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Journal articles on the topic 'Surrogate'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Nixon, Joseph, and Olinda Timms. "Il dibattito legale ed etico sul divieto di commercio della maternità surrogata in India / The legal and moral debate leading to the ban of commercial surrogacy in India." Medicina e Morale 66, no. 4 (2017): 513–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/mem.2017.504.

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Le tecniche di riproduzione assistita (ART) offrono la possibilità di una maternità surrogata alle coppie sterili o senza figli. Alla fine degli anni ‘80, specialisti qualificati in India hanno approfittato della disponibilità di madri surrogate e dell’assenza di regole per creare un mercato di maternità surrogata per i clienti sia indiani sia esteri. Il Ministero della Salute è intervenuto con le linee guida solo dopo forti proteste di gruppi di donne e cittadini, facendo seguito alle storie su ostelli surrogati, bambini abbandonati e sfruttamento. Nel frattempo, le cliniche dell’infertilità

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Gupta, Anu, and Sheela Prasad. "‘Outsourced pregnancy’: Surrogate narratives from Hyderabad." Contributions to Indian Sociology 53, no. 2 (2019): 299–327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0069966719836883.

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Surrogacy has always been contested and much debated in India since its legalisation in 2002, and the recent Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2016, has led to a renewed engagement with it. The advent of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) provided an opportunity for the medical establishment, market and infertile couples to come together in a mutually beneficial arrangement, which is made possible by a surrogate. ART, while medicalising the reproductive capacity of women, also calls for a redefining of the concepts of ‘motherhood’, family and reproductive choice. This article primarily docume

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3

C, Suganya, and Vijayakumar M. "Surrogacy: A Bio-economical Exploitation of Proletariats in Amulya Malladi’s A House for Happy Mothers." World Journal of English Language 12, no. 8 (2022): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v12n8p127.

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Infertility remains a threat to global health issues thus the remedy is global with the medical advancements in technology that enable infertile couples to have babies through surrogacy. Surrogacy is a legal practice of hiring a woman’s womb for bearing a child to infertile parents where the intended parents claim full parental rights and the surrogate mothers get the monetary compensation in commercial gestational surrogacy. Surrogates are proletariats from third-world countries struggling to meet day-to-day ends, whilst intended parents are from first-world countries. The existence of povert

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Borah, Meghna, Arup Kumar Hazarika, and Unmilan Kalita. "Right to be a Surrogate: Biological, Constitutional and Economic Perspectives." Space and Culture, India 8, no. 1 (2020): 78–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.20896/saci.v8i1.699.

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For the survival of all forms of life, procreation is essential. However, natural procreation is not always scientifically possible. As such, the practice of surrogacy and the use of Assisted Reproductive Techniques have become more widely recognised and accepted in societies all over the world. However, various complex and controversial issues are bounded in such practices. The Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2019 introduced by Government of India makes an attempt to eradicate some of those issues associated with surrogacy. Nevertheless, the legislation seems to be in derogation to the Con

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Huber, Sarah, Sharvari Karandikar, and Lindsay Gezinski. "Exploring Indian Surrogates’ Perceptions of the Ban on International Surrogacy." Affilia 33, no. 1 (2017): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886109917729667.

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This study examined surrogate women’s perceptions on the Indian ban on international surrogacy. In-depth interviews were conducted with 25 surrogate women at a fertility clinic in Gujarat, India. Three themes emerged: (1) perceptions of the ban; (2) impact of the ban on surrogates, international couples, and fertility clinics; and (3) long-term economic results of surrogacy. Women stated that international surrogacy should not be banned, because it provides substantial economic benefits. They also noted that the ban affects childless couples and clinics by cutting off a source of income. This

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Madden, Laurence V., and Pierce A. Paul. "Is Disease Intensity a Good Surrogate for Yield Loss or Toxin Contamination? A Case Study with Fusarium Head Blight of Wheat." Phytopathology® 110, no. 10 (2020): 1632–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-11-19-0427-r.

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Sometimes plant pathologists assess disease intensity when they are primarily interested in other response variables, such as yield loss or toxin concentration in harvested products. In these situations, disease intensity potentially could be considered a surrogate of yield or toxin. A surrogate is a variable which can be used instead of the variable of interest in the evaluation of experimental treatments or in making predictions. Surrogates can be measured earlier, more conveniently, or more cheaply than the variable of primary interest, but the reliability or validity of the surrogate must

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KNEEBONE, Ezra, Kiri BEILBY, and Karin HAMMARBERG. "Surrogates’ and Intended Parents’ Experiences of Surrogacy: A Systematic Review." Fertility & Reproduction 04, no. 03n04 (2022): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2661318222741029.

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Background: Surrogacy arrangements can be conducted domestically, where the surrogate and intended parents live in the same country, or internationally, where the intended parents engage a surrogate in a foreign destination. Understanding the experiences of people participating in surrogacy arrangements can inform policy to protect the best interests of all parties. Aim: To review the evidence relating to surrogates’ and intended parents’ experiences of surrogacy arrangements. Method: Studies of surrogates’ and intended parents’ experiences of a surrogacy arrangement, published since 2005 in E

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Mohnke, Margaux, Ursula Christmann, Yannick Roos, and Chris Thomale. "Do metaphors make opinions?" Metaphor and the Social World 12, no. 1 (2022): 92–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/msw.20028.moh.

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Abstract Introduction: A frame makes specific information about a topic more salient. Metaphors can be used as frames to influence people’s opinions on controversial political topics as well as on health-related topics. This study aims to determine the influence of metaphorical frames on the opinion towards surrogacy and examines whether specific aspects of surrogacy are more prone to the influence than others. Method: 236 participants were assigned to one of three groups with different metaphorical frames for surrogacy and thereafter completed the Attitude Towards Surrogacy Questionnaire. To

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9

Trehan, Pooja. "Surrogacy in India: in The Light of The Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2020." GLS KALP: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 1, no. 3 (2024): 12–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.69974/glskalp.01.03.57.

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Cry of a baby- that’s the sound a couple awaited for 22 years to hear.2 It was a benevolent act requiring help of a surrogate mother which is a gigantic industry in India. The country is being called ‘Womb of World’. Heart of it is Anand’s in the westward state of Gujarat; a town filled by women, dubbed by critics as ‘Wombs for Rent’. At present, government is working to put whole business out of business. The decision of government to regulate the surrogacy industry came in the wake of multiple complaints received about non – payment of promised amount, medical challenges and complications fa

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Ciani, Oriana, Sarah Davis, Paul Tappenden, et al. "VALIDATION OF SURROGATE ENDPOINTS IN ADVANCED SOLID TUMORS: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF STATISTICAL METHODS, RESULTS, AND IMPLICATIONS FOR POLICY MAKERS." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 30, no. 3 (2014): 312–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462314000300.

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Objectives: Licensing of, and coverage decisions on, new therapies should rely on evidence from patient-relevant endpoints such as overall survival (OS). Nevertheless, evidence from surrogate endpoints may also be useful, as it may not only expedite the regulatory approval of new therapies but also inform coverage decisions. It is, therefore, essential that candidate surrogate endpoints be properly validated. However, there is no consensus on statistical methods for such validation and on how the evidence thus derived should be applied by policy makers.Methods: We review current statistical ap

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Subedi, Madhusudan. "Contractual Transaction: How Renting a Uterus Makes the Human Body a Commodity in Nepal." Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology 9 (December 7, 2015): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/dsaj.v9i0.14020.

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The issue of surrogate motherhood has started public debates in Nepal. With surrogacy a child becomes the object of a legal transaction, while the surrogate mother is used, in effect as an incubator, and the hospital declares commissioned parents’ name of a newborn child. The poor women in low-income countries have been used as means to compensate for the reproductive deficiencies of high-income infertile parents. Do purchasing cheaper services, receiving surrogates easier, and having the possibility of gender selection, all in the poor countries, support ‘surrogacy tourism’ or is it a kind of

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12

VanderWeele, Tyler J. "Surrogate Measures and Consistent Surrogates." Biometrics 69, no. 3 (2013): 561–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/biom.12071.

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13

Vick, Judith B., Benjamin T. Berger, Peter A. Ubel, et al. "Shared Decision-Making Communication and Prognostic Misunderstanding in the ICU." JAMA Network Open 7, no. 10 (2024): e2439715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.39715.

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ImportanceSurrogate misunderstanding of patient survival prognosis in the intensive care unit (ICU) is associated with poor patient and surrogate outcomes. Shared decision-making (SDM) may reduce misunderstanding.ObjectiveTo evaluate the association between SDM-aligned communication and prognostic misunderstanding.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis retrospective cohort study was conducted at 13 medical and surgical ICUs at 5 hospitals in North Carolina, Pennsylvania, and Washington between December 2012 and January 2017. Participants were surrogates of adult patients receiving prolonged mec

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14

Ziff, Elizabeth. "“Honey, I Want to Be a Surrogate”: How Military Spouses Negotiate and Navigate Surrogacy With Their Service Member Husbands." Journal of Family Issues 40, no. 18 (2019): 2774–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x19862843.

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This article examines how military spouses negotiate the decision to become a surrogate with their service member husband and how the two navigate surrogacy together. It is speculated that military spouses are ideal candidates for surrogacy due to their particular status as a military spouse; however, military spouses face structural constraints in their everyday lives which in turn would prove challenging to their desire to become a surrogate. Based on in-depth interviews with 33 military spouses who had been surrogates, this article examines how military spouses discuss, negotiate, and exper

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Mirocha, Łukasz. "„Macierzyństwo zastępcze” w aktualnym orzecznictwie Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka." Prawo w Działaniu 34 (2018): 164–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.32041/pwd.3404.

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Surrogate motherhood, known also as surrogacy, is a kind of civil law contract according to which one party – surrogate mother is obliged to bear a pregnancy and after giving a birth transfer all rights concerning a child to commissioning party. There are two basic types of surrogacy, of which gestational surrogacy has recently become more popular. By concluding gestational surrogacy agreement commissioning party oblige itself to provide an embryo no matter of its source, while surrogate mother is bonded only to bear pregnancy. The second type of surrogacy agreement, often called traditional,

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Spalding, Rachael, JoNell Strough, and Barry Edelstein. "What Would People Think? Social Norms, Willingness to Serve as a Surrogate, and End-of-Life Treatment Decisions." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (2020): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1359.

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Abstract Population aging has increased the prevalence of surrogate decision making in healthcare settings. However, little is known about factors contributing to the decision to become a surrogate and the surrogate medical decision-making process in general. We investigated how intrapersonal and social-contextual factors predicted two components of the surrogate decision-making process: individuals’ willingness to serve as a surrogate and their tendency to select various end-of-life treatments, including mechanical ventilation and palliative care options. An online sample (N=172) of adults ma

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Scher, Howard I., Glenn Heller, Arturo Molina, et al. "Circulating Tumor Cell Biomarker Panel As an Individual-Level Surrogate for Survival in Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 33, no. 12 (2015): 1348–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2014.55.3487.

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Purpose Trials in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) need new clinical end points that are valid surrogates for survival. We evaluated circulating tumor cell (CTC) enumeration as a surrogate outcome measure. Patients and Methods Examining CTCs alone and in combination with other biomarkers as a surrogate for overall survival was a secondary objective of COU-AA-301, a multinational, randomized, double-blind phase III trial of abiraterone acetate plus prednisone versus prednisone alone in patients with metastatic CRPC previously treated with docetaxel. The biomarkers were measured at ba

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18

Kleinpeter, Christine Hagan, and Melinda M. Hohman. "Surrogate Motherhood: Personality Traits and Satisfaction with Service Providers." Psychological Reports 87, no. 3 (2000): 957–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2000.87.3.957.

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This study explored the personality traits of 15 women who served as surrogate mothers in a California-based surrogacy program. Their satisfaction with their service providers, i.e., the program director, psychologist, and medical doctor, were explored. All had given birth to one or more children, and five had been a surrogate more than once. 13 used in vitro fertilization, with only two choosing artificial insemination. 15 subjects were given the NEO–R Personality Inventory, a global measure of normal personality traits. Analysis indicated that surrogates overall were very pleased with their

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Majumdar, Anindita. "Conceptualizing Surrogacy as Work-Labour." Journal of South Asian Development 13, no. 2 (2018): 210–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973174118778481.

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Using ethnographic findings, this article reflects on Indian women engaged in commercial surrogacy for foreign and Indian couples and expands on the existing ideas of paid and unpaid employment by conceptualizing transnational commercial surrogacy in India. The latter is undertaken through a mapping of the meanings surrogates and intended couples make of their participation in the transnational commercial surrogacy arrangement. Here, ideas about motherhood, domesticity and contractual labour come together to create an understanding of the unique role of surrogates in the arrangement. While eme

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Asirvatham, Packiaraj. "Can coercion be justified when it benefits the poor? The case of commercial surrogacy industry in India." Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 8, no. 3 (2018): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bioethics.v8i3.35574.

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Commercial surrogacy in India is a booming industry however the raising number of poor illiterate women's participation as commercial surrogate poses serious question of coercion, on the other hand it economically empowers them. In this context, this article analyses the crucial question, can coercion be justified when it benefits the poor by investigating commercial surrogates’ life stories and looking into the various types of coercion discreetly operates. It concludes with few recommendations which can help in empowering poor commercial surrogates who involved in commercial surrogacy indust

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Hernandez-Villafuerte, Karla, Alastair Fischer, and Nicholas Latimer. "CHALLENGES AND METHODOLOGIES IN USING PROGRESSION FREE SURVIVAL AS A SURROGATE FOR OVERALL SURVIVAL IN ONCOLOGY." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 34, no. 3 (2018): 300–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462318000338.

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Objectives:A primary outcome in oncology trials is overall survival (OS). However, to estimate OS accurately requires a sufficient number of patients to have died, which may take a long time. If an alternative end point is sufficiently highly correlated with OS, it can be used as a surrogate. Progression-free survival (PFS) is the surrogate most often used in oncology, but does not always satisfy the correlation conditions for surrogacy. We analyze the methodologies used when extrapolating from PFS to OS.Methods:Davis et al. previously reviewed the use of surrogate end points in oncology, usin

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Royce, Trevor Joseph, Ming-Hui Chen, Jing Wu, et al. "A comparison of surrogate endpoints for all cause mortality in men with localized unfavorable-risk prostate cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 6_suppl (2017): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.6_suppl.21.

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21 Background: Several surrogates for prostate cancer-specific mortality exist, but whether these are surrogates for all cause mortality (ACM), and how their performance compares, is unknown. We investigated the relative efficacy of 4 candidate surrogates for ACM using the proportion of treatment effect (PTE) metric. Methods: Two-hundred and six men with localized unfavorable-risk prostate cancer were randomized to radiation therapy (RT) or RT and 6 months of androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) from 1995 to 2001 and followed for a median of 16.62 years. Among the 159 men with no or minimal como

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Adv. Chetana Lal. "The Economic Implications of the Surrogacy Bill 2019 and the Act of 2021 on the Indian Surrogacy Industry." international journal of engineering technology and management sciences 8, no. 5 (2024): 1–3. https://doi.org/10.46647/ijetms.2024.v08i05.001.

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The Indian surrogacy industry, once a thriving sector, has undergone significant transformation with the enactment of the Surrogacy Bill 2019 and the Surrogacy (Regulation) Act 2021. These legislative measures aimed to regulate surrogacy practices, safeguard the rights of surrogates, and prevent exploitation. However, they have also led to substantial economic consequences, particularly in terms of industry contraction, loss of income for surrogate mothers, and the rise of cross-border surrogacy. This article examines the economic implications of these legal frameworks on the Indian surrogacy

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Ciani, Oriana, Bogdan Grigore, Hedwig Blommestein, et al. "Validity of Surrogate Endpoints and Their Impact on Coverage Recommendations: A Retrospective Analysis across International Health Technology Assessment Agencies." Medical Decision Making 41, no. 4 (2021): 439–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272989x21994553.

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Background Surrogate endpoints (i.e., intermediate endpoints intended to predict for patient-centered outcomes) are increasingly common. However, little is known about how surrogate evidence is handled in the context of health technology assessment (HTA). Objectives 1) To map methodologies for the validation of surrogate endpoints and 2) to determine their impact on acceptability of surrogates and coverage decisions made by HTA agencies. Methods We sought HTA reports where evaluation relied on a surrogate from 8 HTA agencies. We extracted data on the methods applied for surrogate validation. W

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Ambarwati, Mega Dewi, and Ghina Azmita Kamila. "THE EVALUATION OF SURROGACY’S LEGAL SYSTEM IN INDONESIA AS COMPARISON TO INDIA’S LEGISLATION." Diponegoro Law Review 4, no. 2 (2019): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/dilrev.4.2.2019.167-180.

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Nowadays, in marriage life, spouse often dealing with big problem as like infertility which make them unable to have offspring. However, due to infertility, the spouse has obtained some efforts to solve their problems. One way to solve the problem is by obtaining surrogacy with the help of surrogate mother. Nevertheless, in Indonesia, especially, surrogacy as well as surrogate mother is still considered to be taboo things and no legal system which regulate the surrogacy and/or surrogate mother. Yet other countries have allowed or legalize the surrogacy practice as well as surrogate mother. Hen

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Saja, A. M. Aslam, Melissa Teo, Ashantha Goonetilleke, A. M. Ziyath, and Jagath Gunatilake. "Selection of surrogates to assess social resilience in disaster management using multi-criteria decision analysis." International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment 11, no. 4 (2020): 453–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdrbe-07-2019-0045.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present a framework for evaluation and ranking of potential surrogates to select the optimum surrogates and test it for five selected social resilience indicators in a disaster context. Innovative resilience assessment approaches are required to capture key facets of resilience indicators to deepen the understanding of social resilience. Surrogates can adequately represent the target indicator that is difficult to measure, as surrogates are defined as key facets of a target indicator. Design/methodology/approach To optimize the selection of surrogates, f

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Hu, Zhen, Saideep Nannapaneni, and Sankaran Mahadevan. "Efficient Kriging surrogate modeling approach for system reliability analysis." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 31, no. 2 (2017): 143–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s089006041700004x.

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AbstractCurrent limit state surrogate modeling methods for system reliability analysis usually build surrogate models for failure modes individually or build composite limit states. In practical engineering applications, multiple system responses may be obtained from a single setting of inputs. In such cases, building surrogate models individually will ignore the correlation between different system responses and building composite limit states may be computationally expensive because the nonlinearity of composite limit state is usually higher than individual limit states. This paper proposes

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Schupp, Donald A., Adam C. Burdsall, Rendahandi G. Silva, et al. "Persistence of surrogates for high consequence viral and bacterial pathogens in a pilot-scale activated sludge treatment system." PLOS ONE 17, no. 10 (2022): e0275482. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275482.

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The persistence of high consequence public health pathogens in a wastewater treatment system can significantly impact worker safety, as well as the public and downstream water bodies, particularly if the system is forced to shut down the treatment processes. This study utilizes organism viability to compare the persistence of three pathogen surrogates in wastewater using a pilot-scale activated sludge treatment (AST) system, operated to mimic treatment processes of large-scale plants. Bacillus globigii spores, surrogate for Bacillus anthracis, persisted in the AST system for at least a 50-day

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Riaz, Muhammad Nouman, Zunaira Farooq, Muhammad Umar Butt, Urba Rafi, and Wang Jing. "Why is Commercial Surrogacy Banned Worldwide? A Complete Review." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 10 (2023): 1177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.56045.

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Commercial surrogacy mainly occurs in underdeveloped nations, and when local women carry children for affluent foreigners, commercial surrogacy is a controversial issue in feminist literature. Surrogacy is a contentious topic, primarily when prominent celebrities have utilized it. Particular surrogate moms experience complications by assisted reproduction techniques; Ectopic pregnancy, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, and psychological stress are the primary ones. It benefits couples unable to conceive normally but may also be exploited for profit. In December 2018, the Indian Government app

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Van Scoy, Lauren J., Michael J. Green, Theresa Smith, et al. "Conceptualization of Surrogate Decision-making Among Spokespersons for Chronically Ill Patients." JAMA Network Open 5, no. 12 (2022): e2245608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.45608.

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ImportanceThe value of advance care planning (ACP) has been the subject of recent debate because of mixed findings. This may be, in part, because trials presume that researchers and patient spokespersons share the same understanding of the role of a surrogate decision-maker. We explored how patient surrogates conceptualized and defined surrogate decision-making vs patient advocacy. Understanding how surrogates perceive their role in decision-making is important to avoid misinterpreting the effectiveness of ACP interventions.ObjectiveTo understand how patient spokespersons distinguish surrogate

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Kim, Hyejin, Janet A. Deatrick, and Connie M. Ulrich. "Ethical frameworks for surrogates’ end-of-life planning experiences." Nursing Ethics 24, no. 1 (2016): 46–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733016638145.

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Background: Despite the growing body of knowledge about surrogate decision making, we know very little about the use of ethical frameworks (including ethical theories, principles, and concepts) to understand surrogates’ day-to-day experiences in end-of-life care planning for incapacitated adults. Objectives and Methods: This qualitative systematic review was conducted to identify the types of ethical frameworks used to address surrogates’ experiences in end-of-life care planning for incapacitated adults as well as the most common themes or patterns found in surrogate decision-making research.

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THIEL, MARCO, M. CARMEN ROMANO, UDO SCHWARZ, JÜRGEN KURTHS, and JENS TIMMER. "SURROGATE-BASED HYPOTHESIS TEST WITHOUT SURROGATES." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 14, no. 06 (2004): 2107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127404010527.

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Fourier surrogate data are artificially generated time series, that — based on a resampling scheme — share the linear properties with an observed time series. In this paper we study a statistical surrogate hypothesis test to detect deviations from a linear Gaussian process with respect to asymmetry in time (Q-statistic). We apply this test to a Fourier representable function and obtain a representation of the asymmetry in time of the sample data, a characteristic for nonlinear processes, and the significance in terms of the Fourier coefficients. The main outcome is that we calculate the expect

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Armstrong, A. J., M. A. Eisenberger, E. S. Garrett-Mayer, et al. "Analysis of prostate-specific antigen decline as a surrogate for overall survival in metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 25, no. 18_suppl (2007): 5009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.5009.

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5009 Background: A 30% PSA decline following initiation of cytotoxic chemotherapy has been identified as a potential surrogate for overall survival in metastatic HRPC. We sought to examine whether various levels of PSA decline were surrogates for overall survival in TAX327, a randomized trial of q3w docetaxel and prednisone (DP), q1w DP, and q3w mitoxantrone and prednisone (MP). Methods: In this trial of 1006 men with HRPC, 943 men had sufficient data on 3-month post-treatment PSA decline for analysis, and 646 had sufficient data for analysis for a change in PSA kinetics with therapy. Surrogac

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Toledano, Sarah Jane, and Kristin Zeiler. "Hosting the others’ child? Relational work and embodied responsibility in altruistic surrogate motherhood." Feminist Theory 18, no. 2 (2017): 159–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464700117700048.

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Studies on surrogate motherhood have mostly explored paid arrangements through the lens of a contract model, as clinical work or as a maternal identity-building project. Turning to the under-examined case of unpaid, so-called altruistic surrogate motherhood and based on an analysis of interviews with women who had been unpaid surrogate mothers in a full gestational surrogacy with a friend or relative in Canada, the United States or Australia, this article explores altruistic surrogate motherhood as relational work. It argues that this form of surrogate motherhood within close interpersonal rel

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MEEKER, MARY ANN, and MARY ANN JEZEWSKI. "Family decision making at end of life." Palliative and Supportive Care 3, no. 2 (2005): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1478951505050212.

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Objective: To enhance understanding of the phenomenon of family surrogate decision-making at the end of life (EOL) by means of a systematic review and synthesis of published research reports that address this phenomenon.Methods: Garrard's (1999) methods for conducting a systematic review of the literature were followed. Fifty-one studies focusing on family decision-making experiences, needs, and processes when assisting a dying family member were selected following electronic database searches and ancestry searches.Results: In studies using hypothetical scenarios to compare patients' choices a

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Snyder, Scott, and Halima Amjad. "Surrogate prediction of quality-of-life and desire for treatment: a guess of a guess." International Psychogeriatrics 29, no. 7 (2017): 1059–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610217000771.

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In conditions, such as dementia, stroke, or critical illness, clinicians often rely on substituted judgment through a surrogate to assist in medical decision making. Surrogates may face tough decisions regarding whether to pursue or forego surgery, tube feeding, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Surrogates often have little confidence in their decision (Majesko et al., 2012), though substituted judgment relies on the surrogate to determine the decision that the patient would have made. Prior studies suggest that surrogates predict patient preferences with only 68% accuracy (Shalowitz et al.,

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Foo, Aaron SC, Tze Wee Lee, and Chai Rick Soh. "Discrepancies in End-of-life Decisions Between Elderly Patients and Their Named Surrogates." Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 41, no. 4 (2012): 141–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v41n4p141.

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Introduction: This study aims to determine the attitudes of Asian elderly patients towards invasive life support measures, the degree of patient-surrogate concordance in end-of-life decision making, the extent to which patients desire autonomy over end-of-life medical decisions, the reasons behind patients’ and surrogates’ decisions, and the main factors influencing patients’ and surrogates’ decision-making processes. We hypothesize that there is significant patient-surrogate discordance in end-of-life decision making in our community. Materials and Methods: The patient and surrogate were pres

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Rios, Ricardo Araújo, Michael Small, and Rodrigo Fernandes de Mello. "Testing for Linear and Nonlinear Gaussian Processes in Nonstationary Time Series." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 25, no. 01 (2015): 1550013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127415500133.

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Surrogate data methods have been widely applied to produce synthetic data, while maintaining the same statistical properties as the original. By using such methods, one can analyze certain properties of time series. In this context, Theiler's surrogate data methods are the most commonly considered approaches. These are based on the Fourier transform, limiting them to be applied only on stationary time series. Consequently, time series including nonstationary behavior, such as trend, produces spurious high frequencies with Theiler's methods, resulting in inconsistent surrogates. To solve this p

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Parks, Jennifer A., and Timothy F. Murphy. "So not mothers: responsibility for surrogate orphans." Journal of Medical Ethics 44, no. 8 (2018): 551–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2017-104331.

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The law ordinarily recognises the woman who gives birth as the mother of a child, but in certain jurisdictions, it will recognise the commissioning couple as the legal parents of a child born to a commercial surrogate. Some commissioning parents have, however, effectively abandoned the children they commission, and in such cases, commercial surrogates may find themselves facing unexpected maternal responsibility for children they had fully intended to give up. Any assumption that commercial surrogates ought to assume maternal responsibility for abandoned children runs contrary to the moral sup

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Terec-Vlad, Loredana. "Surrogacy in the Context of Reproductive Rights." European Journal of Law and Public Administration 10, no. 2 (2023): 34–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/eljpa/10.2/207.

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The evolution of the medical technologies has also transformed the surrogate, from the traditional surrogate to the gestational surrogate, from the surrogate with the embryo of the infertile couple to the surrogate with embryos from donors or with embryos obtained from gametes taken from donors (surrogate mother or another person), from carrying a pregnancy by a woman of biological reproductive age and up to carrying a pregnancy by a woman past the reproductive age, all these stages or forms of surrogacy imply various debates in the medical, bioethical and, of course, human rights literature.

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Bhattacharjee, Dalia. "“This place is no better than a jail”: The geographies of surrogate houses in India." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 41, no. 6 (2023): 978–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02637758231216525.

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The commercial surrogacy industry in India administers in a way where the women working as surrogate mothers live in surrogate houses. It is a space deliberately designed and run by either the fertility clinics or a third-party agency, where the surrogate mothers are required to stay for the entire gestation period. The surrogacy industry in India utilizes the vulnerability of couples who do not or cannot have children, in order to prepare valuable and docile bodies which can serve as a platform for accumulation of wealth. This paper draws from an ethnographic inquiry of the surrogate housing

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Joseph, Rachel A., Alexandria M. Rafanello, Cassidy J. Morris, and Kerry F. Fleming. "Surrogacy: Pathway to Parenthood." Neonatal Network 37, no. 1 (2018): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0730-0832.37.1.19.

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Assistive reproductive technology has progressed significantly over the past few decades. In spite of the advances, people may still resort to a surrogate for bearing and birthing a baby. Surrogacy, though an altruistic act, has been commercialized in the past few years, leading to emergence of several ethico-legal concerns. Nurses care for the surrogates, the infants, and the intended parents through their journey with sensitivity, advocacy, compassion, and confidentiality. This article intends to explore the implications of surrogacy to individuals, families, nations, and health care.

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Rodrigues, Ana S.L., and Thomas M. Brooks. "Shortcuts for Biodiversity Conservation Planning: The Effectiveness of Surrogates." Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 38, no. 1 (2007): 713–37. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13409250.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Biodiversity is not completely known anywhere, so conservation planning is always based on surrogates for which data are available and, hence, assumed effective for the conservation of unknown biodiversity. We review the literature on the effectiveness of surrogates for conservation planning based on complementary representation. We apply a standardized approach based on a Species Accumulation Index of surrogate effectiveness to compare results from 575 tests in 27 studies. Overall, we find positive, but relatively weak, surrogacy power. Cross

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44

Rodrigues, Ana S.L., and Thomas M. Brooks. "Shortcuts for Biodiversity Conservation Planning: The Effectiveness of Surrogates." Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 38, no. 1 (2007): 713–37. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13409250.

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Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Biodiversity is not completely known anywhere, so conservation planning is always based on surrogates for which data are available and, hence, assumed effective for the conservation of unknown biodiversity. We review the literature on the effectiveness of surrogates for conservation planning based on complementary representation. We apply a standardized approach based on a Species Accumulation Index of surrogate effectiveness to compare results from 575 tests in 27 studies. Overall, we find positive, but relatively weak, surrogacy power. Cross

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45

Rodrigues, Ana S.L., and Thomas M. Brooks. "Shortcuts for Biodiversity Conservation Planning: The Effectiveness of Surrogates." Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 38, no. 1 (2007): 713–37. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13409250.

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Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Biodiversity is not completely known anywhere, so conservation planning is always based on surrogates for which data are available and, hence, assumed effective for the conservation of unknown biodiversity. We review the literature on the effectiveness of surrogates for conservation planning based on complementary representation. We apply a standardized approach based on a Species Accumulation Index of surrogate effectiveness to compare results from 575 tests in 27 studies. Overall, we find positive, but relatively weak, surrogacy power. Cross

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46

Rodrigues, Ana S.L., and Thomas M. Brooks. "Shortcuts for Biodiversity Conservation Planning: The Effectiveness of Surrogates." Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 38, no. 1 (2007): 713–37. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13409250.

Full text

Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Biodiversity is not completely known anywhere, so conservation planning is always based on surrogates for which data are available and, hence, assumed effective for the conservation of unknown biodiversity. We review the literature on the effectiveness of surrogates for conservation planning based on complementary representation. We apply a standardized approach based on a Species Accumulation Index of surrogate effectiveness to compare results from 575 tests in 27 studies. Overall, we find positive, but relatively weak, surrogacy power. Cross

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47

Rodrigues, Ana S.L., and Thomas M. Brooks. "Shortcuts for Biodiversity Conservation Planning: The Effectiveness of Surrogates." Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 38, no. 1 (2007): 713–37. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13409250.

Full text

Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Biodiversity is not completely known anywhere, so conservation planning is always based on surrogates for which data are available and, hence, assumed effective for the conservation of unknown biodiversity. We review the literature on the effectiveness of surrogates for conservation planning based on complementary representation. We apply a standardized approach based on a Species Accumulation Index of surrogate effectiveness to compare results from 575 tests in 27 studies. Overall, we find positive, but relatively weak, surrogacy power. Cross

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48

Rodrigues, Ana S.L., and Thomas M. Brooks. "Shortcuts for Biodiversity Conservation Planning: The Effectiveness of Surrogates." Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 38, no. 1 (2007): 713–37. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13409250.

Full text

Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Biodiversity is not completely known anywhere, so conservation planning is always based on surrogates for which data are available and, hence, assumed effective for the conservation of unknown biodiversity. We review the literature on the effectiveness of surrogates for conservation planning based on complementary representation. We apply a standardized approach based on a Species Accumulation Index of surrogate effectiveness to compare results from 575 tests in 27 studies. Overall, we find positive, but relatively weak, surrogacy power. Cross

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49

Rodrigues, Ana S.L., and Thomas M. Brooks. "Shortcuts for Biodiversity Conservation Planning: The Effectiveness of Surrogates." Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 38, no. 1 (2007): 713–37. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13409250.

Full text

Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Biodiversity is not completely known anywhere, so conservation planning is always based on surrogates for which data are available and, hence, assumed effective for the conservation of unknown biodiversity. We review the literature on the effectiveness of surrogates for conservation planning based on complementary representation. We apply a standardized approach based on a Species Accumulation Index of surrogate effectiveness to compare results from 575 tests in 27 studies. Overall, we find positive, but relatively weak, surrogacy power. Cross

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50

Muharam, Yuswan, Danny Leonardi, and Alisya P. Ramadhania. "Simulation of the Oxidation and Combustion of Mixed Diesel-Biodiesel Fuel." MATEC Web of Conferences 156 (2018): 03008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815603008.

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A comparative simulation-based research has been set up to obtain valid kinetic models of the oxidation and combustion of biodiesel surrogate and diesel surrogate, as well as mixed diesel-biodiesel surrogates which is used to predict their ignition delay times (IDT). The research consists of the development of the detailed kinetic models of the oxidation and combustion of biodiesel surrogate and diesel surrogate, the validation of the two models with the corresponding experimental IDT data, the merging and the validation of the two models for mixed diesel-biodiesel surrogates. The biodiesel su

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