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Journal articles on the topic 'Trade flows'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Gil‐Pareja, Salvador, Rafael Llorca‐Vivero, and Jordi Paniagua. "Trade law and trade flows." World Economy 43, no. 3 (2019): 681–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/twec.12886.

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2

Bown, Chad P., and Kara M. Reynolds. "Trade flows and trade disputes." Review of International Organizations 10, no. 2 (2014): 145–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11558-014-9208-2.

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3

Fall, Moussa K. "Trade Flows Versus Capital Flows: Are China’s Trade Surpluses Overestimated?" International Economic Journal 31, no. 3 (2017): 448–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10168737.2017.1354905.

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4

Carter, David B., and Paul Poast. "Barriers to Trade: How Border Walls Affect Trade Relations." International Organization 74, no. 1 (2019): 165–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818319000353.

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AbstractSince trade must cross borders, to what extent do border walls affect trade flows? We argue that border walls can reduce trade flows. Even if the objective is to only stem illicit flows, border walls heighten “border effects” that can also inhibit legal cross-border flows. Using a gravity model of trade that reflects recent developments in both economic theory and econometrics, we find that the creation of a wall is associated with a reduction in legal trade flows between neighboring countries. We provide a battery of evidence that suggests this reduction is not simply a function of wo

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5

Yetman, James. "CURRENCY UNIONS, TRADE FLOWS AND CAPITAL FLOWS." Pacific Economic Review 12, no. 2 (2007): 189–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0106.2007.00346.x.

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6

Carol, Anionwu. "Trade Liberalization and Trade Flows in Nigeria: An Aggregated Analysis." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-6 (2018): 1507–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd18911.

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Ferguson, Shon M., and Johan Gars. "Measuring the impact of agricultural production shocks on international trade flows." European Review of Agricultural Economics 47, no. 3 (2019): 1094–132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbz013.

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Abstract The purpose of this study is to measure the sensitivity of traded quantities and trade unit values to agricultural production shocks. We develop a general equilibrium model of trade in which production shocks in exporting countries affect both traded quantities and trade unit values. The model includes per-unit trade costs and develops a methodology to quantify their size exploiting the trade unit value data. Using bilateral trade flow data for a large sample of countries and agricultural commodities, we find that the intensive margin of trade is relatively inelastic to production sho

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8

Mansfield, Edward D., and Jon C. Pevehouse. "Trade Blocs, Trade Flows, and International Conflict." International Organization 54, no. 4 (2000): 775–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002081800551361.

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The relationship between foreign trade and political conflict has been a persistent source of controversy among scholars of international relations. Existing empirical studies of this topic have focused on the effects of trade flows on conflict, but they have largely ignored the institutional context in which trade is conducted. In this article we present some initial quantitative results pertaining to the influence on military disputes of preferential trading arrangements (PTAs), a broad class of commercial institutions that includes free trade areas, common markets, and customs unions. We ar

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Choi, Myoung Shik. "A Predictive Effect of Exchange Rates on Value-Added Free Trade." Sustainability 12, no. 21 (2020): 9146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12219146.

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The study investigates a predictive exchange rate effect on value-added trade flows on global value chains. We theoretically review the role of exchange rates on international trade based on insular, open, and global value chained economies. This paper empirically confirms a retro forecasting rule of the exchange rate on exports and trade balance using the value-added data for the period from 1995 to 2015. The first result is that real effective exchange rates have predictive elasticity information for the value-added trade flows. The second is that exchange rates have two practical effects on

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10

Jošić, Hrvoje, and Maja Bašić. "Trade creation and trade diversion effects from Croatia’s CEFTA and EU membership." Ekonomski pregled 72, no. 4 (2021): 489–521. http://dx.doi.org/10.32910/ep.72.4.1.

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This paper provides a detailed empirical study of trade creation and trade diversion effects arising from Croatia's two regional trade agreements, the Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) and the European Union (the EU). It offers a foundation for discussion about future trade policies in terms of benefits and drawbacks from those regional trade agreements. Croatia’s imports, exports and total trade flows with 180 trading partner countries were examined for the period of 2000 – 2016. Cross-country panel regression using gravity model of international trade assessed pooled OLS, fixed a

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11

Vebiyanto, Sony, and Hastarini Dwi Atmanti. "Impact of ASEAN Plus Five Free Trade Area: Trade Creation and Trade Diversion." Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan 20, no. 2 (2023): 145–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.29259/jep.v20i2.18718.

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One of the ways to reduce international trade barriers is through the Free Trade Area (FTA). Collectively, ASEAN already has five FTAs with trading partners outside Southeast Asia. This study intends to analyze the effect of free trade agreements between ASEAN and China, South Korea, Japan, India, and Australia – New Zealand (ASEAN+5 FTA). The implications of an FTA are explained using the concepts of trade creation and trade diversion through economic integration. The trade gravity model is expanded with three dummy variables to determine whether trade creation and trade diversion occur in th

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Konar, M., Z. Hussein, N. Hanasaki, D. L. Mauzerall, and I. Rodriguez-Iturbe. "Virtual water trade flows and savings under climate change." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 17, no. 8 (2013): 3219–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-3219-2013.

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Abstract. The international trade of food commodities links water and food systems, with important implications for both water and food security. The embodied water resources associated with food trade are referred to as "virtual water trade". We present the first study of the impact of climate change on global virtual water trade flows and associated savings for the year 2030. In order to project virtual water trade and savings under climate change, it is essential to obtain projections of both bilateral crop trade and the virtual water content of crops in each country of production. We use t

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13

Nankwenya, Bonface, Alexander Phiri, Abdi Khalil Edriss, Emmanuel Kaunda, Horace Phiri, and Sloans Chimatiro. "Determinants of Fish Trade Flows in Africa." Journal of Sustainable Development 11, no. 3 (2018): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v11n3p123.

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Given that fish and fishery products are ranked among the most traded food commodities globally, with developing countries accounting for the bulk of the world’s fish exports, the analysis of fish trade flows is of key importance for any policy measure in the fisheries sector. This study evaluates the determinants of fish trade flows by applying the generalized gravity model. Using panel data covering a period of 14 years for 54 African countries, the gravity model is estimated using the Tobit regression to overcome estimation challenges in the presence of zero trade observations. The results

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14

Thu, Nguyen, and Tran Thanh. "Trade facilitation performance influences on ASEAN trade flows." Ekonomski horizonti 23, no. 3 (2021): 265–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ekonhor2103275n.

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The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) considers trade facilitation as a driving force in forming a single market and a single production base. This paper constructs an ASEAN scorecard for measuring the performance of trade facilitation strategic plans by ASEAN member states. Next, a structural gravity model is used in the paper in order to estimate the trade facilitation performance influence on ASEAN trade flows. The fact that the indicator of easing Nontariff Barriers (NTBs) and institutional coordination, on the one hand, and the ASEAN member states' engagement indicator, on th

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15

Adewuyi, Adeolu O., and Godwin Akpokodje. "Impact of Trade Reform on Nigeria's Trade Flows." International Trade Journal 24, no. 4 (2010): 411–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08853908.2010.513642.

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16

Lewis, Logan T. "How Important Are Trade Prices for Trade Flows?" IMF Economic Review 65, no. 3 (2017): 471–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41308-017-0037-1.

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17

Mutreja, Piyusha, B. Ravikumar, Raymond Riezman, and Michael Sposi. "Price equalization, trade flows, and barriers to trade." European Economic Review 70 (August 2014): 383–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2014.05.005.

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18

Stojadinović-Jovanović, Sandra, Bojan Krstić, and Vladimir Radivojević. "New approach to trade and its coverage." Ekonomika 66, no. 3 (2020): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ekonomika2003027s.

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Contemporary trade flows increasingly take place via foreign direct investment flows, consequently we can no longer analyze them only classically, and through the prism of the existing methodology and statistic coverage. Therefore, the purpose of the paper is to point out the need for the new approach to trade flows and their coverage. The research has led to the setting up of a proposal for the new trade coverage, which, by including the primary trading channel, complements the existing, classic approach to trade flows and leads to more realistic trade picture. Only a real picture of trade fl

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19

Berndt, Marvin, and Sebastian Hess. "Extensive margin effects following the Japan-EU free trade agreement: analysing future developments in the agri-food sector." Agricultural and Resource Economics: International Scientific E-Journal 10, no. 4 (2024): 5–28. https://doi.org/10.51599/are.2024.10.04.01.

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Purpose. This study develops a model to predict and analyse the potential impacts of the Japan-EU Free Trade Agreement (JEFTA) on EU-Japan agri-food trade by focusing on the extensive margin of trade. The model identifies emerging and disappearing trade flows and evaluates their implications for the future total trade volume between the two regions. This was done in order to obtain trade volume predictions that are more disaggregated for agri-food products than in previous studies. Methodology / approach. The extensive margin model by Felbermayr and Kohler (2010) is used in conjunction with an

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20

Ebell, Monique. "Assessing the Impact of Trade Agreements on Trade." National Institute Economic Review 238 (November 2016): R31—R42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795011623800113.

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One of the key issues facing the UK in the wake of the advisory referendum result to leave the European Union is the precise nature of its relationship with the European Union. At one extreme would be continued membership in the European Economic Area, including membership in the single market. Other options would be either no free trade agreement (FTA) with the EU at all or a less comprehensive FTA which stops short of single market membership. This paper compares the ability of EEA membership and less comprehensive FTAs to generate trade in goods and services. We investigate this question us

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21

CHEN, NATALIE, and DENNIS NOVY. "On the measurement of trade costs: direct vs. indirect approaches to quantifying standards and technical regulations." World Trade Review 11, no. 3 (2012): 401–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745612000183.

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AbstractIn this article, we review the literature on the measurement of trade costs in international trade with a special emphasis on non-tariff measures and in particular on standards and technical regulations. We distinguish ‘direct’ from ‘indirect’ approaches. The direct approach collects observable data or proxy variables on trade cost components which are then typically used as regressors in a gravity equation of trade. Instead, the indirect approach infers the extent of trade impediments from trade flows. It compares actual trade flows to the trade flows predicted by a hypothetical frict

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22

Morrow, James D., Randolph M. Siverson, and Tressa E. Tabares. "The Political Determinants of International Trade: The Major Powers, 1907–1990." American Political Science Review 92, no. 3 (1998): 649–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2585487.

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We test three arguments about the effect of international politics on trade flows. The first argument states that trade flows are greater between states with similar interests than those with dissimilar interests, the second that trade flows are greater in democratic dyads than nondemocratic dyads, and the third that trade flows are greater between allies. We examine trade flows between the major powers from 1907 to 1990. This period provides variation on all three independent variables of interest and allows us to separate the three arguments empirically. We estimate a gravity model of trade

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23

Tang, Caihong, and Anitha Rosland. "Impact of logistics performance and trade facilitation on China-ASEAN trade flows." Asian Journal of Economic Modelling 13, no. 1 (2025): 85–96. https://doi.org/10.55493/5009.v13i1.5363.

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The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has grown to be China's biggest trading partner since 2019. Trade flows between China and ASEAN are becoming increasingly significant in fostering economic expansion in both China and ASEAN nations. This research aims to analyze the impact of logistics performance and trade facilitation improvements on bilateral trade flows between China and ASEAN countries. We use a panel data set of six ASEAN countries from 2009 to 2019. We use feasible generalized least squares estimation to do the data regression based on the heteroskedasticity and Wooldri

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24

Ramaswamy, Sunder, Abishek Choutagunta, and Santosh Kumar Sahu. "Evaluating Asian Free Trade Agreements: What Does Gravity Model Tell Us?" Foreign Trade Review 56, no. 1 (2020): 60–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732520961330.

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This paper evaluates the performance of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) by analysing the determinants of trade flows of Asian economies for a panel of 31 countries during 2007–2014 using a Gravity model. The estimated results suggest that certain FTAs negatively contribute to trade flows across the region and, that GDP and population, among other factors, can explain total trade flows. This study also finds that trade costs using distance as a proxy has a significant and negative effect on trade. Our results are in-line with the expectations which can be drawn by looking at trends of trade flows

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25

Bombardini, Matilde, Giovanni Gallipoli, and Germán Pupato. "Skill Dispersion and Trade Flows." American Economic Review 102, no. 5 (2012): 2327–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.5.2327.

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Is skill dispersion a source of comparative advantage? In this paper we use microdata from the International Adult Literacy Survey to show that the effect of skill dispersion on trade flows is quantitatively similar to that of the aggregate endowment of human capital. In particular we investigate, and find support for, the hypothesis that countries with a more dispersed skill distribution specialize in industries characterized by lower complementarity of workers' skills. The result is robust to the introduction of controls for alternative sources of comparative advantage, as well as to alterna

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26

Blonigen, Bruce A., and Wesley W. Wilson. "Port Efficiency and Trade Flows*." Review of International Economics 16, no. 1 (2007): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9396.2007.00723.x.

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27

Srivastava, Rajendra K., and Robert T. Green. "Determinants of Bilateral Trade Flows." Journal of Business 59, no. 4 (1986): 623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/296358.

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28

Seyoum, Belay, and Juan Ramirez. "Economic freedom and trade flows." Journal of Economic Studies 46, no. 4 (2019): 985–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-12-2017-0378.

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Purpose Economic freedom is the fundamental right of every person in a free society to control his/her own labor and property without government intervention beyond what is necessary to protect and maintain freedom itself. The purpose of this paper is to examine the association between economic freedom, inward foreign direct investment (FDI) and trade flows. Design/methodology/approach The authors test a moderated mediation model of the effects of economic freedom on trade flows with the objective of exploring the mediation effects of FDI and the moderating effects of government stability. Fin

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29

Blomqvist, Hans C. "Explaining Trade Flows of Singapore." Asian Economic Journal 18, no. 1 (2004): 25–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8381.2004.00180.x.

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30

HOGUE, CHERYL. "TRADE ADVICE FLOWS ONCE MORE." Chemical & Engineering News 81, no. 29 (2003): 21–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v081n029.p021.

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31

Cheung, Yin-Wong, Menzie D. Chinn, and XingWang Qian. "Are Chinese trade flows different?" Journal of International Money and Finance 31, no. 8 (2012): 2127–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2012.05.004.

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32

Neven, Damien J., and Lars-Hendrik Röller. "European integration and trade flows." European Economic Review 35, no. 6 (1991): 1295–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-2921(91)90120-8.

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33

Bahmani-Oskooee, Mohsen. "Determinants of international trade flows." Journal of Development Economics 20, no. 1 (1986): 107–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(86)90007-6.

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34

Knuth, Melinda J., Hayk Khachatryan, Charles R. Hall, et al. "Trade Flows within the United States Nursery Industry in 2018." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 39, no. 2 (2021): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-39.2.77.

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Abstract This study is a continuation of the series of summaries by the Green Industry Research Consortium examining the regional trade flows in the U.S. nursery industry. This detailed analysis of green industry regional trade flows in eight U.S. regions compares 2018 data with those of the 2008 and 2013 national survey estimates of origin and destination (OD) information to sales data. Specifically, we discuss: 1) regional annual sales reported by the green industry firms in 2018, 2) the percentage distribution of OD trade flows by regions and states, 3) differences in the percentage distrib

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35

Sheikh, Muhammad Ramzan, Imran Sharif Chaudhry, Naila Gul, and Muhammad Hanif Akhtar. "Institutional Determinants of Bilateral Trade Flows: A Panel Data Analysis." Review of Economics and Development Studies 4, no. 2 (2018): 247–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.26710/reads.v4i2.409.

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This study analyzes the institutional determinants of bilateral trade flows and homogeneity effect for Pakistan with ECO countries by using panel data for years 2003-2014. Gravity trade model is estimated through panel least squares technique. Impact of institutions is very important for international trade as international businesses involve many governance systems. The results show that average impact of institutional quality and bilateral trade flows is positive. Moreover, institutional homogeneity effect exhibits that bilateral trade flows are positively related with the governance similar

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36

Anionwu, Carol. "Trade Liberalization and Trade Flows in Nigeria An Aggregated Analysis." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development 2, no. 6 (2018): 1507–21. https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd18911.

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This study examines the impact of trade liberalization and trade flows in Nigeria using an econometric regression model of the Ordinary Least Square OLS . From the result of the OLS, it is observed that trade flows and export subsidies have a positive relationship with economic growth. This means that when trade flows and export subsidies are increasing, it will bring about more growth in Nigerian economy. On the other hand, import tariffs, import quotas and export taxes have a negative impact on economic growth in Nigeria. This means that if import tariffs, import quotas and export taxes are

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37

Benzarti, Youssef, and Alisa Tazhitdinova. "Do Value-Added Taxes Affect International Trade Flows? Evidence from 30 Years of Tax Reforms." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 13, no. 4 (2021): 469–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20190492.

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This paper uses all value-added tax (VAT) changes across EU Member States from 1988 to 2016 to estimate the effect of VATs on trade flows. We find small elasticities of trade flows with respect to VATs, even when VAT changes are large. These elasticities are substantially smaller than the elasticities of trade flows with respect to tariffs estimated in the trade literature. This finding holds across different time periods, countries, and types of reforms. Our results imply that VATs are unlikely to distort trade flows. (JEL F13, F14, H25, H87)

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38

Kikerkova, Irena, Elena Makrevska Disoska, Katerina Toshevska-Trpchevska, and Jasna Tonovska. "DETERMINANTS OF THE BILATERAL TRADE FLOWS OF NORTH MACEDONIA– A GRAVITY MODEL APPROACH." DIEM: Dubrovnik International Economic Meeting 6, no. 1 (2021): 98–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.17818/diem/2021/1.10.

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The paper makes an indetail overview of the structure of the trade exchange of goods of Macedonia and explores the determinants of its bilateral trade flows using the gravity model. The analysis includes data on 40 trade partners of Macedonia in the period from 2005-2019. The used variables in the model are: GDP per capita difference, population, distance and relative endowments of factors of production (capital, land and labour). In most of the analyzed regressions the coefficients on determinants such as GDP per capita difference and population are positive and their impact upon the bilatera

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Delera, Michele, and Neil Foster-McGregor. "On PTAs and Bilateral Trade: Is GVC Trade Sensitive to the Breadth of Trade Policy Cooperation?" Economies 8, no. 4 (2020): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies8040084.

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We study the relationship between the scope of trade policy cooperation and bilateral trade flows with a particular focus on global value chain (GVC) trade using data on the core and non-core provisions included in preferential trade agreements (PTAs). We find that broader PTAs have a larger impact on trade flows involving intermediates relative to flows involving all products, suggesting that GVC trade is particularly sensitive to the scope of trade policy cooperation. We also investigate different dimensions of heterogeneity in PTAs. We find that core provisions tend to drive the effect of P

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Liu, Jing, Yu Zhang, and Zhongbo Yu. "Evaluation of Physical and Economic Water-Saving Efficiency for Virtual Water Flows Related to Inter-Regional Crop Trade in China." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (2018): 4308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114308.

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If products were traded from regions with relatively high water productivity to regions with relatively low water productivity, water saving could be achieved. In this study, two indices—physical water-saving efficiency (volume of water savings per cubic meter of virtual water flows) and economic water-saving efficiency (value of water savings per cubic meter of virtual water flows considering water right trading)—were proposed to analyze the efficiency of inter-regional virtual water flows related to crop trade in China. Results indicated that the volume of inter-regional virtual water flows

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Gnangnon, Sèna Kimm. "Effect of Aid-for-Trade Flows on Investment-Oriented Remittance Flows." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 16, no. 2 (2023): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm16020110.

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Despite the voluminous literature on the effect of aid-for-trade (AfT) flows on recipient countries’ trade performance, little is known about the relationship between AfT flows and other capital flows to developing countries. This paper contributes to the literature by exploring the effect of AfT inflows on investment-oriented remittance inflows, notably through the channel of trade costs. Using an unbalanced panel data set of 106 countries over the period 2002–2019 and the two-step system generalized method of moments, the empirical analysis establishes several outcomes. AfT flows exert a pos

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Hu, Yushan, Ben G. Li, and Penglong Zhang. "Territory flows and trade flows between 1870 and 2008." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 228 (December 2024): 106787. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2024.106787.

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Tsurumi, Tetsuya, Shunsuke Managi, and Akira Hibiki. "Do Environmental Regulations Increase Bilateral Trade Flows?" B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 15, no. 4 (2015): 1549–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2014-0164.

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Abstract The argument that stringent environmental regulations are generally thought to harm export flows is crucial when determining policy recommendations related to environmental preservation and international competitiveness. By using bilateral trade data, we examine the relationships between trade flows and various environmental stringency indices. Previous studies have used energy intensity, abatement cost intensity, and survey indices for regulations as proxies for the strictness of environmental policy. However, they have overlooked the indirect effect of environmental regulations on t

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KRPEC, OLDRICH, and VLADAN HODULAK. "War and international trade: Impact of trade disruption on international trade patterns and economic development." Brazilian Journal of Political Economy 39, no. 1 (2019): 152–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-35172019-2854.

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ABSTRACT The disruptions of trade flows due to military conflicts leads to changes in economic structures of countries, to the subsequent changes in trade policies, and to the changes of established trade patterns with impact on position of countries in international trade system. This paper deals with three modern time’s conflicts: Napoleonic Wars, WWI and WWII. We argue that the changes resulting from the disruption of trade flows itself, leads to changes and shifts which are relatively permanent, independent on outcomes of the conflicts for individual countries, and do significantly affect

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Thapa, Surya Bahadur. "Nepal's Trade Flows: Evidence from Gravity Model." NRB Economic Review 24, no. 1 (2012): 16–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nrber.v24i1.52730.

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This study is carried out to estimate the trade potentiality of Nepal using gravity model. The gravity model simply explains that the volume of trade between pairs of countries is a positive function of the size of two countries and negative function of the distance between them. The study has used coefficients of the model to predict Nepal’s foreign trade for the year 2009. The trade potentiality is calculated with the help of the ratio of predicted trade to actual trade. The result is fluctuating: some countries crossed the limits whereas some countries are still below the potential trade. T

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Freeman, Richard B. "People Flows in Globalization." Journal of Economic Perspectives 20, no. 2 (2006): 145–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.20.2.145.

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The policy debate over globalization in the past decade has largely bypassed the international mobility of labor. Restrict trade and cries of protectionism resound. Suggest linking labor standards to trade and it's protectionism in disguise. Limit capital flows and the International Monetary Fund is on your back. But restrict people flows? That's just an accepted exercise of national sovereignty! During the last few decades, when most countries reduced barriers to trade in goods and services and liberalized financial capital markets, most also sought to limit immigration. In this essay, I exam

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47

Gnangnon, Sèna Kimm. "Effect of Aid for Trade Unpredictability on Trade Policy in Recipient-Countries." Arthaniti: Journal of Economic Theory and Practice 19, no. 2 (2019): 177–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0976747919876708.

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This article examines the effect of the unpredictability of Aid for Trade (AfT) flows on trade policy in 124 recipient-countries, of which 42 are least developed countries (LDCs), over the period 2002–2016. The analysis shows that while AfT flows exert a positive effect on trade policy liberalisation, AfT unpredictability induces the adoption of restrictive trade policies. These results apply to LDCs and other countries, although the magnitude of the negative effect of AfT unpredictability on trade policy liberalisation is higher for LDCs than for other countries. Furthermore, AfT unpredictabi

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Li, Daming, Canyao Liu, Yu Shi, Jiaming Song, and Yiliang Zhang. "Trade Flow Optimization Model for Plastic Pollution Reduction." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 23 (2022): 15963. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315963.

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Abstract:

Managing plastic waste from an international perspective is complex, with many countries in the trade network playing distinct roles at different stages of the life-cycle of plastics. Trade flows are therefore the key to understanding global plastic market and its supply chains. In this paper, we formulate an optimization problem from the perspective of reducing global ocean plastic pollution, and create a novel framework based on a network flow model to identify the optimal international trade flows over the life-cycle of plastics. Our model quantifies global flows of production, consumption,

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Lee, Jong-Wha, and Phillip Swagel. "Trade Barriers and Trade Flows Across Countries and Industries." International Finance Discussion Paper 1994, no. 476 (1994): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/ifdp.1994.476.

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50

Nordås, Hildegunn K., and Dorothée Rouzet. "The Impact of Services Trade Restrictiveness on Trade Flows." World Economy 40, no. 6 (2016): 1155–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/twec.12424.

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