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Journal articles on the topic 'Trade by barter'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

Tvrdoň, Oldřich, and Radmila Presová. "Barter trade operations in the EU intracommunity area." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 55, no. 6 (2007): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200755060187.

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The article deals with trading possibilities through the barter trade companies which are widely spread especially in USA and Wester Europe. It shows the essence of commercial and cooperative companies engaged in barter-trading business. It also introduces the International Reciprocal Trade Assiciation worldwide company (IRTA). Shows results of czech barter company LQA, ltd., which trades requisitions and other goods by jointing demands since 2000. By the help of balance sheet method it reproaches values of offered and demanded requisitions in 2007.
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2

SHAMIR, GADI, MICHAEL BEN-OR, and DANNY DOLEV. "A SAFE AND SCALABLE PAYMENT INFRASTRUCTURE FOR TRADE OF ELECTRONIC CONTENT." International Journal of Cooperative Information Systems 07, no. 04 (December 1998): 331–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218843098000167.

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BARTER (a Backbone ARchitecture for Trade of ElectRonic content) is a payment infrastructure that facilitates digital content trade over an open network. BARTER is designed to operate over a large-scale, global and heterogeneous communication network. The BARTER protocols address two vital requirements, neglected from existing electronic commerce systems: scalability and transactional efficiency. These protocols possess strong properties such as delivery atomicity, agreement validation and the ability to resolve several classes of disputes. BARTER's novelty is twofold: First, BARTER servers are not required to perform expensive cryptographic operations such as commitment verification; commitments are cross-verified by the parties themselves, thus reducing the overhead of online transaction processing by orders of magnitude. Consequently, BARTER can serve as an efficient online/offline clearing infrastructure. Second, BARTER integrates scalability considerations into several system components (the authentication subsystem, the account management subsystem, and the maintenance of global data) that are likely to suffer service degradation in a world-wide setting. In addressing these issues, BARTER takes into account the inherent asynchronous, unreliable, insecure and failure-prone environment assumptions. We contend that by employing service distribution, BARTER is expected to scale well, meeting the demands of a world-wide setting, over which it is intended to operate.
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3

Haddawy, Peter, Christine Cheng, Namthip Rujikeadkumjorn, and Khaimook Dhananaiyapergse. "Optimizing ad hoc trade in a commercial barter trade exchange." Electronic Commerce Research and Applications 4, no. 4 (December 2005): 299–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elerap.2005.06.001.

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4

Yeo, Woonkyung. "Illegalising Licitness?" Asian Journal of Social Science 44, no. 6 (2016): 663–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685314-04406003.

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In the mid-20th Century, the practice of bartering was one of the most prevalent forms of economic transaction around the Indonesian Archipelago. The most prevalent and crucial for Indonesian society was the trade conducted along the border between Singapore and Sumatra. The government centred in Jakarta often approved and even encouraged barter with Singapore at the regional and national level. In many cases, however, bartering along the borders was done autonomously by the regional government and traders, and often out of state control. In these circumstances, the central government sometimes “illegalised” barter trade, while the regional government and societies, arguing that their barter transactions were “licit”, issued a challenge to the government’s order. Such tension and conflict over barter in the region was exacerbated by political upheavals such as regional rebellions in the 1950s and the Konfrontasi in the 1960s. This article traces changing policies and discourses regarding “barter” between Singapore and the Indonesian islands (mostly Sumatra) in the mid-20th Century, and highlight how an economic transaction was politicised, and how the ideas of licitness and legality were in confrontation in certain political backgrounds.
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5

Marvasti, Akbar, and David J. Smyth. "Barter and Business Cycles: Further Empirical Evidence." American Economist 56, no. 2 (November 2011): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/056943451105600211.

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Rising interest in barter due to the current world-wide recession has motivated a re-examination of macroeconomic determinants of barter in the U.S. economy, particularly its correlation with the business cycle. This critical evaluation, using the International Reciprocal Trade Association data, addresses, among other issues, whether firm size affect the behavior of firms during business cycles. Here, we deal with replacement of the missing observations by filling them with forecasts using the Box-Jenkins ARMA and Kalman filter methods before performing the unit root and cointegration tests. Although the ECM estimates for various measures of business cycles are occasionally inconsistent, overall the inventory measures and capacity utilization results suggest that barter transactions are counter-cyclical regardless of the firm size. Additionally, we find that barter rises with inflationary trend, dissemination of access to computer technology, tax rates and tax laws requiring disclosure of barter transactions.
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6

Weigand, Robert E. "Beyond Vodka Reciprocity In International Business." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 1, no. 1 (November 2, 2011): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v1i1.6596.

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7

Mei, Dexiang, and Xiaojun Li. "Transfer Pricing-Based Money Laundering in Barter Trade." Modern Economy 06, no. 06 (2015): 747–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/me.2015.66071.

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8

Buttyán, Levente, László Dóra, Márk Félegyházi, and István Vajda. "Barter trade improves message delivery in opportunistic networks." Ad Hoc Networks 8, no. 1 (January 2010): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2009.02.005.

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9

Efremova, E. I. "Specific Features of Audit and Assessment of Foreign-Trade Barter Deals." Vestnik of the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, no. 4 (July 29, 2018): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2413-2829-2018-4-69-78.

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Today the impact of foreign-trade operations as an important element of foreign – economic activity on economy of Russia has increased. Thus showing all stages of foreign-trade barter deal is becoming more and more acute. Because of that the organization could avoid difficulties in the process of shaping income of the operation. As a result of export-import operation integration not only positive effects but also certain problems were found. Practice of auditing demonstrated that currency, commercial and finance risks are not controlled completely or are controlled insufficiently, which can cause damages to the organization. An important step during auditing is the process of identifying advantages and disadvantages in the existing control over foreign-trade barter deals. In case such a control is absent, the assessment of goods movement on the way, in places of storage and transportation is violated. According to the Federal Customs Service import reached the minimum value in the last 5 years. It is connected mainly with food embargo (which caused the record drop in deliveries from EU countries), numerous bans introduced last year and fall in the ruble rate. The author advanced methodology of barter deal auditing during conducting foreign economic activity by organizations and the system of record-keeping of operations, which play an important role in foreign trade of Russian organizations and entrepreneurs.
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10

Marin, Dalia, and Monika Schnitzer. "Contracts in Trade and Transition: The Resurgence of Barter." Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 159, no. 3 (2003): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1628/0932456032954774.

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11

Krueger, Gary. "Contracts in Trade and Transition: The Resurgence of Barter." Journal of Comparative Economics 31, no. 1 (March 2003): 188–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0147-5967(03)00003-9.

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12

Aksu, Murat, and Ahmet Gürbüz. "D8 Ülkeleri Arasındaki Dış Ticaret İşlemlerinde Barter Yönteminin Uygulanabilirliği / Applicability of Barter Method in Foreign Trade Transactions between D-8 Countries." Journal of History Culture and Art Research 6, no. 6 (December 30, 2017): 578. http://dx.doi.org/10.7596/taksad.v6i6.1223.

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<p><strong>Abstract </strong></p><p>Economic crises, which are experienced every 10 years, increase the obligation to use alternative methods in foreign trade. One of the main ideas advocated by governments to develop the economy is to encourage local expenditures. However, it is not clear how this policy will motivate behavior change. Although local currency initiatives are becoming increasingly popular, some practicalities are seldom successful in promoting long-term spending on expenditure behaviors. It is important to develop the (BARTER) system to overcome some limitations of local currencies. Barter system is seen as an important source of funding for foreign trade in context of many countries. Given the rising of cost due to crises and the volatility of local currency value, the barter system is an effective way to reduce costs, improve business efficiency and free up stocks.</p><p>It is of great importance for countries to keep good relations with their relative states. Similarity in race, religion or tradition allows the world system to establish a common understanding. The D-8 organization established for this purpose appears as one unit of dynamic and young population from lands of three continents. However, despite this potential, the D-8 countries are having trouble on getting into action exactly. Present research sought to analyze how Turkey can improve foreign trade with D-8 countries by using barter system and how to supply products and product groups with money substitutes.</p><p><strong>Öz</strong></p><p>Yaklaşık her on yılda bir yaşanan ekonomik krizler, dış ticarette alternatif yöntemler kullanma mecburiyetini artırmaktadır. Hükümetlerin savunduğu temel fikirlerden biri, yerel harcamaları teşvik ederek büyümeyi sağlamaktır. Ancak bu durumun davranışsal değişimi nasıl motive edeceği açık değildir. Yerel para birimi girişimleri gittikçe daha popüler olmasına rağmen, bazı pratiklikler harcama davranışlarında uzun vadede ve yaygınlaşmanın teşvik edilmesinde nadiren başarılıdır. Yerel para birimlerinin bazı sınırlamalarını aşmak için, Barter sisteminin geliştirilmesi önemlidir. Barter sistemi ülkeler açısından dış ticarette önemli bir finansman kaynağı olarak görülmektedir. Krizler ve yerel para değerinin oynaklığı nedeniyle artan maliyet unsuru göz önüne alınırsa Barter sistemi maliyeti düşürmenin, ticari etkinliği artırmanın ve stokları eritmenin etkili bir yoludur.</p><p>Akraba devletler ile ilişkide olmak ülkeler açısından büyük önem arz eder. Irk, din veya geleneklerde benzerlik dünya sisteminde ortak bir anlayış oluşturmasını sağlar. Bu amaçlarla kurulmuş olan D-8 teşkilatı, üç kıtada toprak sahibi, dinamik ve genç nüfusu olan bir birlik olarak gözükmektedir. Ancak bu potansiyele rağmen,<em> </em>D-8 ülkeleri tam anlamıyla harekete geçmek konusunda sıkıntı yaşamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’nin, Barter sistemini kullanarak D-8 ülkeleri ile olan dış ticaretini ne ölçüde geliştirebileceği ve ihtiyacı olan ürünleri ve ürün gruplarını para ikameleriyle nasıl temin edebileceği araştırılmıştır.</p>
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13

Baxter, William T. "OBSERVATIONS ON MONEY, BARTER AND BOOKKEEPING." Accounting Historians Journal 31, no. 1 (June 1, 2004): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/0148-4184.31.1.129.

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Britain forbade her 18th-century American colonies to set up mints, and sent no supplies of her own coins. In consequence, the colonies were without any official money. Account books of the period reveal how traders fared in this unusual situation. They show that the lack of money was a severe handicap that hindered and distorted trade, but that the colonists to some extent overcame it with the aid of ingenious ledger entries. These culminated in payment by credit transfers in the books of third parties. Such transactions lead to a discussion of the nature of money.
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14

McElfresh, Duncan C., Hoda Bidkhori, and John P. Dickerson. "Scalable Robust Kidney Exchange." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (July 17, 2019): 1077–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33011077.

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In barter exchanges, participants directly trade their endowed goods in a constrained economic setting without money. Transactions in barter exchanges are often facilitated via a central clearinghouse that must match participants even in the face of uncertainty—over participants, existence and quality of potential trades, and so on. Leveraging robust combinatorial optimization techniques, we address uncertainty in kidney exchange, a real-world barter market where patients swap (in)compatible paired donors. We provide two scalable robust methods to handle two distinct types of uncertainty in kidney exchange—over the quality and the existence of a potential match. The latter case directly addresses a weakness in all stochastic-optimization-based methods to the kidney exchange clearing problem, which all necessarily require explicit estimates of the probability of a transaction existing—a still-unsolved problem in this nascent market. We also propose a novel, scalable kidney exchange formulation that eliminates the need for an exponential-time constraint generation process in competing formulations, maintains provable optimality, and serves as a subsolver for our robust approach. For each type of uncertainty we demonstrate the benefits of robustness on real data from a large, fielded kidney exchange in the United States. We conclude by drawing parallels between robustness and notions of fairness in the kidney exchange setting.
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15

Persson, Anna, and Timo Teräsvirta. "The net barter terms of trade: A smooth transition approach." International Journal of Finance & Economics 8, no. 1 (January 2003): 81–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.198.

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16

Verzariu, Pompiliu. "Countertrade, barter, offsets: new strategies for profit in international trade." International Executive 27, no. 1 (1985): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tie.5060270108.

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17

Sun, J., Y. Suo, S. Park, T. Xu, Y. Liu, and W. Wang. "Analysis of Bilateral Trade Flow and Machine Learning Algorithms for GDP Forecasting." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 8, no. 5 (October 13, 2018): 3432–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.2311.

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The terms imports and exports describe goods and services traded between countries. Countries import goods they cannot produce domestically or can obtain at a lower cost from another country. According to the World Trade Organization (WTO) reports, the U.S. is the world’s largest importer based on capital investment, followed by the E.U., China, Germany, and Japan. For exports, China leads the world with an official trade amount of $1.904 trillion in 2013. E.U. ranks second, followed by U.S., Germany, and Japan. Trade in goods and services is defined as a change in ownership of material resources and services between economies. Trade indicators include the sale of goods and services as well as barter transactions or goods exchanged and are measured in million USD, the percentage of GDP for net trade, and the annual export and import growth. This study analyzes imports and exports of all countries for the 1960-2017 period and evaluates the correlations in trade statistics to predict future imports and exports. Since the GDP for any country depends mainly on trade, this study examines trade data and compares various machine learning algorithms to forecast a country’s GDP.
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18

Majune, Socrates Kraido, and Davis Kimuli Mwania. "On the economic thought of trade practices and policies in Kenya." Estudios económicos 38, no. 77 (May 3, 2021): 187–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.52292/j.estudecon.2021.2256.

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This study explains trade regimes in Kenya from a History of Economic Thought (HET) perspective using secondary materials (books, papers, and original manuscripts). We found that the pre-colonial era (before 1895) had a mixture of Classical doctrines and Mercantilism, whereby long-distance and barter trade between communities were practiced. Nonetheless, certain communities restricted trade. Classical economic thought was practiced in the colonial period (1895-1962), whereby agricultural produce was exported and less expensive consumables were imported. The post-colonial period started with a Mercantilism approach (Importsubstitution), but successive regimes have promoted Classical doctrines of trade by reducing import and export barriers and creating trade-promotion institutions. Trade in services, which is topical in international trade, has also been promoted in this regime.
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19

Huff, W. G. "Bookkeeping barter, money, credit, and Singapore's international rice trade, 1870–1939." Explorations in Economic History 26, no. 2 (April 1989): 161–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-4983(89)90009-0.

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20

Handoko, Wuri. "Gerabah Situs Wayputih sebagai Komoditi Barter di Kerajaan Hoamoal." Kapata Arkeologi 9, no. 1 (April 23, 2016): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/kapata.v9i1.198.

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The site of Wayputih settlement in the history and traditions of the various sources mentioned as the part of the Kingdom Hoamoal region. This study aims to clarify the role of settlement Wayputih sites as the region as one of the central region of the kingdom Hoamoal clove producer. In addition it describes the process of trade and exchange between commodities produced by commodity from outside the area. This study uses a survey to see traces of settlements based on primary data pottery artifacts, then perform quantitative and qualitative analysis of data to explain the use and development of the system of commodity exchanges in the region. The results of the study, found the distribution of pottery with a high quantity in the site area. It can be concluded that based on the intensity of pottery and not produced in the local area, then to obtain it from outside the region to barter with cloves produced in the local area. Trade and exchange of pottery with cloves in Wayputih, support the development of trade in the territory of the Kingdom Hoamoal.Situs pemukiman Wayputih dalam berbagai sumber sejarah maupun tradisi tutur merupakan wilayah pemerintahan dari Kerajaan Hoamoal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan peranan permukiman situs Wayputih sebagai wilayah sebagai salah satu wilayah pusat penghasil cengkeh bagi kerajaan Hoamoal. Selain itu menggambarkan proses perdagangan dan pertukaran antara komoditi yang dihasilkan dengan komoditi dari luar wilayah. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode survei untuk melihat jejak-jejak permukiman berdasarkan data utama artefak gerabah, selanjutnya melakukan analisis secara kuantitatif dan kualitatif data untuk menjelaskan penggunaan dan perkembangan sistem pertukaran komoditi di wilayah tersebut. Hasil penelitian, ditemukan sebaran gerabah dengan kuantitas yang tinggi di wilayah situs tersebut. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa berdasarkan intensitas gerabah dan tidak dihasilkan di wilayah setempat, maka untuk memperolehnya dari wilayah luar dengan melakukan barter dengan cengkeh yang dihasilkan di wilayah setempat. Perdagangan dan pertukaran gerabah dengan cengkeh di Wayputih, mendukung perkembangan niaga di wilayah Kerajaan Hoamoal.
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V. Gabdullin, Lenar, Rinat A. Bikulov, Ilnaz M. Khamitov, and Yuliya S. Stepanova. "E-integrator of LBP-Provider of Logistics Barter." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.7 (September 27, 2018): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.7.20543.

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Logistic barter is a normal commodity exchange among producers where one thing is exchanged to another without monetary pay on the basis of globally integrated trade procedure. The approach of barter logistics is not abandon money, however ignores it among producers. Logistics has touched and touches such heights, while the requirement for a "universal equivalent of goods" among producers could simply cease to exist [1]. A powerful combination of logistics and e-commerce is expected to lead to significant changes in the overall business landscape. E-commerce will provide an opportunity for many companies to make the necessary communications and conclude transactions with each other, and logistics will provide an opportunity to more effectively use this information to manage activities in their business. Instead of a two-way relationship between the supplier and the customer, the business will increasingly be based on networks of supply chains, made up of groups of suppliers and customer groups [2]. E-commerce, e-sourcing, e-markets are better to be united under the auspices of logistics barter into an e-integrator, which will be the serving element of the LBP-provider. An e-integrator is an integrator of information and communication technologies for supply chains of logistics barter, in the form of electronic means, taking into account a closing link, e-commerce, and the reverse distribution of added value. The paper describes the new LBP-providers which are not a servicing element of the economy, but become operators of an alternative economy themselves. We have also considered the basics for the mathematical concept of a future LBP (logistic barter) operator.
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22

Lai, Alessandro, Giulia Leoni, and Riccardo Stacchezzini. "Governmentality rationales and calculative devices: The rejection of a seventeenth-century territorial barter proposed by the King of Spain." Accounting History 17, no. 3-4 (August 2012): 369–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1032373212443226.

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Almost 400 years ago, Ferdinando Gonzaga, Duke of Mantova and Marquis of Monferrato, refused a territorial barter proposed by the King of Spain, who had offered the Isle of Sardinia in exchange for the Marquisate of Monferrato. In 1618, an advisor to the Duke drafted a report to highlight the governmental issues surrounding the island. This Relatione, together with correspondence between the governors and advisors engaged in the prospective transfer, reveals why the Duke rejected the proposal. These sources provide the foundation for a close analysis of the potential effects of the trade on the Duchy’s welfare, as well as the problems associated with its government. Using a model based on the Foucauldian governmentality framework, this analysis reveals that denying the barter was the result of rational behavior, driven by territorial governability aims.
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23

BEATTY, EDWARD. "The Impact of Foreign Trade on the Mexican Economy: Terms of Trade and the Rise of Industry 1880–1923." Journal of Latin American Studies 32, no. 2 (May 2000): 399–433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00005794.

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This article uses both new and published data on Mexico's foreign trade to measure terms of trade and to investigate the relationship between trade and the early growth of domestic industry. This analysis yields five conclusions: (1) Mexican terms of trade declined, largely due to the dramatic fall in the price of silver; (2) the growing diversity of Mexican exports significantly cushioned the short-term impact of silver depreciation; (3) declining terms of trade did not characterise the entire era, but instead were concentrated in two periods: 1891–97 and 1912–21; (4) although net barter terms of trade declined, Mexico's capacity to import – measured by the income terms of trade – improved markedly, and (5) this proved absolutely crucial in financing the concurrent process of incipient import-substituting industrialisation. In other words, the Porfiriato witnessed a development process in which trade growth and the spread of domestic manufacturing were highly complementary. Without the former, industrialisation would have been severely handicapped.
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Changhui, Yang, and Kang Ju. "Research on Business Process and E-business Platform Design of Barter Trade." Information Technology Journal 12, no. 19 (September 15, 2013): 5315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/itj.2013.5315.5320.

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25

Spraos, John. "The Statistical Debate on the Net Barter Terms of Trade: A Response." Economic Journal 95, no. 379 (September 1985): 789. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2233043.

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26

Ferraro, Emilia. "Trueque: An Ethnographic Account of Barter, Trade and Money in Andean Ecuador." Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology 16, no. 1 (April 2011): 168–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1935-4940.2011.01129.x.

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Lutz, Matthias G. "Commodity terms of trade and individual countries' net barter terms of trade: Is there an empirical relationship?" Journal of International Development 11, no. 6 (September 1999): 859–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1328(199909/10)11:6<859::aid-jid632>3.0.co;2-h.

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28

Metcalf, George. "A Microcosm of Why Africans sold Slaves: Akan Consumption Patterns in the 1770s." Journal of African History 28, no. 3 (November 1987): 377–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700030097.

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The European goods which Africans consumed in the slave trade era tell us much about the African societies which imported them. However the study of the subject has involved much confusion through the application of fragmentary evidence from different societies in different stages of development towards the fashioning of broad hypotheses about the impact of the trade on West Africa as a whole. It is important therefore, when the evidence is available, to study each society and each group of African middlemen individually as well as within the wider context.The papers (especially the barter records) of Richard Miles throw a good deal of light on one such microcosm: the Akan people of the Gold Coast in the second half of the eighteenth century. The Fante middlemen with whom Miles dealt required, for virtually every barter, an assortment of goods from five major categories: hardware, currencies, textiles, luxury items, arms and ammunition. Though all these categories were necessary for the trade, it is notable that textiles were far and away the dominant commodity desired by the Akan. Guns were in surprisingly low demand during this period which suggests that the Akan slave producers (principally the Asante) had no difficulty raising slaves through tribute in peacetime and were not forced to rely on wars and slave-raids.Miles's documents also make it clear that generalizations drawn from the Gold Coast in this period cannot be extended automatically to other areas; Akan history tells us that neither can they be extended on the Gold Coast into a different era.
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Cuddington, John T., and Carlos M. Urzua. "Trends and Cycles in the Net Barter Terms of Trade: A New Approach." Economic Journal 99, no. 396 (June 1989): 426. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2234034.

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30

Clark, Rob, and Trent Cason. "Getting on Good Terms." Sociology of Development 1, no. 3 (2015): 374–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sod.2015.1.3.374.

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For much of the twentieth century, less developed countries endured deteriorating terms of trade relative to more advanced nations. During that time, a number of explanations emerged to help explain the “unequal exchange” that occurred between rich and poor countries. We revisit these ideas in light of recent data showing more favorable trade terms for a large number of countries in the developing world. Using panel data covering 132 countries during the 1990–2012 period, our analysis considers the importance of trade composition, productive capacity, labor power, foreign capital, factor endowments, and macroeconomic conditions in affecting a country's net barter terms of trade. In addition, we introduce a measure of trade coreness to this field of work, which indicates the relative bargaining power that countries possess during exchange. Our results show that changes in the terms of trade can be attributed to several factors. Most notably, our findings suggest that foreign capital penetration leads to deteriorating terms of trade via its impact on labor conditions, while countries occupying more core-like positions in the international trade network have come to experience more favorable trade terms.
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Gundogdu, Ahmet Suayb. "Exploring novel Islamic monetary system." Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research 11, no. 2 (January 2, 2020): 440–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jiabr-12-2017-0180.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore an alternative Islamic monetary system in which money is created from supply chain grassroots based on work effort and is accessible to people as long as they offer goods and services demanded by others. Design/methodology/approach This study adopts the critical realism approach and highlights the challenges with the present monetary system. It also proposes to address these challenges through an alternative monetary system in which money creation starts from the grassroots of the supply chain. The proposed system extends the real-world complementary currency concept of barter to a holistic electronic trading platform, which includes chain barter alternatives, licensed warehouses and electronic warehouse receipts within the Islamic microfinance practice, thereby facilitating cross-border trade and international trade payments. An electronic currency, valued at the worth of goods produced in the supply chain, is introduced as the medium of exchange. Findings The problem with past monetary systems can be addressed through current information technology and supply chain management to enable a monetary system and money creation based on real economic transactions. Originality/value This study proposes an alternative monetary system, which is only possible by harnessing supply chain management with money creation. The proposed monetary system may be considered, should the present system fail or need to be improved.
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Weber, Klaus. "Geography, Early Modern Colonialism and Central Europe’s Atlantic Trade." European Review 26, no. 3 (June 14, 2018): 410–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798718000108.

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Only during the last decade or so has Germany been considered more systematically as a factor in European Expansion from the fifteenth to the nineteenth century. The effects of the Price Revolution – a decline in wages and prices stretching from the Iberian Peninsula to Central and Eastern Europe – favoured the growth of labour-intensive cottage industries, largely in the textile sector. Central Europe’s geographic features – reliable precipitation supports forestry and feeds rivers, providing hydro-energy for machines and transport lanes from hinterlands to maritime ports – favoured energy-intensive production of steel-, brass- and glass-ware, all destined for colonial markets and for the barter trade against slaves from the West African coast. Early on, these commodity flows and commercial networks had integrated German territories into the colonial empires of the Western sea powers, laying the groundwork for the colonial adventures of the Wilhelmine Empire.
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Ocampo, José Antonio, and Mariángela Parra-Lancourt. "The terms of trade for commodities since the mid-19thcentury." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 28, no. 1 (March 2010): 11–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610909990085.

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AbstractThis paper shows that there was an improvement in the barter terms of trade for non-fuel commodities vs. manufactures in the late 19thand early 20thcenturies, followed by significant deterioration over the rest of the 20thcentury. However, the decline over most of the 20thcentury was neither continuous nor was it distributed evenly among different commodity groups. The far-reaching changes that the world economy underwent around 1920 and again around 1979 led to a stepwise deterioration which, over the long term, was reflected in roughly a halving of real commodity prices. Tropical agriculture fared the worst, whereas minerals had the best performance, with non-tropical agriculture in an intermediate situation. The increase experienced in the first decade of the 21stcentury may be the beginning of a long-term upward trend, but it is too soon to tell.
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Amji, Biri. "Barter Trade Practice in Indo-Tibet Border: A Case Study of Damin, Arunachal Pradesh." InterViews: An Interdisciplinary Journal in Social Sciences 7, no. 1 (July 31, 2020): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.36061/iv.7.1.20.125.142.

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ZHANG, YANLONG, and WOLFRAM ELSNER. "A social-leverage mechanism on the Silk Road: the private emergence of institutions in central Asia, from the 7th to the 9th century." Journal of Institutional Economics 13, no. 2 (October 5, 2016): 379–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137416000291.

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AbstractWe explain archaeological evidence ofSogdianmerchants in central Asia in early medieval, remote long-distance trade on the emerging Silk Road. In fact, it began as barter, but was based on the social organization that Sogdians developed in their communities when migrating east. Their particular way of generating trust and institutionalized cooperation was by social leverage, involving third parties as contract witnesses and/or guarantors. These usually had own commercial relations with the contractors, facilitating crediting and exchange – and credible threat to defectors. While Greif (1989) had been criticized for overlooking courts in the Maghribi case, we discuss a differentiated (latent) role for courts. We also discuss property rightsversuspossession, transactions costs and price implications. We analyze the mechanism in historical cases and game-theoretical reconstructions, and explain trade flourishing under strong uncertainty.
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Hamzin, I. R. "Illicit Trade in Russian Gold and Silver Coins in West China in 1850's (based on the Materials of the Russian Consul K. A. Skachkov)." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University 22, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 88–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2020-22-1-88-97.

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The present research featured the illicit trade in Russian gold and silver coins in Xinjiang in the 1850's. The paper focuses on the problems of control and customs services, as well as on the difficulties connected with the trade in Russian goods. The historical analysis was based on the documents written by Konstantin Adrianovich Skachkov, the then Russian Consul in Chuguchak. The materials were obtained from the Research Department of Manuscripts of the Russian State Library. In his report, Consul K. A. Skachkov compared the state of the markets of the Russian-Chinese trade in Chuguchak and Kyakhta. He highlighted the broad prospects for trade development in Xinjiang. The Consul paid great attention to the problems on the young market of Central Asia and proposed some measures to improve the situation. He performed a comparative analysis of the trading activities of a Russian merchant and a smuggler. The analysis makes it possible to reconstruct the trading process, determine the cost of transportation, and formulate the commercial benefit resulting from the legal trade and the contraband trade. K. A. Skachkov concluded that despite the high potential for trade development, the region was torn apart by substantial internal contradictions and demanded greater attention from the government. The illicit trade in Russian coins was caused by the barter trading on the Xinjiang market in 1850's.
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Vajda, Andrea, and Róbert Magda. "Foreign Trade in the View of Competitiveness in the EU." Polgári szemle 16, no. 4-6 (2020): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24307/psz.2020.1011.

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Competitiveness is examined at national, regional and corporate levels. The primary aim of the study is to present and analyse the competitiveness of the EU Member States and to evaluate trends. Two statistical indicators are worth considering: the commodity terms of trade (C), also known as the net barter terms of trade (N), and the income terms of trade index (I), which expresses the correlation between changes in prices and quantities. The economic structure allows the surplus in the balance of trade with most countries, and also requires improvement in the exchange rate. The indicator seeks primarily to capture the knowledge capital present in the country, which may facilitated by the structure and characteristics of trade. The export surplus to GDP is extremely high for Ireland, Switzerland and the Netherlands. The United Kingdom, France and Romania recognised negative trade balances. Nominal trading values continued to rise in 2018 as a result of volume and price changes. Global commodity exports increased by 10 per cent, driven mainly by the 20 per cent rise in oil prices. Growth in exports and GDP need rapid development in innovation. Export grows significantly faster in Euro Area Member States then in other EU Member States.
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Yao, Yuan. "The Barter Trade and the Development of Tea Culture in the Ming and Qing Dynasties." Advances in Historical Studies 10, no. 01 (2021): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ahs.2021.101004.

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Magda, Róbert, and Norbert Bozsik. "Competitiveness of the European Union in Light of Foreign Trade." Polgári szemle 16, Special Issue (2020): 413–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24307/psz.2020.1226.

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The main aim of this study is to ana­lyse and present com­pet­it­ive­ness in order to eval­u­ate trends in the Mem­ber States of the EU. Com­pet­it­ive­ness is ex­plained at a cor­por­ate, na­tional and re­gional level. Two im­port­ant stat­ist­ical in­dic­at­ors are con­sidered for its cal­cu­la­tion: the Com­mod­ity terms of trade (C), also known as the net barter terms of trade (N), and the In­come terms of trade index (I), which com­mu­nic­ates the cor­rel­a­tion between changes in quant­ity and price. A stable eco­nomy re­quires sur­plus in the trade bal­ance and im­prove­ment in ex­change rate. The primary pur­pose of the goods ex­port in­dic­ator is to cap­ture the know­ledge cap­ital avail­able in a coun­try in order to provide char­ac­ter­ist­ics and map the struc­ture of trade for use as gauging tools. The three na­tions in which ex­port sur­plus to GDP is very high are the Neth­er­lands, Switzer­land, and Ire­land. Neg­at­ive trade bal­ances have been re­cog­nised in Ro­mania, France, and the United King­dom. As a res­ult of changes in prices and volumes, nom­inal trad­ing val­ues were seen to rise con­tinu­ously in 2018. Global com­mod­ity ex­ports glob­ally in­creased by 10 per cent, pre­dom­in­antly pro­pelled by 20 per cent in­crease in oil prices. Rapid growth and de­vel­op­ment in in­nov­a­tion trig­gers in­crease in GDP and ex­ports. Ad­di­tion­ally, it is ob­served that ex­port grows sig­ni­fic­antly faster in the Euro Area Mem­ber States than in non-EEA Mem­ber States.
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40

Kamath, Preetham G. "TRADE, COMMERCE AND ECONOMICS:INDIAN PERSPECTIVES VERSUS WESTERN THOUGHTS, DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES." International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 7, no. 12 (December 28, 2020): 60–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v7.i12.2020.837.

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Commerce, this has been an essential aspect of every individual’s life. The history of commerce dates back to the evolution of the human race on planet earth. It all started with a barter system where give and take was the policy. As and when the human race started to evolve loopholes in the system started to grow, and slowly but steadily, complexities started growing. Commercial aspects started gaining much relevance in peoples lives. People started dividing themselves geographically and started exchanging between two distinct geographies, as and when the divisions were made, there started differences in the thoughts as to how commercial activities are ought to be conducted. While few conflicted with each other, few were drawn on similar lines to ensure smooth commercial activities. Such commercial activities slowly started forming economies of the geographies, economists who defined the way economies have to be run with their theories grew in number. This paper draws differences and similarities between thoughts that arose between Indian and western country’s economists on commerce and economic activities over various time frames.
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Sparks, Randy J. "Blind Justice: The United States's Failure to Curb the Illegal Slave Trade." Law and History Review 35, no. 1 (February 2017): 53–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248016000535.

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On March 2, 1807, President Thomas Jefferson signed a bill outlawing the African slave trade. Opponents of the traffic rejoiced that the bill was passed at almost the same time as a similar anti-slave-trade bill in Britain. As one Philadelphia newspaper put it, “Thus, will terminate, on the same day, in two countries of the civilized world, a traffic which has hitherto stained the history of all countries who made it a practice to deal in the barter ofhuman flesh.” Efforts to end the African slave trade in the British colonies of North America dated back to the 1760s, proceeded in fits and starts, and resulted from a wide range of motives. In contrast to Great Britain, the United States 1807 bill was not the result of a long, hard-won, popular abolition campaign. However, despite a series of laws intended to curb the trade, eventually making the United States laws the world's toughest, smugglers continued to bring enslaved Africans into the South after 1808, and, more significantly, American vessels played a crucial role in the massive illegal slave trade to Cuba and Brazil during the nineteenth century. The impact on the United States economy was not inconsequential, but even more important was the trade's impact on the Atlantic economy, fueling the rapid economic growth of Cuba and Brazil in the decades that followed.
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42

Fairyo, Klementin. "GERABAH SITUS MANSINAM KAJIAN ETNOARKEOLOGI." Jurnal Penelitian Arkeologi Papua dan Papua Barat 1, no. 2 (June 3, 2017): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/papua.v1i2.126.

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The Process of vessels making in Mansinam site was not far too different with other places in Indonesia: using clay as the basic material. The vessel making was a woman’s work, started from clay gathering to firing process. Based on the observation of the edge shape, it is predicted that the vessels found in Mansinam Island belongs to the type of pot. The observation on the core shows that on the process of making, the firing was opened and not spread evenly. Pot was used for cooking and keeping food. The vessels from Mansinan Island has spread vast through trade and barter to Wandamen coastal area, Biak Numfor islands, Bird’s Head Peninsula coastal areas and Raja Ampat Islands.
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43

Hofmeister, Adolf E. "Bremen’s trade with the North Atlantic, c. 1400–1700." AmS-Skrifter, no. 27 (January 6, 2020): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/ams-skrifter.v0i27.255.

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There is little evidence of Bremen merchants in Norway before the royal charters issued from 1279 onwards, even though Bremen had been the seat of the missionary archbishop for the Nordic countries since the ninth century. Trade in Bergen in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries was dominated by the Hanseatic cities of the Baltic Sea coast led by merchants from Lübeck. Despite opposition from Hanseatic merchants sailing to Bergen, merchants from Hamburg and Bremen developed new trading posts to barter cod on Iceland and Shetland in the fifteenth century. Traders from Hamburg and Bremen on Iceland competed for licences issued by the Danish king. The 1558 debt register of a merchant from Bremen in Kumbaravogur provides considerable insight into this trade. The Danish king restricted sailings to Iceland to Danish merchants from 1601. On Shetland the Scottish foud allotted landing places to foreign skippers and traders. Merchants from Bremen became respected members of the island communities and in the seventeenth century they changed to trading in herring. Several tariff rate rises led to the end of Bremen sailings to Shetland by the beginning of the eighteenth century. Bremen merchants in Norway succeeded in breaking the Lübeck dominance in Bergen in the sixteenth century. By 1600, other Norwegian harbours in the North Atlantic, notably Stavanger, were also destinations for ships from Bremen.
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44

Wacker, Konstantin M. "Do Multinationals Deteriorate Developing Countries' Export Prices? The Impact of FDI on Net Barter Terms of Trade." World Economy 39, no. 12 (August 26, 2015): 1974–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/twec.12311.

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45

Alagidede, Paul. "Trends And Cycles In The Net Barter Terms Of Trade For Sub-Saharan Africa's Primary Commodity Exporters." Journal of Developing Areas 46, no. 2 (2012): 213–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jda.2012.0024.

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46

Птащенко, О. В., О. Г. Зима, К. С. Костіна, and М. В. Лаврінченко. "International marketing as an effective tool of increasing enterprise competitiveness." ВІСНИК СХІДНОУКРАЇНСЬКОГО НАЦІОНАЛЬНОГО УНІВЕРСИТЕТУ імені Володимира Даля, no. 3 (267) (April 10, 2021): 128–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.33216/1998-7927-2021-267-3-128-131.

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The main features of international marketing as a tool to increase the competitiveness of the enterprise are considered in the article. Crisis phenomena of today's economy, long reforms of national production, the formation of a new information society and the emergence of information processes in the economy have led to the fact that future economic growth becomes possible only if the introduction and coordination of modern marketing and management tools for fuller implementation of foreign economic relations of the state, accurate consideration of production needs for domestic and foreign sales, coordination of export opportunities and import needs, providing for the production of competitive products, strengthening the impact on the international division of labor, international specialization and internationalization of production and, consequently, improving foreign economic activity . Thus, the development of marketing of international production and the movement of entrepreneurial capital cause uneven growth of economic potential of individual countries and regions. The transfer of production to certain countries leads to the fact that the shares of different groups of countries in the location of world industry do not coincide. Competition between TNCs distorts the system of international relations between the world economy. International marketing of exports and imports are two barter transactions, through which each country is organically connected with the external environment. These are components of the reproduction process, which must pass through foreign trade in order to ensure the stable creation, distribution and consumption of national GDP. The effect of international marketing of barter transactions or another country can get based on the scale of production. Foreign trade may not necessarily be mutually beneficial for all actors in the world market. Reproductive openness of the country when using international marketing depends on the availability of natural resources in the country - energy resources, raw materials for industry, food for the population. The level of reproductive openness of the state is higher, the higher the level of its technical and economic development and the smaller the value of its GDP and the availability of its own natural resources.
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47

Ashari, Mirza Purta. "Currency and the Stability of People's Purchasing Power in Indonesia through Al-Maqrizi's Review." Journal of Islamic Civilization 3, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.33086/jic.v3i1.1787.

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The presence of money has become an important part of people's daily lives, as well as the purchasing power of the people as an important element in the smooth economic cycle. The emergence of money came from the development of transactions that initially used barter which was later replaced by currency as a medium of exchange for international trade. Money management can be done by the government by controlling money in the form of monetary policy. This policy was a benchmark for a country's economy, when the state was able to control money well, the people's economy was also prosperous. The qualitative descriptive approach was used in this study. This article tried to provide views and discussion material to what extent the concept of monetary policy according to Al-Maqrizi and the implementation of his thinking was used in policymaking on people's purchasing power. The result of this research was that the concept offered by Al-Maqrizi was a concept of money that led to a moral, just, humane, and prosperous economy.The presence of money has become an important part of people's daily lives, as well as the purchasing power of the people as an important element in the smooth economic cycle. The emergence of money came from the development of transactions that initially used barter which was later replaced by currency as a medium of exchange for international trade. Money management can be done by the government by controlling money in the form of monetary policy. This policy was a benchmark for a country's economy, when the state was able to control money well, the people's economy was also prosperous. The qualitative descriptive approach was used in this study. This article tried to provide views and discussion material to what extent the concept of monetary policy according to Al-Maqrizi and the implementation of his thinking was used in policymaking on people's purchasing power. The result of this research was that the concept offered by Al-Maqrizi was a concept of money that led to a moral, just, humane, and prosperous economy.
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48

GÓMEZ-GALVARRIATO, AURORA, and JEFFREY G. WILLIAMSON. "Was It Prices, Productivity or Policy? Latin American Industrialisation after 1870." Journal of Latin American Studies 41, no. 4 (November 2009): 663–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x09990551.

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AbstractThe new trade data used here document the significance of industrialisation in Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico after 1870. By 1910 Brazil and Mexico, in particular, led most of the poor periphery in Asia, Africa and the Middle East. While some of this impressive industrialisation was due to fast productivity growth in manufacturing, perhaps yielding some catch-up on their competitors in the United States and Europe, this article argues that there were even more powerful forces at work. Much of the industrialisation that occurred in Latin America was due to a cessation in the seven-decade rise in its net barter terms of trade, trends that reversed the deindustrialisation and ‘Dutch Disease’ forces that had dominated Latin America for almost a century. Equally important for Brazil and Mexico was favourable policy in the form of higher effective rates of protection for manufacturing, and a depreciation of the real exchange rate. These policies were missing in Argentina and Chile, and industrialisation suffered there as a consequence. Changing market conditions and policies seem to have been more important than changing fundamentals in accounting for Latin American industrialisation after 1870.
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49

Hu-DeHart, Evelyn. "Opium and Social Control: Coolies on the Plantations of Peru and Cuba." Journal of Chinese Overseas 1, no. 2 (2005): 169–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/179325405788639210.

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AbstractThe place of opium in the history of the Chinese diaspora in Latin America and the Caribbean has received scant attention. This article is a preliminary attempt to look into this history, based on fragmentary evidence available. From 1847 to l874, as many as 225,000 Chinese indentured or contract laborers (coolies), almost all men, were sent to Cuba, still a Spanish colony, and newly independent Peru. Both the human trade itself, as well as work and life on the plantations, closely resembled slavery; indeed, the coolies in Cuba worked alongside African slaves. Opium was part of the coolie trade from its inception, distributed in the holding pens in South China ports, on the long, arduous voyages across the Pacific or Atlantic, as well as on the plantations. Cuban and Peruvian planters permitted, even encouraged, the sale, barter and consumption of opium by their coolies, in effect creating a mechanism of social control by alternately distributing and withholding this very addictive substance to desperate men. But this cynical use of opium might also have backfired on them, as sustained and massive ingestion lowered productivity, caused premature death (often by suicide), and resulted in high absenteeism.
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50

Zhao, Zeyu, and John P. Dickerson. "Clearing Kidney Exchanges via Graph Neural Network Guided Tree Search (Student Abstract)." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 10 (April 3, 2020): 13989–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i10.7267.

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Kidney exchange is an organized barter market that allows patients with end-stage renal disease to trade willing donors—and thus kidneys—with other patient-donor pairs. The central clearing problem is to find an arrangement of swaps that maximizes the number of transplants. It is known to be NP-hard in almost all cases. Most existing approaches have modeled this problem as a mixed integer program (MIP), using classical branch-and-price-based tree search techniques to optimize. In this paper, we frame the clearing problem as a Maximum Weighted Independent Set (MWIS) problem, and use a Graph Neural Network guided Monte Carlo Tree Search to find a solution. Our initial results show that this approach outperforms baseline (non-optimal but scalable) algorithms. We believe that a learning-based optimization algorithm can improve upon existing approaches to the kidney exchange clearing problem.
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