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Journal articles on the topic 'Unrecognized De Facto States'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Ishiyama, John, and Anna Batta. "The emergence of dominant political party systems in unrecognized states." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 45, no. 1-2 (2012): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2012.03.006.

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In this paper, we address the question of why in some de facto states something like “dominant party” politics has emerged, whereas in others there at least appears some form of real political competition. We empirically assess some of the commonly cited factors that affect the character of politics within de facto states (the wealth of the entity, the militarization of society, the level of ethnic homogeneity, and political institutional features). Using Fuzzy-Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA), a method developed specifically to deal with the “small N problem” in empirical inquiry,

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Zozulya, T. N., M. A. Altybassarova, and G. T. Shamshudinova. "Unrecognized states as a factor in world politics." Bulletin of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Political Science. Regional Studies. Oriental Studies. Turkology Series. 133, no. 4 (2020): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-6887/2020-133-4-54-62.

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The Law Institute of recognition of a State is one of the most difficult, controversial, and dynamically developing institute of the national and the international law. However, at present there are many states that are not officially recognized by most other states, which since the beginning of the 1990s began to be designated by the term “unrecognized states”, “de facto countries”, “self-proclaimed states”, etc. The presence of unrecognized states is a complex problem in the theory and practice of international relations, since, possessing all other signs of statehood, they do not have inter

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Florea, Adrian. "Rebel governance in de facto states." European Journal of International Relations 26, no. 4 (2020): 1004–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354066120919481.

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De facto states, such as Somaliland (Somalia), are unrecognized separatist enclaves that display characteristics of statehood but lack an international legal status. To acquire domestic and external legitimacy, these actors engage in a wide range of governance practices: they set up military and police forces; executive, legislative, and judicial branches; hospitals; schools; banks; or social security networks. In spite of the obvious gains that can be accrued through the establishment of a complex governance architecture, de facto states exhibit great variation in the range of statelike insti

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Osiewicz, Przemysław. "The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus as an Example of a Non-Recognized State." Perspektywy Kultury 31, no. 4 (2020): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.35765/pk.2020.3104.11.

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The issue of Cyprus remains one of the longest unregulated international disputes. For nearly half a century of the island’s de facto division, it has been one of the factors destabilizing the situation in the eastern Mediterranean. It has periodically led to tensions, not only between members of the two Cypriot communities, the Greek and Turkish Cypriots, but also between Greece and Turkey, and finally, Turkey and the European Union. The purpose of this article was to present the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus as an example of a so-called unrecognized state and to assign it to an appro

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Матвеева, Татьяна, and Tatyana Matveeva. "Law status of “unrecognized states” and international-law doctrine of international recognition." Advances in Law Studies 3, no. 3 (2015): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/12067.

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The article explores phenomenon so called “unrecognized states” that have achieved “de facto” in-dependence and real act in international relations, but not have the status of sovereign states. The author analyses the main conceptions of international recognition and the problems of their real implications, reveals UN procedures as effective mechanisms of widespread international recognition of new states as “real subjects” of the international law system.

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Pacher, Andreas. "The diplomacy of post-Soviet de facto states: ontological security under stigma." International Relations 33, no. 4 (2019): 563–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047117819856397.

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Why do post-Soviet de facto states (such as Abkhazia and South Ossetia) regularly interact with remote Pacific islands or Latin American countries, even though they are not bound by any meaningful political, economic or military ties? This article argues that the diplomatic relationship management amounts to a strategy of external legitimacy-building through stigma rejection and ontological security-attainment. This diplomatic practice creates positively tinged social affiliations, whereby the unrecognized entities aim to have their identity as ‘normal’ states affirmed. It renders the internat

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Broers, Laurence, Alexander Iskandaryan, and Sergey Minasyan. "Introduction: the unrecognized politics of de facto states in the post-Soviet space." Caucasus Survey 3, no. 3 (2015): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23761199.2015.1086566.

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King, Charles. "The Benefits of Ethnic War: Understanding Eurasia's Unrecognized States." World Politics 53, no. 4 (2001): 524–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wp.2001.0017.

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Within international relations, discussions about how civil wars end have focused mainly on the qualities of the belligerents (ethnicity, commitment to the cause) or on the strategic environment of decision making (security dilemmas). Work in sociology and development economics, however, has highlighted the importance of war economies and the functional role of violence. This article combines these approaches by examining the mechanisms through which the chaos of war becomes transformed into networks of profit, and through which these in turn become hardened into the institutions of quasi stat

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Zamiralova, Tatyana Aleksandrovna, Olga Olegovna Afanaseva, Anastasia Vladimirovna Karpunina, Valeriya Viktorovna Sizikova, and Yanina Vasilevna Shimanovskaya. "Preserving national identity in unrecognized states." LAPLAGE EM REVISTA 7, Extra-D (2021): 268–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24115/s2446-622020217extra-d1092p.268-272.

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The article touches upon a relevant topic of national identity preservation in unrecognized states. The authors examine two polar approaches to defining the essence of unrecognized states and formulate their position. The main factors in the formation and preservation of national identity are identified and include family, the education system, and mass media. The influence of each factor is determined by the policy implemented by the state represented by its authorized bodies. Accounting for the effect of said factors, a range of problems hindering the development of national identity in yout

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10

Bakhturidze, Z. Z., and N. A. Vasilyeva. "Unrecognized States of the Post-Soviet Space: Problems and Prospects." Post-Soviet Issues 7, no. 1 (2020): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24975/2313-8920-2020-7-1-29-41.

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The world order of the 21st century is characterized by transformational processes changing the spatial-temporal coordinates of international life. The features of the present stage are ambivalent processes (integration and disintegration; globalization and deglobalization).The article analyzes the transformation processes in post-Soviet space. The relevance of the study is caused by the presence of several frozen conflicts in the post-Soviet space that have changed the configuration of the region and have been enhancing its conflict potential since they are far from settling and constructive

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Rossi, Michael, and Jaume Castan Pinos. "Introduction to Inconvenient Realities: The Emergence and Resilience of Parastates." Nationalities Papers 48, no. 1 (2020): 12–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/nps.2019.58.

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AbstractWithin the growing literature on de facto states and disputed territories, the parastate stands as the most contentious challenge to international sovereignty and one of the greatest threats to regional security. Parastates are territorial entities that have unilaterally declared independence and control territory claimed by another state. Though parastates have been a part of international studies since the 1960s, the collapse of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia have produced a number of breakaway entities that have challenged existing understandings of state theory and security studie

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Okladnaya, Marina, and Ivan Shchehlakov. "The role of sports diplomacy in recognition of newly created states." Law and innovations, no. 4 (32) (December 15, 2020): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.37772/2518-1718-2020-4(32)-14.

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Problem setting. Sport becomes an important part of modern life. Nowadays there are many international sports competitions and events, where unrecognized states take part. In connect with this, such cases have an impact on society and social media. Consequently, there is a question of the impact of sports diplomacy on recognition of states and its importance on this procedure. Target research. To identify the impact of sport diplomacy on the recognition of newly created states. Analysis of recent researches and publications. The object of research was recognition in international law of a larg

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Okladnaya, Marina, and Ivan Shchehlakov. "The role of sports diplomacy in recognition of newly created states." Law and innovations, no. 4 (32) (December 15, 2020): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.37772/2518-1718-2020-4(32)-14.

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Problem setting. Sport becomes an important part of modern life. Nowadays there are many international sports competitions and events, where unrecognized states take part. In connect with this, such cases have an impact on society and social media. Consequently, there is a question of the impact of sports diplomacy on recognition of states and its importance on this procedure. Target research. To identify the impact of sport diplomacy on the recognition of newly created states. Analysis of recent researches and publications. The object of research was recognition in international law of a larg

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Kovalenko, V., and M. Borisenko. "Formation and Development of Human Capital in Unrecognized States." Russia and New States of Eurasia, no. 1 (2021): 159–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/2073-4786-2021-1-159-175.

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The article discusses the importance of the human capital assets as the key factor for strengthening and continuous development of the social and economic sphere of the unrecognized states through the example of the Donetsk People’s Republic. The authors show both the role of the approaches to the formation and development of human capital existing in modern science and the possibility of using their potential at a practical level. The conditions and opportunities of forming and developing the human capital, so far developed in the Donetsk People’s Republic, have been analyzed from the interdi

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Maryniv, Ivanna, and Alyona Morozova. "Some problems of ad hoc recognition in the modern international law." Law and innovative society, no. 2 (15) (January 4, 2020): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.37772/2309-9275-2020-2(15)-4.

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Formulation of the problem. The article deals with general theoretical issues related to the institution of international legal recognition. The basic theories of state recognition, problems arising in connection with their practical application and forms of state recognition are studied. Questions are raised about the problem of codification of this institution. Particular attention is paid to the practice of forced relations with unrecognized states. With the growth of globalization, the question of the formation of unrecognized states is becoming more frequent and more acute. In an interdep

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Huddleston, R. Joseph. "Foulweather Friends: Violence and Third Party Support in Self-Determination Conflicts." Journal of Conflict Resolution 65, no. 6 (2021): 1187–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002721993226.

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This paper investigates how violence in self-determination conflicts influences bilateral foreign policy. I argue that a general preference for international stability causes third parties to support self-determination groups when violence reaches high levels, when they gain territorial control, and when major powers officially recognize. In these conditions, third parties perceive a stable new status quo to be nigh: unrecognized statehood. Ongoing instability encourages foreign policy that encourages the development of the de facto state, even when third parties have no intention of recognizi

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Kolosov, V. A., A. B. Sebentsov, and N. L. Turov. "Uncontrolled Territories in the Contemporary World: Theory, Genesis, Types and Dynamics." Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law 14, no. 1 (2021): 23–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2021-14-1-2.

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The uncontrolled territories(UT) attract the attention of an increasing number of researchers; however, mostpublications are devoted to only one typeof UTs – unrecognized states. The objective of this paper is to assess and analyzechanges in territory and population of allUTs in different macro-regions of the worldthrough 2006–2010 and 2014–2019. Fivemain directions of studies of such territoriesare identified and characterized. The authors distinguish several types and patternsof territorial control, propose a typology ofUTs and consider in detail the methodologyand difficulties of creating a

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Smeshko, E. I. "Sahrawi Refugees in Algeria: How Do “The People in Exile” Live?" Islam in the modern world 16, no. 2 (2020): 243–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22311/2074-1529-2020-16-2-243-254.

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The article is devoted to the study of the conditions of life of the Sahrawi people who live in refugee camps in Algeria since 1970s due to the Western Sahara conflict. The process of political settlement of the Western Sahara conflict has been de facto suspended, however the situation in the Sahrawi refugee camps remains unstable and requires new solutions and international cooperation. The article provides a historical overview of the emergence of the refugee camps in Tindouf and examines existing mechanisms for international supporting the Sahrawi people. The author tends to analyze activit

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Castle, Jeremiah J. "Authoritarianism and Public Opinion on Church and State in the United States." Politics and Religion 10, no. 1 (2016): 57–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755048316000432.

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AbstractDespite the continued debate over the relationship between church and state in American politics, our understanding of the sources of attitudes on controversies over religious establishment and religious free exercise is limited. I argue that authoritarianism is an unrecognized but important predictor of mass-level attitudes on church and state. I argue that individuals with higher levels of authoritarianism are more likely to support religious establishment as a means of maintaining social conformity and reinforcing the existing social order. Likewise, those with higher levels of auth

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Jakubowski, Andrzej. "Problemy rozwoju gospodarczego państw nieuznawanych na przykładzie Abchazji." Politeja 15, no. 55 (2019): 153–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.15.2018.55.08.

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Problems of Economic Development of the Unrecognised State – the Case of AbkhaziaSince its inception as a result of the victorious war with Georgia, the de facto independent Abkhazia has been struggling with a deep economic crisis characterised by war damage, economic blockade and the lack of international recognition. The aim of this paper is to analyse the main problems and challenges of unrecognised states in the field of economic development on the example of the Republic of Abkhazia. The article summarises the economic consequences of the Georgian-Abkhazian conflict, characterises the eco

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Bhatia, Vandanajay, and Nisha Jain Garg. "Previously Unrecognized Vaccine Candidates Control Trypanosoma cruzi Infection and Immunopathology in Mice." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 15, no. 8 (2008): 1158–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00144-08.

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ABSTRACT Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiologic agent of Chagas' disease, a major health problem in Latin America and an emerging infectious disease in the United States. Previously, we screened a T. cruzi sequence database by a computational-bioinformatic approach and identified antigens that exhibited the characteristics of good vaccine candidates. In this study, we tested the vaccine efficacy of three of the putative candidate antigens against T. cruzi infection and disease in a mouse model. C57BL/6 mice vaccinated with T. cruzi G1 (TcG1)-, TcG2-, or TcG4-encoding plasmids and cytokine (interle

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Qadri, Muhammad Ahmed, Rooh Ul Amin Khan, and Muhammad Abbas. "Comparative Analysis of Pak-Indo Press Role toward Annexation of Special Status of Kashmir: From War to Peace Perspective." Review of Education, Administration & LAW 4, no. 2 (2021): 443–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.47067/real.v4i2.157.

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Indo-Pak Conflict on the territory of Kashmir started with Pakistan’s released in August 1947. At that time all the states were given the choice of choosing India or Pakistan. The then princely states rulers had to make their option. There have been some preliminaries, they said when selecting both states; one is the geographical proximity and the one was for the public ambition. In October 1947, given the fact that Kashmir was predominantly Muslim state that opted for the state of Pakistan, while the Kashmir’s Maharaja chose India in support. This choice was perceived by the Pakistani governm

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Marzolini, Maria, Erika Poggiali, Mohsin Badat, Elena Cassinerio, Maria D. Cappellini, and John B. Porter. "Spinal Artery Thrombosis: An Unrecognized Severe Complication in Thalassemia and Sickle Disorders." Blood 120, no. 21 (2012): 1155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v120.21.1155.1155.

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Abstract Abstract 1155 Introduction. Anterior spinal artery thrombosis (AST) results in sudden, often irreversible sensory and motor loss, with partial or complete paraplegia. This is recognized as a complication of: prothrombotic states; right to left shunting; trauma and spinal surgery. Both venous and arterial thrombosis, including the central nervous system, are well-recognized risks in sickle cell disease (SCD) but AST has not been described. In thalassemia disorders (Thal), cerebral infarction, often silent, is increasingly recognized (Mussalam et al, Thromb Res, Aug 2012). However AST i

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Nikiforov, Konstantin. "Russian foreign policy and the Balkans in the 1990s…" Balcanica, no. 38 (2007): 231–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/balc0738231n.

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In the initial phase after the collapse of the USSR, Russian diplomacy lacked vision and initiative, generally following the West's lead, including its policy towards the Yugoslav crisis (1991-95). It was only from about 1994 and as a result of the decision to expand NATO into Eastern Europe, that it sought to become more synchronized with the prevailing mood in Russian society, increasingly disillusioned with Western policies. There was a change in the phrasing of official statements, but the Russian Foreign Ministry in fact continued to follow the West and supported the severe anti-Serbian s

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Isachenko, D. V. "Double Standards of International Recognition: Right vs. Might?" Journal of International Analytics 11, no. 3 (2020): 22–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2587-8476-2020-11-3-22-34.

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Why do some states get recognized, while others are denied the privilege? This article examines the underlying logic behind the contingency and inconsistency in the application of statehood standards to unrecognized, de facto states. When it comes to the practice of state recognition, the article argues, it is not merely a question of Great Power politics. Nor is it a question of whether a state has earned sovereignty and thus has a legally rightful claim to international recognition. Instead, the norms of state recognition can be better understood as a reflection of the balance of powers in t

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Kostrinsky-Thomas, Alexander L., Fuki M. Hisama, and Thomas H. Payne. "Searching the PDF Haystack: Automated Knowledge Discovery in Scanned EHR Documents." Applied Clinical Informatics 12, no. 02 (2021): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1726103.

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Abstract Background Clinicians express concern that they may be unaware of important information contained in voluminous scanned and other outside documents contained in electronic health records (EHRs). An example is “unrecognized EHR risk factor information,” defined as risk factors for heritable cancer that exist within a patient's EHR but are not known by current treating providers. In a related study using manual EHR chart review, we found that half of the women whose EHR contained risk factor information meet criteria for further genetic risk evaluation for heritable forms of breast and

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Hamid, Kamran S., Aaron T. Scott, Benedict U. Nwachukwu, and Kerry A. Danelson. "The Role of Fluid Dynamics in Distributing Ankle Stresses in Anatomic and Injured States." Foot & Ankle International 37, no. 12 (2016): 1343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071100716660823.

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Background: In 1976, Ramsey and Hamilton published a landmark cadaveric study demonstrating a dramatic 42% decrease in tibiotalar contact area with only 1 mm of lateral talar shift. An increase in maximum principal stress of at least 72% is predicted based on these findings though the delayed development of arthritis in minimally misaligned ankles does not appear to be commensurate with the results found in dry cadaveric models. We hypothesized that synovial fluid could be a previously unrecognized factor that contributes significantly to stress distribution in the tibiotalar joint in anatomic

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Jones, Reece. "Borders, sovereignty, and unrecognized states." Political Geography 31, no. 8 (2012): 534–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2012.05.010.

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Tian, Yu-Syuan, Kuan-Chou Chen, Nor Diana Zulkefli, Rida S. Maner, and Chiu-Lan Hsieh. "Evaluation of the Inhibitory Effects of Genipin on the Fluoxetine-Induced Invasive and Metastatic Model in Human HepG2 Cells." Molecules 23, no. 12 (2018): 3327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23123327.

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Metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is usually unrecognized before any pathological examination, resulting in time-taking treatment and poor prognosis. As a consequence, HCC patients usually show symptoms of depression. In order to suppress such psychiatric disorders and to facilitate better treatment outcome, antidepressants are prescribed. Up to present, information about the effect of antidepressants on HCC is still lacking. Therefore, we chose fluoxetine (FXT), one of the top five psychiatric prescriptions in the United States, together with the HepG2 cell model to explore its eff

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Ligibel, Jennifer A., Catherine M. Alfano, Kerry S. Courneya, et al. "American Society of Clinical Oncology Position Statement on Obesity and Cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 32, no. 31 (2014): 3568–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2014.58.4680.

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Rates of obesity have increased significantly over the last three decades in the United States and globally. In addition to contributing to heart disease and diabetes, obesity is a major unrecognized risk factor for cancer. Obesity is associated with worsened prognosis after cancer diagnosis and also negatively affects the delivery of systemic therapy, contributes to morbidity of cancer treatment, and may raise the risk of second malignancies and comorbidities. Research shows that the time after a cancer diagnosis can serve as a teachable moment to motivate individuals to adopt risk-reducing b

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KOSTENKO, YULIA V. "LANGUAGE POLICY OF UKRAINE IN THE SOUTH AND EAST OF THE COUNTRY AS A METHOD OF ETHNOCRACY." CASPIAN REGION: Politics, Economics, Culture 65, no. 4 (2020): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21672/1818-510x-2020-65-4-058-065.

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The author characterizes the language policy of post-Maidan Ukraine (2014-2020) in the South and East of the country as a method of consolidating ethnocracy in the process of nation-building. An assessment of the state and trends in the historiography of the problem is given. Ethnodemographic changes in the structure of the population, as well as public opinion in the South and East of Ukraine over the period from 1989 to 2020 were revealed. The intentions of the language policy of Ukraine are revealed. The ineffectiveness of international influence to ensure compliance with democratic norms o

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Selck, Torsten J., and Lilit Baghdasaryan. "Fractionalization of Unrecognized States in Europe." WISDOM 1, no. 6 (2016): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.24234/wisdom.v1i6.69.

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Aims: The data on ethnic fractionalization is out-of-date in some cases, and in the case of some countries there are no such data at all. We measure the ethnic, linguistic and religious fractionalization of unrecognized states in Europe –of Abkhazia, Northern Cyprus, Nagorno-Karabakh, Transnistria and Kosovo, which were up till now excluded from the scope of interest of fractionalization observers. Methods: Using the population census data of these countries, we measure the fractionalization with the one minus Herfindahl index. Results: Whether homogenous or heterogeneous, the levels of their

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Avtsinova, G. I., and A. A. Novitskaya. "Peculiarities of functioning of unrecognized states." Science and Modernity 5, no. 3 (2015): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17117/ns.2015.03.065.

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Goncharov, V. N., V. A. Glazkov, and A. V. Bondarchuk. "Unrecognized states: legal and economic aspects." Journal of Law and Administration 16, no. 4 (2021): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2073-8420-2020-4-57-25-31.

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Introduction. The transformational processes that are taking place in the world lead to the creation of new relationships and institutions. The problem is the creation of an unrecognized or partially recognized States is happening everywhere and is still relevant for many centuries. Their emergence is caused by political, economic, ethnic, cross-cultural and other problems, ignoring which can lead to social explosions and military conflicts. Currently, no territory is immune from the possibility of external incitement of conflicts, which has become possible in the context of digitalization of

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Ba, Oumar. "Book Review: Political Theory: Unrecognized States." Political Studies Review 11, no. 1 (2013): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1478-9302.12000_32.

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Goncharov, V. N., V. A. Glazkov, and A. V. Bondarchuk. "Unrecognized states: legal and economic aspects." Journal of Law and Administration 16, no. 4 (2021): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2073-8420-2020-4-57-25-31.

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Introduction. The transformational processes that are taking place in the world lead to the creation of new relationships and institutions. The problem is the creation of an unrecognized or partially recognized States is happening everywhere and is still relevant for many centuries. Their emergence is caused by political, economic, ethnic, cross-cultural and other problems, ignoring which can lead to social explosions and military conflicts. Currently, no territory is immune from the possibility of external incitement of conflicts, which has become possible in the context of digitalization of

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Aliyev, Huseyn, and Emil Aslan Souleimanov. "Why Do De Facto States Fail?" Problems of Post-Communism 66, no. 3 (2017): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2017.1383166.

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Jaimes, Edgar A., Run-Xia Tian, and Leopoldo Raij. "Nicotine: the link between cigarette smoking and the progression of renal injury?" American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 292, no. 1 (2007): H76—H82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00693.2006.

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Cigarette smoke (CS) is the most important source of preventable morbidity and mortality in the United States. Recent clinical studies have suggested that, in addition to being a major cardiovascular risk factor, CS promotes the progression of kidney disease. The mechanisms by which CS promotes the progression of chronic kidney disease have not been elucidated. Here we demonstrate for the first time that human mesangial cells (MCs) are endowed with the nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChRs) α4, α5, α7, β2, β3, and β4. Studies performed in other cell types have shown that these nAChRs are ionotropic

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Legvold, Robert, and Dov Lynch. "Engaging Eurasia's Separatist States: Unresolved Conflicts and De Facto States." Foreign Affairs 83, no. 6 (2004): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20034176.

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Kolstø, Pål. "The Sustainability and Future of Unrecognized Quasi-States." Journal of Peace Research 43, no. 6 (2006): 723–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343306068102.

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Iskandaryan, Alexander. "In quest of the state in unrecognized states." Caucasus Survey 3, no. 3 (2015): 207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23761199.2015.1086564.

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Abirbek, Sauryk. "THE LAW OF UNRECOGNIZED STATES IN INTERNATIONAL LAW." Bulletin of Institute of Legislation and Legal Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan, no. 1 (2021): 266–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.52026/2788-5291_2021_64_1_266.

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Florea, Adrian. "De Facto States: Survival and Disappearance (1945–2011)." International Studies Quarterly 61, no. 2 (2017): 337–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqw049.

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Protsyk, Oleh. "Secession and hybrid regime politics in transnistria." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 45, no. 1-2 (2012): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2012.03.003.

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Post-Soviet de facto states are presented in the social science literature, first of all, as a by-product of research on secession, nationalism, and conflict resolution. The paper focuses instead on issues of institution-building and governance in de facto states. It examines the construction of a hybrid political regime in the most populous of post-Soviet de facto states, Transnistra. The paper analyzes secessionist elites’ strategies of maintaining power and sources of domestic pressures to democratize political institutions of the de facto state. The evolution of the Transnistrian regime, i

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Blakkisrud, Helge, and Pål Kolstø. "Dynamics of de facto statehood: the South Caucasian de facto states between secession and sovereignty." Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 12, no. 2 (2012): 281–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14683857.2012.686013.

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Zayats, Dmitry V. "THE PHENOMENON OF UNRECOGNIZED STATES IN THE MODERN WORLD." Bulletin of the Moscow State Regional University (Geographical Environment and Living Systems), no. 1 (2020): 53–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.18384/2712-7621-2020-1-53-69.

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Kosienkowski, Marcin. "The Gagauz Republic: An Autonomism-Driven De Facto State." Soviet and Post-Soviet Review 44, no. 3 (2017): 292–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763324-20171233.

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The post-Soviet area is a home for a several de facto states, which are entities that resemble “normal” states but lack international recognition. This paper examines a historical case study of the Gagauz Republic (Gagauzia), a de facto state that existed on the territory of Soviet and then independent Moldova between 1990 and 1995. Whilst the prevailing view in the literature on de facto states is that these entities strive for internationally recognised independence, this study draws on a new suite of sources (including interviews, memoirs and journalism) to argue that the Gagauz Republic’s

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Hoch, Tomáš, Vincenc Kopeček, and Vladimír Baar. "Civil Society and Conflict Transformation in De Facto States." Problems of Post-Communism 64, no. 6 (2016): 329–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2016.1184982.

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Kopeček, Vincenc, Tomáš Hoch, and Vladimír Baar. "De Facto States and Democracy: The Case of Abkhazia." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 32, no. 32 (2016): 85–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bog-2016-0017.

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Abstract De-facto states constitute an interesting and important anomaly in the international system of sovereign states. No matter how successful and efficient in the administration of their territories they are, they fail to achieve international recognition. In the past, their claims for independence were based primarily on the right to national self-determination, historical continuity and claim for a remedial right to secession, based on alleged human-rights violations. Since 2005, official representatives of several de facto states have repeatedly emphasised the importance of democracy p

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Jakniūnaitė, Dovilė. "WHEN STATES LOSE TERRITORY: GEORGIA‘S POST-2008 ADJUSTMENT." Baltic Journal of Political Science 6, no. 6 (2018): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/bjps.2017.6.11594.

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In this article I analyse how Georgia, as a political entity, coped with the de facto loss of two of its territories: Abkhazia and South Ossetia. The process by which Georgia lost these territories started in early 1990 and reached its final phase in 2008 after the Georgian-Russian war. This article explores how Georgia adjusted to these losses without ever acknowledging its loss of the two territories, demonstrating a perfect example on how the normative territorial structure of an international system works. The analysis focuses on the crucial role of time in the process of the de facto terr

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