Relevant bibliographies by topics / Trade contracts (Collective)

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Trade contracts (Collective)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 25 July 2024
Last updated: 31 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Trade contracts (Collective)"

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Sáenz-Segura, F., R. A. Schipper, D. Miranda, and J. M. Chaves. "Modelling price scenarios for sustainable collective action and farm production: pepper in El Roble settlement, Costa Rica." Journal on Chain and Network Science 15, no. 1 (2015): 39–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jcns2015.x001.

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Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) is considered a non-traditional cash crop for enhancing local development in Costa Rica and a suitable activity for small farmers. Trade of pepper has been done by using contractual agreements between producers and processors, which provides at least three functions: insurance, incentives and information. Contracts also require a high level of commitment from contracting parties to keep the equity, efficiency, and sustainability of the trade relationship. The shift of trade conditions from a competitive to a monopsony market encouraged a group of farmers to start an as
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Yatskevych, Ivan. "Reforming Legislation on Collective Labour Relations Engaging Trade Union as a Party." NaUKMA Research Papers. Law 6 (February 15, 2021): 57–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.18523/2617-2607.2020.6.57-72.

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The paper covers problematic issues of reforming the legislation on collective labour relations with the participating trade union representing the interests and defending the rights of employees, consisting in a workers’ collective, during collective bargaining, concluding a collective agreement, holding a social dialogue on the local level. The article contains an analysis of a draft legislation such as draft laws On Labour, On Amending Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine (Regarding Certain Issues of Trade Unions’ Activity), On Amending the Law of Ukraine On Collective Agreements and Contrac
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Tuckman, Alan, and Christopher Finnerty. "Individual contracts, collective bargaining and trade unionism: a case for the union voice." Personnel Review 27, no. 6 (1998): 448–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00483489810238895.

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Aleinieh, Tarek Kadour, and Laura Zoboli. "Increasing standardization for smart(er) contracts." Uniform Law Review 26, no. 3 (2021): 583–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ulr/unab022.

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Abstract Legal standardization traditionally played an important role in contractual relations. With technological and commercial development and expansion of trade from the individual and collective levels to internationalization, it became necessary to create a set of standards to keep pace with this development and facilitate the contractual process. Although smart contracts are considered a leap in the contractual relationship, it cannot be overlooked that these contracts share many characteristics with traditional contracts. To gain a greater position in the global market, smart contracts
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Melnychuk, N. "PECULIARITIES OF TERMINATION OF LABOR CONTRACT WITH THE LEADER OF LEGAL ENTITY ON REQUEST OF ELECTIVE BODY OF PRIMARY TRADE UNION ORGANIZATION." Social Law, no. 2 (April 27, 2019): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.37440/soclaw.2019.02.09.

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The article discusses some aspects of the process of termination of the employment contract with the head of the enterprise, institution or organization at the request of the elected body of primary trade union organization (trade union representative). It is noted that the requirement to terminate the employment contract with the director does not terminate employment contract by itself, but obliges the employer to terminate it. Carried out the analysis of the distinctive features of the consideration of the proposal of the trade union body regarding the termination of the employment contract
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Giulia, Giulia, and Giovanni Orlandini. "THE ITALIAN WAY TO INTERNAL DEVALUATION AND SOCIAL ACTORS’ STRATEGIES AGAINST AUSTERITY AND THE FLEXIBILIZATION OF THE LABOUR MARKET." Revista Direito das Relações Sociais e Trabalhistas 4, no. 2 (2019): 129–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.26843/mestradodireito.v4i2.159.

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Introduction: the Italian way to internal devaluation; 1.a Precarization of labour and weakening of trade union action at company level (amendment of dismissal law); 1.b Circumvention of the CCNL by means of exceptional employment contracts; 1.c Downward competition on labour costs by means of outsourcing and value chains; 1.d Promotion of decentralized collective bargaining and its power to derogate from the law and freezing of collective bargaining in the public sector; 2. The trade union(s) strategies; 2.a Bargaining strategy; 2.b Judicial strategy; 2.c Confrontational strategy; 3. New chal
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Brigden, Cathy. "Unions and Collective Bargaining in 2009." Journal of Industrial Relations 52, no. 3 (2010): 321–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185610365634.

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With the global financial crisis posing an ongoing threat to job security, more positive experiences of trade unions were often overshadowed in 2009. The passage and commencement of the Fair Work Act finally brought Work Choices to an end, or so it seemed until leadership change in the federal Liberal Party revived debate over individual contracts at the end of the year. The still difficult relationship between the unions and the Rudd federal government was in evidence throughout the year, and was underlined at the ACTU Congress. The return of Telstra and the major banks to the bargaining tabl
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Duraj, Tomasz. "Powers of Trade Union Activists Engaged in Self-Employment – Assessment of Polish Legislation." Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica 95 (March 30, 2021): 83–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/0208-6069.95.08.

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The objective of the foregoing article is an analysis of the rights which the Polish legislature granted to self-employed trade union activists after the extension of coalition rights to these persons. In this regard, the trade union law extended to self-employed persons working as sole traders protection, which until 2019 was reserved exclusively for employees. Pursuant to the amendment of July 5, 2018, self-employed trade union activists were granted – based on international standards – the right to non-discrimination on the basis of performing a trade union function, the right to paid leave
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Hepple, Bob. "Labour Law in an Era of Globalisation. Edited by Joanne Conaghan, Richard Michael Fischl, and Karl Klare. [Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. xxxii, 534 and (Index) 12pp. Hardback. £60. ISBN 0–19–924247–X.]." Cambridge Law Journal 61, no. 3 (2002): 715–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197302281787.

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The conception of Labour law as a distinctive branch of legal studies was a product of the late 19th century and the first half of the 20th century. The underlying theories (such as British collective laissez faire and US industrial pluralism) and the categories of legal thinking (such as “employee” and “contract of employment”) were shaped in industrialised nation states where the typical subjects of the law were Fordist manufacturing companies employing full-time male workers in life-time jobs on standardised contracts often regulated by collective agreements with trade unions. That “classic
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Shantharam. "EVOLUTION OF TRADE UNION IN INDIAN ECONOMY- A CRITICAL ANALYSIS." Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities 6, S2 (2019): 229–35. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2580693.

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<em>A labor union or trade union is a kind of voluntary organization formed by workers through collective action. Such type of organization have bonded together to achieve common goal in key areas like wages, duty hours, and working condition forming a cartel of labors. It also plays an important role to promote employee to improve their working condition, service and protecting their interest and maintaining industrial relations. The trade union, through its leadership, bargains with the employer on behalf of union members and negotiates labor contracts with employers. Industrial relations ar
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Trade contracts (Collective)"

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Caldwell, Terrence. "An Overview and Comparative Analysis of the Collective Bargaining Agreements in the NBA, NFL, and MLB." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2010. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/62.

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Sonnerby, Per. "Contract-theoretic analyses of consultants and trade unions." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Economic Research Institute, Stockholm School of Economics (EFI), 2007. http://www2.hhs.se/efi/summary/734.htm.

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Minasian, Ani. "L'individuel et le collectif : essai en droit du travail." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Panthéon-Assas, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ASSA0044.

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Ensemble de règles relatives au travail subordonné, le droit du travail confère désormais une large place tant au contrat de travail et aux droits individuels qu’aux collectivités de salariés, notamment au moyen de la représentation syndicale et élue. Selon de nombreux auteurs, l’individuel et le collectif formeraient la summa divisio du droit du travail. L’examen de cette branche du droit confirme l’importance de catégories juridiques reposant sur une distinction de l’individuel et du collectif. Tels qu’ils sont employés par le législateur ou le juge, les qualificatifs « individuel » et « col
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Lafargue, Marie. "Les relations de travail dans l'entreprise transnationale." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0279.

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L’entreprise transnationale s’impose comme un pouvoir économique puissantdans le contexte de mondialisation. Dénuée de personnalité morale, elle n’est appréhendéeque partiellement par les droits internes. En dehors du droit supranational qui présente descarences et n’assure qu’une régulation partielle, les relations de travail dans l’entrepriseglobalisée restent largement appréhendées par les droits nationaux et les paradigmes dudroit du travail n’ont guère évolué pour s’ajuster à leur singularité. La nature du droit quisaisit ces rapports n’est donc pas commensurable à leur réalité transnatio
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Mallangi, Siva Sai Reddy. "Low-Power Policies Based on DVFS for the MUSEIC v2 System-on-Chip." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-229443.

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Multi functional health monitoring wearable devices are quite prominent these days. Usually these devices are battery-operated and consequently are limited by their battery life (from few hours to a few weeks depending on the application). Of late, it was realized that these devices, which are currently being operated at fixed voltage and frequency, are capable of operating at multiple voltages and frequencies. By switching these voltages and frequencies to lower values based upon power requirements, these devices can achieve tremendous benefits in the form of energy savings. Dynamic Voltage a
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Urbisaglia, Gianluca. "Relazioni sindacali e rapporti di lavoro nel contesto economico-produttivo del settore agricolo." Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11562/981995.

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L'obiettivo principale di questo lavoro di ricerca è quello di fornire il quadro e la qualità delle tutele offerte per il lavoro subordinato dalla specifica normativa giuslavoristica e dalla contrattazione collettiva di lavoro, alla luce dell'evoluzione economico-produttiva del settore agricolo. La Thesis che si vuole dimostrare è che nel settore primario le tutele scaturenti dalla normativa legale e pattizia dei rapporti di lavoro subordinato e il sistema di relazioni sindacali non risultano appropriati al sistema economico-produttivo né corrispondono alle esigenze di tutela dei lavoratori, d
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Books on the topic "Trade contracts (Collective)"

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Das, Kalyan. Labour contracts and work agreements in tea plantations of Assam. V.V. Giri National Labour Institute, 2002.

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Moore, Sian. The content of new voluntary trade union recognition agreements 1998-2002. Dept. of Trade and Industry, 2004.

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Idubor, Richard. Employment and trade dispute law in Nigeria. Sylva Publishers, 1999.

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Panitch, Leo. The assault on trade union freedoms: From wage controls to social contract. Garamond Press, 1993.

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Wooden, Mark. The changing nature of bargaining structures and the consequences for management and trade unions. National Institute of Labour Studies, 1999.

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Fossum, John A. Labor relations: Development, structure, process. 7th ed. Irwin/McGraw-Hill, 1999.

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Fossum, John A. Labor relations: Development, structure, process. 5th ed. Irwin, 1992.

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Fossum, John A. Labor relations: Development, structure, process. 6th ed. Irwin, 1995.

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Forschungsinstitut für Wirtschaftsverfassung und Wettbewerb (Cologne, Germany), ed. Tarifautonomie und Kartellrecht: Referate einer FIW-Veranstaltung. Heymann, 1990.

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Drongelen, J. van. Vakverenigingsvrijheid, het recht op collectief onderhandelen, mededingingsrecht. Uitgeverij Paris, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Trade contracts (Collective)"

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Bogle, Stephen. "Freedom to Contract in the Seventeenth Century." In Contract Before the Enlightenment. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192884961.003.0009.

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Abstract Grotius’ concept of freedom to contract provides a crucial point of comparison to Stair’s theory. Stair can be seen as providing a Calvinist reworking of Grotius’s account of contracting. Stair ultimately understood liberty or freedom as how man brought glory to God. Importantly, for Stair this did not translate into a civil power of the church or ecclesiastical authority to monitor or regulate individual contracts, because that would be harmful and unnecessary. Stair saw man’s liberty to contract as coexisting with Calvinist social organization; individual liberty at the contracting
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Codogno, Lorenzo, and Giampaolo Galli. "Egalitarianism and labour." In Meritocracy, Growth, and Lessons from Italy's Economic Decline. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192866806.003.0009.

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Abstract A powerful egalitarian drive—the opposite of meritocracy—has guided trade unions’ action. Nationwide collective contracts in each sector account for the bulk of the average wage and do not allow for differentiation in line with productivity developments in companies or territories. Specific company-level contracts are not used, except for a few medium- to large companies, usually accounting for a relatively small proportion of overall wages. In practice, they can only add to national contracts and never derogate from them. Whether national or local, collective agreements do not only f
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Bresson, Alain. "The Institutions of the Domestic Market." In The Making of the Ancient Greek Economy, translated by Steven Rendall. Princeton University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691183411.003.0009.

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This chapter examines the institutions of the domestic market system in the Greek city-states. It begins with a discussion of private property in relation to trade, noting that, in the framework of the kind of collective appropriation constituted by the city-state, citizens were free to use their property as they wished. It then considers the city-states' law and legal practices relating to transactions, with particular emphasis on the law of sale and contracts, before exploring the agora as a legal space and as a marketplace connected with other official places of exchange that were also inst
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Vinković, Mario. "Croatia: Reality of Labor Protection : At the Crossroads of Individual and Collective Labor Law." In Fundamentals of Labor Law in Central Europe. Central European Academic Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54171/2022.nj.fullce_9.

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The chapter is focused on understanding collective agreements and collective bargaining in the Republic of Croatia, as well as the relationship between individual employment contracts and collective agreements through both theoretical and dogmatic approaches to the subject matter. The data on the coverage of workers by collective agreements is intended to provide insight into the reality of the application and scope of collective agreements, but also to highlight the risks of the part of the population in the labor market that does not benefit from their direct or indirect protection. Accordin
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Sangwan, Poonam, and Malini Soman. "Blockchain Technology for Wildlife Conservation." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies. IGI Global, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-6935-7.ch008.

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Blockchain Technology has shown a tremendous increase in application in various fields. Blockchain based application having its roots from Cryptocurrency and spread its branches in healthcare, Financial Services, Supply chain management, and many more industries. Blockchain's innovative solutions are necessary to protect wildlife and ecosystems from growing threats such as poaching, habitat destruction, and climate change, which threaten global biodiversity. Blockchain technology integrated with IoT shows potential for various uses in wildlife conservation. This chapter aims to amalgamate bloc
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Kur, Annette, and Martin Senftleben. "Collective Marks and Certification Marks." In European Trade Mark Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199680443.003.0010.

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It is a defining feature of ‘ordinary’, individual trade marks that they indicate a single commercial source. Collective marks and certification marks, by contrast, are meant to signify membership in an association, or a particular quality, or compliance with other, specific conditions. Furthermore, while an individual mark’s quality function, that is, consumer expectations with regard to the quality level and the consistency of product characteristics, is in most cases only indirectly protected, meaning that competitors or members of the public cannot request sanctions under trade mark law in
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Bachev Hrabrin. "Mechanisms of Governance of Agro-Ecosystem Services." In NATO Science for Peace and Security Series - E: Human and Societal Dynamics. IOS Press, 2010. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-579-2-31.

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In this paper we incorporate interdisciplinary New Institutional and Transaction Costs Economics, and suggest a framework for analysis of mechanisms of governance of agro-ecosystem services. First, we present a new approach for analysis and improvement of governance of agro-ecosystem services taking into account: the role of specific institutional environment (formal and informal rules, distribution, and enforcement of rights); behavioral characteristics of agents (preferences, bounded rationality, opportunism, risk aversion, trust); transactions costs associated with ecosystem services and th
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Hyams, Oliver. "Collective Obligations Where There Is A Tupe Transfer." In Employment Aspects of Business Reorganisations. Oxford University PressOxford, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199271191.003.0007.

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Abstract This chapter is primarily concerned with the obligations of TUPE transferors and transferees in relation to the provision of information to, and consultation with, the representatives of affected employees or, where there are no such representatives, the employees themselves. It is also concerned with the effect of a TUPE transfer on any collective agreement made by or on behalf of the transferor with a trade union which is recognised by the transferor in respect of any employee whose contract of employment is preserved by regulation 4(1).
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Banfield, Paul, Rebecca Kay, and Dean Royles. "Managing Employee Relations." In Introduction to Human Resource Management. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hebz/9780198702825.003.0010.

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This chapter examines the management of employee relations. It emphasizes the importance of maintaining good relations with employees, which can be achieved through involvement, engagement, and effective communication and consultation. It considers the importance of the psychological contract at work and how to manage this to support organizational objectives. The chapter also evaluates the contemporary role of trade unions and discusses how to manage effective union relationships through partnership. It also presents the difference between consultation and collective bargaining, and explains
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Siegel, Neil S. "Interstate Commerce, Foreign Commerce, and Related Principles." In The Collective-Action Constitution. Oxford University PressNew York, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197760963.003.0006.

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Abstract Chapter 5 of The Collective-Action Constitution leverages collective-action reasoning to explain the origins of the Interstate Commerce Clause, to critique the US Supreme Court’s formal distinctions in many cases interpreting this clause, and to identify a functional replacement: the distinction between collective and individual action by states. In partial contrast to the Court, this chapter reads the Interstate Commerce Clause textually and structurally as authorizing federal legislation that helps address a multistate collective-action problem caused by interstate spillovers with e
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Conference papers on the topic "Trade contracts (Collective)"

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Ivler, Christina, and Ondrej Juhasz. "Evaluation of Control Allocation Techniques for a Medium Lift Tilt-Rotor." In Vertical Flight Society 71st Annual Forum & Technology Display. The Vertical Flight Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0071-2015-10169.

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In a traditional single main rotor helicopter, only 4 controls are available - lateral cyclic, longitudinal cyclic, main rotor collective pitch and tail rotor collective pitch. As such, redundancy is not available as all four controls are needed to maneuver the aircraft in the four control axes - pitch, roll, yaw and heave. In contrast, high speed rotorcraft configurations (such as tilt-rotors and compound helicopters) have multiple redundant control effectors. The strategy for applying these control effectors, and in which proportion, is called 'control allocation'. This paper provides an eva
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Deynekli, Adnan. "Payment against Documents in International Trade." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.01164.

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As compared to internal trade, international trade involves several risks, which can be specified as commercial, physical, political and legal risks. Cash against documents (documentary collection) is a type of payment method applied to reduce the legal risks in a transaction. This payment method is a reassuring way for the Importer, since he is not under any obligation to make a payment before examining the document and confirming its conformance to the terms of order. Cash against documents is more reliable than cash against goods (open account) on the one hand, but less reliable than letter
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Uribe, Natalia, and Diana Carolina Gutierrez. "Clothing consumption practice and its impact on the transformation of “public space”. Vía primavera, El Poblado, Medellín." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.6081.

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Clothing consumption practice and its impact on the transformation of “public space”. Vía primavera, El Poblado, Medellín. Diana Carolina Gutiérrez A, Natalia Uribe Lemarie1. 1Arquitecture and Design School. Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana. Circular 1 No. 70-01 Bloque 10, Medellín-Colombia E-mail: dianaguti456@gmail.com, natalia.uribelemarie@upb.edu.co Telephone: +573113313512, +573002348456 Keywords (3-5): Space organization, Fashion consumption, exclusion and inclusion processes. Conference topics and scale: Urban form and social use of space Via Primavera is a fashion district in El Pobl
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Ribet Gomez, Josep Albert, Marcel·la Castells-Sanabra, Clara Boren, Francesc Xavier Martínez de Osés, and Anna Mujal-Colilles. "CHARACTERIZATION OF TUGBOATS ACTIVITY WITHIN SPANISH PORTS." In Maritime Transport Conference. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Iniciativa Digital Politècnica, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/mt.13191.

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The maritime industry's vital role in global trade contrasts with its significant greenhouse gas emissions. Pollution emitted from ports comes from different sources, one of which is merchant ships constantly docking and undocking and other auxiliary port vessels working continuously throughout the year (e.g., pilotage vessels, bunkering barges, vessel-generated waste collection services, mooring and unmooring services and port tugs). Port tugboats sail between terminals and provide docking, undocking and removing merchant ship services. This leads to a high variability on tugs’ manoeuvres. Th
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Salgado Cofré, Daniela, and Álvaro Mercado Jara. "Going to the Clay: Exploring Conflicts and Values of the Soil in Valparaiso." In LINK 2021. Tuwhera Open Access, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/link2021.v2i1.60.

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This proposition presents a design and artistic research focused on the soil that aims to generate active and poetic forms of reflection around the fragile interdependence of human and non-human lives in an increasingly precarious urban environment, emphasised by the current ecological crisis. In order to engage in such reflections, this practice-oriented research —led by designers, architects, artists and educators— collects relational modes of material interdependence in the region of Valparaíso, Chile, by exploring veins and clay pits for pottery making that are relevant and known by artisa
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Reports on the topic "Trade contracts (Collective)"

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O’Reilly, Jacqueline, and Rachel Verdin. Measuring the size, characteristics and consequences of digital work. Digital Futures at Work Research Centre, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.20919/whfq8202.

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This working paper provides a summary assessment of the existing literature and data on digital forms of employment internationally. It illustrates the variability in how it is defined, how it is growing and what kind of risks are associated with these developments. Evaluation of these types of jobs is divided. On one hand, optimists point to the attractions and relative ease in finding employment on digital platforms; on the other hand, more critical perspectives argue that these employment contracts can result in exclusion from social protection systems. The evidence indicates that while ove
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Bergeron, Augustin, Elie Kabue Ngindu, Gabriel Tourek, and Jonathan L. Weigel. Does Collecting Taxes Erode the Accountability of Informal Leaders? Evidence from the DRC. Institute of Development Studies, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2024.046.

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Delegating tax collection to informal leaders could raise tax revenue but runs the risk of undermining the local accountability of those leaders. We investigate this trade-off by exploiting whether city chiefs in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) were randomly assigned to collect property taxes in 2018. To measure accountability, we study the other side of the social contract: the distribution of resources by chiefs in a government cash transfer programme in which they had discretion over the recipients of development aid. In line with the preferences of citizens, chiefs who collected
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Bergeron, Augustin, Elie Kabue Ngindu, Gabriel Tourek, and Jonathan L. Weigel. Does Collecting Taxes Erode the Accountability of Informal Leaders? Evidence from the DRC. Institute of Development Studies, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2024.087.

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Delegating tax collection to informal leaders could raise tax revenue but runs the risk of undermining the local accountability of those leaders. We investigate this trade-off by exploring whether city chiefs in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) were randomly assigned to collect property taxes in 2018. To measure accountability, we study the other side of the social contract: the distribution of resources by chiefs in a government cash transfer programme in which they had discretion over the recipients of development aid. In line with the preferences of citizens, chiefs who collected
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Marra de Artiñano, Ignacio, Franco Riottini Depetris, and Christian Volpe Martincus. Automatic Product Classification in International Trade: Machine Learning and Large Language Models. Inter-American Development Bank, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005012.

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Accurately classifying products is essential in international trade. Virtually all countries categorize products into tariff lines using the Harmonized System (HS) nomenclature for both statistical and duty collection purposes. In this paper, we apply and assess several different algorithms to automatically classify products based on text descriptions. To do so, we use agricultural product descriptions from several public agencies, including customs authorities and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). We find that while traditional machine learning (ML) models tend to perform we
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Yatsymirska, Mariya. SOCIAL EXPRESSION IN MULTIMEDIA TEXTS. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.49.11072.

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Abstract:
The article investigates functional techniques of extralinguistic expression in multimedia texts; the effectiveness of figurative expressions as a reaction to modern events in Ukraine and their influence on the formation of public opinion is shown. Publications of journalists, broadcasts of media resonators, experts, public figures, politicians, readers are analyzed. The language of the media plays a key role in shaping the worldview of the young political elite in the first place. The essence of each statement is a focused thought that reacts to events in the world or in one’s own country. Th
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Report of the Board of Directors to the Congress of Colombia, July 2024. Banco de la República, 2025. https://doi.org/10.32468/inf-jun-dir-con-rep-eng.04-2024.

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In the first quarter of 2024, the figures of the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE in Spanish) showed that the economy achieved annual growth of 0.9%. Although this result was moderate, it confirmed the economy's recovery path. Monetary policy has played a critical role in containing inflationary pressures. This has allowed inflation to trend downwards, continuing into the first half of 2024. Net foreign reserves totaled USD 60,901 million as of 30 June 2024, a slight increase over the course of the year. For 2024, the profit of Banco de la República (the Central Bank of C
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