Relevant bibliographies by topics / Transformative reactions

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Transformative reactions'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 18 May 2024
Last updated: 19 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Transformative reactions"

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Ghosh, Pranab, Utpal Debnath, and B. P. Pradhan. "Some Transformative Reactions of Odollactone." American Journal of Organic Chemistry 2, no. 4 (2012): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5923/j.ajoc.20120204.01.

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Griffiths, Kieran, and George E. Kostakis. "Transformative 3d–4f coordination cluster carriers." Dalton Transactions 47, no. 35 (2018): 12011–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8dt02362j.

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Malapit, Christian. "Electrosynthesis for the Invention of New Organic Reactions." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 53 (2024): 3641. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02533641mtgabs.

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Electrosynthesis has emerged as a versatile and powerful tool in organic chemistry, facilitating the discovery and advancement of novel organic reactions. By harnessing electricity, this cutting-edge method generates reactive intermediates, driving chemical transformations to produce intricate organic compounds. This talk will present significant breakthroughs from our research group, showcasing the innovative use of electrochemistry in uncovering transformative reactions. Highlighted discoveries include (a) a site-selective arene C–H functionalization reaction, utilizing nitrogen radical intermediates generated through anodic or cathodic processes to yield aryl amines; and (b) an electrochemical strategy for generating carbon-based radicals from organoboron reagents, utilized in constructing diverse carbon–carbon and carbon–heteroatom bonds. The presentation will delve into the discovery process, development, scope, and mechanism of these reactions.
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Chen, Xiaorui, Changtong Zhu, Luyun Ji, et al. "Recent Advances in Biocatalytic Dearomative Spirocyclization Reactions." Catalysts 15, no. 7 (2025): 673. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15070673.

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Spirocyclic architectures, which feature two rings sharing a single atom, are common in natural products and exhibit beneficial biological and material properties. Due to the significance of these architectures, biocatalytic dearomative spirocyclization has recently emerged as a powerful approach for constructing three-dimensional spirocyclic frameworks under mild, sustainable conditions and with exquisite stereocontrol. This review surveys the latest advances in biocatalyzed spirocyclization of all-carbon arenes (phenols and benzenes), aza-aromatics (indoles and pyrroles), and oxa-aromatics (furans). We highlight cytochrome P450s, flavin-dependent monooxygenases, multicopper oxidases, and novel metalloenzyme platforms that effect regio- and stereoselective oxidative coupling, epoxidation/semi-pinacol rearrangement, and radical-mediated cyclization to produce diverse spirocycles. Mechanistic insights gleaned from structural, computational, and isotope-labeling studies are discussed where necessary to help the readers further understand the reported reactions. Collectively, these examples demonstrate the transformative potential of biocatalysis to streamline access to spirocyclic scaffolds that are challenging to prepare through traditional methods, underscoring biocatalysis as a transformative tool for synthesizing pharmaceutically relevant spiroscaffolds while adhering to green chemistry paradigms to ultimately contribute to a cleaner and more sustainable future.
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Malapit, Christian. "Electrosynthesis for the Development of Selective Organic Reactions." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-01, no. 41 (2024): 2336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-01412336mtgabs.

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The development of efficient and selective reactions play a vital role in chemical synthesis and drug discovery, serving as crucial drivers for advancements in these fields. Electrosynthesis has emerged as a versatile and powerful tool within organic chemistry, enabling the exploration and development of new organic reactions. This state-of-the-art technique harnesses the power of electricity to propel chemical transformations, paving the way for synthetic chemists to create intricate organic molecules. In this presentation, we will showcase notable discoveries from the Malapit Lab, highlighting the innovative application of electrochemistry in the exploration of novel and transformative reactions. Among these groundbreaking findings are a site-selective C–H functionalization reaction and the utilization of organoboron reagents to generate diverse carbon-heteroatom products through radical intermediates. These reactions hold promise for the late-stage functionalization of numerous biologically active compounds, presenting exciting opportunities for drug development and synthesis.
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Li, Fei-Xing, Dong-Mei Lin, Jin Yang, Xiu-Ming Cui, and Xiao-Yan Yang. "The transformation pathways and optimization of conditions for preparation minor ginsenosides from Panax notoginseng root by the fungus Aspergillus tubingensis." PLOS ONE 20, no. 3 (2025): e0316279. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0316279.

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Minor ginsenosides exhibit enhanced pharmacological effects in comparison to the major ginsenosides. However, the natural content of minor ginsenosides in plants is typically insufficient to satisfy clinical demand. Therefore, we investigated the biotransformation of the major ginsenosides in Panax notoginseng to minor ginsenosides by the fungus Aspergillus tubingensis. The transformation products were analyzed using TLC, HPLC, and LC-MS techniques to propose the biotransformation pathways of major ginsenosides. A. tubingensis was found to transform the main ginsenosides into 15 minor ginsenosides, inculding (R/S)-Rg3, Rk1, Rg5, F2, (R/S)-Rh1, Rk3, Rh4, (R/S)-Rg2, F4, Rg6 and (R/S)-R2. The transformation reactions encompassed isomerization, hydrolysis and dehydration. We have also optimized the reaction temperature and pH for the crude enzyme extracted from this fungus, which has a molecular weight of 66 kDa. Based on our current knowledge, this transformative characteristic of A. tubingensis was initially documented for the concurrent transformation of PPD and PPT type saponins in P. notoginseng. This method of preparing minor saponins will be valuable for the development of P. notoginseng as a traditional medicinal material.
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Buitrago Santanilla, Alexander, Erik L. Regalado, Tony Pereira, et al. "Nanomole-scale high-throughput chemistry for the synthesis of complex molecules." Science 347, no. 6217 (2014): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1259203.

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At the forefront of new synthetic endeavors, such as drug discovery or natural product synthesis, large quantities of material are rarely available and timelines are tight. A miniaturized automation platform enabling high-throughput experimentation for synthetic route scouting to identify conditions for preparative reaction scale-up would be a transformative advance. Because automated, miniaturized chemistry is difficult to carry out in the presence of solids or volatile organic solvents, most of the synthetic “toolkit” cannot be readily miniaturized. Using palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions as a test case, we developed automation-friendly reactions to run in dimethyl sulfoxide at room temperature. This advance enabled us to couple the robotics used in biotechnology with emerging mass spectrometry–based high-throughput analysis techniques. More than 1500 chemistry experiments were carried out in less than a day, using as little as 0.02 milligrams of material per reaction.
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Du, Jianxiong, Wanhe Wang, Jin-Biao Liu, and Nianhua Luo. "Na2SO3-Promoted Heck Coupling and Homo-Coupling of Arylhydrazines at Room Temperature." Catalysts 14, no. 6 (2024): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal14060338.

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A novel protocol facilitated by Na2SO3 that enhances the efficiency of palladium-catalyzed Heck coupling and the homo-coupling reactions of arylhydrazines. This innovative method enables the effective construction of a diverse array of cinnamate derivatives and biphenyl compounds. Notably, these transformative reactions proceed smoothly at room temperature, leveraging the activation of C-N bonds. This technique not only streamlines the synthesis process but also expands our understanding and expertise in the realm of coupling reactions.
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Baruah, Manash J., Rupjyoti Dutta, Magdi E. A. Zaki, and Kusum K. Bania. "Heterogeneous Iron-Based Catalysts for Organic Transformation Reactions: A Brief Overview." Molecules 29, no. 13 (2024): 3177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29133177.

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Iron (Fe) is considered to be one of the most significant elements due to its wide applications. Recent years have witnessed a burgeoning interest in Fe catalysis as a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to noble metal catalysis in organic synthesis. The abundance and low toxicity of Fe, coupled with its competitive reactivity and selectivity, underscore its appeal for sustainable synthesis. A lot of catalytic reactions have been performed using heterogeneous catalysts of Fe oxide hybridized with support systems like aluminosilicates, clays, carbonized materials, metal oxides or polymeric matrices. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in Fe-catalyzed organic transformation reactions. Highlighted areas include cross-coupling reactions, C−H activation, asymmetric catalysis, and cascade processes, showcasing the versatility of Fe across a spectrum of synthetic methodologies. Emphasis is placed on mechanistic insights, elucidating the underlying principles governing iron-catalyzed reactions. Challenges and opportunities in the field are discussed, providing a roadmap for future research endeavors. Overall, this review illuminates the transformative potential of Fe catalysis in driving innovation and sustainability in organic chemistry, with implications for drug discovery, materials science, and beyond.
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G. Patil, Harshal, and Vinit S. Khairnar. "Impact of AI on Pharmacovigilance: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Allied Science 04, no. 05 (2025): 26–35. https://doi.org/10.71431/ijrpas.2025.4503.

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Artificial Intelligence plays a transformative role in Pharmacovigilance emphasizing its huge impact on detection of adverse drug reactions rather effectively. Various studies were analysed thoroughly identifying key AI applications such as Natural language processing and Machine learning alongside predictive modelling techniques very effectively. It highlights significant challenges such as complex data quality issues and gaps in regulatory frameworks alongside significant infrastructure shortcomings and big limitations. AI's transformative potential in Pharmacovigilance remains evident despite existing challenges and future tech policy collaboration will further bolster drug safety greatly.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Transformative reactions"

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Sinha, Rajendra Prasad. "Studies on some transformative reactions of triterpenoids." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/816.

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Singha, Rabindranath. "Chemical transformation of carbocyclic compounds and development of novel reaction protocols." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2021. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/4348.

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Mothay, jyotsna. "Studies on the transformative reactions of carbocyclic compounds." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/771.

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Mandal, Amitava. "Transformative reactions of terpenoids and studies on their biological activity." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1571.

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Amass, Dorothy Gwendoline. "Block co-polymerization by transformation reactions." Thesis, Aston University, 1996. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/9679/.

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The aim of this study was to use the transformation of anionic to metathesis polymerization to produce block co-polymers of styrene-b-pentenylene using WC16/PStLi and WC16/PStLi/AlEtC12 catalyst systems. Analysis of the products using SEC and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy enabled mechanisms for metathesis initiation reactions to be proposed. The initial work involved preparation of the constituent homo-polymers. Solutions of polystyryllithium in cyclohexane were prepared and diluted so that the [PStLi]o < 2x10-3M. The dilution produced initial rapid decay of the active species, followed by slower spontaneous decay within a period of days. This was investigated using UV/visible spectrophotometry and the wavelength of maximum absorbance of the PStLi was found to change with the decay from an initial value of 328mn. to λmax of approximately 340nm. after 4-7 days. SEC analysis of solutions of polystyrene, using RI and UV/visible (set at 254nm.) detectors; showed the UV:RI peak area was constant for a range of polystyrene samples of different moleculor weight. Samples of polypentenylene were prepared and analysed using SEC. Unexpectedly the solutions showed an absorbance at 254nm. which had to be considered when this technique was used subsequently to analyse polymer samples to determine their styrene/pentenylene co-polymer composition. Cyclohexane was found to be a poor solvent for these ring-opening metathesis polymerizations of cyclopentene. Attempts to produce styrene-b-pentenylene block co-polymers, using a range of co-catalyst systems, were generally unsuccessful as the products were shown to be mainly homopolymers. The character of the polymers did suggest that several catalytic species are present in these systems and mechanisms have been suggested for the formation of initiating carbenes. Evidence of some low molecular weight product with co-polymer character has been obtained. Further investigation indicated that this is most likely to be ABA block copolymer, which led to a mechanism being proposed for the termination of the polymerization.
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Patel, A. V. "Microbial transformation of spirostanes and related compounds." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.375659.

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Clarke, P. D. "Transformation and addition reactions in the chromone series." Thesis, University of Salford, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.372132.

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Kanno, Hisashi. "In situ alcohol oxidation-transformation reactions using manganese dioxide." Thesis, University of York, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270357.

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Pariyar, Gyan Chandra. "Explorative studies on carbon hetero bond transformation reaction and carbon-hetero bond formation reaction." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2018. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/2813.

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Zhang, Junlong, and 張俊龍. "Macromolecular ruthenium porphyrin catalysts for organic transformation reactions: mechanistic andcatalytic studies." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31545725.

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Books on the topic "Transformative reactions"

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Amass, Dorothy Gwendoline. Block co-polymerization by transformation reactions. Aston University. Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, 1996.

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Jeansonne, Glen. Transformation and reaction: America, 1921-1945. HarperCollinsCollegePublishers, 1994.

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Clarke, Paul Derek. Transformation and addition reactions in the chromone series. University of Salford, 1986.

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Gomez, Elaine. Tandem Reactions of Carbon Dioxide Reduction and Hydrocarbon Transformation. [publisher not identified], 2019.

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International Conference on Lymphocyte Activation and Immune Regulation (3rd 1990 Newport Beach, Calif.). Mechanisms of lymphocyte activation and immune regulation III: Developmental biology of lymphocytes. Plenum Press, 1991.

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Bagnoli, Carlo, Alessia Bravin, Maurizio Massaro, and Alessandra Vignotto. Business Model 4.0. Edizioni Ca' Foscari, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-286-4.

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The manufacturing digital transformation is changing the industry through the introduction of advanced solutions that allow companies to re-interpret their role along the value chain. The industrial revolution opens up great opportunities for Italian companies, in terms of process efficiency, cost reduction and improvement in productivity, but also in the rethinking of products, new services, and the ability of reaction to market needs. This report examines the possible impact of Industry 4.0 on business models considering technological innovation also as a driver of strategic innovation.
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DeRusso, Paul M. State variables for engineers. Krieger, 1990.

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Sudhir, Gupta, and International Conference on Mechanisms of Lymphocyte Activation and Immune Regulation (5th : 1994 : Newport Beach, Calif.), eds. Mechanisms of lymphocyte activation and immune regulation V: Molecular basis of signal transduction. Plenum Press, 1994.

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(Firm), Bernard Quaritch. Early books & manuscripts : Wycliff on logic; a new manuscript. A complete Acta Sanctorum. The Aldine Boccaccio. Castiglione's first book. The first Japanese embassy to Europe. The introduction of Hindu (or 'Arabic') numerals and the transformation of mathematics. A vellum leaf from the Mainz Catholicon. Calvin's reaction to the Council of Trent. Luther's reaction to Islam. Hroswitha; the first modern dramatist. Learning to read; a unique school-book destined for the New World. Prison welfare in 16 century Spain. The second known copy of the first English Protestant primer. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu's only original letter from Turkey. The first printed digest of English law with a Middle English MS poem. Valla rewrites Aristotle. B. Quaritch, 2005.

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Transformation and reaction: America, 1921-1945. HarperCollinsCollegePublishers, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Transformative reactions"

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O’Shea, Sarah, Josephine May, Cathy Stone, and Janine Delahunty. "‘So How Was Big School Today?’ Family Perceptions of HE Participation." In First-in-Family Students, University Experience and Family Life. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34451-0_7.

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AbstractO’Shea, May, Stone and Delahunty have indicated how attending university for first-in-family students can lead to significant personal transformation but highlight how the embodied nature of this experience can remain hidden or overlooked in the literature. Equally, the effects that university participation has on those around the student remain unclear, particularly understandings about how their attendance impacts upon the perceptions and ambitions of significant others. This chapter seeks to explore the reactions of family members to this higher education odyssey, particularly how this decision reverberated within the household. Findings indicate that university participation does not only impact on students in an emotional and potentially transformative sense but also on those closest to them, leading to new conversations in the home place and in some cases, broader educational futures.
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Stewart, M. J. "Transformation reactions." In New Methods of Polymer Synthesis. Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9552-5_4.

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Stewart, M. J. "Transformation reactions." In New Methods of Polymer Synthesis. Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1530-8_4.

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Kreowski, Hans-Jörg, and Grzegorz Rozenberg. "Graph Surfing by Reaction Systems." In Graph Transformation. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92991-0_4.

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Vloeberghs, Ward, and Sylvia I. Bergh. "Conclusion: Social Accountability Initiatives as Sites of Relational Power." In EADI Global Development Series. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-51322-0_6.

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AbstractIn this chapter, we first summarise the findings from the country chapters on the multiple meanings of SA, documenting terms, translations and contrasting understandings between citizens and public officials. Second, we highlight how civil mobilisation tends to be cyclical over time and is often mediated by brokers. Strategies to spur stakeholders into action rely on a delicate balance of both collaboration and confrontation. Third, we examine the responses from authorities to SAIs, finding that reactions are uneven and that all civic innovators fear appropriation or co-optation by officials. Fourth, we assess overall outcomes of Arab SAIs and highlight that the transformative potential of SAIs exists especially at municipal level, if four conditions for success are present (trust, proximity, endorsement, evaluation). We also point out that the actual outcomes of SAIs in Arab societies have, so far, been limited due to design deficiencies (emphasising short-term objectives and limited context sensitivity) or because of officials’ resistance in active or passive forms. We characterise SAIs as a discursive action format that is best understood with a relational approach to power. In a final section, we formulate recommendations for activists, officials and donors on how to make SAIs more effective.
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Knodt, Michèle, Marc Ringel, and Nils Bruch. "Secure and Sustainable? Unveiling the Impact of the Russian War on EU Energy Governance." In The War Against Ukraine and the EU. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35040-5_7.

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AbstractThe Russian war of aggression against Ukraine has brought EU energy security to the forefront of the agenda, leading to a potential shift away from climate objectives. Our contribution provides a preliminary assessment of the first eighteen months of EU reactions to the war and discusses its transformative effect on EU energy policy. Short-term responses of European Member States indicate a “security first” approach, including the reactivation of coal-fired power stations and the substitution of Russian gas with liquefied natural gas (LNG) delivered by sea. This approach has resulted in increased prices in global energy markets and the risk of missing climate targets, thereby underscoring the necessity of increased European coordination and cooperation.Despite initial downgrading tendencies, the war has actually fostered greater coherence between energy security and climate goals. Notably, the development of green hydrogen could act as a catalyst for Europe's energy transition, strengthening the European Green Deal. Nevertheless, both emergency legislation and EU energy legislation face difficulties. Emergency measures bypass parliamentary scrutiny, raising concerns about legitimacy, while EU energy legislation lacks the power to influence national energy policies. The need for stronger governance is evident as targets are raised, necessitating the inclusion of harder elements in energy legislation.
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Hendry, Robin Findlay. "Mechanisms in Chemistry." In History, Philosophy and Theory of the Life Sciences. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-46917-6_7.

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AbstractMechanisms are the how of chemical reactions. Substances are individuated by their structures at the molecular scale, so a chemical reaction is just the transformation of reagent structures into product structures. Explaining a chemical reaction must therefore involve different hypotheses about how this might happen: proposing, investigating and sometimes eliminating different possible pathways from reagents to products. One distinctive aspect of mechanisms in chemistry is that they are broken down into a few basic kinds of step involving the breaking and making of bonds between atoms. This is necessary for chemical kinetics, the study of how fast reactions happen, and what affects it. It draws on G.N. Lewis’ identification of the chemical bond as involving shared electrons, which from the 1920s achieved the commensuration of chemistry and physics. The breaking or making of a bond just is the transfer of electrons, so a chemical bond on one side of an equation might be balanced on the other side by the appearance of a corresponding quantity of excess charge. A bond is understood to have been exchanged for a pair of electrons. Since reaction mechanisms rely on identities, doesn’t the establishment of a reaction mechanism explain away the chemical phenomena, showing that they are no more than the movement of charges and masses? In one sense yes: these mechanisms seem to involve a conserved-quantity conception of causation. But in another sense no: the ‘lower-level’ entities can do what they do only when embedded in higher-level organisation or structure. There need be no threat of reduction.
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Divakar, Soundar. "Kinetics of Some Selected Enzyme-Catalysed Reactions in Organic Solvents." In Enzymatic Transformation. Springer India, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-0873-0_10.

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Semple, Tara. "Overview." In Kultur und gesellschaftliche Praxis. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-39536-0_1.

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AbstractYoung adults and their conceptions and reactions to modernity, capitalism and consumerism constitute a fundamental building block to understanding society. Little sociological work has been done in the field of Hipsterism, although it can function as a paradigm for western, affluent societies. Drawing on qualitative research from two subsequent field stays in Berlin, this work utilizes Hipsterism to demonstrate contradictions of modernity, progress and counter culture in highly individualised societies, analysed through the lens of Modernity (Bauman/Giddens), Consumerism (Bauman), the New Spirit of Capitalism (Boltanski/Chiapello), and shows contradictions of urban space in reference to Lefebvre. Hipsterism demonstrates modes of identity, conceptions and a whole spectrum of activities with varying degrees of commitment. With tools such as conscious consumption, conversations and ethical or creative work within an intentional lifestyle, Hipsterism emerges as an attempt to navigate between individualism and collectivity and thus forms a kind of citizenship based on an imagined global 15 community that individuals empathize with and feel solidarity towards. Resulting from these circumstances are a variety of forms of action, while searching for better ways to contribute and engage at the same time. Attempts to try to construct spaces where milieus dissolve might fail in spatial practice, but the practices in sum still leave a trace in (consumer) culture. All these activities hint at the potential of transformative and negotiating power that Hipsterism could have.
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Genovese, Fabrizio, Fosco Loregian, and Daniele Palombi. "Nets with Mana: A Framework for Chemical Reaction Modelling." In Graph Transformation. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78946-6_10.

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Conference papers on the topic "Transformative reactions"

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Abdar, Payman Sharifi, Bruce Brown, and Srdjan Nesic. "Electrochemical Investigation and Modeling of Cathodic Reactions on Iron Sulfides in Acidic Solutions." In CONFERENCE 2023. AMPP, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2023-19428.

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Abstract With an increasing number of sour oil and gas fields in the world, mitigation of production related failures due to H2S corrosion is a key challenge. In H2S environments, the corrosion product layer could include different types of iron sulfides with various electrical and physiochemical properties. One of the main characteristics of iron sulfides is their semiconductive nature which could enhance the galvanic coupling between steel and this type of corrosion product layer. On that account, galvanic coupling between steel and iron sulfides is considered as the main culprit related to the higher risk of localized corrosion in H2S environments. However, the mechanism of galvanic coupling between steel and iron sulfides are still unclear as the nature of iron sulfides transformation and their electrochemical behavior have not been fully understood yet. The objective of this study is to investigate and model the electrochemical behavior of iron sulfides by specifically focusing on their cathodic characteristics in acidic solutions. Pyrite and pyrrhotite were used as the iron sulfides for these tests since they have been found when localized corrosion of steel was observed in sour pipeline conditions in the field. A rotating disk electrode (RDE) has been utilized for investigation of cathodic reactions occurring on the surface of pyrite, pyrrhotite, and X65 steel. Experiments have been performed in several pH values as well as different rotational speeds in order to characterize the nature of cathodic reactions. In addition, a mathematical model was developed to predict the cathodic current of iron sulfides, and then the results were compared with the experimental data.
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Shaw, Robert W. "Supercritical Water Oxidation (SCWO) and the Army." In CORROSION 2009. NACE International, 2009. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2009-09246.

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Abstract During the mid 1980s, the problems of disposing of toxic military materials gained increasing attention. In response, the Army Research Office (ARO) expanded its basic research program on destruction of toxic materials. Previously focused on Chemical Warfare Agent (CWA) decontamination to protect the soldier under attack, the program changed to include weapon demilitarization. ARO reviewed those technologies in use and those in preparation to transform highly toxic organic compounds to relatively benign products and transformation chemistries that move completely to products with no possibility for back reactions. We sought chemistries that required the introduction of no or only a minimum of additional reagents. This assessment led us to focus on medium and high temperature oxidation and, specifically, on incineration and supercritical water oxidation (SCWO). This talk will describe subsequent Army supported university research, the principal experimental challenges encountered, salt deposition and corrosion, and work done in DOE and other labs to attack a wide range of difficult waste problems.
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Hogan, Mike, R. H. Gunderson, and Andrew Stevenson. "Predicted Change in Shear Modulus of Semi-EV NBR and NR Elastomer Compounds Over Thirty Years." In CORROSION 1997. NACE International, 1997. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1997-97079.

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Abstract Elastomers are employed within critical components of deep water oil production systems designed for twenty to fifty years’ service. Elastomer properties are influenced by chemical changes, collectively identified as ageing processes, that occur over time. Time / temperature reaction rate (Arrhenius) transformation applied to controlled ageing experiments provides a conservative means of characterizing the long-term ageing effects. In this study, several different experimental techniques for obtaining the necessary measurements of accelerated material behavior are employed and compared. Various analytical techniques for characterizing rates of change over time and across temperatures are applied to the measured data. Significantly different results are obtained depending upon the choice of assumptions. Variation in results depend upon accelerated ageing temperatures, the relative availability of oxygen to the test specimen during ageing, and the size of the test specimen.
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Kusiorowski, Robert, Anna Gerle, and Magdalena Kujawa. "KINETIC STUDY OF CEMENT-ASBESTOS THERMAL DECOMPOSITION PROCESS UNDER ISOTHERMAL CONDITIONS." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2024. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024v/4.2/s17.16.

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Asbestos is a general name applied to a group of silicate minerals which naturally occur in fibrous form. It is a natural mineral widely used in the past, especially in the construction industry. Despite its good performance properties, it is currently known that asbestos has carcinogenic properties. The problem of storing asbestos wastes is significant worldwide. This especially applies to countries where the production and use of asbestos products is prohibited by law. One of the possible methods of proceeding and solving the above problem is a thermal treatment, which results in thermal decomposition of dangerous asbestos fibers. The kinetic study of the thermal decomposition process carried out for cement-asbestos has been investigated by ex-situ thermal treatment. Obtained results allow for kinetic interpretation of this thermal transformation. The kinetic analysis of the isothermal data using an Avrami model yields values for the overall reaction order. The apparent activation energy of the thermal decomposition process for tested cement-asbestos sample is about 160 kJ/mol.
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Ifticene, Mohamed Amine, Yunan Li, Ping Song, and Qingwang Yuan. "A New Simplified Kinetic Model for Hydrogen Generation During In-Situ Combustion Gasification of Heavy Oil." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/220862-ms.

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Abstract In the global push for sustainable energy, in-situ combustion gasification (ISCG) has emerged as a transformative technology to leverage the world's abundant heavy oil reserves for producing carbon-zero hydrogen. Chemical kinetics are crucial for modeling subsurface hydrogen generation and optimizing production schemes to maximize hydrogen yield, which are however currently lacking. This study aims to develop the first experimentally validated kinetic model for hydrogen generation during ISCG of heavy oil. To accurately model ISCG reactions, particularly hydrogen generation, we combined kinetic cell experiments with numerical modeling to history-match the experimental results. The temporal variation of generated gases, such as hydrogen, measured in laboratory experiments, served as the baseline for history matching. A differential evolution optimization algorithm was employed to calibrate the kinetic parameters of the numerical model with experimental results. The kinetic model for combustion reactions was accurately calibrated using combustion experiments. This accuracy is attributed to the well-studied nature of heavy oil oxidation and the comprehensive reaction scheme employed. Conversely, calibrating the kinetic model for gasification reactions with kinetic cell experimental results proved more challenging. Despite significant uncertainties in hydrogen generation and consumption reactions due to limited knowledge of the gasification process, our proposed kinetic model can still predict hydrogen generation with a simplified but powerful reaction scheme, compared to previously proposed ISCG models that involve numerous reactions. This work introduces the first kinetic model to describe the hydrogen generation process during ISCG of heavy oil with rigorous experimental validation. This reliable kinetic model establishes a solid foundation for future multi-scale reservoir simulation and further optimization of the field development for enhanced hydrogen production in a more sustainable manner.
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Nova Sari, Lia, Simson Tarigan, and Albinus Silalahi. "Analysis of Motivation and Learning Outcomes Through Learning Model Using Guided Inquiry and Exe Learning On Redox Reactions in Senior High School Grade X." In 2nd Annual International Seminar on Transformative Education and Educational Leadership (AISTEEL 2017). Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aisteel-17.2017.82.

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Cucuzzella, A. "MATLAB code for highly energetic materials." In Aerospace Science and Engineering. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644902677-16.

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Abstract. Detonations represent high-speed chemical reactions characterized by rapid propagation, accompanied by a release of high-pressure energy. This transformative process converts unreacted explosive materials into stable product molecules, reaching a steady state known as the Chapman-Jouguet (CJ) state. This study aims to effectively describe the detonation phenomenon in energetic materials through the application of the CJ theory. Using a computational approach, we developed a MATLAB code to calculate the minimum detonation velocity (DCJ) of the explosive and analyze product expansion under constant entropy conditions.
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Yu, Yong Poh, Khai Yin Lim, and Tong Ming Lim. "A Comparative Study on the Time Series Models for Forecasting Facebook Reactions." In International Conference on Digital Transformation and Applications (ICDXA 2020). Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.56453/icdxa.2020.1012.

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The Facebook reactions were used over 300 billion times during their first year of existence. Research on reaction activity is essential especially for the digital marketing purpose. The market needs to understand how Facebook reactions fluctuate to forecast the best period to post advertisements on Facebook that yields the highest number of reactions. In this study, several time-series models are used to forecast the number of Facebook reactions over a certain period for different domains. A comparative study is done to evaluate the performance of each model, in terms of strengths and weaknesses. Keywords: Forecasting, Facebook reactions, time series model, ARIMA, SARIMA
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Hook, David, Seymen Aygun, William Borland, and Jon-Paul Maria. "Low-temperature nitride transformation reactions." In 2011 37th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pvsc.2011.6185889.

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ZHANG, Y. H. "RARE EARTH DOPED NANOCRYSTALLINE TITANIUM DIOXIDE: PREPARATION, PHASE TRANSFORMATION AND PHOTOCATALYTIC PROPERTIES." In Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Hydrothermal Reactions. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812705228_0040.

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Reports on the topic "Transformative reactions"

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Bull, Benedicte. A Social compromise for the Anthropocene? Elite reactions to the Escazú Agreement and the prospects for a Latin American transformative green state. Fundación Carolina, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33960/issn-e.1885-9119.dtfo07en.

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The world is urgently facing the need for a “green transformation”, involving not only a transition towards the use renewable energy and reduction of biodiversity loss, but a deep social change towards social justice and sustainability. Such action requires social compromises between elites and popular sectors that allow the building of strong institutions to implement changes. Latin America is faced with huge tasks to increase equality, justice and sustainability, but it also plays a pivotal role in the global green transformation. The region is further characterized by both strong elites, strong socio-environmental movements and deep environmental conflicts making social compromises difficult. This Working Paper discusses elite reactions to the most advanced regional agreement on environmental regulation and conflict resolution, the Escazù Agreement. In many countries, elites opposed it vehemently referring to national sovereignty, but particularly rejecting the institutional implications of the agreement involving a stronger compromise to allow popular participation. This was opposed by economic elites in democratic countries (Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica and Peru) as well as governmental elites in authoritarian countries (El Salvador and Venezuela). However, in various cases, elite opposition was overcome after popular mobilization and dialogue. The paper discusses what we can learn from elite reactions to the Escazú Agreement of importance for future social compromises as a basis for the emergence for transformative states in Latin America.
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Cogo, Michele, Christopher Williams, Kevin Griffin, F. Picano, and Parviz Moin. Inverse-Velocity Transformation Wall Model for Reacting Turbulent Hypersonic Boundary Layers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2322396.

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J. Helble, Clara Smith, and David Miller. Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Reaction and Transformation of Hg and Trace Metals in Combustion Systems. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1004877.

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Baxley, J. S., and J. R. Wells. The Hydroxyl Radical Reaction Rate Constant and Atmospheric Transformation Products of 2-Butanol and 2-Pentanol. Defense Technical Information Center, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada380061.

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Cabrol, Marcelo, and Cristina Pombo. How Digitalization can Transform Health, Education and Work as Latin America and the Caribbean Emerge from the Pandemic. Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003726.

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Like other historic disruptions, the COVID-19 pandemic has triggered chain-reactions in innovation, adaptation, and rapid behavioral change. The Latin American and Caribbean Region is no exception. The COVID-19 crisis has exposed a vast, pent-up demand for improvements in the quality, convenience, and cost of basic public services. While the ongoing human and economic toll of the pandemic has overshadowed the potential for dramatic and lasting gains in areas such as health, education, and remote work, it is not too early to ask how these gains might be retained and reinforced. This report highlights opportunities in telemedicine, tele-education, and telework the three areas we think are best positioned to achieve a profound digital transformation in the near-term. For each area, we offer a summary of the status quo, examples of early movers and innovators, and key questions regarding policy actions that can accelerate current trends.
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Ketterer, Juan Antonio. Digital Finance: New Times, New Challenges, New Opportunities. Inter-American Development Bank, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0007028.

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Since the end of the great crisis of 2007-10, the financial services industry began a process of accelerating change. New business models based on convergent technological developments are challenging the status quo of a long-established and traditional industry. The purpose of this document is to consider the latest developments in the financial services industry and to discuss how they might affect the ability for firms--particularly small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)--and individuals to access financing. It concludes that the transformative developments in the financial services industry will most likely improve and expand access of firms and individuals to finance, as well as increase formalization and financial inclusion. Some hurdles and risks that may hamper and/or delay the process are identified: the reaction of the industry incumbents, the lack of appropriate and timely regulation, the lack of access to good-quality and affordable digital connectivity (broadband access), and the unforeseen and seriously disruptive changes that might come from the payments space. To confront these risks, the public sector must define a set of proper and timely responses. The strategy for public interventions must be defined based on a deep understanding of the forces that are driving the change.
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Borch, Thomas, Yitzhak Hadar, and Tamara Polubesova. Environmental fate of antiepileptic drugs and their metabolites: Biodegradation, complexation, and photodegradation. United States Department of Agriculture, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597927.bard.

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Many pharmaceutical compounds are active at very low doses, and a portion of them regularly enters municipal sewage systems and wastewater-treatment plants following use, where they often do not fully degrade. Two such compounds, CBZ and LTG, have been detected in wastewater effluents, surface waters, drinking water, and irrigation water, where they pose a risk to the environment and the food supply. These compounds are expected to interact with organic matter in the environment, but little is known about the effect of such interactions on their environmental fate and transport. The original objectives of our research, as defined in the approved proposal, were to: Determine the rates, mechanisms and products of photodegradation of LTG, CBZ and selected metabolites in waters exposed to near UV light, and the influence of DOM type and binding processes on photodegradation. Determine the potential and pathways for biodegradation of LTG, CBZ and selected metabolites using a white rot fungus (Pleurotusostreatus) and ADP, and reveal the effect of DOM complexation on these processes. Reveal the major mechanisms of binding of LTG, CBZ and selected metabolites to DOM and soil in the presence of DOM, and evaluate the effect of this binding on their photodegradation and/or biodegradation. We determined that LTG undergoes relatively slow photodegradation when exposed to UV light, and that pH affects each of LTG’s ability to absorb UV light, the efficiency of the resulting reaction, and the identities of LTG’sphotoproducts (t½ = 230 to 500 h during summer at latitude 40 °N). We observed that LTG’sphotodegradation is enhanced in the presence of DOM, and hypothesized that LTG undergoes direct reactions with DOM components through nucleophilic substitution reactions. In combination, these data suggest that LTG’s fate and transport in surface waters are controlled by environmental conditions that vary with time and location, potentially affecting the environment and irrigation waters. We determined that P. ostreatusgrows faster in a rich liquid medium (glucose peptone) than on a natural lignocellulosic substrate (cotton stalks) under SSF conditions, but that the overall CBZ removal rate was similar in both media. Different and more varied transformation products formed in the solid state culture, and we hypothesized that CBZ degradation would proceed further when P. ostreatusand the ᵉⁿᶻʸᵐᵃᵗⁱᶜ ᵖʳᵒᶠⁱˡᵉ ʷᵉʳᵉ ᵗᵘⁿᵉᵈ ᵗᵒ ˡⁱᵍⁿⁱⁿ ᵈᵉᵍʳᵃᵈᵃᵗⁱᵒⁿ. ᵂᵉ ᵒᵇˢᵉʳᵛᵉᵈ ¹⁴C⁻Cᴼ2 ʳᵉˡᵉᵃˢᵉ ʷʰᵉⁿ ¹⁴C⁻ᶜᵃʳᵇᵒⁿʸˡ⁻ labeled CBZ was used as the substrate in the solid state culture (17.4% of the initial radioactivity after 63 days of incubation), but could not conclude that mineralization had occurred. In comparison, we determined that LTG does not degrade in agricultural soils irrigated with treated wastewater, but that P. ostreatusremoves up to 70% of LTG in a glucose peptone medium. We detected various metabolites, including N-oxides and glycosides, but are still working to determine the degradation pathway. In combination, these data suggest that P. ostreatuscould be an innovative and effective tool for CBZ and LTG remediation in the environment and in wastewater used for irrigation. In batch experiments, we determined that the sorption of LTG, CBZ and selected metabolites to agricultural soils was governed mainly by SOM levels. In lysimeter experiments, we also observed LTG and CBZ accumulation in top soil layers enriched with organic matter. However, we detected CBZ and one of its metabolites in rain-fed wheat previously irrigated with treated wastewater, suggesting that their sorption was reversible, and indicating the potential for plant uptake and leaching. Finally, we used macroscale analyses (including adsorption/desorption trials and resin-based separations) with molecular- level characterization by FT-ICR MS to demonstrate the adsorptive fractionation of DOM from composted biosolids by mineral soil. This suggests that changes in soil and organic matter types will influence the extent of LTG and CBZ sorption to agricultural soils, as well as the potential for plant uptake and leaching.
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Sayers, Dave, Rui Sousa-Silva, Sviatlana Höhn, et al. The Dawn of the Human-Machine Era: A forecast of new and emerging language technologies. Open Science Centre, University of Jyväskylä, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/jyx/reports/20210518/1.

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New language technologies are coming, thanks to the huge and competing private investment fuelling rapid progress; we can either understand and foresee their effects, or be taken by surprise and spend our time trying to catch up. This report scketches out some transformative new technologies that are likely to fundamentally change our use of language. Some of these may feel unrealistically futuristic or far-fetched, but a central purpose of this report - and the wider LITHME network - is to illustrate that these are mostly just the logical development and maturation of technologies currently in prototype. But will everyone benefit from all these shiny new gadgets? Throughout this report we emphasise a range of groups who will be disadvantaged and issues of inequality. Important issues of security and privacy will accompany new language technologies. A further caution is to re-emphasise the current limitations of AI. Looking ahead, we see many intriguing opportunities and new capabilities, but a range of other uncertainties and inequalities. New devices will enable new ways to talk, to translate, to remember, and to learn. But advances in technology will reproduce existing inequalities among those who cannot afford these devices, among the world’s smaller languages, and especially for sign language. Debates over privacy and security will flare and crackle with every new immersive gadget. We will move together into this curious new world with a mix of excitement and apprehension - reacting, debating, sharing and disagreeing as we always do. Plug in, as the human-machine era dawns.
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Sengupta-Gopalan, Champa, Shmuel Galili, and Rachel Amir. Improving Methionine Content in Transgenic Forage Legumes. United States Department of Agriculture, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7580671.bard.

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Leguminous forage crops are high in proteins but deficient in S- amino acids. It has been shown that both wool quality and milk production can be limited by the post-ruminal supply of sulfur-containing amino acids. Efforts to use conventional plant breeding and cell selection techniques to increase the S-amino acid content of alfalfa have met with little success. With the objective to increase the S-amino acid content of forage legumes, the goal of this project was to co- express the methionine rich zein genes from corn along with a gene for a key enzyme in methionine biosynthesis, aspartate kinase(AK). The zeins are seed storage proteins from corn and are groupec into four distinct classes based on their amino acid sequence homologies. The b-zein (15kd) and the 6zein (10kD and 18kD) have proportionately high levels of methionine (10%, 22% and 28%, respectively). Initial studies from our lab had shown that while the 15kD zein accumulated to high levels in vegetative tissues of transgenic tobacco the l0kD zein did not. However, co-expression of the 10kD zein with the 15kD zein genes in tobacco showed stabilization of the 10kD zein and the co-localization of the 10kD and 15kD zein proteins in unique ER derived protein bodies. AK is the key enzyme for producing carbon skeletons for all amino acids of the aspartate family including methionine. It is, however, regulated by end-product feedback inhibition. The specific objectives of this proposal were: i. to co-express the 15kD zein with the 10/18kD zein genes in alfalfa in order to enhance the level of accumulation of the 10/18kD zein; ii. to increase methionine pools by expressing a feedback insensitive AK gene in transformants co-expressing the 15kD and 10/18kD zein genes. The Israeli partners were successful in expressing the AK gene in alfalfa which resulted in an increase in free and bound threonine but not in methionine (Galili et al., 2000). Since our target was to increase methionine pools, we changed our second objective to replace the AK gene with the gene for cystathionine gamma synthase (CGS) in the co-expression studies. The first methionine specific reaction is catalyzed by CGS. An additional objective was to develop a transformation system for Berseem clover, and to introduce the appropriate gene constructs into it with the goal of improving their methionine content. Genes for the 15kD zein along with the genes for either the 10kD or 18kD zein have been introduced into the same alfalfa plant both by sexual crosses and by re-transformation. Analysis of these zein co-expressors have shown that both the IOkD and 18kD zein levels go up 5 to 10 fold when co-expressed with the 15kD zein (Bagga et al., MS in preparation). Incubation of the leaves of transgenic alfalfa co-expressing the 15kD and 10kD zein genes, in the rumen of cows have shown that the zein proteins are stable in the rumen. To increase the level of zein accumulation in transgenic alfalfa different promoters have been used to drive the zein genes in alfalfa and we have concluded that the CaMV 35S promoter is superior to the other strong leaf -specific promoters. By feeding callus tissue of alfalfa plants co-expressing the 15kD and 10kD zein genes with methionine and its precursors, we have shown that the zein levels could be significantly enhanced by increasing the methionine pools. We have now introduced the CGS gene (from Arabidopsis; kindly provided to us by Dr. Leustek), into the 15kD zein transformants and experiments are in progress to check if the expression of the CGS gene indeed increases the level of zein accumulation in alfalfa. We were not successful in developing a transformation protocol for Berseem clover.
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Hodges, Thomas K., and David Gidoni. Regulated Expression of Yeast FLP Recombinase in Plant Cells. United States Department of Agriculture, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7574341.bard.

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Research activities in both our laboratories were directed toward development of control of the FLP/frt recombination system for plants. As described in the text of the research proposal, the US lab has been engaged in developing regulatory strategies such as tissue-specific promoters and the steroid-inducible activation of the FLP enzyme while the main research activities in Israel have been directed toward the development and testing of a copper-regulated expression of flp recombinase in tobacco (this is an example of a promoter activation by metal ions). The Israeli lab hat additionally completed experiments of previous studies regarding factors affecting the efficiency of recombinase activity using both a gain-of-function assay (excisional-activation of a gusA marker) and loss of function assay (excision of a rolC marker) in tobacco. Site-specific recombinase systems, in particular the FLP/frt and R/RS systems of yeast and the Cre/lox system of bacteriophage P1, have become an essential component of targeted genetic transformation procedures both in animal and plant organisms. To provide more flexibility in transgene excisions by the recombinase systems as well as gene targeting, and to widen possible applications, the development of controlled or regulated recombination systems is highly desirable and was therefore the subject of this research proposal. There are a few possible mechanisms to regulate expression of a recombinase system. They include: 1) control of the recombination system by having the target sites (e.g. frt) in one plant and the flp recombinase gene in another, and bringing the two together by cross fertilization. 2) regulation of promoter activities by external stimuli such as temperature, chemicals, metal ions, etc. 3) regulation of promoter activities by internal signals, i.e. cell- or tissue-specific, or developmental regulation. 4) regulation of enzyme activity by providing cofactors essential for biochemical reactions to take place such as steroid molecules in conjunction with a steroid ligand-binding protein (domains). During the course of this research our major emphasis have been focused toward studying the feasibility of hybrid seed production in Arabidopsis, using FLP/frt. Male-sterility was induced using the antisence of a pollen- and tapetum-specific gene, bcp1, isolated from Arabidopsis. The sterility inducing gene was flanked by frt sites. Upon cross pollination of flowers of male-sterile plants with pollen from FLP-containing plants, viable seeds were produced, and the progeny hybrid plants developed normally. The major achievement from this work is the first demonstration of using a site-specific recombinase to restore fertility in male-sterile plants (see attached paper, Luo et al., Plant J 2000; 23:423-430). The implication from this finding is that site-specific recombination systems can be applied in crop plants as a useful alternative method for hybrid seed production.
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