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Academic literature on the topic 'Surpluses'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 May 2022

Last updated: 30 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Surpluses"

Jiang, Zhengyang, Hanno Lustig, Stijn Van Nieuwerburgh, and Mindy Z. Xiaolan. "The U.S. Public Debt Valuation Puzzle." Econometrica 92, no. 4 (2024): 1309–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/ecta20497.

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The government budget constraint ties the market value of government debt to the expected present discounted value of fiscal surpluses. We find evidence that U.S. Treasury investors fail to impose this no‐arbitrage restriction in the United States. Both cyclical and long‐run dynamics of tax revenues and government spending make the surplus claim risky. In a realistic asset pricing model, this risk in surpluses creates a large gap between the market value of debt and its fundamental value, the PDV of surpluses, suggesting that U.S. Treasuries may be overpriced.

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Oenema, O., L. van Liere, S. Plette, T. Prins, H. van Zeijts, and O. Schoumans. "Environmental effects of manure policy options in The Netherlands." Water Science and Technology 49, no. 3 (2004): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0172.

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This study explores the effects of manure policy options for agricultural land in The Netherlands on nitrate leaching to groundwater, ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions to the atmosphere and on eutrophication of surface waters. The implementation of the farm gate balance MINAS at farm level, with levy-free N surpluses in the range of 300 to 40 kg per ha per year, and levy-free P surpluses in the range of 17.5 to 0.4 kg of P per ha per year, have been examined. Results indicate that nitrate concentrations in the upper groundwater are related to N surplus, land use, soil type and groundwater le

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Satriani, Ratna, Anisur Rosyad, and Indah Widyarini. "Marketable dan Merketed Surplus Beras di Kabupaten Banyumas." Jurnal Ekonomi Pertanian dan Agribisnis 5, no. 3 (2021): 618–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jepa.2021.005.03.2.

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Efforts to increase rice production must be integrated from the upstream sub-system, the farming sub-system, the downstream sub-system and the support sub-system. Upstream sub-system development is very important and cannot be ignored. Ownership of land by farmers is very small with an area of less than 0.5 hectares, most farmers are actually only landless farm laborers who depend on their work as agricultural laborers. Rice farmers in Banyumas Regency cannot be clearly defined as a producer when looking at the consumption side of the farmer. This study aims to determine the performance of ric

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Miller, David S. "A Monetary-Fiscal Theory of Sudden Inflations and Currency Crises." Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2021, no. 056 (2021): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/feds.2021.057.

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Treating nominal government bonds like other bonds leads to a new theory of sudden inflations and currency crises. Holmstrom (2015) and Gorton (2017) describe bonds as having costly-to-investigate opaque backing that consumers believe is sufficient for repayment. Government bonds' nominal return is their face value, their real return is determined by the government's surplus. In normal times, consumers are confident of repayment but ignorant of the true surpluses that will fund that repayment. When consumers' belief in real repayment wavers, they investigate surpluses. If consumers learn surpl

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Haffert, Lukas. "Permanent budget surpluses as a fiscal regime." Socio-Economic Review 17, no. 4 (2017): 1043–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwx050.

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Abstract This article challenges the focus on budget deficits that permeates the literature on the comparative political economy of fiscal policy. It analyzes countries running budget surpluses and asks why some preserved these surpluses while others did not. Whereas several OECD members recorded surpluses for just a few years, balanced budgets became the norm in Australia, Canada, Denmark, Finland, New Zealand and Sweden in the late 1990s. The article compares both types of countries. Focusing on Canada and Sweden, it argues that a path-dependent shift in the balance of power among competing

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LEHTONEN, H., J. LANKOSKI, and K. KOIKKALAINEN. "Economic and environmental performance of alternative policy measures to reduce nutrient surpluses in Finnish agriculture." Agricultural and Food Science 16, no. 4 (2008): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.2137/145960607784125366.

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This paper provides an economic sector level analysis of the effectiveness of different policy measures in decreasing nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) surpluses from agriculture in order to reduce nutrient runoff from agricultural fields to watercourses and to improve water quality of surface waters. Assuming no changes in the EU level policies after CAP reform 2003 we focus on national level policy measures such as full or partial de-coupling of national support from production, payments for reduced nutrient surpluses of N and P, and N fertiliser tax. None of the analysed policy measures is su

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Wang, Shimao, Xiaowei Yu, Yucheng Xia, et al. "Changes in Nutrient Surpluses and Contents in Soils of Cereals and Kiwifruit Fields." Agronomy 14, no. 11 (2024): 2556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14112556.

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Knowledge of nutrient surpluses in soils is critical to optimize nutrient management and minimize adverse environmental effects. We investigated the nutrient surpluses in soils in two regions over 25 years (1992 to 2017) in the south Loess Plateau, China. One region has cereals as the main crop, whereas in the other region, the main cereal crops was changed to kiwi orchards. The inputs of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) increased rapidly (by 74%, 77%, and 103% from 1992 to 2017 in the cereal region; and by 91%, 204%, and 368% in the kiwifruit region), while the nutrient outputs

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Felipe, Jesus, Kristine Kintanar, and Joseph Anthony Lim. "Asia’s Current Account Surplus: Savings Glut or Investment Drought?" Asian Development Review 23, no. 01 (2006): 16–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0116110506000029.

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Over the last few years economists have started referring to the existence of “global payments imbalances”, reflected in the growing current account surpluses and deficits among different regions of the world (surpluses mostly, but not only, by a number of Asian countries; deficits mainly by the US), together with a substantial accumulation of international reserves (also by a number of Asian countries). This paper examines Asia’s current account surplus from the perspective of the savings−investment gap in order to determine whether the surplus is a result of an increase in savings rates (i.e

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Zvonareva, Anastasia P. "Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the FAS of the Russian Federation Based on the Indicator of Consumer Surplus." Journal of Modern Competition 15, no. 3 (2021): 86–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.37791/2687-0657-2021-15-3-86-96.

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The article distinguishes between the immediate and final results of the competition policy. The importance of taking into account the final results for the state and society is justified. It is argued that they can be quantified by calculating consumer benefits from eliminating and preventing violations of antitrust laws. The calculation method used in The Competition and Market Authority (CMA, UK) is given. In addition to calculating direct gains (losses), it also calculates indirect ones arising from the reaction of firms-outsiders to the investigation. The criteria for the effectiveness of

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Dicks, Geoffrey. "SURPLUSES AND DEFICITS." Economic Outlook 12, no. 7 (1988): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0319.1988.tb00399.x.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Surpluses"

Jackson, Louis. "Analyzing Trends in Federal Government Surpluses and Deficits." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/7363.

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MBA Professional Report Approved for public release, distribution unlimited This project consists of an analysis of the federal budget through the years 1990-2020. The key issues to be addressed are (a) average percentage of deficit as a percentage Gross Domestic Product (GDP), (b) interest rate(s) on debt depending on forms of debt, (c) annual interest cost, (d) debt structure, (e) government outlay percentages relating to GDP, and government receipt percentages related to GDP. The objectives are to identify apparent trends in the U.S. federal governments deficits and implications of an

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POLYAK, Palma. "The Eurozone’s Self-harming Quest for Trade Surpluses." Doctoral thesis, Scuola Normale Superiore, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/11384/125745.

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Jones, Alun R. "The role of institutions in agricultural despecialisation in Hérault (France)." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/28511.

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The primary aim of this study is to assess the role of institutions in the process of agricultural change. Throughout this study, the need for an institutional approach in studying contemporary change in rural areas is stressed; moreover, the structure of this institutional approach, capable of being extended to other substantive contexts, has been elaborated. The context for the study of institutions is agricultural despecialisation, an important context when related to regions in which agriculture has become specialised in products now in structural surplus. In this study, the European Commu

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Біловодська, Олена Анатоліївна, Елена Анатольевна Беловодская, Olena Anatoliivna Bilovodska та О. Ю. Шевченко. "Вдосконалення організації торгово-закупівельної діяльності підприємства". Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2014. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/38013.

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Ефективне управління товарними запасами підприємства полягає в забезпеченні безперебійного задоволення потреби населення в товарах відповідного асортименту. При цьому виникає необхідність запобігти зростанню надлишків товарів на складах, що призводить до уповільнення оборотності коштів, збільшення витрат по зберіганню товарних запасів. Таким чином, постає питання щодо ефективного управління системою товарних запасів на підприємстві. Ринок косметичних продуктів по догляду за нігтями і шкірою рук вкрай великий. Компанії, що займаються випуском декоративної косметики, виробляють як засоби по догл

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Hou, Yilin. "The economics, law and politics of subnational counter-cyclical fiscal policies Testing the effects of budget stabilization funds and general fund surpluses on state expenditures in downturn years. Evidence from American states, 1979--1999." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.

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Баняс, Богдан Миронович, та Bohdan Banias. "Методи формування псевдовипадкових чисел в криптографічних засобах захисту банківських інформаційних систем". Master's thesis, ТНТУ, 2021. http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/36740.

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Пояснювальна записка до магістерської дипломної роботи: 109с., 34 рис., 6 табл., 70 джерел. Об’єктом дослідження є процес формування псевдовипадкових чисел в криптографічних засобах захисту банківських інформаційних систем. Предметом дослідження є метод формування псевдовипадкових чисел на основі надлишкових блокових кодів в криптографічних засобах захисту банківських інформаційних систем. Метою роботи є підвищення стійкості криптографічних засобів захисту банківських інформаційних систем на основі використання методів формування псевдовипадкових чисел. Методами розробки обрано: при анал

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Guo, Hai. "Setting Discretionary Fiscal Policy within the Limits of Budgetary Institutions: Evidence from American State Governments." Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/24738.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. Committee Chair: Willoughby, Katherine; Committee Member: Eger, Robert; Committee Member: Kingsley, Gordon; Committee Member: Sjoquist, David; Committee Member: Wallace, Sally.

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Afonso, Maria de Lourdes Belchior. "Evaluation of ruin probabilities for surplus processes with credibility and surplus dependent premiums." Doctoral thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/1113.

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Doutoramento em Matemática Aplicada à Economia e Gestão In this dissertation we present a method for the numerical evaluation of the ruin prob¬ability in continuous and finite time for a classical risk process where the premium can change from year to year. A major consideration in the development of this methodology is that it should be easily applicable to large portfolios. Our method is based on the simu¬lation of the annual aggregate claims and then on the calculation of the ruin probability for a given surplus at the start and at the end of each year. We calculate the within-year ruin

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Foster, Scott Eugene. "Surplus value in organizational communication." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/23783.

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Xue, Yi S. M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "STEM crisis or STEM surplus?" Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/90065.

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Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program, 2014. Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. Includes bibliographical references (pages 73-77). The science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) workforce is a crucial driver of the U.S. economy. Over the last decade, there has been significant concern regarding the adequacy of the supply of STEM workers to meet the demands of the market. At the same time, many experts have presented evidence that there is a surplus of STEM workers. This

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Books on the topic "Surpluses"

Agriculture, Association of. Agricultural surpluses. The Association, 1987.

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Group, Pensions Research Accountants, ed. Pension fund surpluses. Published for the Pensions Research Accountants Group by Tolley, 1988.

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U, Chiappini, Have, P.J.W. ten., and European Conference Environment Agriculture and Stock Farming in Europe (1991-1993 : Mantova), eds. Processing of manure surpluses. [Director Committee ofthe European Conference?], 1993.

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Raymond, W. F., and P. Larvor, eds. Alternative Uses for Agricultural Surpluses. Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4327-8.

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F, Raymond W., Larvor P, Commission of the European Communities. Directorate-General for Agriculture., and Commission of the European Communities. Directorate-General for Science, Research, and Development., eds. Alternative uses for agricultural surpluses. Elsevier Applied Science, 1986.

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Stanton, B. F. The cereals dilemma: Surpluses in Western Europe and North America. Dept. of Agricultural Economics, Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station, New York State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, 1986.

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World Institute for Development Economics Research., ed. Mobilizing international surpluses for world development. World Institute for Development Economics Research, 1987.

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Ascah, Louis. Pension fund surpluses: An economic perspective. Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, 1991.

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L, Weaver Carolyn, ed. Social security's looming surpluses: Prospects and implications. AEI Press, 1990.

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Alier, M. Nonrenewable resources: A case for persistant fiscal surpluses. International Monetary Fund, Western Hemisphere Department, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Surpluses"

Read, Colin. "Specialization and Surpluses." In The Rise and Fall of an Economic Empire. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230297074_4.

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Bruni, Luigino. "Surpluses and misalignments." In The Economics of Values, Ideals and Organizations. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367762629-4.

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Grace, Victoria. "Remainders and surpluses." In Baudrillard and Lacanian Psychoanalysis. Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003120414-5.

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Marris, Stephen. "Deficits and Surpluses Forever?" In International Economic Interdependence, Patterns of Trade Balances and Economic Policy Coordination. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22256-8_18.

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Shaw, D. John. "Food Surpluses: Historical Background." In World Food Security. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230589780_2.

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Mildon, R. "Surpluses and the Common Agricultural Policy." In Alternative Uses for Agricultural Surpluses. Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4327-8_1.

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Hirsinger, F. "Oleochemical Raw Materials and New Oilseed Crops." In Alternative Uses for Agricultural Surpluses. Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4327-8_10.

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Biancardi, V. "Alternative Use of the Land for Mediterranean Crops." In Alternative Uses for Agricultural Surpluses. Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4327-8_11.

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Eerkens, C. "An Holistic Approach to Evaluate the Potential Productivity of Unconventional Crops." In Alternative Uses for Agricultural Surpluses. Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4327-8_12.

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Raymond, W. F. "Discussion Panel 1: Chemistry of Glucids." In Alternative Uses for Agricultural Surpluses. Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4327-8_13.

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Conference papers on the topic "Surpluses"

Lewandowski, Zbigniew, Paul Stoodley, and Frank Roe. "Internal Mass Transport in Heterogeneous Biofilms Recent Advances." In CORROSION 1995. NACE International, 1995. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1995-95222.

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Abstract Aerobic biofilms were found to have a complex structure consisting of microbial cell clusters (discrete aggregates of densely packed cells) and interstitial voids. We used the Confocal Scanning Laser Microscope (CSLM) in conjunction with dissolved oxygen microelectrodes to examine the structural and chemical heterogeneity of fully hydrated, living biofilms in real time under flow conditions. The oxygen distribution within the biofilm was strongly correlated with these structures. The voids facilitated oxygen transport from the bulk liquid through the biofilm. Water could freely move t

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Liu, Zhixiong. "A Weighted Surplus Rectangle Algorithm for Rectangle Packing Problem." In 2024 43rd Chinese Control Conference (CCC). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/ccc63176.2024.10662618.

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Conradsen, Philip Simoni, Daniel Møller Sneum, and Per Sieverts Nielsen. "Energy Community Utilising Local Surplus Heat and Electricity Sources." In 2024 IEEE Sustainable Power and Energy Conference (iSPEC). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/ispec59716.2024.10892482.

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Oh, Jewon, Jaewon Kang, Dongki Hong, and Yasutaka Murata. "Research on Urban Surplus Energy Calculation and Utilization Methods." In 2024 13th International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/icrera62673.2024.10815502.

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Ji, Qiutong, Guanghui Wen, and Tao Yang. "Surplus-Based ADMM for Distributed Constrained Optimization over Directed Graphs." In 2024 IEEE 63rd Conference on Decision and Control (CDC). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/cdc56724.2024.10885865.

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Gessner, Andrzej, Roman Staniek, and Waldemar Adam. "Optimization of Machining Surplus Distribution Relative to Hardness of the Machined Surface." In ASME 2014 12th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2014-20370.

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Iron cast machining is nowadays preceded by the process of marking out, ascertaining appropriate casting precision and size of machined surface surpluses. The procedure entails delineating (etching) boundaries of the nominal machining surpluses upon the raw cast surfaces. Their size, standardized according to the ISO 8062 certificate, depends on maximal cast dimensions and the casting method applied. The characteristic machining surplus size of the hereby investigated typical industrial casts ranges between 6 and 8 mm. As casting accuracy is determined by individual foundry standards, the actu

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Zieger, Josef. "Hypasse-Hydrogen Powered Applications Using Surpluses of Electricity." In 1995 SAE Brasil. SAE International, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/952261.

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PETRE, Ionut Laurentiu, Carmen-Elena DOBROTĂ, and Andreea Daniela GIUCĂ. "COMPETITIVENESS OF FOREIGN TRADE IN CEREALS AT COUNTY LEVEL (NUTS 3) IN ROMANIA." In International Management Conference. Editura ASE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/imc/2022/03.07.

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In this paper we wanted to determine the export and cereal value potential for Romania at the level of the 41 counties together with the Municipality of Bucharest. For this purpose, data from national databases, namely the National Institute of Statistics, were used for the cereals product group, analysing exports and imports, and also calculating the trade balance. These data will be plotted both graphically and to determine the trade balance values, i.e. to determine the surplus or deficit for each county. In the end, both counties with surpluses will be determined, but especially potential

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Damean, Anfica. "Tratamentul contabil al rezultatelor inventarierii anuale." In Simpozion Ştiinţific al Tinerilor Cercetători, Ediţia a 21-a. Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.53486/sstc.v2.38.

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The purpose of this work consists in the research and deepening of knowledge regarding the general notions related to the types of inventory, the way of checking and detecting the shortages and surpluses, its fiscal consequences and providing a clearer picture of the inventory process and reflection of the results after the annual inventory. I believe that the information presented is useful for practitioners and especially for students, who are currently undergoing the information process.

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Gessner, Andrzej, and Roman Staniek. "Optimizing Machining of Machine Tool Casting Bodies by Means of Optical Scanning." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-62841.

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The hereby presented study reports on the results of research funded by the NCBiR improvement grant. The goal of the undertaken experimental effort was to eliminate the laborious process of marking out from the technological procedure of cast machining. Marking out, even in highly automatized machining enterprises, is performed manually. It assesses casting accuracy, as well as denotes surpluses on machining surfaces. The precision of marking out is, therefore, dependent on individual performance of a given worker. Moreover, gauging casts of cylindrical (non-perpendicular) shape is highly prob

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Reports on the topic "Surpluses"

Eichengreen, Barry, and Ugo Panizza. A Surplus of Ambition: Can Europe Rely on Large Primary Surpluses to Solve its Debt Problem? National Bureau of Economic Research, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w20316.

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Craig, Lee, and Thomas Weiss. Nutritional Status and Agricultural Surpluses in the Antebellum United States. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/h0099.

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Edwards, Sebastian. On Current Account Surpluses and the Correction of Global Imbalances. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w12904.

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Chinn, Menzie, and Hiro Ito. A Requiem for “Blame It on Beijing”: Interpreting Rotating Global Current Account Surpluses. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w26226.

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Philipson, Tomas, and Anupam Jena. Who Benefits from New Medical Technologies? Estimates of Consumer and Producer Surpluses for HIV/AIDS Drugs. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w11810.

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Fukuda, Shin-ichi, and Yoshifumi Kon. Liquidity Risk Aversion, Debt Maturity, and Current Account Surpluses: A Theory and Evidence from East Asia. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w13004.

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Datta, Sandip, and Geeta Gandhi Kingdon. The Myth and Reality of Teacher Shortage in India: An Investigation Using 2019-20 Data. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2020/072.

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This paper examines the widespread perception in India that the country has an acute teacher shortage of about one million teachers in public elementary schools, a view repeated in India’s National Education Policy 2020. Using official DISE data, we show that teacher vacancies cannot be equated with teacher shortages: while the number of teacher vacancies (in teacher-deficit schools) is 766,487, the number of teacher surpluses (in surplus-teacher schools) is 520,141, giving a net deficit of only 246,346 teachers in the country. Secondly, removing estimated fake student numbers from enrolment d

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Hemming, Richard. The Cyclical Characteristics of Universal Social Insurance. Inter-American Development Bank, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011469.

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This paper examines how a universal social insurance program proposed for Mexico can respond to cyclical variations in revenue while remaining selffinancing. More specifically, it discusses the issues involved in setting up a stabilization fund that can accumulate surpluses when revenue is cyclically high, which can be drawn down when revenue is cyclically low. Attention is also paid to the options available to create a fund with sufficient resources to respond to revenue shocks early it its life, before a significant revenue cushion can be built up. In this connection, it is argued that letti

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Naranjo, Fernando, and Daniel Artana. Fiscal Policy Issues in Jamaica: Budgetary Institutions, the Tax System and Public Debt Management. Inter-American Development Bank, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008526.

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This paper analyzes budgetary institutions, the tax system and public debt management in Jamaica. It explores the nature of budget institutions and design, beyond formal administrative or budgetary procedures, to address the question of whether the demanding fiscal path Jamaica is following can be put to risk by flaws in the institutional framework governing fiscal policies. The paper also analyzes the requirements for achieving revenues through a tax system that does not distort resource allocation and is complementary to the growth strategy. Finally, it addresses debt sustainability question

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Miller, Marcus, and Lei Zhang. Fear and Market Failure: Global Imbalances and ¿Self-Insurance¿. Inter-American Development Bank, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010880.

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This paper proposes an integrated framework to analyze jointly two key issues: the emergence of global imbalances and the precautionary motive for accumulating reserves. Standard models of general equilibrium would predict modest current account surpluses in the emerging markets if they face higher risk than the US itself. But, with pronounced Loss Aversion in emerging markets, their precautionary savings can generate substantial global imbalances, especially if there is an inefficient supply of global insurance. In principle, lower real interest rates will ensure that aggregate demand equals

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