We conducted a comprehensive literature search using PubMed and Google Scholar, with the keywords ‘Resistant Streptococcus pneumonia’, ‘Mechanism of Streptococcus pneumoniae resistant’, and ‘Penicillin Resistant on Binding Protein of Streptococcus pneumonia’. Our literature review revealed that the prevalence of β-lactam resistance in S. pneumoniae has increased, leading to treatment failures and mortality rates. In addition to acquiring PBP genes, mutations in other PBP and non-PBP genes can contribute to resistance. Furthermore, S. pneumoniae has intrinsic resistance to various antibiotics, including first-generation polypeptides, aminoglycosides, and quinolones. Our review highlights the importance of understanding the complex mechanisms of β-lactam resistance and the need for continued efforts to monitor and control antibiotic resistance in S. pneumoniae. Further research is needed to explore novel strategies for combating antibiotic resistance in this pathogen.

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Al-Kaabi, Nawal, Ziad Solh, Samantha Pacheco, Louise Murray, Isabelle Gaboury, and Nicole Le Saux. "A Comparison of Group A Streptococcus Versus Streptococcus pneumoniae Pneumonia." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 25, no. 11 (2006): 1008–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.inf.0000243198.63255.c1.

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Salsabila, Lu’lu Luqyana Amirah, Rachmat Faisal Syamsu, Dian Fahmi Utami, Yani Sodiqah, and Dwi Anggita. "Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Buah Tin (Ficus carica L.) Terhadap Bakteri Streptococcus pneumoniae." Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Batanghari Jambi 24, no. 2 (2024): 973. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/jiubj.v24i2.4737.

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Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is a normal flora in the respiratory tract that can mutate into pathogenic bacteria that cause Invasive Pneumococcal Disease (IPD) such as pneumonia. The high prevalence of pneumonia causes antibiotics to be the appropriate therapy to treat cases of infection by bacteria. However, the use of antibiotics that are not indicated can lead to other health problems, namely antibiotic resistance. One of the efforts that can be made to reduce the rate of antibiotic resistance is the utilization of natural-based antibiotics. One of the plants that has potential as a natural antibiotic is Tin fruit (Ficus carica L.) which is thought to be due to the presence of antibacterial compounds in it, namely tannins, phenols, and flavonoids. The specialty of Tin fruit is also mentioned in the Qur'an surah At-Tiin verse 1 which means "By (the fruit) Tin and (the fruit) Olive". To determine the antibacterial activity of Tin fruit (Ficus carica L.) against Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria. The research conducted was a true experimental post test study using the disc diffusion method (Kirby Bauer method) to see the effectiveness of Tin fruit extract (Ficus carica L.) in inhibiting the growth of Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria. Tin fruit extract (Ficus carica L.) with a concentration of 50% is resistant to Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria with an inhibition diameter of 4.35 mm. While the 100% concentration is sensitive in inhibiting the growth of Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria with an inhibition diameter of 19.45 mm. Tin fruit extract (Ficus carica L.) has antibacterial activity in inhibiting the growth of Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria.

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Toikka, P. "Streptococcus pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae coinfection in community acquired pneumonia." Archives of Disease in Childhood 83, no. 5 (2000): 413–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.83.5.413.

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阮, 金平. "Research Progress on Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pneumonia and Streptococcus pneumoniae Pneumonia in Children." Advances in Clinical Medicine 13, no. 04 (2023): 5262–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/acm.2023.134745.

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Mozef, Tjandrawati, Dodi Safari, Muhamad Eka Prastya, Vera Permatasari, and Chandra Risdian. "Optimization of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Reaction for Detecting Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotypes in Clinical Nasopharynx Swab Samples." E3S Web of Conferences 503 (2024): 07010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202450307010.

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Current molecular PCR-based methods for identifying Streptococcus pneumoniae, the primary cause of pneumonia, meningitis, and other invasive diseases, are accurate but require expensive infrastructure and have a long run time, which restricts their use, particularly in developing countries. LAMP, or loop-mediated isothermal amplification, is a low-cost alternative to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that can be used quickly because the reaction only takes place at a constant temperature. We aimed to develop a LAMP assay for rapid detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes in nasopharynx swab samples. The LAMP primers were designed using a conserved region of the lytA gene. An incubation time range of 30 to 60 minutes was studied to optimize the LAMP reaction. The real-time fluorescence intensity was monitored during the amplification reaction. Clinical nasopharynx swab samples identified as Streptococcus pneumoniae and their serotypes were tested to evaluate the performance of LAMP. To investigate the specificity of the LAMP, Streptococcus species samples and non-Streptococcus species samples were analyzed. In conclusion, the optimized LAMP assay is capable of detecting Streptococcus pneumoniae and its serotypes in nasopharynx swab samples.

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Balsalobre, Luz, María José Ferrándiz, Josefina Liñares, Fe Tubau, and Adela G. de la Campa. "Viridans Group Streptococci Are Donors in Horizontal Transfer of Topoisomerase IV Genes to Streptococcus pneumoniae." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 47, no. 7 (2003): 2072–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.47.7.2072-2081.2003.

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ABSTRACT A total of 46 ciprofloxacin-resistant (Cipr) Streptococcus pneumoniae strains were isolated from 1991 to 2001 at the Hospital of Bellvitge. Five of these strains showed unexpectedly high rates of nucleotide variations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of their parC, parE, and gyrA genes. The nucleotide sequence of the full-length parC, parE, and gyrA genes of one of these isolates revealed a mosaic structure compatible with an interspecific recombination origin. Southern blot analysis and nucleotide sequence determinations showed the presence of an ant-like gene in the intergenic parE-parC regions of the S. pneumoniae Cipr isolates with high rates of variations in their parE and parC QRDRs. The ant-like gene was absent from typical S. pneumoniae strains, whereas it was present in the intergenic parE-parC regions of the viridans group streptococci (Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus oralis). These results suggest that the viridans group streptococci are acting as donors in the horizontal transfer of fluoroquinolone resistance genes to S. pneumoniae.

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İnan Sarıkaya, Rukiye, and Ömer Karaşahin. "Benign Purpura Secondary to Streptococcus pneumoniae Associated Pneumonia." Flora the Journal of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology 28, no. 3 (2023): 569–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5578/flora.20239729.

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Abu-Helalah, Munir, Asma’a Al-Mnayyis, Hamed Alzoubi, et al. "Epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotypes in Jordan Amongst Children Younger than the Age of 5: A National Cross-Sectional Study." Vaccines 11, no. 9 (2023): 1396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11091396.

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Introduction: Streptococcus pneumoniae infections are a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. In Jordan, pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) are not included in the national vaccination program. Due to the current availability of several PCVs, including PCV-10, PCV-13, and PCV-15, along with PCV-20, currently undergoing pediatric approvals globally, the decision to introduce PCVs and their selection should be based on valid local data on the common serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Methods: This cross-sectional study aimed to identify the frequency of serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae in children aged below 5 years hospitalized with invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPDs), including pneumonia, septicemia, and meningitis, during the study’s duration in representative areas of Jordan. Serotyping for culture-positive cases was based on the capsular reaction test, known as the Quellung reaction. qPCR was conducted on the blood samples of patients with lobar pneumonia identified via X-ray or on cerebrospinal fluid for those with a positive latex agglutination test for Streptococcus pneumoniae. Results: This study was based on the analysis of the serotypes of 1015 Streptococcus pneumoniae cases among children younger than the age of 5: 1006 cases with pneumonia, 6 cases with meningitis, and 3 cases with septicemia. Only 23 culture-positive cases were identified in comparison to 992 lobar pneumonia cases, which were PCR-positive but culture-negative, with a PCR positivity rate of 92%. Serotypes 6B, 6A, 14, and 19F were the most common serotypes identified in this study, with prevalence rates of 16.45%, 13.60%, 12.12%, and 8.18%, respectively. PCV-10, PCV-13, PCV-15, and PCV-20 coverage rates were 45.32%, 61.87%, 64.14%, and 68.47%, respectively. Discussion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest prospective study from the Middle East and one of the largest studies worldwide showing the serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae. It reveals the urgency for the introduction of a PCV vaccination in Jordan, utilizing recently developed vaccines with a broader serotype coverage.

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Alieh, Lotfi Nejad *. Mansour Amin and Mitra Salehi. "PCR DETECTION OF STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE DNA FROM NASOPHARYNX OF THE PATIENTS WITH ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTION." Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 04, no. 06 (2017): 1762–67. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.823485.

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Causing pneumonia, sepsis, meningitis, and otitis media often in young children and elderly adults, streptococcus pneumoniae is considered as not only an aggressive pathogen but a normal part of the human respiratory microbiome, as well. To identify S. pneumoniae, some methods which are mostly culture-based are usually used. In general, occasionally being validated by DNA-based methods, culture-based detection methods depend on optochin susceptibility, agglutination, and bile-solubility. In the current study, a total number of 93 nasopharyngeal samples were collected from patients with acute respiratory infection. Isolates of S. pneumoniae were confirmed by α-hemolysis of colonies appeared, optochin sensitivity, and bile solubility. The presence of ply gene was also discovered by PCR. 7 (7.53%) isolates among 93 nasopharyngeal samples were confirmed as S. pneumoniae by all of phenotypic tests, while the PCR assay revealed that 19 isolates (20.43%) were positive for virulence gene, ply. The present study found out the identification of Streptococcus pneumoniae should be based on phenotypic tests and at least a molecular method such as PCR. Keywords: PCR, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Ply, Nasopharynx

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Abateneh, Dejene Derseh, Abera Kumalo Shano, and Teshale Worku Dedo. "Nasopharyngeal Carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Associated Factors among Children in Southwest Ethiopia." Open Microbiology Journal 14, no. 1 (2020): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874285802014010171.

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Background: In Ethiopia, Streptococcus pneumoniae is the predominant causative agent of pneumonia. About, 95% of bacterial pneumonia cases in under five years of children are caused by pneumococci. Objective: To assess the nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae, its antibiotic susceptibility pattern, and associated factors among children in Southwest Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 01, 2018, to December 30, 2018. A total of 293 children aged ≤15 years were included in the study using a systematic random sampling technique. A nasopharyngeal swab was collected using a sterile cotton swab and cultured on blood agar supplemented with 5μg/ml gentamicin. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. Results: The ages of participants ranged from 5 months to 14 years. The carriage rate of Streptococcus pneumoniae was 74/293 (25.3%). Being within the age group <3 years, the habit of sleeping with parent(s)/guardians and numbers of rooms per household were significantly associated with pneumococcal carriage. Streptococcus pneumoniae showed the highest resistance to Tetracycline, 36 (48.65%), and Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, 29 (39.2%), and was found to be susceptible to Chloramphenicol, 54 (77%), and Erythromycin, 38 (51.4%). Conclusion: The nasopharyngeal carriage rate of Streptococcus pneumoniae is considerably high. High antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae against Tetracycline and Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole was observed. Living in a house with a single room, children’s habit of sleeping with parents/guardians and age are associated factors of high pneumococcal carriage. Strategies need to be designed to address the modifiable associated factors and the bacterium antibiotic resistance pattern should be monitored regularly.

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Doerschuk, C. M., R. K. Winn, H. O. Coxson, and J. M. Harlan. "CD18-dependent and -independent mechanisms of neutrophil emigration in the pulmonary and systemic microcirculation of rabbits." Journal of Immunology 144, no. 6 (1990): 2327–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.144.6.2327.

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Abstract Neutrophil (PMN) migration in the systemic and pulmonary circulation of rabbits was compared by using different inflammatory stimuli to determine the role of the leukocyte adhesion complex, CD11/CD18, in each of these vascular beds. The adhesion complex was blocked by administering the anti-CD18 mAb 60.3. The data show that mAb 60.3 blocks PMN emigration into inflammatory foci in the abdominal wall produced by implanting sponges containing either hydrochloric acid, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli endotoxin, or PMA. mAb 60.3 also inhibited PMN emigration in response to peritoneal instillation of S. pneumoniae. The effect of mAb 60.3 on PMN emigration in the lungs varied depending upon the stimulus. PMN failed to migrate into the PMA-induced pneumonia; however, mAb 60.3 pretreatment only partially inhibited endotoxin-induced pneumonia and did not inhibit S. pneumoniae or hydrochloric acid-induced pneumonias. PMN lavaged from the alveolar spaces in the Streptococcal pneumonia had similar quantities of mAb 60.3 bound to their surfaces as the circulating PMN. We conclude that the CD11/CD18 complex mediates PMN adherence in the systemic circulation. However, PMN adherence in the pulmonary circulation may occur by either CD18-dependent or -independent mechanisms that are specific to the inciting stimulus.

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Jinno, Sadao, and Michael R. Jacobs. "Pneumonia Due to Drug-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae." Current Infectious Disease Reports 14, no. 3 (2012): 292–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11908-012-0260-x.

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Shorr, A., M. Zilberberg, S. Micek, and M. Kollef. "Azithromycin and Mortality in Streptococcus pneumoniae Pneumonia." Chest 142, no. 4 (2012): 147A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.1383017.

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Wyllie, Anne L., Yvonne Pannekoek, Sandra Bovenkerk, et al. "Sequencing of the variable region of rpsB to discriminate between Streptococcus pneumoniae and other streptococcal species." Open Biology 7, no. 9 (2017): 170074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsob.170074.

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The vast majority of streptococci colonizing the human upper respiratory tract are commensals, only sporadically implicated in disease. Of these, the most pathogenic is Mitis group member, Streptococcus pneumoniae . Phenotypic and genetic similarities between streptococci can cause difficulties in species identification. Using ribosomal S2-gene sequences extracted from whole-genome sequences published from 501 streptococci, we developed a method to identify streptococcal species. We validated this method on non-pneumococcal isolates cultured from cases of severe streptococcal disease ( n = 101) and from carriage ( n = 103), and on non-typeable pneumococci from asymptomatic individuals ( n = 17) and on whole-genome sequences of 1157 pneumococcal isolates from meningitis in the Netherlands. Following this, we tested 221 streptococcal isolates in molecular assays originally assumed specific for S. pneumoniae , targeting cpsA , lytA , piaB , ply , Spn9802, zmpC and capsule-type-specific genes. Cluster analysis of S2-sequences showed grouping according to species in line with published phylogenies of streptococcal core genomes. S2-typing convincingly distinguished pneumococci from non-pneumococcal species (99.2% sensitivity, 100% specificity). Molecular assays targeting regions of lytA and piaB were 100% specific for S. pneumoniae , whereas assays targeting cpsA , ply , Spn9802, zmpC and selected serotype-specific assays (but not capsular sequence typing) showed a lack of specificity. False positive results were over-represented in species associated with carriage, although no particular confounding signal was unique for carriage isolates.

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Sadowy, Ewa, Agnieszka Bojarska, Alicja Kuch, et al. "Relationships among streptococci from the mitis group, misidentified as Streptococcus pneumoniae." European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 39, no. 10 (2020): 1865–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10096-020-03916-6.

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Abstract The aim of our study was to investigate phenotypic and genotypic features of streptococci misidentified (misID) as Streptococcus pneumoniae, obtained over 20 years from hospital patients in Poland. Sixty-three isolates demonstrating microbiological features typical for pneumococci (optochin susceptibility and/or bile solubility) were investigated by phenotypic tests, lytA and 16S rRNA gene polymorphism and whole-genome sequencing (WGS). All isolates had a 6-bp deletion in the lytA 3′ terminus, characteristic for Mitis streptococc and all but two isolates lacked the pneumococcal signature cytosine at nucleotide position 203 in the 16S rRNA genes. The counterparts of psaA and ply were present in 100% and 81.0% of isolates, respectively; the spn9802 and spn9828 loci were characteristic for 49.2% and 38.1% of isolates, respectively. Phylogenetic trees and networks, based on the multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) scheme, ribosomal multilocus sequence typing (rMLST) scheme and core-genome analysis, clearly separated investigated isolates from S. pneumoniae and demonstrated the polyclonal character of misID streptococci, associated with the Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae and Streptococcus mitis groups. While the S. pseudopneumoniae clade was relatively well defined in all three analyses, only the core-genome analysis revealed the presence of another cluster comprising a fraction of misID streptococci and a strain proposed elsewhere as a representative of a novel species in the Mitis group. Our findings point to complex phylogenetic and taxonomic relationships among S. mitis-like bacteria and support the notion that this group may in fact consist of several distinct species.

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Leris, Diana, and Media Rosha. "Model Matematika Penyebaran Penyakit Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan Akut (ISPA) Berdasarkan Lokasi Anatomi Akibat Bakteri Streptococcus Pneumoniae." Journal of Mathematics UNP 8, no. 2 (2023): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/unpjomath.v8i2.14330.

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Streptococcus pneumoniae is a bacterium that attacks the human respiratory tract. Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria cause respiratory diseases in the form of pneumonia, otitis media, sinusitis, sepsis, peritonitis, and abscesses. The purpose of this study was to establish, analyze, and interpret the mathematical model of the spread of Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) based on the anatomical location of the Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria. In the mathematical population formation model, the human population is divided into six population groups: susceptible, exposes, sinusitis infections, otitis media infections, pneumonia infections, and recovered. An analysis of the stability of the system around the equilibrium point produces two points, namely, disease-free points, which will be asymptotically stable if βπ<μ(μ+ε+ρ). While the endemic point of the desease will be asymptotically stable if βπ-μ(μ+ε+ρ>0.

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Stroo, Ingrid, Sacha Zeerleder, Chao Ding, et al. "Coagulation factor XI improves host defence during murine pneumonia-derived sepsis independent of factor XII activation." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 117, no. 08 (2017): 1601–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/th16-12-0920.

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SummaryBacterial pneumonia, the most common cause of sepsis, is associated with activation of coagulation. Factor XI (FXI), the key component of the intrinsic pathway, can be activated via factor XII (FXII), part of the contact system, or via thrombin. To determine whether intrinsic coagulation is involved in host defence during pneumonia and whether this is dependent on FXII activation, we infected in parallel wild-type (WT), FXI knockout (KO) and FXII KO mice with two different clinically relevant pathogens, the Gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae and the Gram-negative bacterium Klebsiella pneumoniae, via the airways. FXI deficiency worsened survival and enhanced bacterial outgrowth in both pneumonia models. This was accompanied with enhanced inflammatory responses in FXI KO mice. FXII KO mice were comparable with WT mice in Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia. On the contrary, FXII deficiency improved survival and reduced bacterial outgrowth following infection with Klebsiella pneumoniae. In both pneumonia models, local coagulation was not impaired in either FXI KO or FXII KO mice. The capacity to phagocytose bacteria was impaired in FXI KO neutrophils and in human neutrophils where activation of FXI was inhibited. Deficiency for FXII or blocking activation of FXI via FXIIa had no effect on phagocytosis. Taken together, these data suggest that FXI protects against sepsis derived from Streptococcus pneumoniae or Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumonia at least in part by enhancing the phagocytic capacity of neutrophils by a mechanism that is independent of activation via FXIIa.Supplementary Material to this article is available online at www.thrombosis-online.com.

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Setiyani, Theresia, Dewi Klarita Furtuna, and Fatma Ria. "Pengaruh Ekstrak Daun Kemangi (Ocimum basilicum L.) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Streptococcus pneumoniae Secara In Vitro." Herb-Medicine Journal: Terbitan Berkala Ilmiah Herbal, Kedokteran dan Kesehatan 5, no. 3 (2023): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.30595/hmj.v5i3.15840.

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Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common bacterium that causes community-acquired pneumonia. Basil leaves (Ocimum basilicum L.) have antibacterial compounds. The results of the phytochemical screening showed that basil leaves contain saponins, tannins and essential oils which have antibacterial activity. The purpose of this study was to prove the antibacterial effect of basil leaf extract (Ocimum basilicum L.) on the growth of Streptococcus pneumoniae . This study was conducted using the disc diffusion method, namely by soaking paper discs in basil leaf extract which had been prepared with concentration solutions of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% for 15-30 minutes, then incubated at 37oC for 24 hours, then observed. clear zone formed. The results of this study were clear zones formed at each concentration of basil leaf extract. Basil leaf extract at concentrations of 25%, 50% and 75% can inhibit the growth of Streptococcus pneumoniae and the minimum inhibitory concentration is 25%.Keywords: Basil leaves (Ocimum basilicum L.), Antibacterial, Streptococcus pneumoniae

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SANDS, MICHAEL, RICHARD B. BROWN, MARY RYCZAK, and WILLIAM HAMILTON. "Streptococcus pneumoniae Endocarditis." Southern Medical Journal 80, no. 6 (1987): 780–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007611-198706000-00029.

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Gottlieb, Tom. "Streptococcus Pneumoniae serotyping." Pathology 21, no. 2 (1989): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00313028909059555.

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Sadowy, Ewa, and Waleria Hryniewicz. "Identification of Streptococcus pneumoniae and other Mitis streptococci: importance of molecular methods." European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 39, no. 12 (2020): 2247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10096-020-03991-9.

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AbstractThe Mitis group of streptococci includes an important human pathogen, Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) and about 20 other related species with much lower pathogenicity. In clinical practice, some representatives of these species, especially Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae and Streptococcus mitis, are sometimes mistaken for S. pneumoniae based on the results of classical microbiological methods, such as optochin susceptibility and bile solubility. Several various molecular approaches that address the issue of correct identification of pneumococci and other Mitis streptococci have been proposed and are discussed in this review, including PCR- and gene sequencing-based tests as well as new developments in the genomic field that represents an important advance in our understanding of relationships within the Mitis group.

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Углева, Т. Н., and О. Н. Ушакова. "ETIOLOGY OF COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA IN CHILDREN BEFORE AND AFTER AN ERA OF CONJUGATE VACCINES." Vestnik SurGU. Meditsina 16, no. 3 (2023): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.35266/2304-9448-2023-3-75-82.

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The study aims to analyze changes in the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in children before and after use of conjugate vaccinations against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b in order to develop diagnostic strategies and empirical methods of treatment. The scientific literature on demographic indicators and the trigger profile of community-acquired pneumonia in children before and after massive use of conjugate vaccines in many countries was searched for in PubMed, Web of Science, and RISC and reviewed. Routine Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccination rapidly lowered the morbidity and severity of community-acquired pneumonia in children. There was a dramatic decline in common bacterial triggers and an increase in viruses and atypical bacteria (Mycoplasma pneumoniae) in the etiology of community-ac- quired pneumonia in children.

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Regev-Yochay, Gili, Krzysztof Trzciński, Claudette M. Thompson, Richard Malley, and Marc Lipsitch. "Interference between Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus: In Vitro Hydrogen Peroxide-Mediated Killing by Streptococcus pneumoniae." Journal of Bacteriology 188, no. 13 (2006): 4996–5001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00317-06.

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ABSTRACT The bactericidal activity of Streptococcus pneumoniae toward Staphylococcus aureus is mediated by hydrogen peroxide. Catalase eliminated this activity. Pneumococci grown anaerobically or genetically lacking pyruvate oxidase (SpxB) were not bactericidal, nor were nonpneumococcal streptococci. These results provide a possible mechanistic explanation for the interspecies interference observed in epidemiologic studies.

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Zhu, Huiping, Jianjun Dong, Xufeng Xie, and Lei Wang. "Comparison between the molecular diagnostic test and chest X-ray combined with multi-slice spiral CT in the diagnosis of lobar pneumonia." Cellular and Molecular Biology 67, no. 3 (2021): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.14715/cmb/2021.67.3.18.

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Lobar pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung that mainly affects the lobes of the lungs and the alveoli, and it is usually caused by a bacterial infection. There are many ways to diagnosis this disease. But an early and accurate method for lobar pneumonia diagnosis has an important role in its treatment. Therefore, in this study, a comparison between the molecular diagnostic test and chest x-ray combined with multi-slice spiral CT was done to find out better diagnosis of lobar pneumonia. For this purpose, 122 individuals suspected of lobar pneumonia were studied by clinical examination, chest X-ray, and multi-slice spiral CT. For the molecular diagnosis test, the multiplex PCR was used for two main causes of the disease, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Results showed that the specificity for Chest X-ray + Multi-slice Spiral CT had the highest amount (82.8%), but high sensitivity (100%) belonged to a molecular diagnostic test for both bacteria. On the other hand, the sensitivity and specificity of Streptococcus pneumoniae were better than Klebsiella pneumoniae and the possibility of error in Streptococcus pneumoniae was lower than Klebsiella pneumoniae. In general, although the Chest X-ray + Multi-slice Spiral CT method was better than the molecular diagnosis test, it could not identify the causative agent and did not show a difference between pathogens for better antibiotic treatment, and also the possibility of diagnosis is low at the beginning of the disease. Therefore, according to the results of the current study, the best way to diagnose lobar pneumonia is to use both methods, simultaneously.

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Andy Suryadi, A. Mu’thi, Moh Adam Mustapa, and Sintiya Basiru. "UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK METANOL DAUN KECUBUNG (Datura metel L.) TERHADAP BAKTERI Streptococcus pneumonia DAN Klabsiella pneumonia." Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education 1, no. 3 (2021): 179–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.37311/ijpe.v1i3.11776.

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Infectious disease is a disease caused by microbes, including bacteria. One of the microorganisms that often causes infectious disease is Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klabsiella pneumoniae. Based on empirical data, plant that has antimicrobial potential is amethyst leaves (Datura metel L.). This study aims to know the antibacterial activity and concertration of amethyst leaves (Datura metel L.) against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klabsiella pneumonia. This is an experimental study which includes antibacterial activity test, MIC (Minimum Inhibitor Concertration) test, MFC (Minimum Fungicidal Concertration) test, and bacterial potency test. The finding shows that the antibacterial activity test of amethyst leaves (Datura metel L.) methanol extract is able to inhibit bacterial growth of Streptococcus pneumonia at a minimum inhibitor concertration of 15% and an optimum concertration of 50% with an average of 16.33 mm and 19.30 mm. Meanwhile, for Klabsiella pneumoniae, the minimum inhibitor concertration is 20% and the optimum concertration is 50%, with an average of 13.82 mm and 17.73 mm. this is based on the results of One Way Anova data (a 0.01) with a 99% confidance level.

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Anh, Nguyen Thi Hien, Le Thi Kim Anh, Tran Thi Van Phuong, et al. "Clinical characteristics of pediatric patients with pneumonia and Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype distribution at Hai Phong Children’s Hospital, Vietnam." Tạp chí Y học Dự phòng 34, no. 4 (2024): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.51403/0868-2836/2024/1744.

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Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) is a major cause of pneumonia in pediatric health concerns. Effective vaccination strategies depend on understanding serotype distribution and its correlation with clinical manifestations. This study aims to describe the serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains at Hai Phong Children’s Hospital, Vietnam. Conducted at Hai Phong Children’s Hospital in Vietnam from November 2022 to September 2023, our cross-sectional study enrolled 428 pediatric pneumonia patients. Nasopharyngeal fluid specimens were collected to isolate S. pneumoniae by culture and confirmed by Real-time PCR. S. pneumoniae serotyping was performed by realtime PCR. Medical records provided symptom and medical history data. Out of 428 samples, 66.8% tested positive for S. pneumoniae. Among confirmed cases by real-time PCR, 82.6% were typeable, with predominant serotypes being 6A/B (16.4%), 19F (14.9%), 15B/C (11.4%), 19A (11.0%), and 15A/15F (7.8%). Notably, 70.7% of strains belonged to vaccine-covered serotypes. Cough (96.5%), tachypnea (78.7%), fever (56.1%), and wheezing (52.8%) were the most frequent symptoms. Notably, cough, tachypnea, wheezing, and chest indrawing (29.0%) significantly correlated with pneumococcal pneumonia. Positive S. pneumoniae cultures also correlated with chest X-ray findings. Our study reveals a high prevalence of S. pneumoniae in pediatric patients with pneumonia in Vietnam. Insights into serotype distribution, clinical characteristics of pneumonia cases offer valuable guidance for optimizing vaccination programs and enhancing disease management.

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FUKANO, Hiroshi, Naoyuki MIYASHITA, Kimihiro MIMURA, et al. "Comparison of Clinical Presentation of Mixed Pneumonia with Chlamydia pneumoniae and Streptococcus pneumoniae and S. pneumoniae pneumonia." Journal of the Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases 78, no. 2 (2004): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi1970.78.108.

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Rehab abdulhassan Ajed and Basim abdulhussein Jarullah. "Molecular Study of (Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae) in respiratory infections patients in thiqar province." University of Thi-Qar Journal of agricultural research 13, no. 2 (2024): 679–86. https://doi.org/10.54174/z5mdce11.

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The high death and hospitalization rates caused by bacterial respiratory infections make them a major worldwide health problem. Acute otitis media, bacterial rhinosinusitis, pharyngotonsillitis, bronchitis, and community-acquired pneumonia are among the common respiratory tract illnesses caused by common bacterial respiratory infections, which include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Haemophilus influenzae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Legionella pneumophila. The study aimed to detect (Mycoplasma pneumoniae) and Streptococcus pneumoniae that caused respiratory infections and determined if it caused this infection. The study included 140 patients (67males and 73 females) who were suffering from respiratory infections, ages ranging from 10-80 years, in a period from 1 September 2023 to 1 February 2024, all of the 140 samples collected from Nasiriyah Teaching Hospital, Center for Chest Diseases and Respiratory Diseases in Nasiriyah, Souq Al-Shuyoukh General Hospital, Alhussein Teaching Hospital, Private Clinics in Shatrah. Specimens included a sputum sample and oropharyngeal swab for direct detecting by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) Diagnosis is based on the presence of the (16s rRNA) gene to detect (Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae) patients had with un-cultivated bacteria where 3\140(2.14%) of patients had infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae and 6\140(4.28%) with Streptococcus pneumoniae The present study was conducted that the most detected bacterial in female group 6 (75.0%), while in the male group 2 (25.0%), in addition, the most isolated bacteria in female group were both M. pneumoniae 3 (50.0%), and S. pneumoniae 3 (50%),whil in age groups in first group 3, while non-detected bacteria in both fourth and seventh age group 0,

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Okabe, Teppei, Yosuke Kamiya, Takeshi Kikuchi, et al. "Porphyromonas gingivalis Components/Secretions Synergistically Enhance Pneumonia Caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in Mice." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 23 (2021): 12704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222312704.

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Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important causative organism of respiratory tract infections. Although periodontal bacteria have been shown to influence respiratory infections such as aspiration pneumonia, the synergistic effect of S. pneumoniae and Porphyromonas gingivalis, a periodontopathic bacterium, on pneumococcal infections is unclear. To investigate whether P. gingivalis accelerates pneumococcal infections, we tested the effects of inoculating P. gingivalis culture supernatant (PgSup) into S. pneumoniae-infected mice. Mice were intratracheally injected with S. pneumoniae and PgSup to induce pneumonia, and lung histopathological sections and the absolute number and frequency of neutrophils and macrophages in the lung were analyzed. Proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine expression was examined by qPCR and ELISA. Inflammatory cell infiltration was observed in S. pneumoniae-infected mice and S. pnemoniae and PgSup mixed-infected mice, and mixed-infected mice showed more pronounced inflammation in lung. The ratios of monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils were not significantly different between the lungs of S. pneumoniae-infected mice and those of mixed-infected mice. PgSup synergistically increased TNF-α expression/production and IL-17 production compared with S. pneumoniae infection alone. We demonstrated that PgSup enhanced inflammation in pneumonia caused by S. pneumoniae, suggesting that virulence factors produced by P. gingivalis are involved in the exacerbation of respiratory tract infections such as aspiration pneumonia.

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