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GRAHAM, YVETTE, TIMOTHY BALDWIN, ALISTAIR MOFFAT, and JUSTIN ZOBEL. "Can machine translation systems be evaluated by the crowd alone." Natural Language Engineering 23, no. 1 (September 16, 2015): 3–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324915000339.
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AbstractCrowd-sourced assessments of machine translation quality allow evaluations to be carried out cheaply and on a large scale. It is essential, however, that the crowd's work be filtered to avoid contamination of results through the inclusion of false assessments. One method is to filter via agreement with experts, but even amongst experts agreement levels may not be high. In this paper, we present a new methodology for crowd-sourcing human assessments of translation quality, which allows individual workers to develop their own individual assessment strategy. Agreement with experts is no longer required, and a worker is deemed reliable if they are consistent relative to their own previous work. Individual translations are assessed in isolation from all others in the form of direct estimates of translation quality. This allows more meaningful statistics to be computed for systems and enables significance to be determined on smaller sets of assessments. We demonstrate the methodology's feasibility in large-scale human evaluation through replication of the human evaluation component of Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation shared translation task for two language pairs, Spanish-to-English and English-to-Spanish. Results for measurement based solely on crowd-sourced assessments show system rankings in line with those of the original evaluation. Comparison of results produced by the relative preference approach and the direct estimate method described here demonstrate that the direct estimate method has a substantially increased ability to identify significant differences between translation systems.
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Znamenskij, Sergej Vital'evich. "Stable assessment of the quality of similarity algorithms of character strings and their normalizations." Program Systems: Theory and Applications 9, no. 4 (December 28, 2018): 561–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.25209/2079-3316-2018-9-4-561-578.
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The choice of search tools for hidden commonality in the data of a new nature requires stable and reproducible comparative assessments of the quality of abstract algorithms for the proximity of symbol strings. Conventional estimates based on artificially generated or manually labeled tests vary significantly, rather evaluating the method of this artificial generation with respect to similarity algorithms, and estimates based on user data cannot be accurately reproduced. A simple, transparent, objective and reproducible numerical quality assessment of a string metric. Parallel texts of book translations in different languages are used. The quality of a measure is estimated by the percentage of errors in possible different tries of determining the translation of a given paragraph among two paragraphs of a book in another language, one of which is actually a translation. The stability of assessments is verified by independence from the choice of a book and a pair of languages. The numerical experiment steadily ranked by quality algorithms for abstract character string comparisons and showed a strong dependence on the choice of normalization.
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Lai, Tzu-Yun. "Reliability and Validity of a Scale-based Assessment for Translation Tests." Meta 56, no. 3 (March 6, 2012): 713–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1008341ar.
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Are assessment tools for machine-generated translations applicable to human translations? To address this question, the present study compares two assessments used in translation tests: the first is the error-analysis-based method applied by most schools and institutions, the other a scale-based method proposed by Liu, Chang et al. (2005). They have adapted Carroll’s scales developed for quality assessment of machine-generated translations. In the present study, twelve graders were invited to re-grade the test papers in Liu, Chang et al. (2005)’s experiment by different methods. Based on the results and graders’ feedback, a number of modifications of the measuring procedure as well as the scales were provided. The study showed that the scale method mostly used to assess machine-generated translations is also a reliable and valid tool to assess human translations. The measurement was accepted by the Ministry of Education in Taiwan and applied in the 2007 public translation proficiency test.
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Skúladóttir, Edda Björk, Kristjana Fenger, Ulrika Bejerholm, and Jan Sandqvist. "Translation and validation of Assessment of Work Performance (AWP) into the Icelandic language and culture." Work 69, no. 4 (August 27, 2021): 1305–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/wor-213551.
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BACKGROUND: Evidence-based services in vocational rehabilitation call for valid and reliable assessments of work performance for intervention planning and safe return to work for individuals with illness or injuries. Assessments that are easy to use, culturally adapted, and in a language professionals and clients understand is important for their utility. Translation and adaption of assessments to new languages and cultures are of importance to maintain high standards of assessments and the quality of services in the vocational rehabilitation setting. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to translate and adapt the Assessment of Work Performance (AWP), into the Icelandic language and culture. Furthermore, to investigate the content validity and utility of the evaluation instrument. METHODS: The study was conducted in two phases. The first phase, based on the Dual-Panel translation method, included two expert panels performing translation and cultural adaption of the original Swedish AWP. In the second phase field testing of the translated instrument was followed by an online survey among vocational rehabilitation professionals for content validation and utility. RESULTS: The results of the study showed satisfactory opinions from experienced professionals toward the content validity, translation, cultural adaption, and utility of the Icelandic version of the AWP. CONCLUSIONS: The study indicates that the Dual-Panel translation method is a valid method when translating instruments from one language and culture to another. Furthermore, the results of the study imply that the AWP can be regarded as content valid up to an acceptable degree for implementation in vocational rehabilitation services in Iceland.
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Wicaksono, Bimo Putra, M. R. Nababan Algouti, and Dyah Ayu Nila Khrisna. "Multimodality and Translation: How Typography Affects the Quality of Translation." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 4, no. 4 (April 29, 2021): 228–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2021.4.4.25.
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This research focuses on analyzing the typografi aspect of the translation of utterances that accompany the emotional expressions in the comic entitled “Avatar, The Legend of Aang; The Promise, The Search, and The Rift”. The purposes of this research are; 1.) to find out the emotional expressions and the utterances that accompany the emotional expressions found in the comic entitled “Avatar, The Legend of Aang; The Promise, The Search, and The Rift”, 2.) to find out the impact of the typography aspect found in the comic entitled “Avatar, The Legend of Aang; The Promise, The Search, and The Rift” on the quality of the translation. This research applied descriptive qualitative research. There are 273 data of utterances that accompany the emotional expressions found in the data source. The other data are translation quality assessments done by the raters. The data sources of this research are the English comic of “Avatar, The Legend of Aang; The Promise, The Search, and The Rift”, its translation in Indonesian and also raters and respondents. All of the informants were chosen by the purposive sampling technique. The quality of utterances that accompany the emotional expressions in the comics entitled “Avatar, The Legend of Aang; The Promise, The Search, and The Rift” in terms of the accuracy of the messages as follows: the messages of 166 data are fully delivered and the messages of 107 data are not fully delivered.
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Garcia, Eva Martínez, Carles Creus, Cristina España-Bonet, and Lluís Màrquez. "Using Word Embeddings to Enforce Document-Level Lexical Consistency in Machine Translation." Prague Bulletin of Mathematical Linguistics 108, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pralin-2017-0011.
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Abstract We integrate new mechanisms in a document-level machine translation decoder to improve the lexical consistency of document translations. First, we develop a document-level feature designed to score the lexical consistency of a translation. This feature, which applies to words that have been translated into different forms within the document, uses word embeddings to measure the adequacy of each word translation given its context. Second, we extend the decoder with a new stochastic mechanism that, at translation time, allows to introduce changes in the translation oriented to improve its lexical consistency. We evaluate our system on English–Spanish document translation, and we conduct automatic and manual assessments of its quality. The automatic evaluation metrics, applied mainly at sentence level, do not reflect significant variations. On the contrary, the manual evaluation shows that the system dealing with lexical consistency is preferred over both a standard sentence-level and a standard document-level phrase-based MT systems.
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Al-Sulami, Ghaida S., Ann Marie Rice, Lisa Kidd, Anna O'Neill, Kathy C. Richards, and Joanne McPeake. "An Arabic Translation, Reliability, Validity, and Feasibility of the Richards–Campbell Sleep Questionnaire for Sleep Quality Assessment in ICU: Prospective-Repeated Assessments." Journal of Nursing Measurement 27, no. 3 (December 1, 2019): E153—E169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1061-3749.27.3.e153.
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Background and PurposeTo translate Richards–Campbell Sleep Questionnaire (RCSQ) into the Arabic language (RCSQ-A), to assess content validity of the translated tool, to analyze the internal consistency, and to evaluate its feasibility.MethodsA rigorous translation was completed using the process of translation by World Health Organization. Cognitive debriefing interviews were performed. Repeated assessments using RCSQ-A was conducted in critical care patients in Saudi Arabia.ResultCronbach's alpha of .89 was seen in the RCSQ-A. The cognitive interviews showed that the RCSQ-A well understood and interpreted correctly and consistently. Fifty-seven participants reported their sleep using RCSQ-A a total of 110 times.ConclusionRCSQ-A has adequate translation validity, provided good internal consistency and content validity, making it suitable for use as a measurement tool in practice and research in Arabic-speaking countries.
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Costa, Cynthia Beatrice, and Igor A. Lourenço da Silva. "On the Translation of Literature as a Human Activity par Excellence." Aletria: Revista de Estudos de Literatura 30, no. 4 (December 22, 2020): 225–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.35699/2317-2096.2020.22047.
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The quality of state-of-the-art machine translation systems have prompted a number of scholars to tap into the readiness of such systems for “literary” translation. However, studies on literary machine translation have not overtly stated what they consider as literature and mistakenly assume that literary translation is a matter of transferring meaning and/or form from one language into another. By approaching literature as art and literary translation as an artistic work of re-creation, we counterpoint, in this article, the notion that literary machine translation can be seen as an indisputable evolution within translation technology. Ethical concerns may well be utilitarian in studies to date, but by advocating for a deontological approach, we consider that aesthetical value, cultural mediation (which includes the use of paratexts), and authorship of literary translation (should) rank higher in our ethical assessments of the feasibility and actual contributions of literary machine translation.
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Zheng, Binghan, and Xia Xiang. "Processing metaphorical expressions in Sight Translation." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 59, no. 2 (December 31, 2013): 160–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.59.2.03zhe.
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This empirical–experimental study focuses on the processing of metaphorical expressions in sight translation (STR), a particular branch of interpreting. In order to test whether linguistic metaphors pose cognitive challenges for sight translators, we designed a within-subject experiment with 30 undergraduate taking an intermediate-level interpreting course at a Chinese university. Three streams of data, namely processing times, translation quality assessments, questionnaires and retrospective interviews, were collected and analysed for triangulation purposes.<p>The results showed that metaphorical expressions took more time to process, and their presence resulted in more translation failures. In other words, the inclusion of linguistic metaphors slowed down the speed of production and compromised the quality of translation, meaning that the STR of metaphors requires more effort than for their literal counterparts.<p>The results also suggested that the extra effort was mainly invested in the reading phase, rather than in the production phase. The data revealed that mistranslations resulting from incomplete understanding, and the ensuing imbalance in the allocation of processing capacity between the reading and production tasks, far outnumbered those resulting from the failure to find appropriate target-language terms. By adopting STR as the vehicle for examining metaphorical expressions, this study also shed some light on how metaphors are processed in a bilingual environment.<p>
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Kunilovskaya, Maria. "How far do we agree on the quality of translation?" English Studies at NBU 1, no. 1 (February 1, 2015): 18–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.33919/esnbu.15.1.2.
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The article aims to describe the inter-rater reliability of translation quality assessment (TQA) in translator training, calculated as a measure of raters’ agreement either on the number of points awarded to each translation under a holistic rating scale or the types and number of translation mistakes marked by raters in the same translations. We analyze three different samples of student translations assessed by several different panels of raters who used different methods of assessment and draw conclusions about statistical reliability of real-life TQA results in general and objective trends in this essentially subjective activity in particular. We also try to define the more objective data as regards error-analysis based TQA and suggest an approach to rank error-marked translations which can be used for subsequent relative grading in translator training.
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Saikat, Abu Saim Mohammad, Md Ekhlas Uddin, Tasnim Ahmad, Shahriar Mahmud, Md Abu Sayeed Imran, Sohel Ahmed, Salem A. Alyami, and Mohammad Ali Moni. "Structural and Functional Elucidation of IF-3 Protein of Chloroflexus aurantiacus Involved in Protein Biosynthesis: An In Silico Approach." BioMed Research International 2021 (July 1, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9050026.
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Chloroflexus aurantiacus is a thermophilic bacterium that produces a multitude of proteins within its genome. Bioinformatics strategies can facilitate comprehending this organism through functional and structural interpretation assessments. This study is aimed at allocating the structure and function through an in silico approach required for bacterial protein biosynthesis. This in silico viewpoint provides copious properties, including the physicochemical properties, subcellular location, three-dimensional structure, protein-protein interactions, and functional elucidation of the protein (WP_012256288.1). The STRING program is utilized for the explication of protein-protein interactions. The in silico investigation documented the protein’s hydrophilic nature with predominantly alpha (α) helices in its secondary structure. The tertiary-structure model of the protein has been shown to exhibit reasonably high consistency based on various quality assessment methods. The functional interpretation suggested that the protein can act as a translation initiation factor, a protein required for translation and protein biosynthesis. Protein-protein interactions also demonstrated high credence that the protein interconnected with 30S ribosomal subunit involved in protein synthesis. This study bioinformatically examined that the protein (WP_012256288.1) is affiliated in protein biosynthesis as a translation initiation factor IF-3 of C. aurantiacus.
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Morri, Mattia, Peter Willem Bekkering, Marco Cotti, Matilde Meneghini, Enrico Venturini, Alessandra Longhi, Elisabetta Mariani, and Cristiana Forni. "Cross-Cultural Validation of the Italian Version of the Bt-DUX: A Subjective Measure of Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients Who Underwent Surgery for Lower Extremity Malignant Bone Tumour." Cancers 12, no. 8 (July 23, 2020): 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers12082015.
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The purpose of this study was to translate the English bone tumour DUX (Bt-DUX-Eng) questionnaire for lower extremity bone tumour patients, a disease-specific quality of life (QoL) instrument, into Italian and then examine the validity of the Italian version of Bt-DUX (Bt-DUX-It). The adaptation and translation process included forward translation, back-translation, and a review of the back-translation by an expert committee. The Bt-DUX-It was validated in a sample of adolescents treated for lower extremity osteosarcoma in Italy. Assessments included the Bt-DUX, the Toronto Extremity Salvage Score (TESS), and the European Organization for Research and Treatment Core Quality of Life Questionnaire of Cancer Patients (EORTC QLQ-C30). Fifty-one patients with a median age of 20 years (range: 15–25) completed the questionnaires. The mean Bt-DUX score was 70 (range: 16.30–100). The internal consistency of the overall score and that of the Bt-DUX-It was good: Cronbach’s α was 0.95. Spearman’s correlation coefficient between the Bt-DUX (total and domain scores) and EORTC QLQ C30 and TESS were overall moderate to good, reaching a p-value <0.01 in all cases. The Bt-DUX-It version is a useful tool for measuring QoL in patients with bone tumour and has similar internal consistency, construct validity, and discrimination as those of the Dutch and English versions.
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McCurry, Susan M., Rebecca G. Logsdon, Jennifer Mead, Kenneth C. Pike, David M. La Fazia, Laura Stevens, and Linda Teri. "Adopting Evidence-Based Caregiver Training Programs in the Real World: Outcomes and Lessons Learned From the STAR-C Oregon Translation Study." Journal of Applied Gerontology 36, no. 5 (April 13, 2015): 519–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0733464815581483.
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Objectives: This article describes the translation and evaluation of STAR–Community Consultants program (STAR-C), an evidence-based dementia caregiver training program, within the Oregon Department of Human Services. Method: Staff from two regional Area Agencies on Aging (AAAs) were trained to implement all aspects of STAR-C, including screening, recruitment of caregiver/care-receiver dyads, and treatment delivery. Mailed assessments of caregiver depression, burden, and care-receiver mood, behavior, and quality of life were collected at pre-treatment, post-treatment, and 6-month follow-up. Results: One hundred fifty-one dyads entered the program; 96 completed the 8-week intervention. Significant positive post-treatment effects were obtained for caregiver depression, burden, and reactivity to behavior problems, and care-receiver depression and quality of life. At 6-month follow-up, improvements in caregiver reactivity and care-receiver depression were maintained. Caregivers reported high levels of satisfaction with the program. Discussion: STAR-C was successfully and effectively implemented by participating AAAs. Recommendations for replication, including training, recruitment, and assessment procedures are provided.
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Babaei, Masoud, Ashraf Karbalaee-Nouri, Hassan Rafiey, Mehdi Rassafiani, Hojjatollah Haghgoo, Akbar Biglarian, and Douglas N. Morris. "Occupational Therapy Assessment of Spirituality questionnaire: translation into Persian and psychometric testing." International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation 28, no. 5 (May 2, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/ijtr.2020.0004.
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Background/aims Occupational therapy is a profession that uses holistic and person-centered approaches that deal with all aspects of daily life. Clients' needs fall into four areas, and one of them is spirituality. Therefore, occupational therapists should pay attention to this area, but there is little information on the status of occupational therapists' knowledge and use in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to translate the occupational therapy assessment of spirituality questionnaire into Persian and determine its validity, factor analysis and reliability. Methods This is a psychometric study that was conducted between June and September 2018. The Occupational Therapy Assessment of Spirituality is a self-report, 25-item questionnaire, with self-exploratory scoring that investigates occupational therapists' views on four factors: spirituality in the scope of practice following its addition in the theoretical framework; formal education and training on spirituality; need for future educational opportunities and training to address spirituality; and awareness of assessments and evaluations in occupational therapy that incorporate clients' spirituality. The International Quality of Life Assessment approach was used for translation. Content validity was performed with 10 occupational therapists regarding qualitative content validity, content validity index and content validity ratio. Exploratory factor analysis and internal consistency with a sample size of 125 people and test–retest coefficient with a sample size of 25 people were computed for reliability. Results Qualitative content validity was confirmed, with content validity index greater than 0.79 and content validity ratio greater than 0.62. During the exploratory factor analysis process, the number of factors was reduced to three factors and the number of questions were reduced from 21 to 15 questions. Internal consistency was good (0.88). Test–retest coefficient was 0.96, with a high level of significance (P<0.001). Conclusions The Persian version of the Occupational Therapy Assessment of Spirituality is a reliable and valid questionnaire and can be used among Iranian occupational therapists in different clinical settings.
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Viswanathan, Meera, Carol Mansfield, Lucia Rojas Smith, Carol Woodell, Niamh Darcy, Yvonne U. Ohadike, Julie Kennedy Lesch, and Floyd J. Malveaux. "Cross-Site Evaluation of a Comprehensive Pediatric Asthma Project." Health Promotion Practice 12, no. 6_suppl_1 (November 2011): 20S—33S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524839911412595.
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The Merck Childhood Asthma Network, Inc. (MCAN) initiative selected five sites that had high asthma burden and established asthma programs but were ready for greater program integration across schools, health care systems, and communities. MCAN supported a community-based approach that was tailored to the needs of each program site. As a result, each site was unique in its combination of interventions, but all sites served common goals of integration of care, incorporation of evidence-based programs, and improvement in knowledge, self-management, health, and quality of life. This case study of the MCAN cross-site evaluation discusses the challenges associated with evaluating interventions involving multiple stakeholders that have been adjusted to fit the unique needs of specific communities. The evaluation triangulates data from site-specific monitoring and evaluation data; site documents, site visits, and cross-site meetings; qualitative assessments of families, organizational partners, and other stakeholders; and quantitative data from a common instrument on health indicators before and after the intervention. The evaluation employs the RE-AIM framework—reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, and maintenance—to assess the barriers and facilitators of translation from theory into practice. Our experience suggests trade-offs between rigor of evaluation and burden of assessment that have applicability for other community-based translational efforts.
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Droste, Sigrid, Charalabos-Markos Dintsios, and Andreas Gerber. "Information on ethical issues in health technology assessment: How and where to find them." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 26, no. 4 (October 2010): 441–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462310000954.
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Background: Comprehensive health technology assessments (HTAs) include thorough reflections on ethical issues associated with health technologies, their use, and value-based decisions in the assessment process. As methods of information retrieval for effectiveness assessments are not applicable to information retrieval on ethical issues, a specific methodological approach is necessary.Objectives: In the absence of existing adapted methods, our objective was to develop a methodological approach for the systematic retrieval of information on ethical issues related to health technologies.Method and Results: A literature search was conducted to verify the non-existence of published comprehensive methodological approaches for the information retrieval on ethical issues for HTAs, and resulted in no hits. We, therefore, developed a step-by-step workflow following the workflow of information retrieval for effectiveness assessments: Step 1: Translation of the search question using the PICO scheme and additional components. Step 2: Concept building by modeling and linking search components. Step 3: Identification of synonyms in all relevant languages. Step 4: Selection of relevant information sources. Step 5: Design of search strategies for bibliographic databases. Step 6: Execution of search strategies and information seeking, including hand-searching. Step 7: Saving of retrieval results and standardized reporting of the process and results. Step 8: Final quality check and calculation of precision and recall.Conclusions: Systematic searching for information on ethical issues related to health technologies can be performed following the common retrieval workflow for effectiveness assessments, but should be performed separately applying adapted procedures and search terms on ethical issues relevant to the research question.
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Anis, Dewinta Khoirul. "TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF RESPOND-TO-REQUEST IN 'THE LOST HERO' AND 'THE SON OF NEPTUNE' NOVELS." LEKSEMA: Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 4, no. 1 (June 20, 2019): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22515/ljbs.v4i1.1522.
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This research aims to analyze the translation techniques used and assess the translation quality in the form of accuracy and acceptability assessment on respond-to-request speech acts of The Lost Hero and The Son of Neptune novel series written by Rick Riordan. This research used a qualitative-descriptive method whose data sources were the novel series and two raters who had aptitudes in assessing translation quality. The methods to collect and analyze the data were content analysis and Focus Group Discussion. The study found 11 translation techniques applied in translating the respond-to-request speech acts. They were establish equivalent, variation, borrowing, modulation, amplification, adaptation, discursive creation, transposition, reduction, literal translation, and substitution. Dealing with the quality, the findings showed that most translations were accurate and acceptable. The majority of accurate translations used established equivalent technique. The less accurate translations applied modulation, amplification addition, discursive creation, literal translation and reduction whereas the inaccurate ones applied literal translation technique. Meanwhile, the majority of acceptable translations used establish equivalent and he less acceptable translations applied modulation, amplification addition, and discursive creation. Thus, this research proposes that the use of appropriate translation techniques is very important for the results of quality translation that is easily understood by the reader.
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Rongre, Yohanis. "Word-Level Translation Techniques in Medical Terms From English into Indonesian." ELS Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities 1, no. 1 (May 26, 2018): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.34050/els-jish.v1i1.4183.
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The aim of this study was to describe the use of translation techniques and the impact of the use of translation techniques on the accuracy and acceptability of medical terms in book of the Foundation Module: the midwife in the community. The method used in this research was a mixed method design, combining quantitative and qualitative approaches as it to discuss the quantification of the frequency of translation techniques used by the translator to translate medical terms and the impact of translation techniques applied on the accuracy and acceptability of the medical term translations. The source of data in this study is a book entitled Foundation Module: the midwife in the community and its Indonesian translation and 6 informants as well as a rater to assess the quality of medical terms translation. The results of this study showed that translation of medical terms of total 334 data dominated by naturalized borrowing 32.63%, calque 16.77% and description technique 8.38%. Meanwhile, quality assessment of the accuracy level of the translation showed a highly accurate 80.24% and assessment of acceptability 86.53%. Mostly the techniques used in translating medical terms give a positive influence for the accuracy and acceptability level of translation because the techniques used delivery the same information from the source language into the target language which is accepted linguistically.
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Pedersen, Synne Garder, Guri Anita Heiberg, Jørgen Feldbæk Nielsen, Oddgeir Friborg, Henriette Holm Stabel, Audny Anke, and Cathrine Arntzen. "Validity, reliability and Norwegian adaptation of the Stroke-Specific Quality of Life (SS-QOL) scale." SAGE Open Medicine 6 (January 1, 2018): 205031211775203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050312117752031.
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Background: There is a paucity of stroke-specific instruments to assess health-related quality of life in the Norwegian language. The objective was to examine the validity and reliability of a Norwegian version of the 12-domain Stroke-Specific Quality of Life scale. Methods: A total of 125 stroke survivors were prospectively recruited. Questionnaires were administered at 3 months; 36 test–retests were performed at 12 months post stroke. The translation was conducted according to guidelines. The internal consistency was assessed with Cronbach’s alpha; convergent validity, with item-to-subscale correlations; and test–retest, with Spearman’s correlations. Scaling validity was explored by calculating both floor and ceiling effects. A priori hypotheses regarding the associations between the Stroke-Specific Quality of Life domain scores and scores of established measures were tested. Standard error of measurement was assessed. Results: The Norwegian version revealed no major changes in back translations. The internal consistency values of the domains were Cronbach’s alpha = 0.79–0.93. Rates of missing items were small, and the item-to-subscale correlation coefficients supported convergent validity (0.48–0.87). The observed floor effects were generally small, whereas the ceiling effects had moderate or high values (16%–63%). Test–retest reliability indicated stability in most domains, with Spearman’s rho = 0.67–0.94 (all p < 0.001), whereas the rho was 0.35 (p < 0.05) for the ‘Vision’ domain. Hypothesis testing supported the construct validity of the scale. Standard error of measurement values for each domain were generated to indicate the required magnitudes of detectable change. Conclusions: The Norwegian version of the Stroke-Specific Quality of Life scale is a reliable and valid instrument with good psychometric properties. It is suited for use in health research as well as in individual assessments of persons with stroke.
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Nguyen, Huong Q., Loraine Martinez, Chrissie Mirasol, Meesha Land, Tami R. Borneman, Mayra Macias, Nora Ruel, and Betty R. Ferrell. "Translation and evaluation of a lung cancer palliative care intervention for community practice." Journal of Clinical Oncology 36, no. 34_suppl (December 1, 2018): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2018.36.34_suppl.77.
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77 Background: A notable gap in the evidence-base for outpatient palliative care (PC) for cancer is that most trials were conducted in specialized centers with limited translation and further evaluation in “real-world” settings. Health systems are desperate for guidance on effective, scalable models. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a nurse-led PC intervention (PCI) for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and their family caregivers (FCGs) in a community-based setting. Methods: Two-group, prospective sequential, quasi-experimental design with phase 1 (usual care) followed by phase 2 (intervention) conducted at three Kaiser Permanente Southern California sites. Participants included patients with stage 2 - 4 NSCLC and their FCG. Standard measures of quality of life included FACT-L, FACIT- SP12, City of Hope Family QOL; other outcomes were distress, healthcare utilization, caregiver preparedness and perceived burden. Results: Patients in the intervention cohort had significant immediate improvements in three (physical, emotional, and functional well-being) of the five quality of life (QOL) domains at 1 month that were sustained through 3 months compared to usual care (p < .01). Caregivers in the intervention cohort had improvements in physical (p = .04) and spiritual well-being (p = .03) and preparedness (p = .04) compared to usual care. There were no differences in distress or health care utilization between cohorts. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that a research-based PC intervention can be successfully adapted to community settings to achieve similar, if not better, QOL outcomes for patients and FCGs compared to usual care. Nonetheless, additional modifications to ensure consistent referrals to PC and streamlining routine assessments and patient/FCG education are needed to sustain and disseminate the PCI. Clinical trial information: NCT02243748.
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Lord, Stephen. "68 Task Specificity in Fall Prevention." Age and Ageing 48, Supplement_4 (December 2019): iv18—iv27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afz164.68.
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Abstract Falls pose a major threat to the well-being and quality of life of older people. Falls can result in fractures and other injuries, disability and fear and are can trigger a decline in physical function and loss of autonomy. This presentation with synthesises recent published findings on fall risk and mobility assessments and fall prevention interventions and considers how this field of research may evolve in future, Fall risk topics include the utility of remote monitoring using wearable sensors and recent work investigating brain activation and gait adaptability. New approaches for exercise for fall fall prevention including dual task training, cognitive-motor training with exergames and reactive step training are discussed. The presentation will discuss how these new initiatives and technologies have potential for effective fall prevention and improved quality of life. It concludes by emphasising the need for a continued focus on translation of evidence into practice including robust effectiveness evaluations of so that resources can be appropriately targeted into the future.
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House, Juliane. "Translation Quality Assessment: Linguistic Description versus Social Evaluation." Traduction 46, no. 2 (October 2, 2002): 243–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/003141ar.
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Abstract The paper first reports on three different approaches to translation evaluation which emanate from different concepts of “meaning” and its role in translation. Secondly, a functional-pragmatic model of translation evaluation is described, which features a distinction between different types of translations and versions, and stresses the importance of using a “cultural filter” in one particular type of translation. Thirdly, the influence of English as a worldwide lingua franca on translation processes is discussed, and finally the important distinction between linguistic analysis and social judgement in translation evaluation is introduced, and conclusions for the practice of assessing the quality of a translation are drawn.
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Rose, Alexandra V., Kevin F. Boreskie, Jacqueline L. Hay, Liam Thompson, Rakesh C. Arora, and Todd A. Duhamel. "Protocol for the WARM Hearts study: examining cardiovascular disease risk in middle-aged and older women - a prospective, observational cohort study." BMJ Open 11, no. 5 (May 2021): e044227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044227.
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IntroductionCardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of death in women. Novel approaches to detect early signs of elevated CVD risk in women are needed. Enhancement of traditional CVD risk assessment approaches through the addition of procedures to assess physical function or frailty as well as novel biomarkers of cardiovascular, gut and muscle health could improve early identification. The Women’s Advanced Risk-assessment in Manitoba (WARM) Hearts study will examine the use of novel non-invasive assessments and biomarkers to identify women who are at elevated risk for adverse cardiovascular events.Methods and analysisOne thousand women 55 years of age or older will be recruited and screened by the WARM Hearts observational, cohort study. The two screening appointments will include assessments of medical history, gender variables, body composition, cognition, frailty status, functional fitness, physical activity levels, nutritional status, quality of life questionnaires, sleep behaviour, resting blood pressure (BP), BP response to moderate-intensity exercise, a non-invasive measure of arterial stiffness and heart rate variability. Blood sample analysis will be used to assess lipid and novel biomarker profiles and stool samples will support the characterisation of gut microbiota. The incidence of the adverse cardiovascular outcomes will be assessed 5 years after screening to compare WARM Hearts approaches to the Framingham Risk Score, the current clinical standard of assessing CVD risk in Canada.Ethics and disseminationThe University of Manitoba Health Research Ethics Board (7 October 2019) and the St Boniface Hospital Research Review Committee (7 October 2019) approved the trial (Ethics Number HS22576 (H2019:063)). Recruitment started 10 October 2020. Data gathered from the WARM Hearts study will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at national and international conferences. Knowledge translation strategies will be created to share our findings with stakeholders who are positioned to implement evidence-informed CVD risk assessment programming.Trial registration numberNCT03938155.
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POLLASTRI, ANA PAULINA PEÑA. "nr="141"Intercultural Communication at the Heart of a Translation Quality Assessment Model." Journal of Translation Studies 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 141–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/jts012021.8.
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Abstract Effective communication is crucial in a globalized communication technology-driven world. Translation and communication disciplines seem to meet in the field of Intercultural Communication, the study of communication between individuals from different cultural backgrounds. Translation, an interlinguistic and intercultural enterprise, generates quality translation products which portray not only a suitable linguistic format but also a cross- cultural component carefully thought out by expert translators. Fully aware of their responsibility in developing translator-to- be intercultural communication competence, higher education institutions did make their contributions for their graduates to become expert translators producing quality translations. Two such proposals are analysed to discern whether a traditional general approach effectively includes relevant intercultural components identified in a more recent study. At the outset, Lee-Jahnke’s 2001 comprehensive translation quality assessment model is explored to find out the extent and manner in which intercultural matters are taken in, thus making the evaluation tool suitable for academic and field work assessment. Then, PICT’s 2012 specific intercultural competence framework, developed as part of European Union- funded “Promoting Intercultural Competence in Translators” project, is reviewed to identify specific intercultural competence fields and show their degree of correspondence with relevant sections in the general assessment model and its adequacy for judging translation quality.
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Dietz, Anne, Maria Gomolka, Simone Moertl, and Prabal Subedi. "Ionizing Radiation Protein Biomarkers in Normal Tissue and Their Correlation to Radiosensitivity: Protocol for a Systematic Review." Journal of Personalized Medicine 11, no. 1 (December 22, 2020): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm11010003.
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Background: Radiosensitivity is a significantly enhanced reaction of cells, tissues, organs or organisms to ionizing radiation (IR). During radiotherapy, surrounding normal tissue radiosensitivity often limits the radiation dose that can be applied to the tumour, resulting in suboptimal tumour control or adverse effects on the life quality of survivors. Predicting radiosensitivity is a component of personalized medicine, which will help medical professionals allocate radiation therapy decisions for effective tumour treatment. So far, there are no reviews of the current literature that explore the relationship between proteomic changes after IR exposure and normal tissue radiosensitivity systematically. Objectives: The main objective of this protocol is to specify the search and evaluation strategy for a forthcoming systematic review (SR) dealing with the effects of in vivo and in vitro IR exposure on the proteome of human normal tissue with focus on radiosensitivity. Methods: The SR framework has been developed following the guidelines established in the National Toxicology Program/Office of Health Assessment and Translation (NTP/OHAT) Handbook for Conducting a Literature-Based Health Assessment, which provides a standardised methodology to implement the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach to environmental health assessments. The protocol will be registered in PROSPERO, an open source protocol registration system, to guarantee transparency. Eligibility criteria: Only experimental studies, in vivo and in vitro, investigating effects of ionizing radiation on the proteome of human normal tissue correlated with radio sensitivity will be included. Eligible studies will include English peer reviewed articles with publication dates from 2011–2020 which are sources of primary data. Information sources: The search strings will be applied to the scientific literature databases PubMed and Web of Science. The reference lists of included studies will also be manually searched. Data extraction and results: Data will be extracted according to a pre-defined modality and compiled in a narrative report following guidelines presented as a “Synthesis without Meta-analyses” method. Risk of bias: The risk of bias will be assessed based on the NTP/OHAT risk of bias rating tool for human and animal studies (OHAT 2019). Level of evidence rating: A comprehensive assessment of the quality of evidence for both in vivo and in vitro studies will be followed, by assigning a confidence rating to the literature. This is followed by translation into a rating on the level of evidence (high, moderate, low, or inadequate) regarding the research question. Registration: PROSPERO Submission ID 220064.
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Yousefi, Sarah. "Effect of Religious Beliefs on Quality of Translation." International Journal of Comparative Literature and Translation Studies 5, no. 2 (April 30, 2017): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijclts.v.5n.2p.32.
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Quality of translation has become one of the main focuses in the field of Translation Studies. When it comes to the religious texts and their translations, quality of translation becomes more and more important as these texts are directly connected to the beliefs of followers of a specific religion, and since many of the religious texts have been written many years ago, and now the followers of that religion are neither able to learn the language of their religions nor have enough time to do so, delivering high quality translations is very crucial. In recent years, many translation scholars have focused on Translation Quality Assessment (TQA) to provide ways to translators and translation teachers to assess the quality of translations and consequently to overcome translation problems. In the present research, the researcher attempted to combine both of the aforementioned subjects. In order to achieve this goal, the researcher selected Waddington’s model for assessing the quality of translations, to see if the quality of translations of Islamic texts which were translated by Muslim translators were higher than those which were translated by non-Muslims. Two groups of translators were selected, one of them was Muslim and the other one was non-Muslim. Each group consisted of 10 translators, each of them translated 5 Islamic-religious texts, and after assessing the quality of translations and doing statistical analyses, researcher concluded that there was no relation between the quality of translations and the religious beliefs of translators.
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Michalak, Erin E., Emma Morton, Steven J. Barnes, Rachelle Hole, and Greg Murray. "Supporting Self-Management in Bipolar Disorder: Mixed-Methods Knowledge Translation Study." JMIR Mental Health 6, no. 4 (April 15, 2019): e13493. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/13493.
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Background Self-management is increasingly recognized as an important method through which individuals with bipolar disorder (BD) may cope with symptoms and improve quality of life. Digital health technologies have strong potential as a method to support the application of evidence-informed self-management strategies in BD. Little is known, however, about how to most effectively maximize user engagement with digital platforms. Objective The aims of this study were (1) to create an innovative Web-based Bipolar Wellness Centre, (2) to conduct a mixed-methods (ie, quantitative and qualitative) evaluation to assess the impact of different sorts of engagement (ie, knowledge translation [KT]), and (3) to support engagement with the self-management information in the Bipolar Wellness Centre. Methods The project was implemented in 2 phases. In phase 1, community-based participatory research and user-centered design methods were used to develop a website (Bipolar Wellness Centre) housing evidence-informed tools and strategies for self-management of BD. In phase 2, a mixed-methods evaluation was conducted to explore the potential impact of 4 KT strategies (Web-based webinars, Web-based videos, Web-based one-to-one Living Library peer support, and in-person workshops). Quantitative assessments occurred at 2 time points—preintervention and 3 weeks postintervention. Purposive sampling was used to recruit a subsample of participants for the qualitative interviews, ensuring each KT modality was represented, and interviews occurred approximately 3 weeks postintervention. Results A total of 94 participants were included in the quantitative analysis. Responses to evaluative questions about engagement were broadly positive. When averaged across the 4 KT strategies, significant improvements were observed on the Bipolar Recovery Questionnaire (F1,77=5.887; P=.02) and Quality of Life in Bipolar Disorder (F1,77=8.212; P=.005). Nonsignificant improvements in positive affect and negative affect were also observed. The sole difference that emerged between KT strategies related to the Chronic Disease Self-Efficacy measure, which decreased after participation in the webinar and video arms but increased after the Living Library and workshop arms. A subsample of 43 participants was included in the qualitative analyses, with the majority of participants describing positive experiences with the 4 KT strategies; peer contact was emphasized as a benefit across all strategies. Infrequent negative experiences were reported in relation to the webinar and video strategies, and included technical difficulties, the academic tone of webinars, and feeling unable to relate to the actor in the videos. Conclusions This study adds incremental evidence to a growing literature that suggests digital health technologies can provide effective support for self-management for people with BD. The finding that KT strategies could differentially impact chronic disease self-efficacy (hypothesized as being a product of differences in degree of peer contact) warrants further exploration. Implications of the findings for the development of evidence-informed apps for BD are discussed in this paper.
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ARTS, JOS, and FRANK VAN LAMOEN. "BEFORE EIA: DEFINING THE SCOPE OF INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS IN THE NETHERLANDS." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 07, no. 01 (March 2005): 51–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s146433320500189x.
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This article discusses recent developments in integrated planning for the national road infrastructure in the Netherlands. It lays emphasis on project definition as a "missing link" between strategic planning and operational planning.Road development projects may have considerable negative impacts. Projects, however, are often too narrowly focused on road (re)construction alternatives and pay too less attention to the relationships with other spatial developments. As a consequence, the scope of project Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) is too narrow and opportunities are missed to enhance the spatial and environmental quality of the regions concerned. These problems are best tackled early in the planning process when the "degrees of freedom" in shaping the project are relatively large.Using the case of the A27 motorway a new guideline for explorative studies is introduced. The instrument described (called "reconnaissance study") aims to connect the planning arenas of Strategic Environmental Assessment and EIA, thus achieving more sustainable planning. It focuses on the early stage of project development in which the scope of projects is defined by "zooming in" from the national to a regional setting and translation of abstract policy goals to a "real world" situation. Key elements are a transparent process in which problem analysis and development of solutions are seperated, involvement of external parties and a broad study scope.
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Kharmandar, Mohammad Ali. "Argumentation-based literary translation quality assessment." Journal of Argumentation in Context 5, no. 2 (October 14, 2016): 139–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jaic.5.2.02kha.
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This study correlates argumentation, translation, and literature to construct a new model for assessing the quality of translated literature. Literary translation is described as being compatible with the rhetorical stream of argumentation studies, while the study rests on the overriding notion of ethics of difference in argumentative cross-cultural and translational encounters. The model incorporates ethics of difference and interpretive act, pragma-dialectical contributions of scheme/structure and rhetorical/dialectical situations, and aesthetic features including figures of speech and (sub)genres of literature. Application of the model to an English translation of a classical poem (a Rumi’s allegory) shows that the model can be systematically applied to quality assessment of translated literature (and literary genres e.g. plays, novels, audiovisual/cinematic products, etc.). Considering the implications and suggestions for further research, the study can progressively develop into a literary or cross-linguistic subgenre of argumentation theory, with implications for comparative literature, philosophy of meaning, translation theory, and dialectical hermeneutics.
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Rosita, Nur. "ACCURACY, CLARITY, AND READABILITY (ACR) IN HISTORICAL ROMANCE NOVEL TRANSLATION." Humanus 17, no. 1 (March 23, 2018): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/humanus.v17i1.9137.
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Historical novel translation requires an advanced competence of translator in relation with the translation quality: how accurate, clear, and readable the translator tries to deliver the writer’s original message to his/her translation version for the readers. The more accurate, clear, and readable the translator’s version is, the easier comprehension of the text will be. This paper was an outline of descriptive research which has been conducted to analyze the translation quality assessment in translating historical romance novel Taj: A Story of Mughal India into Taj: Tragedi Di Balik Tanda Cinta Abadi by Maria M. Lubis. There were three variables factors used; the two novels as objective factor, the translator as genetic factor, and the raters as affective factor to analyze, compare, rate, and score the translation quality. The sentences, clauses, phrases that consisted Indian cultural terms from the two novels were chosen as the data. From the analysis, it was found that the translation quality of this translated novel is accurate, high clear, and high readable obviously effected by an eligible translator who has high level competence and performance in translating the novel.Keywords: translation, historical romance novel, accuracy, clarity, and readability. KEAKURATAN, KEJELASAN, DAN KETERBACAAN DALAM PENERJEMAHAN NOVEL CINTA BERLATAR SEJARAHAbstractPenerjemahan novel berlatar sejarah membutuhkan penerjemah yang kompeten jika dilihat dari segi penilalian kualitas terjemahan seperti keakuratan, kejelasan, dan keterbacaan. Semakin akurat, jelas, dan terbaca suatu produk terjemahan, hasil terjemahan semakin akan mudah dipahami. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif yang mengidentifikasi dan menggambarkan penilaian kualitas penerjemahan. Seberapa akurat, jelas, dan terbaca novel terjemahan Taj: A Story of Mughal India menjadi Taj: Tragedi Di Balik Tanda Cinta Abadi oleh Maria M. Lubis. Ada tiga faktor variabel yang digunakan; kedua novel sebagai faktor objektif, penerjemah sebagai faktor genetik, dan tim penilai sebagai faktor afektif untuk menganalisis, membandingkan, menilai, dan memberi angka kualitas terjemahan. Kalimat, klausa, ungkapan-ungkapan yang terdiri dari istilah budaya India dari kedua novel dipilih sebagai data. Dari analisis tersebut, ditemukan bahwa kualitas terjemahan novel yang diterjemahkan ini akurat, sangat jelas, dan mudah dibaca, yang dipengaruhi oleh kepakaran dan kompetensi kinerja dalam menerjemahkan novel tersebut. Kata kunci: penerjemahan, novel cinta sejarah, keakuratan, kejelasan, dan keterbacaan.
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Hatim, Basil. "Translation Quality Assessment." Translator 4, no. 1 (April 1998): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13556509.1998.10799008.
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Lauscher, Susanne. "Translation Quality Assessment." Translator 6, no. 2 (November 2000): 149–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2000.10799063.
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Bahameed, Adel Salem. "Applying assessment holistic method to the translation exam in Yemen." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 62, no. 1 (May 19, 2016): 135–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.62.1.08bah.
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This paper is an attempt to guide the teachers how the assessment process should be and it highlights the effectiveness and suitability of adopting the holistic method of assessment. This method was applied to the correction of students’ translations of the final exam containing different texts to be translated in both directions between English and Arabic. The exam was done by 36 female students at the Faculty for Women – Seiyun, Yemen on the undergraduate degree course of Translation (2). The hypothesis regarding the suitability and effectiveness of using the assessment holistic method and the possibility to improve the quality of the assessing the students’ translations in future based on this method has not been verified. This study concluded that the main factor which is clearly identifiable was translation competence and that this method was found out to be too lenient to give impartial translation quality assessment for the students’ translations.
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Alkhawaja, Linda, Hanan Ibrahim, Fida’ Ghnaim, and Sirine Awwad. "Neural Machine Translation: Fine-Grained Evaluation of Google Translate Output for English-to-Arabic Translation." International Journal of English Linguistics 10, no. 4 (April 27, 2020): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v10n4p43.
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The neural machine translation (NMT) revolution is upon us. Since 2016, an increasing number of scientific publications have examined the improvements in the quality of machine translation (MT) systems. However, much remains to be done for specific language pairs, such as Arabic and English. This raises the question whether NMT is a useful tool for translating text from English to Arabic. For this purpose, 100 English passages were obtained from different broadcasting websites and translated using NMT in Google Translate. The NMT outputs were reviewed by three professional bilingual evaluators specializing in linguistics and translation, who scored the translations based on the translation quality assessment (QA) model. First, the evaluators identified the most common errors that appeared in the translated text. Next, they evaluated adequacy and fluency of MT using a 5-point scale. Our results indicate that mistranslation is the most common type of error, followed by corruption of the overall meaning of the sentence and orthographic errors. Nevertheless, adequacy and fluency of the translated text are of acceptable quality. The results of our research can be used to improve the quality of Google NMT output.
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Ramón, Noelia, and Belén Labrador. "Translations of ‘-ly’ adverbs of degree in an English-Spanish Parallel Corpus." Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 20, no. 2 (November 3, 2008): 275–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/target.20.2.05ram.
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This paper focuses on the translations of English -ly adverbs of degree into Spanish. The English suffix -ly has been traditionally associated with the expression of manner. However, it also actualises other meanings, in particular degree. In Spanish, the formal equivalents of -ly adverbs are adverbs ending in -mente, but the latter occur less frequently and with different pragmatic nuances. Adverbs of degree can be translated into -mente adverbs but also into other resources such as non -mente adverbs, prepositional phrases, adjectives, etc. The aim is to establish a taxonomy of translation solutions extracted from a parallel corpus in order to reveal cross-linguistic correspondences useful in translator training and translation quality assessment.
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Wein, Frank, Laetitia Peultier, Didier Mainard, and Philippe Perrin. "Posturography table is a good test to evaluate the anterior cruciate Ligament reconstruction?" Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 7, no. 5_suppl3 (May 1, 2019): 2325967119S0021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967119s00214.
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Introduction: The success of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is assessed using subjective and functional scores, as well as measurements of knee laxity. The latter is often quantified using instrumented laximetry devices, which measure ‘static’ anterior tibial translation, though recent studies suggested more comprehensive “dynamic” analyses such as jump tests. To facilitate and improve dynamic stability analyses, a proprioception table was adapted to evaluate knees before and after ACLR, though the accuracy and pertinence of its measurement have not yet been demonstrated. Objectives: To determine whether proprioceptive analysis following ACLR provides meaningful and helpful information to guide surgeons and physiotherapists with postoperative rehabilitation and return to sports. Methods: We conducted a prospective study, on a population of 50 amateur or professional sports patients, who received ACLR by the one surgeon (FW). Preoperative and 6-months assessments included GnRB laxity analysis and proprioceptive dynamic stability analysis, with evaluation of the bearing area under 6 different conditions: open eyes (C1), closed eyes (C2), vision distorted by virtual reality headset (C3), open eyes on unstable support (C4), closed eyes on unstable support (C5) and distorted vison on unstable support (C6); a calculation of the C4/C1 ratio enabled appreciation of visual compensations in the proprioceptive capacity, and dependence on visual inference (low ratios indicate greater recourse to visual afference). A complementary analysis of muscular strength by isokinetic assessment was also performed at 6 months followup. Results: There was a significant improvement in proprioception table stability at 6 months compared to the preoperative condition at the C4 (470 vs 440 mm2), C5 (1710 vs 1315 mm2) and C6 (1330 vs 1210 mm2) assessments. For 32 patients evaluated by GnRB, differential laxity at 6 months was less than 5 mm at 200 N, and isokinetic muscle strength measurement was less than 20% different between the knee healthy and the operated knee, or between quadriceps and hamstrings. Proprioceptive quality was variable, with significant visual offsets in some cases (C4/C1 ratio, 0.5 to 16.2). Conclusion: Patients, who have good results in laximeter tests and isokinetic muscle strength measurement, may have a poor proporioception quality with significant visual offsets. The proprioception analysis at 6 months following ACLR could therefore be important to consider rehabilitation and sports recovery.
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Xie, Yuanyuan, Wei Liu, Bing Zhang, Bin Wang, Liudi Wang, Shuo Liu, Bo Chen, Xiaoli Mai, and Fengchao Zang. "Systematic Intracellular Biocompatibility Assessments of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchyme Stem Cells in Testifying Its Reusability for Inner Cell Tracking by MRI." Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology 15, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 2179–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbn.2019.2845.
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Until now, there is no effective method for tracking transplanted stem cells in human. Ruicun (RC) is a new ultra-small SPIONs agent that has been approved by China Food and Drug Administration for iron supplementation but not as a stem cell tracer in clinic. In this study, we demonstrated magnetic resonance imaging-based tracking of RC-labeled human umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transplanted to locally injured site of rat spinal cords. We then comprehensively evaluated the safety and quality of the RC-labeled MSCs under good manufacturing practicecompliant conditions, to investigate the feasibility of SPIONs for inner tracking in stem cell-based therapy (SCT). Our results showed that RC labeling at appropriate dose (200 μg/mL) did not have evident impacts on characteristics of MSCs in vitro, demonstrating safety, non-carcinogenesis, and non-tissue inflammation in vivo. The systematic assessments of intracellular biocompatibility indicated that the RC labeled MSCs met with mandatory requirements and standards for law-regulation systems regarding SCT, facilitating translation of cell-tracking technologies to clinical trials.
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Madkour, Magda. "The Application of Functional Linguistic Models for Assessing Quality of Translation: A Descriptive Analytical Study." International Journal of English Linguistics 6, no. 6 (November 24, 2016): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v6n6p87.
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This descriptive analytical study aimed at examining the application of linguistic-based functional approaches in assessing the quality of translation. A number of translation quality assessment models were analyzed to investigate the potential of integrating linguistic theories into translation theories. The problem that the present study tackled was that institutions of translation at higher education, translation organizations, and agencies of translation worldwide face difficulties in evaluating the quality of translation. Using objective criteria, which are based on the variables of quality, is still debated among these shareholders. The rationale of the present study is that adopting functional linguistic approaches can help in understanding the components of the quality of translation in terms of the relationship between translation purposes and functional adequacy. Linguistic functional approaches can determine the relationship between textual adequacy, and translation quality of content. Therefore, the current study followed a nonlinear design, which allowed an intensive description and analysis of three functional models applied in Translation Quality Assessment (TQA), and their effectiveness in assessing the quality of translation. Corpus data was collected from the theories and original works of House, Nord, and Colina, on translation quality assessment. Problems related to discourse analysis, function of the language, text typology, and theories of equivalence were examined. Translation criticism and evaluation including the classification of the functional hierarchy of translation, standards and benchmarks, empirical evidence for the success and limitations of the linguistic functionalist approaches in translation assessment, and competences and performances in translation, were thoroughly investigated. The research recommendations of the current study emphasize a number of issues relevant to translation evaluation. These issues are: (a) the significance of integrating the linguistic functional approaches into the curriculum of translation; (b) the importance of defining the components of solid criteria that can be employed for evaluating the quality of translations; and (c) the necessity of providing an empirical tool that can reveal the strengths and weaknesses of translated works. As such, this research study is a contribution in the field of translation evaluation and criticism as it provides a number of models that can be implemented in translation classrooms or in translation organizations. This study also provides an evaluation matrix, based on the models of TQA that can help translators understand the requirements of translation quality prior to the translation process itself. This research is also among the first studies to illustrate how to implement linguistic functional approaches that can be adopted by translation organizations, academic institutions, and publishing houses, to evaluate professional translations and this will inevitably lead to raising the standards of translation quality.
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Taylor, T., H. Killaspy, M. King, and S. White. "The Development of the DEMoBinc. Toolkit and the Results of Reliability Testing." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70403-1.
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Aims:To develop a toolkit to assess the quality of institutionalised care, in both hospital and community settings, for individuals with long-term mental illness.Methods:The toolkit was developed by the UK research teams. Items were included to assess the six domains (Living Environment; Therapeutic Environment; Treatments and Interventions; Self-management and Autonomy; Social Policy, Citizenship and Advocacy; Clinical Governance) and three cross-cutting themes (Social Inclusion; Human Rights; Recovery-based Model) which emerged from the international literature review, Delphi exercises and cross-country care standards. Following translation and piloting in each country, the toolkit was refined and tested for reliability in 20 units in each country (a total of 200 units).Results:Test-retest reliability was assessed using intra-class correlations and Cohen's Kappa coefficients. Factors with low reliability or extreme response biases were dropped. Remaining items were subjected to an exploratory factor analysis to test the allocation of items to domains and cross-cutting themes and improve their internal consistency. Correlations between domains were explored to determine whether or not domains could be combined.In the next phase of the study,the toolkit domain ratings will be analysed for associations with standardised assessments of service users' quality of life, autonomy and markers of recovery to investigate whether the toolkit can provide a proxy measurement of the institution's promotion of human rights and recovery.
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Yang, Ningwei. "The Application of Register Analysis into Translation Quality Assessment." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 9, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 1550. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0912.11.
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Register analysis, an essential part of SFL, is composed of three variables, that is, field, mode and tenor. According to SFL, register forms the interface between the social system and the linguistic system; its elements realize social meanings and are realized in linguistic forms. In the process of translating, translators by and large confront problems not only at the linguistic level but also cultural level. As a powerful tool, register theory is practical and necessary to be introduced into translation studies. This paper tries to explore literary translation from the perspective of SFL and evaluate the version of Beiying by Zhang Peiji respectively from the field, mode and tenor. Based on findings, it is safe to say that register analysis to some degree makes a valuable contribution to translation quality assessment (TQA).
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Squires, Lindsey R., Sara J. Ohlfest, Kristen E. Santoro, and Jennifer L. Roberts. "Factors Influencing Cognate Performance for Young Multilingual Children's Vocabulary: A Research Synthesis." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 29, no. 4 (November 12, 2020): 2170–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_ajslp-19-00167.
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Purpose The purpose of this systematic review was to determine evidence of a cognate effect for young multilingual children (ages 3;0–8;11 [years;months], preschool to second grade) in terms of task-level and child-level factors that may influence cognate performance. Cognates are pairs of vocabulary words that share meaning with similar phonology and/or orthography in more than one language, such as rose – rosa (English–Spanish) or carrot – carotte (English–French). Despite the cognate advantage noted with older bilingual children and bilingual adults, there has been no systematic examination of the cognate research in young multilingual children. Method We conducted searches of multiple electronic databases and hand-searched article bibliographies for studies that examined young multilingual children's performance with cognates based on study inclusion criteria aligned to the research questions. Results The review yielded 16 articles. The majority of the studies (12/16, 75%) demonstrated a positive cognate effect for young multilingual children (measured in higher accuracy, faster reaction times, and doublet translation equivalents on cognates as compared to noncognates). However, not all bilingual children demonstrated a cognate effect. Both task-level factors (cognate definition, type of cognate task, word characteristics) and child-level factors (level of bilingualism, age) appear to influence young bilingual children's performance on cognates. Conclusions Contrary to early 1990s research, current researchers suggest that even young multilingual children may demonstrate sensitivity to cognate vocabulary words. Given the limits in study quality, more high-quality research is needed, particularly to address test validity in cognate assessments, to develop appropriate cognate definitions for children, and to refine word-level features. Only one study included a brief instruction prior to assessment, warranting cognate treatment studies as an area of future need. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12753179
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Chochiang, Kitsiri, Thanakrit Thongkhamdee, and Lalita Sathansat. "Translation Quality Assessment of Online Translation Systems in Translating English to Thai on Phuket Tourism." Journal of Computer Science 16, no. 11 (November 1, 2020): 1535–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/jcssp.2020.1535.1545.
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Li, Hanji, and Haiqing Chen. "Human vs. AI." International Journal of Translation, Interpretation, and Applied Linguistics 1, no. 1 (January 2019): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijtial.2019010104.
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As one of the most important applications of AI, machine translation has always been the hot topic among scholars in linguistics, computer science, cognitive science and other areas. This article made an assessment of translations of 4 selected major online machine translation platforms from perspectives of efficiency, operating mode and condition. The outputs of machine and human were compared by employing new “6-4” table and comprehensive error rate. The assessment shows that although the quality of machine translation is improving, the gap still exists between the quality of machine translation and human translation. Based on the research findings, the author predicts that machine translation cannot possibly replace human translation and the two will continue to coexist in the foreseeable future.
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Hague, Daryl, Alan Melby, and Wang Zheng. "Surveying Translation Quality Assessment." Interpreter and Translator Trainer 5, no. 2 (September 2011): 243–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2011.10798820.
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Karoubi, Behrouz. "Translation quality assessment demystified." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 62, no. 2 (August 10, 2016): 253–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.62.2.05kar.
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The current paper aims at developing a conceptual framework to describe translation quality assessment as a complex process of decision making. It starts with a discussion about the great amount of confusion that exists in the usage of terminologies related to the area of translation quality assessment and tries to disambiguate and (re)define key terms that are often taken for granted such as translation, assessment, and quality. The article then deals with developing a theoretical model to explain different stages of the process of translation quality assessment, i.e., collection, synthesis, and interpretation of data with an emphasis on the significance of the role of assessors in the process.
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Townsley, Brooke. "Norms and Creativity: Tensions Between the Status Quo and Innovation in Quality Standards for Public Service Interpreting in the United Kingdom." Linguaculture 2012, no. 2 (December 1, 2012): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lincu-2015-0005.
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Abstract This article will examine the validity of existing assessment procedures in the UK and compare and contrast these models with other possible assessment and accreditation models. It will also examine the possibilities for quality assessment (QA) procedures offered by the use of digital technologies. Implicit in this descriptive and analytical process will be an examination of the linkages between these models of assessment and the opportunity for professional registration. Issues addressed in this article will be: the status quo in the assessment and registration of interpreters and translators for the public sector in the UK; the impact of new social, political and economic realities on the existing assessment and registration regime; the opportunities and/or threats to quality norms represented by online digital technologies. The material will be of particular interest to: end users of interpreter and translator services in the public sector; interpreting and translation test developers and QA procedure designers; interpreting and translating practitioners, in-service and aspiring
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Williams, Malcolm. "The Application of Argumentation Theory to Translation Quality Assessment." Traduction 46, no. 2 (October 2, 2002): 326–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/004605ar.
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Abstract Translation quality assessment (TQA) models may be divided into two main types: (1) models with a quantitative dimension, such as SEPT (1979) and Sical (1986), and (2) non-quantitative, textological models, such as Nord (1991) and House (1997). Because it tends to focus on microtextual (sampling, subsentence) analysis and error counts, Type 1 suffers from some major shortcomings. First, because of time constraints, it cannot assess, except on the basis of statistical probabilities, the acceptability of the content of the translation as a whole. Second, the microtextual analysis inevitably hinders any serious assessment of the content macrostructure of the translation. Third, the establishment of an acceptability threshold based on a specific number of errors is vulnerable to criticism both theoretically and in the marketplace. Type 2 cannot offer a cogent acceptability threshold either, precisely because it does not propose error weighting and quantification for individual texts. What is needed is an approach that combines the quantitative and textological dimensions, along the lines proposed by Bensoussan and Rosenhouse (1990) and Larose (1987, 1998). This article outlines a project aimed at making further progress in this direction through the application of argumentation theory to instrumental translations.
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Al-Kufaishi, Adil. "Obligatory translation shift as a sub-component of a model of quality assurance specifications and performance translator assessment." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 57, no. 2 (July 21, 2011): 144–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.57.2.02kuf.
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The paper deals primarily with obligatory translation shifts involving translating English texts from and into Arabic and specifies the sub-components of a proposed model of quality assurance specifications and performance translator assessment. Obligatory shifts involve substituting English non-finite embedded forms with finite ones, lexicalizing certain grammatical elements, making agreement in gender between Arabic adjectives and nouns and Arabic nouns and verbs, substituting emphatic ‘do’ with the appropriate rhetorical device, supplying an antecedent to the translated Arabic relative constructions, transposing English initial noun clauses and sentence modifiers to post-verbal positions, placing the definite noun rather than its referent in initial positions, rendering certain English adjectives into verbs, nouns or adjectival clauses, replacing existential ‘there’ and the English grammatical subject ‘it’ with the appropriate corresponding forms, substituting the English comma with the Arabic conjunctive ‘wa’-and or ‘aw’-or as a linking device, deleting the corresponding form of copula be in Arabic interrogatives and replacing certain English noun modifiers with the appropriate similitude construction. The proposed model of quality assurance specifications and performance translator assessment examines the communicative, situational, semantic, structural, stylistic, pragmatic, textual, aesthetic, rhetorical, lexical and informational aspects of the translated text which are essential for assessing the quality of the text and the performance of the translator.
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Vedula, S. Swaroop, and Gregory D. Hager. "Surgical data science: the new knowledge domain." Innovative Surgical Sciences 2, no. 3 (April 20, 2017): 109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/iss-2017-0004.
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AbstractHealthcare in general, and surgery/interventional care in particular, is evolving through rapid advances in technology and increasing complexity of care, with the goal of maximizing the quality and value of care. Whereas innovations in diagnostic and therapeutic technologies have driven past improvements in the quality of surgical care, future transformation in care will be enabled by data. Conventional methodologies, such as registry studies, are limited in their scope for discovery and research, extent and complexity of data, breadth of analytical techniques, and translation or integration of research findings into patient care. We foresee the emergence of surgical/interventional data science (SDS) as a key element to addressing these limitations and creating a sustainable path toward evidence-based improvement of interventional healthcare pathways. SDS will create tools to measure, model, and quantify the pathways or processes within the context of patient health states or outcomes and use information gained to inform healthcare decisions, guidelines, best practices, policy, and training, thereby improving the safety and quality of healthcare and its value. Data are pervasive throughout the surgical care pathway; thus, SDS can impact various aspects of care, including prevention, diagnosis, intervention, or postoperative recovery. The existing literature already provides preliminary results, suggesting how a data science approach to surgical decision-making could more accurately predict severe complications using complex data from preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative contexts, how it could support intraoperative decision-making using both existing knowledge and continuous data streams throughout the surgical care pathway, and how it could enable effective collaboration between human care providers and intelligent technologies. In addition, SDS is poised to play a central role in surgical education, for example, through objective assessments, automated virtual coaching, and robot-assisted active learning of surgical skill. However, the potential for transforming surgical care and training through SDS may only be realized through a cultural shift that not only institutionalizes technology to seamlessly capture data but also assimilates individuals with expertise in data science into clinical research teams. Furthermore, collaboration with industry partners from the inception of the discovery process promotes optimal design of data products as well as their efficient translation and commercialization. As surgery continues to evolve through advances in technology that enhance delivery of care, SDS represents a new knowledge domain to engineer surgical care of the future.
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Stacy, Tina Boyd, Maureen E. Haas, and Alison A. Heintz. "Maximizing metastatic breast cancer therapy selection: Physician practice patterns and competence assessment." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 27_suppl (September 20, 2012): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.30.27_suppl.127.
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127 Background: Due to the volume and pace of scientific advances within oncology, peer discussion and professional reflection regarding appropriate therapeutic decision making is necessary to provide the highest quality patient care. Increasing awareness in the breast cancer community of similarities and differences amongst practice management strategies helps to identify and benchmark individual practice patterns against one’s professional peers, ultimately leading to increased competence in therapy selection. Methods: During 2011 and 2012, educational outcomes assessments were gathered during 85 independent continuing medical education (CME) activities held within community practices and institutions across the USA. Participants were asked a series of case-based questions via an audience response system to assess baseline knowledge, competence, and identify practice patterns. Assessments were repeated post a 1-hour CME certified activity, with an additional 6-week electronic follow-up. Results: To date, over 330 physicians have participated in the program. Number of years in practice ranged from < 10 to > 30. The number of breast cancer patients seen per month ranged from ≤ 10 to > 40. Provider competency and preferences in applying guideline based therapy was assessed. Results of participant preferences including single-agent, combination, first-line, and second-line therapy preferences as well as toxicity management for select patient case scenarios in advanced breast cancer will be presented. Self-rated competence for the physician audience improved by approximately 50% as a result of participation. Conclusions: The results highlight the diversity of clinical opinion in selecting therapy for advanced breast cancer and need for continued dialogue and scientific advancement. Education and peer discussion of how to optimize translation of new scientific information into patient care contributes to maximizing physician competence in therapy selection for metastatic breast cancer.