Academic literature on the topic 'Support-seals'

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Journal articles on the topic "Support-seals"

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Osinga, Nynke, and Pieter ‘t Hart. "Harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) and rehabilitation." NAMMCO Scientific Publications 8 (September 1, 2010): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/3.2699.

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Throughout the past few decades, rehabilitation of seals has become an activity that is anchored in the present day society of many countries. Seals are primarily rehabilitated to help individual animals in distress. At the same time, the release of seals which would have otherwise died can be considered as a contribution to the population. Most rehabilitated seals are animals under one year of age. They are mainly orphans, weaned seals with complications and seals with a parasiticbronchopneumonia. For the optimal handling of seals and their diseases, centralised operations with quality standa
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Zhai, Lulu, Zhang Zhenjie, Chi Zhonghuang, and Guo Jia. "Dynamic analysis of liquid annular seals with herringbone grooves on the rotor based on the perturbation method." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 6 (2018): 180101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180101.

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Annular seals have significant effects on the hydraulic and rotordynamic performances of turbomachinery. In this paper, an analysis method for calculating the leakage flow rates and dynamic characteristics of liquid annular seals with herringbone grooves on the rotor is proposed and verified. Leakage flow rates and dynamic characteristics of the model seals under different operating conditions are theoretically analysed and compared with those of plain and spiral-grooved seals of the same size. In addition, the influence of geometric parameters such as spiral angle and the lengths of the const
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Bester, Marthán N., Albert W. Erickson, and J. Willem H. Ferguson. "Seasonal change in the distribution and density of seals in the pack ice off Princess Martha Coast, Antarctica." Antarctic Science 7, no. 4 (1995): 357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102095000502.

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During the period 9 December 1991–4 February 1992 shipboard and aerial surveys of seals in the pack ice off the Princess Martha Coast were made. All aerial surveys were flown from the MV SA Agulhas at the edge of the fast ice opposite SANAE at 70°19′S, 02°26′W. A total of 18 1/2-nm-wide transects were flown censusing 481.3 nm2 of pack ice within which 1437 seals were counted. The species composition of the seals was 94.4% crabeater, 3.4% Ross, 1.4% leopard and 0.8% Weddell seals. The density of seals nm−2 for the early season surveys (December) in the inner pack was 1.92 for crabeater, 0.0 for
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Liu, Dongjiao, Peijun Zhang, Yamian Wang, Zhichuang Lu, Wanxin Deng, and Songhai Li. "Hybrids Between Gray Seals (Halichoerus grypus) and Spotted Seals (Phoca largha): A Case of Xeno-Breeding Preference in Pinnipeds." Aquatic Mammals 49, no. 6 (2023): 550–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1578/am.49.6.2023.550.

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Generally, a species is defined as an independent unit that is reproductively isolated from others. However, deviations from this definition are not uncommon. For example, cross-fertilization in pinnipeds has been reported among at least 10 species. Herein, we describe an unexpected hybridization that occurred between female gray seals (Halichoerus grypus) and male spotted seals (Phoca largha) in the presence of adult male gray seals in a mixed-species seal population under human care. To our knowledge, these are the first cases of gray and spotted seal hybrids ever reported. The three hybridi
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Stirling, Ian, and Nils Are Øritsland. "Relationships between estimates of ringed seal (Phoca hispida) and polar bear (Ursus maritimus) populations in the Canadian Arctic." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52, no. 12 (1995): 2594–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f95-849.

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Analysis of estimates of population size of ringed s,eals (Phoca hispida) and polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from several areas indicated that estimates of one predicted the range of expected population size of the other in areas where ringed seals constitute the primary prey. In some areas, the closeness of this relationship indicates where estimates of either seals or bears may be inaccurate. The number of seals required to support a population of polar bears of predetermined size was estimated independently using both behavioral and energetic data. Behavioral estimates of the number of seals
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Kaneko, S., H. Kamei, Y. Yanagisawa, and H. Kawahara. "Experimental Study on Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Annular Plain Seals With Porous Materials." Journal of Tribology 120, no. 2 (1998): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2834404.

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Static and dynamic characteristics are experimentally investigated for annular plain seals with porous materials applied to the seal surface by insertion into the middle of the seal. Experimental results show that annular plain seals with porous materials have a higher leakage flow rate, larger main stiffness coefficients, and smaller cross-coupled stiffness coefficients and main damping coefficients than conventional annular plain seals with solid surfaces. In the porous seals, an increase of approximately 30 percent in the leakage flow rate and reduction of the same amount in the main dampin
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Li, Ruizhu, Yue Lu, Yutian Yu, et al. "Investigation on Long-Term Stability of Vermiculite Seals for Reversible Solid Oxide Cell." Molecules 28, no. 3 (2023): 1462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28031462.

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A reversible solid oxide cell (RSOC) integrating solid oxide fuel (SOFC) and a solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) usually utilizes compressive seals. In this work, the vermiculite seals of various thickness and compressive load during thermal cycles and long-term operation were investigated. The leakage rates of seals were gradually increased with increasing thickness and input gas pressure. The thinner seals had good sealing performance. The compressive load was carried out at thinner seals, the possible holes were squeezed, and finally the leakage rates were lower. With a fixed input gas p
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Ruscher, Brandi, Jillian M. Sills, Beau P. Richter, and Colleen Reichmuth. "In-air hearing in Hawaiian monk seals: implications for understanding the auditory biology of Monachinae seals." Journal of Comparative Physiology A 207, no. 4 (2021): 561–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00359-021-01498-y.

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AbstractThe auditory biology of Monachinae seals is poorly understood. Limited audiometric data and certain anatomical features suggest that these seals may have reduced sensitivity to airborne sounds compared to related species. Here, we describe the in-air hearing abilities of a Hawaiian monk seal (Neomonachus schauinslandi) trained to participate in a psychophysical paradigm. We report absolute (unmasked) thresholds for narrowband signals measured in quiet conditions across the range of hearing and masked thresholds measured in the presence of octave-band noise at two frequencies. The behav
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Liang, Xiaobin, Fan Fei, Weifeng Ma, Ke Wang, Junjie Ren, and Junming Yao. "Study on Suitability Evaluation Method of Non-Metallic Seals in Long Distance Hydrogen-Doped Natural Gas Pipelines." Processes 12, no. 11 (2024): 2353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr12112353.

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Hydrogen doping using existing natural gas pipelines is a promising solution for hydrogen transportation. A large number of non-metallic seals are currently used in long-distance natural gas pipelines. Compared with metallic seals, non-metallic seals have the advantages of corrosion resistance, light weight, and easy processing, which can improve the safety and economy of pipelines. In order to ensure the long-term safe use of seals in hydrogen-doped natural gas pipelines, this paper selects the non-metallic seals commonly used in long-distance natural gas pipelines and carries out the hydroge
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Tougaard, Jakob, Kristian Beedholm, and Peter T. Madsen. "Comment on “Similar susceptibility to temporary hearing threshold shifts despite different audiograms in harbor porpoises and harbor seals” [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 155, 396–404 (2024)] (L)." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 157, no. 1 (2025): 538–41. https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0035452.

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Gransier and Kastelein [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 155, 396–404 (2024)] present a review of selected studies on temporary threshold shift (TTS) in seals and porpoises. In contrast to the conclusion made in the paper, the results presented are fully consistent with the current understanding that sound exposure level is the best overall predictor of TTSs in marine mammals. If all available TTS studies on seals and porpoises exposed to narrowband noise are included, there is support neither for the conclusion that seals and porpoises are equally susceptible to TTSs nor for their claim that audiograms ar
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Support-seals"

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Жуков, Олексій Миколайович. "Підвищення ефективності виготовлення елементів торцевих імпульсних ущільнень турбомашин нанесенням функціональних покриттів". Thesis, Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", 2019. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/42529.

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Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.02.08 – технологія машинобудування. Об’єкт дослідження – технологічний процес формування функціональних покриттів на поверхні елементів торцевих імпульсних ущільнень турбомашин. Предмет дослідження – закономірності технологічного процесу формоутворення поверхні із заданими експлуатаційними властивостями, що забезпечують необхідну якість (довговічність, зносостійкість, працездатність) торцевих імпульсних ущільнень турбомашин. Метою дослідження є забезпечення працездатності торцевих імпульсних ущільнень (ТІУ)
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Жуков, Олексій Миколайович. "Підвищення ефективності виготовлення елементів торцевих імпульсних ущільнень турбомашин нанесенням функціональних покриттів". Thesis, Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", 2019. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/42528.

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Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.02.08 – технологія машинобудування. – Національний технічний університет «Харківський політехнічний інститут», Харків, 2019. Дисертація присвячена вирішенню науково-технічної задачі забезпечення працездатності торцевих імпульсних ущільнень (ТІУ) турбомашин шляхом удосконалення технології виготовлення кілець із композиційних матеріалів, що поєднують у собі механічну міцність основи та захисні властивості покриттів. Проведено аналіз технології виготовлення й особливостей експлуатації ТІУ, з метою пошуку техно
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Позовний, Олександр Олександрович, Александр Александрович Позовный та Oleksandr Oleksandrovych Pozovnyi. "Вплив багатошпаринних ущільнень на герметичність та вібронадійність відцентрових насосів". Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2021. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/86323.

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Дисертаційна робота присвячена розробленню методики розрахунку та вдосконаленню геометрії багатошпаринних ущільнень відцентрових насосів. Наукове обґрунтування та опрацювання методики визначення статичних і динамічних силових характеристик та уточнений розрахунок величини витоків в багатошпаринних ущільненнях дають змогу покращити вже існуючі конструкції та підвищити енергоефективність при забезпеченні допустимо низького рівню вібрацій роторів відцентрових насосів. На основі аналізу літературних джерел встановлено можливість підвищення загального коефіцієнту корисної дії (К.К.Д.) відцентрових
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Books on the topic "Support-seals"

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Darack, Ed. Final Mission of Extortion 17: Special Ops, Helicopter Support, SEAL Team Six, and the Deadliest Day of the U. S. War in Afghanistan. Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, 2022.

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The final mission of Extortion 17: Special ops, helicopter support, SEAL Team Six, and the deadliest day of the U.S. war in Afghanistan. Smithsonian Books, 2017.

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Book chapters on the topic "Support-seals"

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Dudzinski, Kathleen, Isabelle Charrier, Christine Erbe, et al. "Aquatic Mammals." In Exploring Animal Behavior Through Sound: Volume 2. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-83460-8_9.

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Abstract Marine mammals include species that depend on the ocean for all or part of their life needs: mysticetes (baleen whales), odontocetes (toothed whales, dolphins, and porpoises), pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, fur seals, and walruses), sirenians (manatees and dugongs), and the marine carnivores (sea otters and polar bears). A few other groups of mammals are adapted to a semiaquatic (or amphibious) life: rodents such as the beaver (Castor canadensis), muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus), and capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris); several mustelids such as the river otter (Lontra canadensis), giant
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Senigaglia, Valeria, Dorian Houser, Capri Jolliffe, and Christine Erbe. "Biological Significance of Responses to Noise." In Marine Mammal Acoustics in a Noisy Ocean. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-77022-7_11.

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Abstract This chapter complements the detailed behavioral responses presented in Chap. 10 by identifying their potential cumulative impact and biological significance. While essential for a comprehensive impact assessment and population viability analyses, empirical quantification of cumulative impact is rare, due to a lack of long-term monitoring studies. This chapter presents the latest methodological framework to assess the biological significance of short- and long-term effects of acoustic disturbance at the population level. The chapter provides examples of empirical studies based on a sm
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"Chapter 9. Dry Gas Seals, Auxiliaries, and Support Systems." In Compressor Technology Advances. De Gruyter, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110678765-011.

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Davis, Rachel Meredith. "Displaying Support for Women’s Lineage: Late Medieval Seals and Family Identity." In Gender in Scotland, 1200-1800. Edinburgh University Press, 2024. https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781399512985.003.0010.

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This chapter analyses a group of seals used among three Scottish kinship groups descended from the Stewarts of Menteith and Abernethy to consider how men and women conceived of their elite status – and, by extension, their identity – within the Scottish nobility of late medieval Scotland. This chapter argues for the importance of female lineage amongst elite Scottish families rather than a prioritisation of male lineage and that women’s use of heraldry in seal design was not formulaic; rather, the seals considered for this study show a careful curation of identity, memory and power. These find
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Davis, Rachel Meredith. "NINE Displaying Support for Women’s Lineage: Late Medieval Seals and Family Identity." In Gender in Scotland, 1200-1800. Edinburgh University Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781399513005-014.

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"Storying." In Oceaning. Duke University Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/9781478059011-005.

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Drones or unpersonned vehicles are mobile sensing technologies that collapse space and enhance proximity between scientists and marine species. As such, they improve the collection of biological data—images, migration maps, and fluid samples, for example. But while the drone's benefits to oceanography are apparent, it is less clear what marine species receive for their participation in data collection. This chapter documents the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and its use of ocean-surface Saildrones to follow northern fur seals in the Bering Sea. It interrogates the multispe
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Goldfinger, Eliot. "Animals with Limb Variations Skeleton & Superficial Muscles (Side View)." In Animal Anatomy for Artists. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195142143.003.0013.

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Kangaroo characteristics: Forelimb small; has five digits with strong claws. Large, powerful hind limb with long, strong, narrow foot. Muscular thigh; muscle mass of lower leg positioned on upper half, toward knee. In foot, large fourth and smaller fifth digits transmit force during locomotion; first digit missing, small digits two and three bound together by skin. Long tail, thick at base, used for body support at rest and balance during hopping. Fast locomotion is by leaping with hind limbs only. Walking: Hind limbs, forelimbs, and tail in contact with ground at various times. Sitting: Body
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Saltzstein, Jennifer. "Trouvère Identities." In Song, Landscape, and Identity in Medieval Northern France. Oxford University PressNew York, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197547779.003.0003.

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Abstract This chapter addresses the biographies of the trouvères who figure prominently in later chapters, such as Gace Brulé, Thibaut IV, Simon d’Authie, and Gilles le Vinier. After discussing the limited historical data known about the trouvères, the chapter shows that most of the prominent trouvères were either knights or clerics, and that as such, they were attached to well-established group identities. The chapter shows that medieval sources, particularly the songbooks known as A, M, T, and a, highlight these identities as well as the noble identities of the patrons who funded their produ
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Mildren, Scott D., Richard R. Hillis, Paul J. Lyon, Jeremy J. Meyer, David N. Dewhurst, and Peter J. Boult. "Fast." In Evaluating Fault and Cap Rock Seals. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1306/1060757h23163.

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Abstract Postcharge fault reactivation may cause fault seal breach. We present a new methodology for assessment of the risk of reactivation-related seal breach: fault analysis seal technology (FAST). The methodology is based on the brittle failure theory and, unlike other geomechanical methods, recognizes that faults may show significant cohesive strength. The likelihood of fault reactivation, which is expressed by the increase in pore pressure (Δ P) necessary for fault to reactivate, can be determined given the knowledge of the in-situ stress field, fault rock failure envelope, pore pressure,
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Conference papers on the topic "Support-seals"

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Rajadurai, Sivanandi, Shiju Jacob, Chad Serrell, Rob Morin, and Zlatomir Kircanski. "Durable Catalytic Converter Mounting with Protective and Support Seals." In Powertrain & Fluid Systems Conference and Exhibition. SAE International, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2006-01-3419.

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Pannikottu, Abraham, Joseph A. Seiler, and Jerry J. Leyden. "Non-Linear Finite Element Analysis Support Testing for Gaskets and Seals." In ASME 1998 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1998-1112.

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Abstract Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) refers to the use of computers to perform design calculations for determining an optimum shape and size for a variety of engineering applications. This modern concept of engineering management has led to important advances in the design and production of components used in aerospace, automotive, electronics and other industries throughout the world. Computer-Aided Engineering enables an engineer to test design ideas by simulating the function of the part on the computer. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is one of these computer simulation techniques which
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Corral, Roque, and Almudena Vega. "Conceptual Flutter Analysis of Labyrinth Seals Using Analytical Models: Part I — Theoretical Support." In ASME Turbo Expo 2018: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2018-75958.

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A simple non-dimensional model to describe the flutter onset of labyrinth seals is presented. The linearized equations for a control volume which represents the inter-fin seal cavity, retaining the circumferential unsteady flow perturbations created by the seal vibration, are used. Firstly, the downstream fin is assumed to be choked, whereas in a second step the model is generalized for unchocked exit conditions. An analytical expression for the non-dimensional work-per-cycle is derived. It is concluded that the stability of a two-fin seal, depends on three non-dimensional parameters, which al
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BŁASIAK, S. "Analysis of Pressure Distribution in Non-Contacting Impulse Gas Face Seals." In Terotechnology XII. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644902059-37.

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Abstract. Strict norms regarding the emission of harmful substances into the natural environment impose stringent requirements on engineers designing sealing units, especially when designing new mechanical seals. This especially concerns mechanical non-contacting seals with various surface layer modifications. Complex mathematical models that enable analyzing complex physical phenomena are developed to support the designing works. The presented paper includes specification of the impulse gas face seals mathematical model which takes into consideration the non-linear Reynolds equation. The math
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Childs, Dara W., David A. Elrod, and Keith Hale. "Rotordynamic Coefficient and Leakage Test Results for Interlock and Tooth-on-Stator Labyrinth Seals." In ASME 1988 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/88-gt-87.

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Test results (leakage and rotordynamic coefficients) are presented for an interlock and tooth-on-stator labyrinth seals. Tests were carried out with air at speeds out to 16,000 cpm and supply pressures up to 7.5 bars. The rotordynamic coefficients consist of direct and cross-coupled stiffness and damping coefficients. Damping-coefficient data have not previously been presented for interlock seals. The test results support the following conclusions: (a) The interlock seal leaks substantially less than labyrinth seals. (b) Destabilizing forces are lower for the interlock seal. (c) The labyrinth
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Schoar, Schaham, Arno Elspaß, Stefan Kleszczynski, Hans Josef Dohmen, and Friedrich-Karl Benra. "Validation of a numerical model to support the design of additively manufactured aerostatic dry gas seals carried out on a test bench through use of seals with defined permeabilities." In European Conference on Turbomachinery Fluid Dynamics and Thermodynamics. European Turbomachinery Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29008/etc2021-541.

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Morad, Omar, Raine Viitala, and Vesa Saikko. "Frictional behavior of marine lip seals: Sensitivity to operational parameters." In International Sealing Conference. VDMA Fluidtechnik, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.61319/babruxju.

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Marine lip seals are a topic seldom studied in published literature compared with other types of lip seals. Marine lip seals are unique in their harder material compound and larger diameters, in addition to higher operational oil pressures. This paper explores the behavior of marine thruster lip seals with a nominal diameter of 300 mm under normal operating conditions. The counterface is a stainless-steel shaft liner coated with tungsten carbide. The lip seals and counterfaces studied are commonly used in marine applications. A test device was designed and constructed to study the effects of d
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Demiroglu, Mehmet, Mustafa Gursoy, and John A. Tichy. "An Investigation of Tip Force Characteristics of Brush Seals." In ASME Turbo Expo 2007: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2007-28042.

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Thanks to their compliant nature and superior leakage performance over conventional labyrinth seals, brush seals found increasing use in turbomachinery. Utilizing high temperature super-alloy fibers and their compliance capability these seals maintain contact with the rotor for a wide range of operating conditions leaving minimal passage for parasitic leakage flow. Consequently, the contact force/pressure generated at seal rotor interface is of importance for sustained seal performance and longevity of its service life. Although some analytical and numerical models have been developed to estim
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Li, Jun, Xin Yan, and Zhenping Feng. "Effects of Pressure Ratio and Fin Pitch on Leakage Flow Characteristics in High Rotating Labyrinth Seals." In ASME Turbo Expo 2006: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2006-91145.

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Labyrinth seals represent an important flow element in the sealing equipment of modern turbomachinery industries. The straight-through and stepped labyrinth seal are widely used in modern steam turbine due to their comparable simple structure and low manufactured costs. The influence of pressure ratio and fin pitch on the leakage flow characteristics of the straight-through and stepped labyrinth seals is numerically determined. The pressure ratio is defined as the outlet static pressure divided by the inlet total pressure. The fin pitch varied in the fixed axial distance of the labyrinth seal.
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Schneider, Raymond E., Mathew C. Jacob, Michael T. Coon, Peter Niedermeier, and Jürgen Kaufmann. "An Advanced RCP Seal Design for Coping With Extended Loss of AC Power Event." In 2016 24th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone24-60303.

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The extended loss of AC power (ELAP) event can pose a significant challenge to the integrity of the Reactor Coolant System (RCS) in a Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR). To mitigate the consequences of this event, it is important to maintain adequate coolant inventory and the associated heat removal capability of the RCS. A critical RCS component in maintaining RCS inventory is the Reactor Coolant Pump (RCP) seals. To ensure seal integrity, the RCP seals are either independently cooled by back-up systems or are sufficiently robust to maintain their integrity without cooling until such time when c
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Reports on the topic "Support-seals"

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Johnson, Derek, and Nigel Clark. PR-746-22204-R01 Review of Technologies to Enable In-situ Valve Service to Reduce Methane Emissions. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0000058.

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Abstract:
Leaking gas industry valve stem seals are recognized as a substantial source of atmospheric methane, which is a greenhouse gas. Newly proposed regulations include methane alongside volatile organic compound emissions, with leak detection and repair requirements. If a leak is identified a first attempt at repair must occur no later than five calendar days after identification, or else be justifiably delayed. The objective of this report is to review valve technology and methods used to address in-situ valve stem leak repair that offers an economical solution with reduced service disruption. A w
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2

Coulson, Wendy, Tom McGrath, and James McCarthy. PR-312-16202-R03 Methane Emissions from Transmission and Storage Subpart W Sources. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011619.

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Abstract:
A 2018 PRCI report evaluated related emissions from compressor seals, isolation valves, and blowdown valves based on direct measurements required by Subpart W of the GHG Reporting Program. This report presents the methane emissions data from 2011 - 2016 for the balance of the Subpart W emission sources, including: facility leaks (other than from compressor isolation valves and blowdown valves), pneumatic controller venting, condensate tank dump valve leakage, and blowdown emissions from stations. Transmission pipeline blowdown emission reporting was added to the EPA regulation in late 2015, an
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