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Journal articles on the topic 'Tariff unions'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 July 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Aituar, A. N., and S. S. Kemelbayeva. "The Effects of changes in Tariff Rates on Imports: Evidence from Kazakhstan." Economics: the strategy and practice 17, no. 2 (2022): 178–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.51176/1997-9967-2022-2-178-189.

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This paper is the continuation of the research on the impact of Eurasian Customs Union policies on the economy of Kazakhstan. The study provides new evidence on the effects of Customs Unions on its members. In particular, this paper investigates the impact of tariff rate changes in Kazakhstan due to the establishment of the Eurasian Economic Union. Kazakhstan joined Eurasian Customs Union in 2010. Then the Eurasian Customs Union became the Eurasian Economic Union in May 2014. Since the establishment of the ECU, Kazakhstan’s trade policy has experienced considerable change. The tariff rates in

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2

Weerth, Carsten. "Tariffs of the World: Are Customs Duties Really Growing Unimportant?" Global Trade and Customs Journal 4, Issue 2 (2009): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2009008.

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Some scientists and authorities are arguing that tariffs are growing more and more unimportant since eight GATT/WTOTariff– Rounds have resulted in tremendous reductions of the original tariff rates in the late 1940ies. The Non–Tariff–Measures however are gaining more importance. A WCO–background–paper has been published in September 2008 which shows the amount of revenue of a state that is generated by customs duties. The results are amazing. Tariffs are not important any more for developed states however revenue from customs duties is of very much importance to the (least) developing countrie

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3

Kennan, John, and Raymond Riezman. "Optimal Tariff Equilibria with Customs Unions." Canadian Journal of Economics 23, no. 1 (1990): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/135520.

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4

Nowbutsing, Baboo M. "Winners and Losers in Customs Unions: An Experimental Investigation." Journal of Education and Vocational Research 2, no. 2 (2011): 49–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jevr.v2i2.25.

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In the context of a Competitive Ricardian Model (CRM), one can ask whether it is possible to relate winners and losers from a CU based on comparative advantage considerations. This was pursued by Venables (2003), who showed that careful consideration of a countryâ€™s comparative advantage â€“ with the rest of the world relative to that with its partners in the CU- yields predictions about winners and losers. Starting from initial tariff equilibrium, in a 3 country model with a continuum of goods, he shows that a country with â€˜extremeâ€™ comparative advantage will be more vulnerable to trade

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Saatcioglu, Cem, and Kaan Celikok. "European Regional Integration and its Partnership with Türkiye: An Assessment of the Specific Customs Union." International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues 13, no. 1 (2023): 184–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.14014.

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International economic integrations, especially after the end of World War II, result from the long-term goals of establishing political unity based on countries' orientation towards their common economic interests. Customs unions, in which states abolish tariffs among themselves and apply common tariffs to third countries, are the next advanced stage of international integration after free trade zones. While customs unions eliminate tariffs and related taxes in trade within their jurisdiction, they also establish a common external tariff. This entails some asymmetrical disadvantages for the c

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6

Mendez-Naya, Jose, and Tomas Gomez-Arias. "Customs Unions among Producing Countries with Different Costs." Journal of International Business and Economy 10, no. 1 (2009): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.51240/jibe.2009.1.3.

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The effects of production cost asymmetries on the sustainability of customs unions among producing countries are investigated using a homogeneous-product Cournot oligopoly model, in which three producing countries subsidize exports of an homogeneous good to a consumer country that imposes a tariff on imports. It is found that the only sustainable customs union is the one formed by the three-member customs union. However, although the said customs union will be in equilibrium if utility transferences among member countries are allowed, it could not be in equilibrium if such transferences are no

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Melatos, Mark, and Alan Woodland. "Common External Tariff Choice in Core Customs Unions." Review of International Economics 17, no. 2 (2009): 292–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9396.2009.00824.x.

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8

Bagwell, Kyle, and Robert W. Staiger. "Multilateral tariff cooperation during the formation of customs unions." Journal of International Economics 42, no. 1-2 (1997): 91–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1996(96)01443-2.

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9

Givargizova, L. "PROSPECTS FOR ESTABLISHING A FREE TRADE ZONE BETWEEN THE EAEU AND INDIA." SCIENTIFIC-DISCUSSION, no. 82 (November 13, 2023): 52–58. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10117527.

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At the current stage of development under sanctions pressure on the Russian economy, the expansion and strengthening of foreign economic relations with friendly countries and with countries participating in integration blocs and unions is of great importance. The issues of technical barriers, new solutions in the field of supply chains, customs co-operation and industry co-operation are becoming relevant. Taking into account the sanctions pressure on the Russian market from the beginning of 2022, it becomes necessary to expand trade and economic relations with friendly countries, focusing on t

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10

Syropoulos, Constantinos. "Rules for the disposition of tariff revenues and the determination of common external tariffs in customs unions." Journal of International Economics 60, no. 2 (2003): 387–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1996(02)00046-6.

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11

Vinokurov, E. "Eurasian Economic Union: A sober look." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 12 (December 20, 2016): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2016-12-43-60.

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The paper appraises current progress in establishing the Customs Union and the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). Although the progress has slowed down after the initial rapid advancement, the Union is better viewed not as an exception from the general rules of regional economic integration but rather as one of the functioning customs unions with its successes and stumbling blocs. The paper reviews the state of Eurasian institutions, the establishment of the single market of goods and services, the situation with mutual trade and investment flows among the member states, the ongoing work on the l

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12

Syropoulos, Constantinos. "On Tariff Preferences and Delegation Decisions in Customs Unions: A Heckscher–Ohlin Approach." Economic Journal 112, no. 481 (2002): 625–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0297.00733.

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13

Demidova, L., P. Kotlyarevskiy, and N. Goreeva. "Assessment of the Factors Forming Restrictive Measures for International Trade Projects and Prospects for the Development of Mutual Trade Institutions of the EAEU Group of Countries." Scientific Research and Development. Russian Journal of Project Management 13, no. 1 (2024): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2587-6279-2024-13-1-22-28.

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The authors consider aspects of the established practice of developing effective regulatory mechanisms for foreign trade projects organized by trade unions of countries. Using the grouping of protectionist measures of nontariff regulation of the EAEU countries, introduced in 2020, it was revealed that the main barriers and restrictions are institutional, not economic in nature. Special attention is paid to conducting a criteria-based assessment of the relationship between institutional barriers/restrictions and the level of obstacles using the chi-square criterion. Several statistical criteria

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14

Testas, Abdelaziz. "The dynamic impact of tariff liberalisation between the European and Maghreb Unions: an empirical analysis." Journal of North African Studies 4, no. 4 (1999): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13629389908718379.

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15

Tomilov, Mikhail, and Ivan Sukhanov. "Comparative Analysis of Chinese and South Korean Approaches to Economic Integration in the Asia-Pacific Region." Regionalistica 10, no. 6 (2023): 133–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.14530/reg.2023.6.133.

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The article provides a comparative analysis of the Chinese and South Korean approaches to the development of integration interactions in the Asia-Pacific region (APR), as well as their changes from the end of the 20th century to the beginning of 2023. As a result, it is shown that from 2003 to 2017, the main priority of the PRC was the conclusion of bilateral free trade agreements with individual states ready to make concessions in order to gain expanded access to the Chinese market. However, starting in 2018, China has revised this strategy in favor of the development of multilateral trade un

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16

Mandal, Avijit. "Welfare Effect of Free Trade Agreements: A Theoretical Note." Foreign Trade Review 54, no. 2 (2019): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732519831806.

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Kemp and Wan (1976, Journal of International Economics, 6(1), 95–97) show that customs unions can be welfare enhancing if the imports from the rest of the world (ROW) by the union members are fixed both before and after the formation of the union. This note extends their argument to the case of (a) two small open economies (SOEs) joining a free trade agreement (FTA) and (b) a single SOE joining a pre-existing FTA among similar economies. The particular compensation principle considered is the one suggested by Grinols (1981, Journal of International Economics, 11(2), 259–266). According to this

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Chudinov, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich. "Transformation of the principles of remuneration of workers and employees in the Soviet metallurgy during 1922 – 1928 period (based on collective agreements and tariff agreements of the Sickle and Hammer plant)." Исторический журнал: научные исследования, no. 5 (May 2023): 57–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0609.2023.5.44190.

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Solving the tasks of restoring Soviet industry during the NEP years was accompanied by the formation of a new system of labor relations and the search for effective forms of labor stimulation, among which wages were the main one. The main objective of the study was to identify and characterize the key principles of remuneration of workers and employees of the metallurgical industry, their changes and impact on wage differentiation in 1922-1928. On the basis of collective agreements and tariff agreements of the Sickle and Hammer plant, which in the period under review was experimental, new form

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18

Schmitz, Troy G. "Measuring Inefficiency in the Presence of an Export Tax, an Import Tariff, and a State Trading Enterprise." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 34, no. 1 (2002): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800002169.

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AbstractAgricultural sales cooperative unions (ASCUs) in Turkey are heavily influenced by both domestic and international government policies. Both export taxes and import tariffs are used as policy tools to regulate cotton markets. Domestic price support programs, water subsidies, fertilizer subsidies, and credit subsidies have also been used as domestic policy tools. These types of subsidies are not uncommon among developing countries. This paper provides empirical estimates of the degree of economic inefficiency associated with government intervention in Turkish cotton markets. A two-region

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19

Chase, Kerry A. "Economic Interests and Regional Trading Arrangements: The Case of NAFTA." International Organization 57, no. 1 (2003): 137–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818303571053.

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This article examines lobbying in the United States on the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). I argue that economies of scale and production sharing across borders create incentives for firms to seek regional trade liberalization. Statistical analysis demonstrates that sectors with these characteristics were more likely to lobby for free trade in North America; these sectors were also exposed to free trade more rapidly under the tariff-phasing schedule in the NAFTA treaty. However, corporate restructuring to rescale production for the regional market and to increase offshore assembly

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20

Kapelyuk, Z. A., and Y. V. Popova. "STUDY OF TARIFFS FOR TRANSPORT SERVICES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES AND THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION." Economics Profession Business, no. 1 (March 10, 2021): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/epb202105.

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The article analyzes the experience of tariff regulation of the cost of passenger railway transportation services in the European Union and the Russian Federation. The features of tariff regulation are disclosed and eleven countries are classified according to the main categories. Tariff policy for transport services is used to ensure the consistency of economic interests of consumers and is a problematic segment for all types of transport. The article deals with tariff regulation of the cost of services provided by the railway infrastructure. Comparison of domestic and foreign experienc

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Randi, Randi, Sonia Nurprameswari, and Nita Apriliani. "Buruh vs Perusahaan (Studi Kasus Konflik Buruh/ Pekerja Driver Go-Jek dengan PT Go-Jek Indonesia)." Jurnal Empirika 2, no. 2 (2017): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.47753/je.v2i2.46.

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The development of trade unions in Indonesia very rapidly. The development course of the growth of big companies in Indonesia. With the development of the number of workers increasing and labor rights is increasingly noteworthy either by the Government, the company and the workers ' organization itself. As for the focus in this paper, will discuss how the labour conflict drivers and PT gojek Go-Jek-based technology, and safety valves in the conflict. The reason for maintaining the social structure in the company needed a "win win solution". As Coser explained that conflicts can maintain or est

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22

Borodkin, Leonid. "Differentiation of wages in the Ural industry: on the way to the “Great Turning Point”." Историческая информатика, no. 4 (April 2023): 96–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2585-7797.2023.4.69334.

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Regulating wages in the state industry was an important socio-economic task during the NEP years. The general direction of this regulation can be characterized by an leveling trend, which was initiated and supported by trade unions. At the same time, enterprises sought to achieve a certain differentiation of employee's wages in order to maintain the required level of labor incentives. The implementation of this policy in the Urals had some peculiarities. Thus, the wages of Ural workers were on average noticeably lower than in the industrialized areas of the center of the country. The article p

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23

Ingot, Steven Raja, and Ridho Meyrandoyo Hastjarjo. "ANALISIS DAMPAK LIBERALISASI PERDAGANGAN BARANG PADA PERUNDINGAN INDONESIA–EU CEPA TERHADAP PEREKONOMIAN INDONESIA." Buletin Ilmiah Litbang Perdagangan 11, no. 2 (2017): 123–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30908/bilp.v11i2.223.

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Uni Eropa (EU) merupakan salah satu negara tujuan utama ekspor Indonesia, namun pangsa pasar Indonesia di Uni Eropa masih di bawah beberapa negara ASEAN lainnya. Pada tahun 2015, pangsa pasar Indonesia di Uni Eropa baru mencapai 0,37% masih berada di bawah pangsa pasar Thailand (0,48%), Malaysia (0,49%), dan Vietnam (0,74%) (Trademap 2017). Indonesia membutuhkan akses pasar untuk dapat meningkatkan pangsa pasar di Uni Eropa dan salah satunya adalah dengan melakukan liberalisasi perdagangan barang. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak liberalisasi perdagangan barang terhadap perekonomi

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24

Schropp, Simon, Olim Latipov, Christian Lau, and Kornel Mahlstein. "Quantifying the Impact of the Latest US Tariff Sanctions on Russia: A Sectoral Analysis." Journal of World Trade 57, Issue 1 (2023): 55–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2023003.

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In addition to the existing import ban on energy products (oil, gas, coal), the United States recently announced a new sanction package that imposes significantly higher import tariffs on 570 product groups from Russia. These tariff increases affect more than USD 2 billion in US imports from Russia. Using a sector-specific partial-equilibrium (PE) model, we quantify the impact of these US tariff increases. We find that the new tariffs affect 8.7% of total US imports from Russia and may decrease Russian welfare by USD 181 million per year, while imposing annual costs of USD 90 million on US con

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NOVAK, IRYNA. "Social Dialogue in the Context of Post-War Development and European Integration of Ukraine." Demography and social economy, no. 1 (March 31, 2025): 73–93. https://doi.org/10.15407/dse2025.01.073.

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The article is devoted to the study of the state and problems of the development of social dialogue in Ukraine in the context of the priorities of post-war development and the prospects of European integration. The study generalized approaches to understanding social dialogue within the framework of institutional theory as a collective action, the purpose of which is to control, release and expand individual action, establish and ensure compliance with the rules that determine the complex of mutual economic relations between the state, trade unions and employers’ organizations. The purpose of

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Nilsson, Lars. "Principles of EU Imports, Tariffs, and Tariff Regimes." Journal of World Trade 45, Issue 4 (2011): 821–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2011028.

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This paper provides an introduction to the basics of European Union (EU) imports, tariffs, and tariff regimes. Firstly, it describes the inherent complexities in the EU tariff schedule and outlines the approach taken for aggregating EU tariffs from the ten-digit level to a lower level of aggregation. Secondly, the paper presents the distribution of EU imports by main partners and broad product groups under the four different statistical import regimes and highlights the importance of which statistical regime a product is classified under. Thirdly, based on a simplified classification, the pape

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Khmeleva, Galina A., and Maria S. Guseva. "China’s Path to Global Trade and Economic Leadership." Asia and Africa today, no. 7 (December 15, 2024): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s032150750031363-1.

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In this century, China has shown outstanding results in achieving economic growth. In a short period of time, the country has evolved from a world factory producing simple consumer goods into a leading exporter of high-tech final goods, technologies, equipment, and components for production. Since 2012, China has been maintaining a policy of strengthening national economic growth based on domestic sources, the country is actively expanding its influence through large-scale initiatives such as the Belt and Road Initiative, Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), BRICS+, thus not abandoning pla

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Pitteloud, Sabine. "The social desirability of offshoring: a Swiss consensus (1945–1975)." Zeitschrift für Unternehmensgeschichte 64, no. 2 (2019): 255–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zug-2018-0034.

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AbstractThis article focuses on the evolution of the rhetoric and practice of corporate offshoring in Switzerland from the post-war economic boom to the industrial crisis in the mid-seventies. The virtue of a historical perspective on the issue of offshoring is to show how recent controversies have their roots in previous decades, suggesting the need to reassess recent debates about structural change in light of earlier experiences. Relying on the cultural and narrative perspective in business history, the article shows the emergence of an unexpected consensus about the legitimacy of corporate

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NITSENKO, Vitalii. "WAYS TO ENSURE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF MILK PRODUCTION IN UKRAINE." Ukrainian Journal of Applied Economics 4, no. 3 (2019): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36887/2415-8453-2019-3-12.

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The starting point was the statement that providing conditions for sufficient consumption of milk and dairy products by the population of Ukraine is one of the urgent tasks of food security. The issue of overcoming the crisis of milk production, which has been observed in recent years and is manifested in a steady reduction in the volume and number of livestock remains unresolved, which determined the subject and objectives of the study. The purpose of the article is formulated as the definition of the main trends in the activities of milk production enterprises, the development measures to im

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Joshi, Vivek. "Preferential Tariff Formation: The Case of the European Union." Journal of World Trade 45, Issue 5 (2011): 901–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2011031.

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In this paper, we address the impact of Multilateral Trade Liberalization (MTL) on the preferential tariffs granted by the European Union (EU), which is one of the largest traders and one of the biggest contributors to MTL. We empirically address two important questions. First, if the Most Favoured Nation (MFN) tariff for a product is higher, does it lead to a higher or lower preferential tariff? Second, with the EU being a large trading partner in such agreements, does reciprocity matter for giving meaningful preferential access? For a given MFN tariff, we model the preferential tariff with a

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Creskoff, Stephen, and Petrit Gashi. "Tariffs as an Instrument of Trade Policy: The Unique Case of Kosovo." Global Trade and Customs Journal 8, Issue 5 (2013): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2013018.

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Although all sovereign nations use import tariffs as an instrument of trade policy, most nations today are restricted by tariff bindings in trade agreements. Kosovo, a nation that has been independent for only five years, is an exception. Kosovo's only current restrictions regarding tariff increases are its tariff binding obligation in the eight nation Central European Free Trade Area (CEFTA) agreement. This gives Kosovo unusual power to vary tariff levels to carry out its economic and trade policy objectives, power that it to date has not utilized. During Kosovo's administration by the United

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Dave, Dr Brij Behari. "Evaluating the Ripple Effects of Tariff Policies: Comprehensive Approach." Scholars Journal of Economics, Business and Management 12, no. 06 (2025): 128–42. https://doi.org/10.36347/sjebm.2025.v12i06.001.

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This comprehensive study investigates the multifaceted economic impacts of contemporary tariff policies, with a particular focus on the transformative period around 2025. The primary objective is to understand how strategic tariff implementations influence international trade relationships, domestic economic indicators, and global market dynamics across nine major trading partners: China, the European Union, Canada, Mexico, India, South Korea, Japan, Turkey, and Brazil. Employing a multi-methodological approach, the research integrates Difference-in-Differences (DiD), Synthetic Control methods

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Chen, Beiyu. "How Much Will the Eus Tariffs on Chinese Evs Affect Their Sales in Europe?" Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 202, no. 1 (2025): 216–24. https://doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/2024.25050.

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This paper explores the effect of the European Union (EU)s recently (2024/7/5) imposed tariffs on imported Chinese Electric Vehicles (for short CEVs). The EU made the policy decision after a long anti-subsidy investigation into CEV manufacturers that are competitive and gradually gaining market share in the European market, and so the tariff is for protecting the business of domestic EV manufacturers. Based on the conceptual framework of the supply-and-demand model of international trade that is commonly used in microeconomics, I hypothesize that the tariffs will cause CEVs sales to decline. H

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Blumberga, Dagnija. "Mandatory Procurement Lessons. Phenomena of External Initiator Factor." Environmental and Climate Technologies 23, no. 1 (2019): 188–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2019-0013.

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Abstract Financial support is needed in order to implement renewable resources in countries energy sector in the shortest time period. Among the most important supports for European Union Member states are feed-in tariff and feed-in tariff premiums. This research analyses one country’s experience in applying subsidies of the electricity tariff that has caused public protests after 20 years. There are many reasons for this which are analysed in the paper. One of the most important reasons of high subsidies of energy tariffs – coincident mandatory procurement implementation of application of fos

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LEE, YONG-SHIK. "Three Wrongs Do Not Make a Right: The Conundrum of the US Steel and Aluminum Tariffs." World Trade Review 18, no. 3 (2019): 481–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147474561900020x.

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AbstractIn March 2018, the United States enacted tariff increases on a vast range of imported steel and aluminum products. The Trump administration cited national security concerns as the justification, claiming an exception under GATT Article XXI. In response to these tariffs, several WTO Members, including the European Union, Canada, Mexico, China, Russia, and Turkey, adopted their own tariffs against imports from the United States, justifying their tariffs under the WTO Agreement on Safeguards. Other Members, such as South Korea, Brazil, and Argentina opted for quota agreements on these exp

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Mushenok, V., T. Gurzhii, and A. Gurzhii. "The legal grounds of tariff regulation for railway transportation of goods in the Republic of Poland." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 2, no. 85 (2024): 311–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2024.85.2.46.

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The article revolves around legal and organizational aspects of tariff regulation for freight rail transport in the Republic of Poland. A detailed characterization of the Polish legislation on tariff regulation of freight transportation by rail was carried out. Its correlation with the requirements of the Directive 2012/34/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 November 2012 Establishing a single European railway area is highlighted. The main provisions of the Law of the Republic of Poland “On Railway Transport” in the part of the tariff regulation of railway freight transporta

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Memon, Muhammad Salih, Dr Nadeem Bhatti, Faiz Muhammad Shaikh, and Dr Anwar Ali Shah G.Syed. "IMPACT OF PAK-INDIA TRADE ON ECONOMY OF PAKISTAN BY USING COMPUTABLE GENERAL EQUILIBIUM MODEL (CGE)." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 11, no. 1 (2016): 2672–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijmit.v11i1.4936.

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This research investigates the Impact of PAK-INDIA trade on Economy of Pakistan. Data were collected from GTAP-7 database and six sectors were included in the database, Textile, Pharmaceutical, Automobile parts and engineering, Agriculture, Financial and Insurance services and logistics.Â Data were analyzed by using GEM-software.Â Different simulation run on GTAP-7 database and various tariff rates applied.Â It was revealed that if India were removing the sensitive list item, in this scenario both countries would have positive impact on GDP, Export, Import and Employment of Pakistan.Â The resu

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Karataş, Ayşegül, Halil Şimdi, and Büşra Garip. "Correlation between misinvoicing and non-tariff measures for Turkey's exports to the EU." Acta Oeconomica 71, no. 2 (2021): 327–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/032.2021.00016.

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AbstractMany researchers have analysed the factors that cause discrepancies in the mirror trade statistics. However, the conflicting findings of the relatively limited number of studies on the relation between non-tariff measures and misinvoicing make further research in this area necessary. Therefore, our paper aimed to analyse the impact of non-tariff measures on misinvoicing in the context of Turkey's exports to the European Union (EU) between 2008 and 2015. This study tested the possible relationship between them using other measurable variables related to Turkey's exports to the EU of the

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Sari, Kartika Rahma, and Widyastutik Widyastutik. "FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI DAN ESTIMASI TARIF EKUIVALEN NTBs EKSPOR KAYU LAPIS INDONESIA." Buletin Ilmiah Litbang Perdagangan 9, no. 1 (2015): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.30908/bilp.v9i1.18.

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Studi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi ekspor kayu lapis dengan menggunakan Gravity Model, dan menghitung Nilai Tarif Ekuivalen dari Non Tariff Barriers (NTBs) kayu lapis Indonesia di negara tujuan. Berdasarkan pendekatan Gravity Model (Model Gravitasi), aliran perdagangan potensial diperoleh dengan melakukan subtitusi seluruh data kedalam persamaan gravity. Fitted trade flow dari persamaan gravity model dianggap sebagai aliran perdagangan potensial. Perbedaan antara aliran perdagangan aktual dan potensial diindikasikan sebagai tarif ekuivalen dari NTBs. Hasil e

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LYDGATE, EMILY, and L. ALAN WINTERS. "Deep and Not Comprehensive? What the WTO Rules Permit for a UK–EU FTA." World Trade Review 18, no. 3 (2018): 451–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745618000186.

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AbstractWTO rules prohibit Free Trade Areas (FTAs) that provide tariff-free access or services liberalization in only one or a few sectors. In this sense, a narrow, sectoral approach to concluding an FTA between the EU and the UK would contravene WTO law. However, assuming the EU and the UK were able to agree a substantially broad tariff-free FTA, WTO rules would not prevent them from moving further to maintain the bulk of the benefits of the Customs Union and the Single Market in a few key sectors. They could establish customs union-like conditions by coordinating external tariffs in some sec

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Yurkevich, Olga. "Socio-Economic Consequences of Changes in the Tariff Policy of the Electric Power Industry." E3S Web of Conferences 470 (2023): 01042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202347001042.

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The article examines the current tariff policy for electricity in the Republic of Belarus. There has been a significant disproportion in tariffs between industrial and household consumers, including in comparison with the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union and Europe. The level of electricity cost reimbursement, which causes the problem of cross-subsidization, was analyzed. It’s noted that the share of electricity costs in the household budget has been staying at the same level for a long period of time and remains relatively insignificant. It’s noted that with the continued payment of t

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Chandra, Dr Monalisa, Garima Singh, Rimjhim Rana Singh, Prof Alok Verma, and Vani Dhaka. "Impact of U.S. Tariffs on International Trade: Legal Perspectives and Global Implications." International Journal of Environmental Sciences 11, no. 5s (2025): 614–20. https://doi.org/10.64252/vrwdxq67.

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With a focus on using tariffs as a strategic tool, the current administration has significantly altered US trade policy. Recent developments have raised serious concerns, particularly the imposition of new and increased tariffs on major trading partners like China, Canada, India, and the European Union. This study examines the wider ramifications for international economic relations and trade regulation while analyzing the legal effects of U.S. tariffs on foreign trade. It covers the latest U.S. tariff measures, international reactions, and practical concerns for businesses operating in this s

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Ishchuk, Yuliia A., and Zoriana I. Kushko. "Customs Tariff as a Tool for Regulating Ukraine’s Export-Import Operations with the EU." Business Inform 1, no. 564 (2025): 40–46. https://doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2025-1-40-46.

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The article considers the customs tariff as an effective tool for regulating export-import operations between Ukraine and the European Union. The mechanisms of functioning of the customs tariff in the conditions of the deep and comprehensive free trade area between Ukraine and the EU are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the issues of harmonization of customs rates, their impact on the competitiveness of Ukrainian goods in the European market and support for domestic manufacturers. The main problems and prospects for improving tariff regulation to stimulate foreign economic activity an

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Sinitsyna, A. S., E. A. Ovchinnikova, and S. A. Galyant. "PRICE LIST 10-01: MECHANISMS FOR TARIFF REGULATION." World of Transport and Transportation 16, no. 1 (2018): 90–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.30932/1992-3252-2018-16-1-9.

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[For the English abstract and full text of the article please see the attached PDF-File (English version follows Russian version)].ABSTRACT In the countries of the European Union and Russia, the owner of the railway infrastructure is the state, and the rolling stock is owned by private companies. With this model of organizing the railway industry, the main source of income for the owner of the public infrastructure is freight transportation. The main advantages of this model are the low level of monopoly power of the rolling stock owners and low probability of discrimination in access to infra

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정재우 and Kil Nam Lee. "A Study on the Practical Approach of European Union's Market Access through the Understanding of Tariffs and Non-Tariff Barriers in European Union." International Commerce and Information Review 16, no. 4 (2014): 187–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.15798/kaici.16.4.201409.187.

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Jusufi, Gezim, and Bashkim Bellaqa. "Trade Barriers and Exports between Western Balkan Countries." Naše gospodarstvo/Our economy 65, no. 4 (2019): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ngoe-2019-0021.

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AbstractThe aim of the paper is to identify the trade barriers imposed by the Western Balkan countries. All barriers, whether tariff or non-tariff, undoubtedly impede the normal development of trade between countries. Therefore, the paper examines merchandise trade patterns in the Western Balkan region and tries to identify the main drivers of and obstacles to intra-regional trade. Intra-regional trade comes second in importance, after trade with the European Union (EU); it underperformed and was in decline in the last few years. In the region with political challenges as the Western Balkans,

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Miao, Wang. "Analysis of the Impact of Carbon Tariffs on China's Trade." Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 79, no. 1 (2024): 317–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/79/20241866.

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As the impact of the financial crisis deepened, on March 17, 2009, US Energy Secretary Steven Chu prepared to impose carbon tariffs on imported goods to avoid unfair competition in the US manufacturing industry. Meanwhile, in recent years, some developed countries or regions, such as the United States and the European Union, have proposed punitive tariffs on imported products from developing countries such as China and India based on carbon content under the pretext of addressing climate change. This measure has sparked widespread international discussion. Therefore, this article takes carbon

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Latipov, Olim, Christian Lau, Kornel Mahlstein, and Simon Schropp. "The Economic Effects of Potential EU Tariff Sanctions on Russia — A Sectoral Approach." Intereconomics 57, no. 5 (2022): 294–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10272-022-1074-1.

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AbstractAs part of its sanctions regime, the United States recently announced the imposition of punitive import tariffs on 570 product groups from Russia. The European Union may follow suit and enact sanctions on Russia that mirror the US sanctions in scale and scope. Using a sector-specific partial-equilibrium model, we quantify the impact of such mirror sanctions. We find they would inflict on Russia welfare losses of at least $996 million per year — at an overall cost of $150 million to EU consumers. Breaking down these totals in a sectoral analysis, we find that mirroring the US action wou

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Tremblay, Rodrigue. "La politique commerciale fédérale et l’économie québécoise." L'Actualité économique 52, no. 4 (2009): 459–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/800695ar.

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Abstract It is argued in this paper that both normative and objective considerations must be taken into consideration in the formulation of tariff policy. Moreover, it is shown that static and partial equilibrium analyses can be disastrously misleading in guiding the framing of tariff policy. Regarding the regional impact of tariffs, it is shown that within a monetary union, interregional trade flows reflect absolute production and transport cost advantages and that the non-realization of perfect domestic mobility of factors of production entails social and private adjustment costs that must b

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Gelo, Tomislav, Željko Vrban, and Dalibor Pudić. "Allowed Revenue of Network System Operators in the Croatian Energy Sector and Interest Rate Changes on the Croatian Capital Market." Zagreb International Review of Economics and Business 22, s2 (2019): 73–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/zireb-2019-0028.

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Abstract The energy sector is characterized by market and monopoly activities. Monopoly activities include network activities, transmission and distribution of electricity, and transport and distribution of natural gas. For this reason, the revenue of the network activities is defined as allowed income, and it is under the control of the national energy regulator. In Croatia, this is the Croatian Energy Regulatory Agency. The allowed revenues of the network system operator in the Croatian energy sector are defined by the methodologies for individual network activities, which are based on the m

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