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Journal articles on the topic 'Trade of pharmaceuticals'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 May 2022

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Hollis, Aidan, and Peter Ibbott. "How Parallel Trade Affects Drug Policies and Prices in Canada and the United States." American Journal of Law & Medicine 32, no. 2-3 (2006): 193–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009885880603200204.

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U.S. consumers and Canadian pharmacies have rushed to take advantage of the opportunity presented by price differences in patented pharmaceuticals. This rapidly growing parallel trade has brought the Canadian and U.S. systems for determining pharmaceutical pricing under increased scrutiny, and the pressure for change seems to be building. This paper examines why parallel trade in pharmaceuticals has grown and considers some of the policy options confronting both countries.To do this we begin by identifying similarities and differences in the Canadian and U.S. regulatory frameworks governing tr

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Grigoriadis, Lazaros G. "The Application of EU Competition Law in the Pharmaceutical Sector: The Case of Parallel Trade." European Business Law Review 25, Issue 1 (2014): 141–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eulr2014004.

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Parallel trade traditionally enjoys a significant protection from European Institutions, in the belief that it fosters competition and encourages trade. However, pharmaceutical companies claim that this form of competition undermines their incentive to innovate and threatens the competitiveness of the European pharmaceutical sector. This Article analyses a) the arguments put forward in favour of and against the freedom of the parallel trade of pharmaceuticals between the EU Member States and b) the case-law relating to the parallel trade of pharmaceuticals developed by the EU courts and, more

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3

Hoque, Ariful, and Subhrabaran Das. "An Analysis of India-SAARC Trade in Pharmaceuticals with Special Emphasis on the COVID-19 Pandemic." Vidyasagar University Journal of Economics XXVIII, no. 00 (2024): 118–36. https://doi.org/10.62424/vuje.2024.28.00.09.

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This study attempts to explore the prospects of India’s pharmaceutical trading relationship with other South Asian nations in the light of some select trade indexes. To this end, the study makes use of secondary data retrieved from the UN Comtrade database for a period of 15 years from 2007 to 2021. An analysis of the trade intensity index brings out that India has an intense pharmaceutical trade relationship with Nepal and Sri Lanka, suggesting the possibility of future integration. However, India’s pharmaceutical trade is found to be lesser than expected with respect to Bangladesh and Pakist

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4

Smith, Richard D., Carlos Correa, and Cecilia Oh. "Trade, TRIPS, and pharmaceuticals." Lancet 373, no. 9664 (2009): 684–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61779-1.

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5

Curti, Andrea M. "The WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding: An Unlikely Weapon in the Fight Against AIDS." American Journal of Law & Medicine 27, no. 4 (2001): 469–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0098858800008224.

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One of the most controversial aspects of the World Trade Organization (WTO) is its trade policy governing pharmaceutical products that treat AIDS and other diseases. Critics contend that the WTO unreasonably restricts the trade of pharmaceuticals in order to protect the profit margin of western drug producers at the expense of infected populations in developing countries. Supporters of the WTO's trade policy argue that protecting the intellectual property (IP) rights of pharmaceutical products is essential to providing an incentive for further drug research and development.

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6

Granlund, David, and Miyase Yesim Köksal-Ayhan. "EU Enlargement, Parallel Trade and Price Competition in Pharmaceuticals: Has the Price Competition increased?" B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 16, no. 2 (2016): 1069–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2015-0127.

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Abstract Given the cost of trade and availability of pharmaceuticals, the driving force for parallel trade is the price difference between the source (exporting) and the destination (importing) country. An increase in the price difference or in the availability of pharmaceuticals for parallel trade should increase price competition in the destination country. Using 2003–2007 data from Sweden we investigated whether EU enlargement in 2004, when new countries with low pharmaceutical prices joined the EU, increased competition from parallel imports. Drugs facing competition from parallel imports

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Klochko, O. A., and A. V. Chugunova. "Impact of Cross-border Mergers and Acquisitions on the Development of Chinese Pharmaceutical Exports and Imports." Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law 12, no. 6 (2019): 170–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2019-12-6-8.

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The article is devoted to the research into the impact of cross-border mergers and acquisitions, conducted by international pharmaceutical companies in China, on Chinese participation in international pharmaceutical trade. Relevance of the study resides in the importance of mergers and acquisitions as instruments that are widely used in a foreign markets penetration process and that lead to the enhancement of intercorporate trade, thus significantly influencing country’s foreign trade. International pharmaceutical companies expanded their operations in Chinese market during the last two decade

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8

Kran, Klaus. "Internationalization of the Japanese Pharmaceutical Regulations and Environment." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 2, no. 4 (1986): 691–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300003536.

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The intensity with which the United States and the European Community (EC) are reviewing their trade difficulties with Japan makes examination of the Japanese pharmaceutical regulatory environment particularly appropriate at this time. One of the four topics identified for focused discussion between the U.S. and Japanese governments in last year's Market Oriented Sector Selective (MOSS) talks was pharmaceuticals, a $13 billion industry (at 1985 exchange rates), in which Japan is the world's second largest market for pharmaceuticals.

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9

Dolle, Tobias, and Paolo R. Vergano. "Free Trade Agreements and Regulatory Change: Examples from the Generic and Biosimilar Sectors." Journal of World Trade 51, Issue 2 (2017): 205–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2017009.

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Comprehensive free trade agreements (FTAs) have increasing importance and impact on domestic legislation and significantly affect regulated industries, such as pharmaceuticals. Recent FTAs include provisions on regulatory cooperation and convergence, as well as intellectual property provisions going well beyond the scope of the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs). These rules have particular importance for the generic and biosimilar medicines’ sectors and have important links to public health objectives. A growing number of sectors are covered by the

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10

Sarkar, Sukanta. "Trade Environments between India and Countries of the Caucasus Region: Challenges and Government Initiatives." Journal of Global Economy 21, no. 1 (2025): 49–58. https://doi.org/10.1956/jge.v21i1.747.

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The paper discussed trade environments between India and countries of the Caucasus region. It has found that India has trade surplus over Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. International relations between Armenia and India are described as friendly. Both countries have good relations in the fields of business, culture, military and technology. Bilateral trade has grown in recent years but its capacity remains low. Trade relations between India and Azerbaijan continue to grow. India is Azerbaijan's seventh largest trading partner. India has a well-established pharmaceutical industry in Azerbaijan

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11

Yin, Qian. "Rethinking Test Data Protection in China-US Trade War: Integrating Empirical and Normative Analysis." Journal of World Trade 57, Issue 5 (2023): 809–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2023033.

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Managing Intellectual Property (IP) protection over test data is a growth strategy in the trade competition, embodied as one of the crucial topics of US-China trade negotiations. Accordingly, the US took the trade war as a tool for the rivalry in the pharmaceutical industry and furnishing domestic companies with better protection schemes and more symmetrical access to the Chinese market. Even though the Economic and Trade Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the People’s Republic of China (Phase-one Trade Agreement) quelled the trade war, the d

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12

Ren, Yujie, Jinli Fan, and Yan Wang. "Chinese Translation of Trade Names of Imported Drugs from Perspective of Three-Dimensional Adaptive Transformation." International Journal of Languages, Literature and Linguistics 9, no. 3 (2023): 193–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijlll.2023.9.3.403.

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With the globalization of Chinese pharmaceutical business, many foreign pharmaceuticals have entered the domestic market. An appropriate Chinese trade name will help promote the acceptance of imported drugs. This study selected some translated versions of imported drug names from the database of National Medical Products Administration, classified and analyzed these versions from perspective of three-dimensional adaptive transformation in the hope to find out the principles of E-C translation of trade names. The study concludes the translation principles as being objective and scientific, conf

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13

Baran-Lewandowska, I., and T. Hermanowski. "PHP16 PARALLEL TRADE OF PHARMACEUTICALS IN POLAND." Value in Health 12, no. 7 (2009): A240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1098-3015(10)74171-1.

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14

Lexchin, Joel. "Intellectual Property Rights and the Canadian Pharmaceutical Marketplace: Where Do We Go from Here?" International Journal of Health Services 35, no. 2 (2005): 237–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/y8ur-ywvr-budp-cdr0.

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Patent protection for prescription drugs has a long and contentious history in Canada. Bills C-22 and C-91, passed as part of Canada's commitment to various trade deals, first weakened and then abolished compulsory licensing. In order to decide on a future course of action that Canada should take on intellectual property rights (IPRs), it is useful to review downstream effects that resulted from C-22 and C-91. This article examines changes to employment, Canada's balance of trade in pharmaceuticals, investment in research and development, and drug expenditures. The author then reviews the argu

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15

Shcherbina, Mariia, Mykhailo Akimov, Iryna Ozerna, Ilgar Huseynov, and Halyna Rossikhina. "Legal Responsibility for Illicit Trade in Pharmaceuticals under Conditions of the Covid-19 Pandemic." Cuestiones Políticas 40, no. 74 (2022): 207–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4074.11.

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The aim of this study was to examine the optimal types and measures of legal liability for crimes in the field of illicit trade in pharmaceuticals in the conditions of the СОVID-19 pandemic. The research used methods of systematic approach, descriptive analysis, synthesis and prognosis, systematic and formal legal and comparative selection. It has been established that illicit trade in pharmaceuticals is carried out by organized criminal groups and is related to corruption and cybercrime. Also, the article has revealed typical legal flaws, which complicate international cooperation in this fie

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16

Suvendu, Narayan Roy. "INDIA'S TRADE OPPORTUNITIES WITH AFRICAN NATIONS: A BOOST TO THE INDIAN ECONOMY." International Journal of Multidisciplinary Educational Research ( IJMER) 13, no. 10(1) (2024): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14036238.

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India and Africa share deep historical and cultural connections, which have grown into increasing economic ties in recent years. As India looks to diversify its trade and investment portfolio, Africa presents a large, untapped market full of potential for expansion. Objectives The goals of this study are to: 1. Analyze India’s existing trade relations with Africa, including bilateral trade volumes, trade balances, and major traded goods. 2. Identify key sectors for collaboration, such as information technology (IT), pharmaceuticals, textiles, and infras

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17

Harvey, Ken. "Correction: Patents, pills and politics: the Australia-United States Free Trade Agreement and the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme." Australian Health Review 28, no. 3 (2004): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah040381.

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Re: ?Patents, pills and politics: the Australia? United States Free Trade Agreement and the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme?, by Ken Harvey, (Aust Health Rev 2004, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 218-226). Under the heading ?A brief history of patent law relevant to pharmaceuticals?, in the second paragraph, the second sentence was: ?Before TRIPS, many developing countries provided no patent protection on pharmaceutical products, or they recognised patents on products but not process?. The corrected version should be ?. . .process but not products?.

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18

Lee, Chang-soo, and Mikyung Yun. "Accounting of gross exports and tracing foreign values in the global pharmaceutical value chain." Journal of Korea Trade 22, no. 4 (2018): 348–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jkt-02-2018-0008.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to document for the first time the vertical specialization structure of the global pharmaceutical value chain. Design/methodology/approach The paper adopts Wang et al.’s (2013) gross exports decomposition method to trace foreign values in bilateral trade between major pharmaceutical producers, using the 2014 WIOT database. Findings The paper shows that as in other sectoral value chains, the pharmaceutical value chain is heavily regional. The paper identifies a strong European regional value chain, and a less intensive, Asian regional value chain. Korea is p

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19

Aksenov, Ilia A. "PROBLEMS OF ORGANIZATION OF FOREIGN TRADE TURNOVER OF MEDICINES IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION." Siberian Journal of Life Sciences and Agriculture 13, no. 5 (2021): 146–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2658-6649-2021-13-5-146-166.

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Background. The quality of medicines plays an important role for the national security of any state. The pharmaceutical industry in the Russian Federation is steadily developing. Imported medicines occupy a significant share of the domestic pharmacological market. Purpose. It consists in identifying problems and developing recommendations in the field of organizing foreign trade circulation of medicines in the Russian Federation. Materials and methods. The normative legal basis of the study is the Customs Code of the Eurasian Economic Union, Federal Law dated 03.08.2018 No. 289-FZ

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20

Duggan, Mark, Craig Garthwaite, and Aparajita Goyal. "The Market Impacts of Pharmaceutical Product Patents in Developing Countries: Evidence from India." American Economic Review 106, no. 1 (2016): 99–135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20141301.

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In 2005, as the result of a World Trade Organization mandate, India implemented a patent reform for pharmaceuticals that was intended to comply with the 1995 Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). Exploiting variation in the timing of patent decisions, we estimate that a molecule receiving a patent experienced an average price increase of just 3–6 percent, with larger increases for more recently developed molecules and for those produced by just one firm when the patent system began. Our results also show little impact on quantities sold or on the number of pharmaceutic

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21

Grootendorst, Paul. "The Economics of Cross-Border Trade in Pharmaceuticals." Journal of Pharmaceutical Marketing & Management 16, no. 3 (2005): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j058v16n03_11.

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22

Matteucci, Giorgio, and Pierfrancesco Reverberi. "Some Unintended Consequences of Parallel Trade in Pharmaceuticals." Managerial and Decision Economics 37, no. 1 (2014): 50–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mde.2689.

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23

Harvey, Ken. "Patents, pills and politics: the Australia–United States Free Trade Agreement and the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme." Australian Health Review 28, no. 2 (2004): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah040218.

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There is tension between the need of the pharmaceutical innovator for intellectual property protection and the need of society for equitable and affordable access to innovative drugs. The recent Australia?United States Free Trade Agreement provides a nice illustration of this interplay between patents, pills and politics. This article provides a brief history of patent law as applied to pharmaceuticals, describes how the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme got caught up in AUSFTA negotiations, analyses the clauses that are likely to impact upon the PBS and describes the political process that revie

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24

Villén, Johanna, Johanna Laux, Björn Wettermark, Sofia Kälvemark Sporrong, Marmar Nekoro, and Helle Håkonsen. "Towards greener prescribing? Swedish general practitioners' support for policies to reduce pharmaceutical pollution." British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 91, no. 6 (2025): 1623–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.70066.

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AimsPrescribing pharmaceuticals is essential to improve health, but it also has substantial environmental impact. This study investigated the extent to which Swedish general practitioners (GPs) are willing to integrate environmental aspects into treatment decisions and their opinions on policies to reduce pharmaceutical pollution.MethodsA questionnaire assessing environmental considerations in prescribing was developed and distributed to 1233 Swedish GPs and physicians in training (response rate: 22%) between September 2023 and June 2024. It included 3 patient cases to assess trade‐offs betwee

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25

Miriti, Vicky. "Compulsory Licensing for Pharmaceutical Access in East Africa: The Challenge of Kenya's Failure to Adopt Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement." Strathmore Law Review 9, no. 1 (2024): 129–65. https://doi.org/10.52907/slr.v9i1.498.

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Sub-Saharan Africa, including East Africa, grapples with profound public health challenges exacerbated by limited access to pharmaceuticals. The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement), enacted in 1995, introduced patent rights for pharmaceuticals, restricting generic production. Even so, Article 31 of the TRIPS Agreement permits compulsory licensing to facilitate cheaper generic versions, but this is underutilised by smaller economies like those in the East African Community (EAC) due to economic constraints. To help address this challenge, Article

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26

Mercurio, Bryan. "‘SEIZING’ PHARMACEUTICALS IN TRANSIT: ANALYSING THE WTO DISPUTE THAT WASN'T." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 61, no. 2 (2012): 389–426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589312000073.

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AbstractSeveral recent detentions of generic pharmaceutical products transiting through the European Union (EU) for suspected infringements of intellectual property rights raised serious concerns for public health advocates and threatened to expose systemic problems existing in the World Trade Organization's (WTO) Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). The detentions not only garnered international attention, but India and Brazil formally began WTO dispute settlement proceedings against the EU. The parties recently reached a mutually agreed solution to the

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Azam, M. Monirul. "The impacts of TRIPS on the pharmaceutical regulation and pricing of drugs in Bangladesh." International Journal of Law and Management 59, no. 3 (2017): 376–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-01-2016-0002.

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Purpose This paper aims to analyse the impacts of the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) as adopted by the World Trade Organization (WTO) on the pharmaceutical regulation and pricing of drugs in Bangladesh. The purpose of this paper is to explore how Bangladesh could adjust obligations for patent and pharmaceutical law reforms in the context of TRIPS Agreement while maintaining societal goals to ensure access to medicines. Another prime objective of this study is to examine viability of arguments regarding pharmaceutical patents for affordabili

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28

Nazzini, Renato. "Parallel Trade in the Pharmaceutical Market – Current Trends and Future Solutions." World Competition 26, Issue 1 (2003): 53–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/woco2003008.

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This article explores the relationship between EU law and the pharmaceutical market. It analyses the political debate on the competitiveness of the European pharmaceutical industry, in the view of the enlargement, the different models of regulation of pharmaceuticals in the Member States and the economic theories of parallel trade and intellectual property rights. Against this background, it is demonstrated that both the Commission and the Court of Justice have adopted a strong pro-single market approach, whereby price regulations, ethical obligations to sell medicines and the need for adequat

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Yoshikawa, Aki. "The other Drug War: U.S.-Japan Trade in Pharmaceuticals." California Management Review 31, no. 2 (1989): 76–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/41166560.

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30

Eggertson, L. "Proposed trade agreement could increase patent protection for pharmaceuticals." Canadian Medical Association Journal 185, no. 10 (2013): E459—E460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.109-4490.

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31

Gleeson, Deborah, and David B. Menkes. "Trade Agreements and Direct-to-Consumer Advertising of Pharmaceuticals." International Journal of Health Policy and Management 7, no. 2 (2017): 98–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2017.124.

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32

Méndez, Susan J. "Parallel trade of pharmaceuticals: The Danish market for statins." Health Economics 27, no. 2 (2017): 333–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hec.3551.

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33

Yu, Peter K. "Data Exclusivities in the Age of Big Data, Biologics, and Plurilaterals." Texas A&M Law Review 6, no. 4 (2019): 22–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/lr.v6.arg.2.

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The past decade has seen many new developments impacting the intellectual property system. The introduction of big data analytics has transformed the fields of biotechnology and bioinformatics while ushering in major advances in drug development, clinical practices, and medical financing. The arrival of biologics and personalized medicines has also revolutionized the healthcare and pharmaceutical industries. In addition, the emergence of bilateral, regional, and plurilateral trade agreements have raised serious, and at times difficult, questions concerning the evolution of domestic and interna

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34

Lybecker, Kristina M., and Elisabeth Fowler. "Compulsory Licensing in Canada and Thailand: Comparing Regimes to Ensure Legitimate Use of the WTO Rules." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 37, no. 2 (2009): 222–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2009.00367.x.

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The tension between economic policy and health policy is a longstanding dilemma, but one that was brought to the fore with the World Trade Organization’s (WTO) Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement in 1994. The pharmaceutical industry has long argued that intellectual property protection (IPP) is vital for innovation. At the same time, there are those who counter that strong IPP negatively impacts the affordability and availability of essential medicines in developing countries. However, actors on both sides of the debate were in agreement that something neede

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Ecer, Sencer, and Darnita York Akers. "The TRIPS Agreement and Its Effects on the R&D Spending of US-Owned Multinational Companies in Developing Countries." Journal of World Trade 43, Issue 6 (2009): 1173–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2009046.

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We test whether the strict intellectual property protection regulations required by the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement benefit developing countries, specifically by attracting private US research and development funds. We examine the level of country-specific research and development (R spending by foreign affiliates of US-owned multinational companies between 1989 and 2003 as a function of whether the country has adopted two of the major patent protection regulations required by TRIPS – patent protection for a duration of twenty years and patent protec

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Chaudhuri, Shubham, Pinelopi K. Goldberg, and Panle Jia. "Estimating the Effects of Global Patent Protection in Pharmaceuticals: A Case Study of Quinolones in India." American Economic Review 96, no. 5 (2006): 1477–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.96.5.1477.

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Under the Agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights, the World Trade Organization members are required to enforce product patents for pharmaceuticals. In this paper we empirically investigate the welfare effects of this requirement on developing countries using data for the fluoroquinolones subsegment of the systemic anti-bacterials segment of the Indian pharmaceuticals market. Our results suggest that concerns about the potential adverse welfare effects of TRIPS may have some basis. We estimate that the withdrawal of all domestic products in this subsegment is associated with su

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Drahos, Peter, Buddhima Lokuge, Tom Faunce, Martyn Goddard, and David Henry. "Pharmaceuticals, intellectual property and free trade: the case of the US–Australia free trade agreement." Prometheus 22, no. 3 (2004): 243–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0810902042000255705.

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Gaurav, Abhishek. "Intellectual Property Right (IPR) And Patent in Pharmaceuticals Industry in India." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 09, no. 04 (2025): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem45176.

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Patent is granting property right by the authority to the inventor. This grant provides the inventors exclusively right to the patent process. Design or inventions for a particular period especially in the pharmaceutical industry. Government agencies typically handle and approve the patent. In the United States the US patent and trademark office, which is the part of the department of commerce, handles the applications and grants the approval. Similarly in India the patents are controlled by the registrar of the patent department under the control of the central government. The pharmaceutical

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Miftahur Rahman Hafid. "PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN SOSIAL MEDIA WHATSAPP TERHADAP PENINGKATAN PENJUALAN OBAT BEBAS, OBAT BEBAS TERBATAS, OBAT RESEP, VITAMIN DAN ALAT KESEHATAN DI APOTEK WONOMULYO." Jurnal Publikasi Manajemen Informatika 4, no. 1 (2024): 277–87. https://doi.org/10.55606/jupumi.v4i1.3714.

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The swift advancement of information technology has a significant influence on corporate operations of all sizes that employ advanced technology in conducting their commercial purposes. Advancements in the digital realm necessitate that company professionals, particularly those in the pharmaceutical industry, enhance their digital marketing and communication strategies with clients. A pharmacy is a retail establishment where pharmacists engage in the practice of pharmacological medicine. In addition to providing pharmaceutical services, pharmacies are classified as a commercial sector under th

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40

Timmermans, Karin. "Intertwining Regimes: Trade, Intellectual Property and Regulatory Requirements for Pharmaceuticals." Journal of World Intellectual Property 8, no. 1 (2005): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1796.2005.tb00238.x.

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41

Rozek, Richard P., and Richard T. Rapp. "Parallel Trade in Pharmaceuticals: The Impact on Welfare and Innovation." Journal of Economic Integration 7, no. 2 (1992): 181–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.11130/jei.1992.7.2.181.

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42

Kiedrzynek, Michał. "Ewolucja administracji farmaceutycznej w Polsce." Studenckie Prace Prawnicze, Administratywistyczne i Ekonomiczne 20 (September 20, 2017): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1733-5779.20.5.

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The evolution of pharmaceutical administration in PolandProduction and marketing of medicinal products are of interest to the legislature for many years. Already in 1919, they entered into force on the first rules governing the matter indicated. The basic health law was the first piece of legislation to regulate the issue of the pharmaceutical market. The legislator only in 1939 passed a new law in this area, which for several years was in force between 40 and 50. Only later came into force a new law on pharmaceuticals and drugs and sanitary articles, which was much more extensive than previou

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Farhan Raza and Samana Jauhari. "The Challenges and Opportunities in Export of Pharmaceuticals from Pakistan." Physical Education, Health and Social Sciences 3, no. 1 (2025): 171–95. https://doi.org/10.63163/jpehss.v3i1.171.

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Pharmaceuticals are major sectors in terms of economic growth and public health, but the pharmaceutical exports from Pakistan are happening on account of various challenges. Some of the prime barriers are delays in regulatory approvals, high registration costs, trade barriers, supply chain inefficiencies, and a lesser local availability of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API). Moreover, a few local bioequivalence testing facilities and their high costs of international certifications also restrict the global competitiveness of Pakistani pharmaceutical exports. The quantitative research meth

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Hegedus-Gáspár, Máté. "Data Exclusivity for Biological Pharmaceuticals: Is New Zealand in Breach of World Trade Organization Law?" Journal of World Trade 50, Issue 5 (2016): 909–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2016037.

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The protection of intellectual property (IP) rights is riddled with conflicts of interests. The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (hereinafter ‘TRIPS Agreement’) introduced standards in order to harmonize IP law enforcement simplifying the task of finding the appropriate level of protection. In some cases IP protective measures result in severe trade restrictions, which can, nevertheless, be justified by virtue of their compliance to TRIPS. However, some trade restrictive intellectual property rights (IPRs) are not covered by TRIPS. This research explores a way

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Hryszkiewicz, Dominik, and Iwona Klonowska. "Illegal Trade of Pharmaceuticals in Poland – Ethical, Legal, Social, and Educational Implications." Teka Komisji Prawniczej PAN Oddział w Lublinie 17, no. 2 (2024): 221–32. https://doi.org/10.32084/tkp.9187.

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This study addresses the issue of illegal pharmaceutical trade in Poland, focusing on its ethical, legal, and social dimensions. The article is divided into three parts. The first part outlines the structure of the healthcare system in Poland, the key regulatory institutions overseeing the pharmaceutical market, and the legislative solutions in this area. The second part describes the operations of organized criminal groups in Poland that engage in the pharmaceutical trade outside state control, generating increasing profits. The third part of the study highlights the social and educational as

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Faunce, Thomas A. "Reference pricing for pharmaceuticals: is the Australia–United States Free Trade Agreement affecting Australia's Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme?" Medical Journal of Australia 187, no. 4 (2007): 240–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2007.tb01209.x.

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Jaspers, Nico. "How to Avoid International Trade Conflicts." European Journal of Risk Regulation 1, no. 2 (2010): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00000301.

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This section is meant to give readers an insight into the emerging field of nanotechnologies and risk regulation. It informs and updates readers on the latest European and international developments in nanotechnologies and risk regulation across different sectors (e.g., chemicals, food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals) and policy areas (e.g., environmental protection, occupational health and consumer product, food and drug safety). The section analyzes how existing regulatory systems deal with new kinds of risks and reviews recent regulatory developments with a focus on how best to combine scientif

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Thorbecke, Willem, and Nimesh Salike. "Export Sophistication and Trade Elasticities." Journal of Asian Economic Integration 2, no. 1 (2020): 7–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2631684620910276.

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Does a country’s export structure impact the way that exchange rates affect trade? Do more sophisticated products exhibit lower demand elasticities? Using panel data for major exporters over the 1992–2016 period and dynamic ordinary least squares techniques, we find that price elasticities are higher for low-technology goods such as textiles and footwear than for high-technology goods such as pharmaceuticals and medical equipment. We also find that elasticities are larger for less advanced countries such as China than for more advanced countries such as Switzerland. We draw policy implications

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Ancevska Netkovska, Кaterina. "Trips Agreement and Pharmaceutical Inventions." Macedonian Pharmaceutical Bulletin 56 (2011): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.33320/maced.pharm.bull.2010.56.009.

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Existence of contemporary, modern legal regulations in a certain segment of the national legal system, such as legal regulation of intellectual property rights is an assumption, but not a guarantee for the presence of efficient protection of these rights. The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights-TRIPS is one of the most important documents related to the trade of intellectual property rights. This Agreement is one of the most important acts on harmonization and implementation of intellectual property rights at multinational level, whereby the intellectual property

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Prajakta, Arote, Sagara Hastimal, and Bhosale Mahesh. "Impact of Non-Tariff Reduction on India-ASEAN Trade: A Partial Equilibrium Analysis." International Journal of Advance and Applied Research S6, no. 19 (2025): 636–43. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15111223.

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<em>Non-tariff measures (NTMs) play a crucial role in shaping international trade, often acting as hidden barriers that influence market access, trade costs, and competitiveness. This study examines the impact of reducing NTMs on trade flows between India and ASEAN member states using a partial equilibrium analysis. By leveraging sector-specific trade data and assessing the effects of reducing NTMs, the study evaluates changes in trade volume, consumer welfare, and market access for Indian exports. The analysis highlights key sectors where NTMs pose significant challenges and assesses the pote

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