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Journal articles on the topic 'Tire Bead'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Wang, Guolin, Weibin Wang, Chen Liang, and Leitian Cao. "Fatigue Life Prediction of Radial Tire Bead Using a Maximum Strain Energy Density Range Method." Applied Sciences 11, no. 12 (2021): 5477. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11125477.

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The damage that occurs around the tire bead region is one of the critical failure forms of a tire. Generally, the prediction of tire durability is carried out by the experimental method. However, it takes a lot of money and time to conduct experiments. Therefore, to determine the fatigue life of radial tire bead, a reasonable prediction method is proposed in this paper. Fatigue testing of bead rubber compounds to determine the ΔSED-number of the cycle (Nf) was applied. The maximum strain energy density range (ΔSEDmax) of several bead compounds was obtained by steady-state rolling analysis with

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2

Michel, L., A. Vadean, and R. Benoit. "Tire Burst Phenomenon and Rupture of a Typical Truck Tire Bead Design." Tire Science and Technology 39, no. 4 (2011): 270–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.3672044.

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Abstract Even though relatively rare, the tire failures are very dangerous. An example of tire failure is over-pressurization that usually occurs during inflation of the tire, when the latter is inflated well beyond the pressure recommended by the tire manufacturer. When inflating tires, personnel assigned to vehicle repair and maintenance are likely to suffer severe injuries if several safety rules are ignored. Experimental data on tire burst is somewhat rare in the open literature. In order to determine the strength limits of a typical truck tire and describe the mechanism of the tire burst

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3

Gerhardt, J. S., R. L. Fuller, G. D. Follen, and C. L. Schnuth. "The Use of Tangential X-Ray Tools in the Analysis of Tire/Wheel Mismatch." Tire Science and Technology 25, no. 2 (1997): 96–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2137537.

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Abstract This paper introduces and discusses the use of tangential x-rays as a tool and technique for analysis of fitment of the tire/wheel contact area or bead seat area for any pneumatic tire/wheel assembly. The bead seat area of pneumatic tires has long been an area of “intrigue” owing to its hidden nature. This technique is demonstrated in the analysis of a progressive degradation of a casing ply turn-up in a tire. The tangential x-ray methodology permits observation of the structural elements in a tire while it is mounted and inflated. The process makes it possible to answer definitively

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4

Jiao, Zhi Wei, Ge Zhang, Yong Liu, et al. "Finite Element Analysis for Effect of Different Carcass on Performance of Aircraft Tire." Key Engineering Materials 561 (July 2013): 422–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.561.422.

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Three different kinds of carcass A, B and C for aircraft tires were presented in the article, which is based on the different length of rolling up for carcass cord across the bead ring. And then they were simulated by applying finite element analysis method when aircraft tire was landing in an instant. The simulation results indicated that, the carcass structure of rolling up from the side of bead extending to the other bead (A type) has the minimum deformation, which can reduce the outward of bulge for the side wall and effectively resolve the failure problem for rubber in the sidewall of tir

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5

Lee, C. "Rim Slip and Bead Fitment of Tires: Analysis and Design2." Tire Science and Technology 34, no. 1 (2006): 38–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2169829.

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Abstract A tire slips circumferentially on the rim when subjected to a driving or braking torque greater than the maximum tire-rim frictional torque. The balance of the tire-rim assembly achieved with weight attachment at certain circumferential locations in tire mounting is then lost, and vibration or adverse effects on handling may result when the tire is rolled. Bead fitment refers to the fit between a tire and its rim, and in particular, to whether a gap exists between the two. Rim slip resistance, or the maximum tire-rim frictional torque, is the integral of the product of contact pressur

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6

Yoder, Nathanael C., Timothy J. Johnson, and Douglas E. Adams. "Near Real-Time Monitoring of Bead Area Damage in Rolling Tires Using a Rotating Wheel Model and Multi-Directional Vibration Data." Key Engineering Materials 347 (September 2007): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.347.233.

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In current tire durability tests, technicians must stop tests periodically to inspect each tire, resulting in a time consuming, expensive, and relatively subjective process. Online tire monitoring would thus be a dramatic improvement over the current methodology. If such a system could be extended to on-line vehicle use, it could dramatically increase safety, reduce downtime, and lead to better fuel efficiency in commercial and passenger cars and trucks. A near real-time system to monitor the initiation of bead area damage in rolling tires was developed using vibration data collected from the

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7

Clark, J. D., and D. J. Schuring. "Load, Speed and Inflation Pressure Effects on Rolling Loss Distribution in Automobile Tires." Tire Science and Technology 16, no. 2 (1988): 78–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2148800.

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Abstract The effect of tire load, speed, and cold inflation pressure on the rolling loss contribution of any tire region is determined by numerical calculations involving both laboratory measurements and thermal modeling techniques. Laboratory measurements include tire surface temperature distributions obtained from an infrared camera system; thermal modeling is based on finite-difference procedures. Results are presented in two formats: (1) plots of rolling loss distributions from bead to bead and (2) contributions of tread, shoulder, sidewall, and bead regions. The first format is a direct r

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8

Liu, Cai Jun, Jie Ma, and Jun Chen. "The Improvement of Bead Wire Coating for Lorry Tyre." Advanced Materials Research 756-759 (September 2013): 158–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.756-759.158.

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The truck bias tyre bead wire coating is improved, by adjusting the rubber system, reduce the bead wire wrapped filler, appropriately increasing the amount of carbon black, and using resorcinol-formaldehyde donor-silica and cobalt salt adhesion system, the strength and adhesion property of bead wire coating were improved, bead burst and the prick-out of bead wire were decreased, the bad ratio of tire caused by bead problems was reduced from 1.3% to below 0.1%, significantly improve the actual service life of tyre.

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9

Zhu, Chang Shun, Guo Lin Wang, Ping Ping Li, and Shang Wei Chen. "Crack-Propagating Direction of Tire Bead Rubber Determined by J_max Criterion." Applied Mechanics and Materials 43 (December 2010): 628–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.43.628.

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Three-dimensional crack propagating path of tire bead rubber was the premise to study the crack propagation direction of bead. For this reason, Jmax Criterion was put forward. Utilized J integral maximum (Jmax) to determine the crack propagation direction of rubber. Calculated J-integral values of different preset directions by Abaqus built-in algorithm, obtained J (θ) curve which showed the Jmax and direction angle (θ) by fitting simulation data. Using Abaqus to set up two different crack model of bead rubber and simulate the crack propagation path, the results was consistent with the real cr

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10

Pekachaki, Henrik Margharian, Saeed Taghvaei-Ganjali, Fereshteh Motiee, and Mandana Saber-Tehrani. "APPLICATION OF CALIXARENE DERIVATIVES AS TACKIFIER RESIN IN RUBBER COMPOUNDS FOR TIRE APPLICATIONS." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 92, no. 3 (2019): 467–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.19.81510.

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ABSTRACT The effect of p-tert-Butylcalix[4]arene on rubber-nylon-6 fabric and rubber-metal bead wire adhesion strength was quantified. For this purpose, two typically used rubber compounds were employed for two reinforcing motorcycle tire components: ply and bead. The standard pull-out tests of rubber–fabric and rubber–metal showed improvements in adhesion strength by incorporating p-tert-Butylcalix[4]arene into rubber compounds. However, the maximum values of adhesion force to pull the polyamide fabrics and brass-coated metal wires out of the rubber compounds were observed when only 1.0 phr o

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11

Das, Souvik, Prashant Koli, Jitendra Mathur, Arthita Dey, Tanmay Bhattacharyya, and Sandip Bhattacharyya. "Failure Analysis of Motor Tire Bead Wires During Torsion Test." Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention 13, no. 6 (2013): 684–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11668-013-9750-x.

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12

Tseng, N.-T. "Finite Element Analysis of Freely Rotating Tires." Tire Science and Technology 15, no. 2 (1987): 134–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2148784.

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Abstract Axisymmetric analysis of an inflated tire rotating with constant angular speed can be used to simulate two loading conditions of a tire during its service life: (1) a freely rotating tire on an automobile that is stuck in snow or mud and (2) the top region of a rolling loaded tire, where footprint loading has little influence on the distribution of its stresses and strains. The equations of motion for a freely rotating deformable body with constant angular speed have been derived and implemented into a finite element code developed in-house. The rotation of a thin disk was used to che

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13

Gattis, J. L., and Jess W. Everett. "Evaluation of Culvert Pipe Made from Waste Truck Tires." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1541, no. 1 (1996): 140–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196154100118.

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Waste truck tires pose special disposal problems. As an alternative to disposal, a private tire recycling company developed a pipe from the tire bead and sidewall. This tire pipe has seen limited use as a roadway drainage culvert. To encourage wider use of this product, an evaluation of its performance was performed. The evaluation consisted of (a) inspections of existing installations, (b) receiving comments from installers and owners, and (c) leakage tests. The field investigations revealed that most tire pipe installations were performing well. An individual tire pipe section was found to b

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14

Pottinger, M. G. "The Three-Dimensional Contact Patch Stress Field of Solid and Pneumatic Tires." Tire Science and Technology 20, no. 1 (1992): 3–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2139508.

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Abstract Contact patch (footprint) physics is fundamental to the generation of vehicle control forces, tire and road wear, and tire structural mechanics. Footprint physics depends strongly on tire design, pavement topography, and operating conditions. This paper discusses the three-dimensional contact patch stress field of two generic tire types: solid and pneumatic. The discussion is limited to the comparison of the static and free rolling states of both tire types, examination of the effect of the bead-rim boundary condition in the pneumatic tire, and a brief look at the effect of the fricti

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15

Li, Yong, Xunhua Sun, Julan Song, Shoudong Zhang, and Shanling Han. "Topological structure and experimental investigation of a novel whole tire bead." Materials & Design 203 (May 2021): 109592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2021.109592.

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16

Tretyakov, O. B., and S. L. Sokolov. "Tire Design Theory Based on Optimization of Stress-Strain Cycles of its Elements (CSSOT)." Tire Science and Technology 17, no. 2 (1989): 100–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2141677.

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Abstract Some criteria are presented for evaluating the various tire design theories that are based on the equilibrium shape of the sidewall and on the rolling contour of a tire (RCOT). Tire failure types and the mathematical models by which they can be predicted by modern theories of rubber/cord fatigue are also described. A tire design theory based on stress-strain optimization of its elements is proposed as is a hierarchic system of complicated tire models for calculation of stress-strain cycles. Approaches are suggested for estimating fatigue strength of rubber-cord composites. Influence o

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17

Ellwood, Kevin R. J., John Baldwin, and David R. Bauer. "Numerical Model for Nitrogen Tire Inflation5." Tire Science and Technology 35, no. 4 (2007): 300–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2802612.

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Abstract The scope of this study was twofold: (1) to quantify the contribution nitrogen inflation would have on oxidative aging of tires and (2) measure the improvement nitrogen tire inflation may have on inflation pressure retention. A previously developed tool for diffusion-limited oxidation was used to simulate aging behavior at 25 and 60 °C. Oven-accelerated tire aging (60 °C) data for different inflation media was used for successful validation of the model, and it was shown that aging rates for higher oxygen concentrations tend toward a constant value. For lower temperatures, the use of

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18

Ma, Chi, Tuo Ji, Christopher G. Robertson, R. Rajeshbabu, Jiahua Zhu, and Yalin Dong. "Effect of Filler–Polymer Interface on Elastic Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites: A Molecular Dynamics Study." Tire Science and Technology 45, no. 3 (2017): 227–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.17.450301.

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ABSTRACT A coarse-grained model has been built to study the effect of the interfacial interaction between spherical filler particles and polymer on the mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites. The polymer is modeled as bead-spring chains, and nano-fillers grafted with coupling agent are embedded into the polymer matrix. The potential parameters for polymer and filler are optimized to maximally match styrene-butadiene rubber reinforced with silica particles. The results indicated that, to play a noticeable role in mechanical reinforcement, a critical value exists for the grafting densit

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19

Ogawa, H., S. Furuya, H. Koseki, H. Iida, K. Sato, and K. Yamagishi. "A Study on the Contour of the Truck and Bus Radial Tire." Tire Science and Technology 18, no. 4 (1990): 236–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2141702.

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Abstract The Tension Control Optimization Theory, TCOT, allows for heavy duty truck and bus tires with greater bead and belt durability and increased fuel efficiency than conventionally shaped truck and bus tires, without sacrificing other important performance characteristics such as maneuverability, wear resistance, etc. Before TCOT, conventional truck and bus tires used the theory of the natural equilibrium shape as a base. TCOT technology expands the Rolling Contour Optimization Theory, RCOT, and proposes the ultimate tire casing contour according to tire application. TCOT optimizes the co

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20

Jeusette, J. P., and M. Theves. "Finite Element Analysis of Tire/Rim Interface Forces Under Braking and Cornering Loads." Tire Science and Technology 20, no. 2 (1992): 83–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2139512.

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Abstract During vehicle braking and cornering, the tire's footprint region may see high normal contact pressures and in-plane shear stresses. The corresponding resultant forces and moments are transferred to the wheel. The optimal design of the tire bead area and the wheel requires a detailed knowledge of the contact pressure and shear stress distributions at the tire/rim interface. In this study, the forces and moments obtained from the simulation of a vehicle in stationary braking/cornering conditions are applied to a quasi-static braking/cornering tire finite element model. Detailed contact

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21

Costa, A. L. A., M. Natalini, M. F. Inglese, and O. A. M. Xavier. "Tire Bead Overheating in Urban Buses and Trucks Using Drum Brake Systems." Tire Science and Technology 26, no. 1 (1998): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2135959.

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Abstract Because the structural integrity of brake systems and tires can be related to the temperature, this work proposes a transient heat transfer finite element analysis (FEA) model to study the overheating in drum brake systems used in trucks and urban buses. To understand the mechanics of overheating, some constructive variants have been modeled regarding the assemblage: brake, rims, and tires. The model simultaneously studies the thermal energy generated by brakes and tires and how the heat is transferred and dissipated by conduction, convection, and radiation. The simulated FEA data and

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22

Wang, You Shan, Zhi Bo Cui, and Qiang Liu. "Finite Element Analysis of the Material Properties’ Influence on Tire/Road Contact Pressure and Area." Applied Mechanics and Materials 367 (August 2013): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.367.73.

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When designing a tire, a good contact pressure distribution and a good contact area are necessary. The contact pressure and contact area are determined by tire material and structure, but there is few public researches on these. So, in this article, tire material properties’ influence on tire/road contact pressure and area are analyzed by using finite element method. The results show that there are ten rubber materials have negative correlation with contact pressure, the most effective material is tread rubber; there are four rebar materials have positive relation with contact pressure, the ma

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23

Ratrout, N. T., S. Anwar Basha, H. I. Al-Abdul Wahhab, and K. A. Al-Ofi. "Conformity of Physical Characteristics of Imported Tires with Government Standards: A Case Study." Journal of Engineering Research [TJER] 1, no. 1 (2004): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/tjer.vol1iss1pp1-6.

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The Saudi Arabian Standards Organization, SASO, has established a set of tests that all passenger car tires have to pass in order to be allowed into the Country. These tests are: visual inspection, dimension measurement, bead unseating, tensile strength and elongation, aging, endurance, and high speed performance tests. This paper describes the application of the first five tests on eight different brands of tires that are taken to represent the categories of “frequently failed” and “infrequently failed” tires in the country. The results showed that the dimensions of almost all the tested tire

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Schuring, D. J., and J. D. Clark. "Load, Speed, and Pressure Effects on Passenger Car Tire Rolling-Loss Distribution." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 61, no. 4 (1988): 669–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3536212.

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Abstract The procedure explained in this paper permits calculation of individual tire region contributions to rolling loss without altering the tire. Many different tire-build configurations can be considered using this technique. Different belt, bead, and subtread materials' contributions to rolling-loss distribution can be studied; different tire shapes and thicknesses can be considered. Only a single tire of each configuration need be built, and it can be retested if necessary. Results obtained here show that the tread region of the tire tested behaves differently than the other regions. Ch

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25

Yan, X. "Application of the Finite Element Method in Screening of Body Turn up Heights for Radial Truck Tires." Tire Science and Technology 29, no. 3 (2001): 186–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2135238.

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Abstract A method is described to predict relative body turn up endurance of radial truck tires using the finite element method. The elastomers in the tire were simulated by incompressible elements for which the nonlinear mechanical properties were described by the Mooney-Rivlin model. The belt, carcass, and bead were modeled by an equivalent orthotropic material model. The contact constraint of a radial tire structure with a flat foundation and rigid rim was treated using the variable constraint method. Three groups of tires with different body turn up heights under inflation and static footp

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26

Keefe, R. L. "Predictive Indoor Wheel Testing of Heavy Duty Truck Tires." Tire Science and Technology 15, no. 1 (1987): 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2148781.

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Abstract An indoor wheel test for heavy duty truck tires has been developed to predict in-service failures of commercial and developmental tires. The test, run at slow speed and high load to emphasize stress and fatigue rather than heat, is based on the premise that repeated high stress is the principal cause of in-service tire failure. These stresses occur when dynamic or transient overloads are caused by road bumps, load transfer during braking and cornering, or dual tire configuration on non-uniform surfaces. Although these overloads may occur infrequently, they can become very significant

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27

KHOTKO, Alexander V., Sergey V. SHIL’KO, and Sergey N. BUHAROV. "POSSIBILITIES FOR OPTIMAL DESIGN OF A CAR TIRE BASED ON A CRITERION OF SPATIAL STRENGTH BALANCE." Mechanics of Machines, Mechanisms and Materials 4, no. 53 (2020): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.46864/1995-0470-2020-4-53-11-18.

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A procedure is proposed for calculating the internal profile and optimal distribution of materials for a pneumatic car tire in a mold configuration. To adequately describe the elastic-dissipative properties of tire rubbers and rubber-cord composites, nonlinear elastic deformation Mooney–Rivlin model and viscoelastic Prony model as well as experimental data of static and dynamic tests are considered. An algorithm for finite element analysis of the stress-strain state of a passenger car tire is described in the MSC.Marc software package, and results of numerical solution of applied problems are

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Szegda, Agnieszka, Stanisław Radkowski, and Sebastian Brol. "Magnetic field of a radial tire after puncture caused by ferromagnetic elements." Technical Sciences 3, no. 21 (2018): 183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/ts.2883.

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Tire, an element of wheel, is made in a sophisticated vulcanization process of many components and some of which such as: bead wire, belt and carcass exhibit ferromagnetic properties. Such components create variable in direction and intensity magnetic field, which expands around tire and the complete wheel. Since the layout of magnetic field is exceptional for every single wheel many of information might be obtained on the basis of it alteration. The reported since now application concentrates on rotational speed measurement, wheel rotations counting and therefore also vehicle linear speed and

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29

Polyakova, Marina, and Alexey Stolyarov. "Automobile Tires’ High-Carbon Steel Wire." Encyclopedia 1, no. 3 (2021): 859–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia1030066.

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It is a well-known fact that to manufacture an automobile tire more than 200 different materials are used, including high-carbon steel wire. In order to withstand the affecting forces, the tire tread is reinforced with steel wire or other products such as ropes or strands. These ropes are called steel cord. Steel cord can be of different constructions. To ensure a good adhesive bond between the rubber of the tire and the steel cord, the cord is either brass-plated or bronzed. The reason brass or bronze is used is because copper, which is a part of these alloys, makes a high-strength chemical c

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Masumoto, Y., and Y. Iida. "Investigation of the Microscopic Viscoelastic Property for Cross-linked Polymer Network by Molecular Dynamics Simulation." Tire Science and Technology 39, no. 1 (2011): 44–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.3555178.

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Abstract The purpose of this work is to develop a new analytical method for simulating the microscopic mechanical property of the cross-linked polymer system using the coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulation. This new analytical method will be utilized for the molecular designing of the tire rubber compound to improve the tire performances such as rolling resistance and wet traction. First, we evaluate the microscopic dynamic viscoelastic properties of the cross-linked polymer using coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulation. This simulation has been conducted by the coarse-grained mole

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Trung, Thai Dinh, Bui Xuan Kien, Nguyen Thanh Tung, and Ho Quang Quy. "Dynamics of polystyrene beads linking to DNA molecules under single optical tweezers: A numerical study using full normalized Langevin equation." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 25, no. 04 (2016): 1650054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863516500545.

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The dynamics of a polystyrene bead linking to a [Formula: see text]-phage deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule under single optical tweezers using CW laser beam is analyzed by the full normalized Langevin equation with elastic and Brownian forces. The obtained results show that the stable time and stable position of polystyrene bead depend on its beginning position, laser beam waist, and laser beam power. The oscillation of polystyrene beads at stable position is observed with different parameters of optical tweezers. Finally, the conditions to stabilize the bead and to stretch the [Formula: s

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Mallows, Colin, and Larry Shepp. "The Necklace Process." Journal of Applied Probability 45, no. 1 (2008): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1239/jap/1208358967.

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Start with a necklace consisting of one white bead and one black bead, and add new beads one at a time by inserting each new bead between a randomly chosen adjacent pair of old beads, with the proviso that the new bead will be white if and only if both beads of the adjacent pair are black. Let Wn denote the number of white beads when the total number of beads is n. We show that EWn = n/3 and, with c2 = 2/45, that (Wn − n/3) / c√n is asymptotically standard normal. We find that, for all r ≥ 1 and n > 2r, the rth cumulant of the distribution of Wn is of the form nhr. We find the expected numb

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Nakata, Toshio. "Necklace Processes Via Pólya Urns." Journal of Applied Probability 46, no. 01 (2009): 284–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021900200005362.

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Mallows and Shepp (2008) developed the following necklace processes. Start with a necklace consisting of one white bead and one black bead, and insert, one at a time, under a deterministic rule, a white bead or a black bead between a randomly chosen adjacent pair. They studied the statistical properties of the number of white beads by investigating the nature of the moments and the expected number of gaps of given length between white beads. In this note we study the number of white beads via Pólya urns and give a classification of necklace processes for some general rules. Additionally, we di

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Nakata, Toshio. "Necklace Processes Via Pólya Urns." Journal of Applied Probability 46, no. 1 (2009): 284–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1239/jap/1238592130.

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Mallows and Shepp (2008) developed the following necklace processes. Start with a necklace consisting of one white bead and one black bead, and insert, one at a time, under a deterministic rule, a white bead or a black bead between a randomly chosen adjacent pair. They studied the statistical properties of the number of white beads by investigating the nature of the moments and the expected number of gaps of given length between white beads. In this note we study the number of white beads via Pólya urns and give a classification of necklace processes for some general rules. Additionally, we di

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Mallows, Colin, and Larry Shepp. "The Necklace Process." Journal of Applied Probability 45, no. 01 (2008): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021900200004113.

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Start with a necklace consisting of one white bead and one black bead, and add new beads one at a time by inserting each new bead between a randomly chosen adjacent pair of old beads, with the proviso that the new bead will be white if and only if both beads of the adjacent pair are black. Let W n denote the number of white beads when the total number of beads is n. We show that EW n = n/3 and, with c 2 = 2/45, that (W n − n/3) / c√n is asymptotically standard normal. We find that, for all r ≥ 1 and n &gt; 2r, the rth cumulant of the distribution of W n is of the form n h r . We find the e

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Mitsumata, Tetsu, Yusuke Kakiuchi, and Jun-Ichi Takimoto. "Fast Drug Release Using Rotational Motion of Magnetic Gel Beads." Research Letters in Physical Chemistry 2008 (March 26, 2008): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/671642.

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Accelerated drug release has been achieved by means of the fast rotation of magnetic gel beads. The magnetic gel bead consists of sodium alginate crosslinked by calcium chlorides, which contains barium ferrite of ferrimagnetic particles, and ketoprofen as a drug. The bead underwent rotational motion in response to rotational magnetic fields. In the case of bead without rotation, the amount of drug release into a phosphate buffer solution obeyed non-Fickian diffusion. The spontaneous drug release reached a saturation value of 0.90 mg at 25 minutes, which corresponds to 92% of the perfect releas

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McNeil, P. L., and E. Warder. "Glass beads load macromolecules into living cells." Journal of Cell Science 88, no. 5 (1987): 669–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.88.5.669.

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We describe and characterize an exceptionally rapid and simple new technique for loading large numbers of cultured cells with large macromolecules. The culture medium of the cell monolayer is replaced by a small volume of the macromolecule to be loaded. Glass beads (75–500 micron diameter) are then sprinkled onto the cells, the cells are washed free of beads and exogenous macromolecules, and ‘bead-loading’ is completed. The conditions for bead-loading can readily be modified to accommodate cell type and loading objectives: for example, the amount of loading per cell increases if bead size is i

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Zhou, Qin, and Paul L. Bishop. "Determination of oxygen profiles and diffusivity in encapsulated biomass k-carrageenan gel beads." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 1 (1997): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0064.

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Biofiltration is a popular method for removing volatile organic compounds (VOCs). One promising medium for biofilters is biomass encapsulated gel beads. Like any other biodegradation system, oxygen concentration is an important factor affecting microbial activities in gel beads and thus the VOC removal efficiency. This paper summarizes the studies on oxygen distribution and diffusivity in k-carrageenan gel beads using oxygen microelectrodes to measure oxygen profiles. By using a reaction-diffusion model and the concentration measurements obtained, a homogeneous diffusivity constant and an oxyg

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De Wever, Pieter, Rodrigo de Oliveira-Silva, João Marreiros, Rob Ameloot, Dimitrios Sakellariou, and Pedro Fardim. "Topochemical Engineering of Cellulose—Carboxymethyl Cellulose Beads: A Low-Field NMR Relaxometry Study." Molecules 26, no. 1 (2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26010014.

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The demand for more ecological, highly engineered hydrogel beads is driven by a multitude of applications such as enzyme immobilization, tissue engineering and superabsorbent materials. Despite great interest in hydrogel fabrication and utilization, the interaction of hydrogels with water is not fully understood. In this work, NMR relaxometry experiments were performed to study bead–water interactions, by probing the changes in bead morphology and surface energy resulting from the incorporation of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) into a cellulose matrix. The results show that CMC improves the swe

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Abas, Siti Nur Aeisyah, Mohd Halim Shah Ismail, Shamsul Izhar Siajam, and Mohd Lias Kamal. "Comparative Study on Adsorption of Pb(II) Ions by Alginate Beads and Mangrove-Alginate Composite Beads." Advanced Materials Research 1113 (July 2015): 248–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1113.248.

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The aim of the present study report on the adsorption performance of alginate bead (AB) and mangrove-alginate composite bead (MACB) bead adsorbents for the removal of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution. The effects of pH and initial concentration with contact time on the adsorption properties of Pb(II) onto both adsorbent were investigated and were described by isotherm and kinetic studies. The isotherm adsorption data were fitted well to Freundlich isotherms for both beads and the maximum adsorption capacities of the AB and MACB beads were 29.02 mg g-1 and 10.84 mg g-1, respectively. The kinet

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Marshall, Heather, and Marisa A. Devine. "Article." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 76, no. 3 (1998): 356–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v98-013.

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The fluorescence signals from replicate samples of uranium taken into fused sodium fluoride beads, read in the prescribed fashion, are not distributed normally. The signal from a single bead shows marked sinusoidal variation as the bead is rotated, and it is the superposition of this sinusoidal variation on the normal variation between beads that gives rise to a widened or even bimodal distribution among replicates. If each bead is read a second time, following a single half rotation, the average of the two readings gives the true signal underlying the sinusoidal variation; the distribution of

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Marciani, Luca, Penny A. Gowland, Annette Fillery-Travis, et al. "Assessment of antral grinding of a model solid meal with echo-planar imaging." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 280, no. 5 (2001): G844—G849. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.2001.280.5.g844.

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Mathematical modeling of how physical factors alter gastric emptying is limited by lack of precise measures of the forces exerted on gastric contents. We have produced agar gel beads (diameter 1.27 cm) with a range of fracture strengths (0.15–0.90 N) and assessed their breakdown by measuring their half-residence time (RT1/2) using magnetic resonance imaging. Beads were ingested either with a high (HV)- or low (LV)-viscosity liquid nutrient meal. With the LV meal, RT1/2was similar for bead strengths ranging from 0.15 to 0.65 N but increased from 22 ± 2 min (bead strength <0.65 N) to 65 ± 12

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Mottaghi, Ali, Kayhan Behdin, Ashkan Esmaeili, Mohammadreza Heydari, and Farokh Marvasti. "OBTAIN: Real-Time Beat Tracking in Audio Signals." International Journal of Signal Processing Systems 5, no. 4 (2017): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijsps.5.4.123-129.

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Wang, Chunjian, Beshah Ayalew, Timothy Rhyne, Steve Cron, and John Adcox. "A Laminated Ring on Elastic Foundation Model and a Feedback Contact Algorithm for Tire-Road Contact Analysis." Tire Science and Technology 45, no. 4 (2017): 307–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.17.450404.

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ABSTRACT This article proposes (1) a two-dimensional tire model that extends the deformable ring on elastic foundation (REF) model by treating the ring as a laminated beam and (2) a feedback compensation approach to solve the tire-road contact problem as facilitated by the laminated REF model. The internal layer of the laminated ring is formulated using the Timoshenko beam theory that can also be easily regressed to an Euler beam. The external layer of the laminated ring is modeled as a circular beam that primarily takes into account the strain energy contributed by the tire tread in the trans

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Kuhnigk, Justus, Daniel Raps, Tobias Standau, Marius Luik, Volker Altstädt, and Holger Ruckdäschel. "Insights into the Bead Fusion Mechanism of Expanded Polybutylene Terephthalate (E-PBT)." Polymers 13, no. 4 (2021): 582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13040582.

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Expandable polystyrene (EPS) and expanded polypropylene (EPP) dominate the bead foam market. As the low thermal performance of EPS and EPP limits application at elevated temperatures novel solutions such as expanded polybutylene terephthalate (E-PBT) are gaining importance. To produce parts, individual beads are typically molded by hot steam. While molding of EPP is well-understood and related to two distinct melting temperatures, the mechanisms of E-PBT are different. E-PBT shows only one melting peak and can surprisingly only be molded when adding chain extender (CE). This publication theref

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Then-Obłuska, Joanna. "Meroitic beadwork: an overview based on finds from Saï in ancient Nubia." Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 25 (May 15, 2017): 691–724. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.2997.

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The paper provides a preliminary overview of beads and pendants found on Saï Island at two Meroitic cemeteries, 8-B-5.A and 8-B-52.B. In the Meroitic period, strings of beads and pendants were an easily discerned motif in royal and private iconography, as well as in the arts and crafts, pottery included. The Saï bead and pendant assemblage is characterized by a variety of materials, techniques, and shapes that contribute significantly to a comparative study of Meroitic beadwork bead collections. Alongside objects already identified at other sites, richly imbued with visible Egyptian and Greek

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Koo, Ja Eun, Shin Kim, Ock Bae Ko, et al. "BEAC or BEAM Chemotherapy Followed by Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation in Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Patients: Comparative Analysis on Efficacy and Toxicity." Blood 106, no. 11 (2005): 5291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v106.11.5291.5291.

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Abstract Background: Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) is the major indication of high dose chemotherapy (HDC) followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). However, little is known on the comparative efficacy and toxicity of various HDC regimens. Aims: This study aimed to compare the efficacy and toxicity of BEAC and BEAM regimen. Methods: Between April 1994 and February 2005, 97 NHL patients were received HDC with BEAC (N=69) or BEAM (N=28) followed by ASCT at Asan Medical Center. We matched one patient received BEAM with two patients received BEAC who has same International Prognostic

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Chen, Qiu Lan, Ka Lun Cheung, Yiu Wa Kwan, Siu Kai Kong, and Ho Pui Ho. "A Centrifugal Microfluidics Platform for Potential Application on Immobilization-Free Bead-Based Immunoassays." Applied Mechanics and Materials 289 (February 2013): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.289.39.

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In this work, we demonstrate a simple yet convenient centrifugal microfluidics, or lab-on-a-disc (LOAD) platform for bead-based immunoassays. The disc contains a network of passive valves for sample manipulation and a bead-aggregating barrier structure to instead of commonly used immobilization method. The narrow-channel structure not only provides a geometric barrier for retaining the beads, but also significantly increased fluidic resistance which results in lower flow rate and longer reaction time for each reagent in the reaction chamber. Centrifuge-forced beads densification in the small j

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Lumsden, Simone, John P. Singh, Ronnie G. Morgan, and Gregory Hundt. "Rheological Characterization of Suspension of Hollow Glass Beads." SPE Journal 22, no. 05 (2017): 1671–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/181347-pa.

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Summary Hollow glass spheres (beads) are widely used as density and rheological modifiers for various oil and gas process fluids, particularly cement. One of the primary uses is to achieve lightweight slurries with good mechanical properties of the set cement. This paper discusses a concentrated, yet pumpable, suspension of these spheres for offshore cementing applications. Providing the lightweight spheres in a liquid suspension eliminates the risks associated with dry blending these materials. The development of the liquid suspension of hollow beads enables on-the-fly mixing of cement slurri

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Truffa Giachet, Miriam, Bernard Gratuze, Anne Mayor, and Eric Huysecom. "Compositional and provenance study of glass beads from archaeological sites in Mali and Senegal at the time of the first Sahelian states." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (2020): e0242027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242027.

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The presence of glass beads in West African archaeological sites provides important evidence of long-distance trade between this part of the continent and the rest of the world. Until recently, most of these items came from historical Sub-Saharan urban centers, well known for their role in the medieval trans-Saharan trade. We present here the chemical analysis by Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) of 16 glass beads found in three rural sites excavated during the past decade: the funerary site of Dourou-Boro and settlement sites of Sadia, in central Mali, as

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