Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Variogramme'
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Leroy, Olivier. "Régénération naturelle des systèmes agroforestiers : le cas des dehesas de la Sierra de Grazalema, Andalousie, Espagne." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC139/document.
Full textThe regeneration of Holm oak (Quercus ilex) populations remains problematic in most dehesa agroforestry systems, allegedly due to the absence of a shrub layer protecting seedlings from grazing and heat. This thesis explores the latter claim using the regressive method. Our study focuses on the Sierra de Grazalema Natural Park, a site located at the periphery of dehesa regions in Andalusia, Spain and not previously analyzed in this manner. Regeneration was interpreted as a naturalized technique that evolves over time and within disciplinary fields. Our study features an analysis of historical documents, from 1765 to the present day, as well as fieldwork including 71 transects measuring shrub and tree layers on five public lands and three private lands. The tree layer was examined using a distribution into diameter classes and variograms analyzed seeding patterns on several scales. The reverse J-shaped diameter distribution indicates successful regeneration, but with a strong heterogeneity both among transects and due to land status. A significant number of young trees were found: 4516.65 seedlings / ha, 986 thickets / ha and 543 saplings / ha. Variograms indicate regeneration patterns present at several scales; at about ten meters, at 45 to 90 meters, at 100 to 200 meters and near one kilometer. These results, very different from previous studies, complement historical trajectories, and indicate that there is not one form of regeneration but several, related to both historical eras and environments. Patterns of regeneration include cases without a matorral shrublands and woodlands stage, cases belonging to a regressive or progressive series, and finally, cases of regeneration sensu stricto
Genton, Marc G. Genton Marc Georges. "Robustesse dans l'estimation et l'ajustement du variogramme en géostatistique /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1996. http://library.epfl.ch/theses/?nr=1595.
Full textLamour, Julien. "Analyse de données spatialisées issues de la production pour améliorer le diagnostic agronomique en bananeraie - Prise en compte de l’asynchronisme de la culture." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NSAM0017.
Full textExported bananas are produced on industrial plantations covering large areas and relying most of the times on clones of the Cavendish cultivars. This crop is input and labour intensive and is subject to environmental and societal constraints that impose an improvement in agricultural practices. Precision Agriculture (PA) is a methodological approach that has emerged on arable crops to optimize their yield, quality and reduce their environmental impact. This approach uses geo-referenced producer’s data and studies their spatial variability to increase the farming performance by adjusting the management by area. Its objective is to highlight the variable growth conditions and identify those that are manageable in order to optimize production processes according to the specific potential of the sites on the farm. Unlike arable crops, bananas exhibit unique characteristics that must be taken into account when studying production and yields. In particular, banana plants are asynchronous, their development cycle is not seasonal and is not synchronized by the cropping system. As a result, the fields are made up of banana plants at different phenological stages. Thus, unlike arable crops which are synchronous, the observations that can be made on a banana plantation at a given time depend not only on growing conditions but also on the variable phenological stages of the plants. The objective of this doctoral thesis was to propose new methods for using data produced in banana plantations in order to facilitate agronomic diagnosis in a PA approach. The data used are mainly those recorded to manage the harvests. These are observations classically recorded in banana plantations. We also studied remote sensing data and proposed analytical methods to study spatial variability by reducing the bias due to the asynchronism of banana plants.The first thesis work consisted in proposing methods to characterize the asynchronism of the fields. For this purpose, we defined several indicators: the average duration of the banana plant development cycle; the heterogeneity of growing conditions; and finally the average phenological stage of a field and the within field variability of the stages. These methods were applied to flowering data from an industrial plantation in Cameroon. An effect of the environment and producers' practices on asynchronism was highlighted. A second part of the thesis work consisted in proposing a model that identifies variability related to the environment and producers' choices using production data. The purpose of this method was to generate maps that could be interpreted agronomically, without the asynchronism bias. The model we proposed was applied to a particular property: the time between flowering and commercial maturity. It is assumed that this method is general enough to be applied to other agronomic properties such as the weight of bunches at harvest.Finally, the last subject we studied was the relevancy of remote sensing in banana plantations despite the diversity of phenological stages. We assessed the importance of different sources of variability on the chlorophyll content of banana leaves measured from a pedestrian sensor and constructed an index to predict this content by drone. Maps of within field variability of chlorophyll content have been produced by this method, but agronomic interpretation must be done with caution because the phenological stages are not known and their effects cannot be corrected. The conditions for interpreting these maps are discussed
Geraets, David. "Modélisation géostatistique de champs de vitesse géophysique en exploration petrolière." Paris, ENMP, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ENMP1103.
Full textOussou-Koffi, Marie. "Contrôle de la qualité du traitement des données sismiques du bassin sédimentaire de la Côte d'Ivoire : apport de la géostatistique : tentative de retraitement." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066604.
Full textDoukouré, Moussa. "Variabilité des flux turbulents de surface au sein du bassin versant d'Ara au Bénin." Thesis, Grenoble, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GRENU014/document.
Full textWest Africa atmosphere circulation is characterized by south-westerly wind (monsoon regime) during the wet season and north-easterly wind (harmattan regime) during the dry season. This alternation of wind regime is due to surface pressure variability linked to surface heterogeneities. Surface heterogeneities generate surface flux variability, secondary circulation and make complex analysis when trying to document surface-atmosphere feedbacks. LES modelling usually used for boundary-layer studies due to its potential to take into account 3D turbulence over complex topography, is used here to overcome these difficulties. Our site of interest is located in north of Benin characterized by Soudanian climate and heterogeneous surface properties. Climate analysis are first performed with radiosoundings, UHF radar, and EC station data in order to extract composite profile representing dry and wet season.. These composite profiles are then used to force atmosphere part of the Méso-NH LES model. To characterize turbulent fluxes length scales relative to dry and wet season, standard surface forcing data with Méso-NH like GTOPO30 orography (1km ) and ECOCLIMAP vegetation (1km) are respectively replaced by SRTM (90m) and SPOT/HRV vegetation data (20m) resampled to 90m. Along with statistical tools like 2D variography and Lagrangian, we notice that during dry season on heterogeneous vegetation, sensible heat flux H is more driven by wind and orography while we not able to discuss the latent heat flux E case. During wet season with the same surface forcing, it appears that H is driven by wind while E is more dependent to vegetation variability. Our study concludes in all case that H and E are not characterized by the same length scale
Machecler, Ingrid. "Application des réseaux de neurones à l'analyse d'images de réservoirs d'hydrocarbures." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005GLOB0003.
Full textMethods of image analysis, applied to data survey, such as seismic or wellbore logs, are crucial in structural and stratigrafic analysis of formations suspected of containing hydrocarbon reservoirs. This thesis investigates two methods to perform zonation or contour detection in electrical wellbore image (FMI). The first method, based on a model of pre-attentive human vision, yields image segmentation or contour enhencement, depending on the input (preprocessed synthetic or real image). The second one uses artficial neural networks to infer, from FMI data, the parameters of the variogram quantifying the spatial variability in the formation. The networks are trained using stochastic simulations of deposits of given geostatistical properties. This method is tested on real images having isotropic horizontal spatial variability as well as on synthetic FMI data showing anisotropic horizontal spatial variability
Lefranc, Marie. "Variations et variabilité spatio-temporelle des argilites callovo-oxfordiennes de Meuse/Haute-Marne : Valorisation géostatistique des données diagraphiques." Phd thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ENMP0001.
Full textAndra has conducted studies in its Meuse/Haute-Marne Underground Research Laboratory located at a depth of about 490 m in the Callovo-Oxfordian argillite. The purpose of the present work is to obtain as much information as possible from high-resolution log data and to optimize their analysis to specify and characterize space-time variations of the argillites from the Meuse/Haute-Marne site and subsequently predict the evolution of argillite properties on a 250 km2 zone around the underground laboratory. The spatial variations can be studied on various scales. First, well-to-well correlations are established between seven wells at different scales. Relative variations of the thickness are observed locally. Second, FMI® (Fullbore Formation MicroImager, Schlumberger) data are studied in detail to extract as much information as possible. For example, the analysis of FMI® images reveals a clear carbonate – clay interbedding which displays cycles. Third, geostatistical tools are used to study these cycles. The variographic analysis of conventional log data shows one-metre cycles. With FMI® data, smaller periods can be detected. Variogram modelling and factorial kriging analysis suggest that three spatial periods exist. They vary vertically and laterally in the boreholes but cycle ratios are stable and similar to orbital-cycle ratios (Milankovitch cycles). The three periods correspond to eccentricity, obliquity and precession. Since the duration of these orbital cycles is known, depth intervals can be converted into time intervals (duration) and thus give real sedimentation rates and an estimation of the duration of the ammonites zones and hiatuses
Mangapi, Augustin Assonga. "Krigeage et cokrigeage, méthodes d’interpolation spatiale pour les systèmes d’information géographique." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/7880.
Full textLefranc, Marie. "Variations et variabilité spatio-temporelle des argilites callovo-oxfordiennes de Meuse/Haute-Marne : valorisation géostatistique des données diagraphiques." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2007. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00585401.
Full textLe passage à un repère géochronologique a d'abord permis d'estimer des durées et en particulier la durée d'unités biostratigraphiques dans des étages (Callovien et Oxfordien) où les durées absolues ne sont quasiment pas connues. Enfin, l'étude des variations du taux moyen de sédimentation dans un repère géochronologique a montré les évolutions verticales et latérales du taux de sédimentation à l'échelle du site de Meuse/Haute-Marne et le synchronisme de la plupart des niveaux condensés. Elle a infirmé certaines hypothèses concernant la présence de hiatus et en a validé d'autres, et dans ce cas a abouti à l'estimation de la durée de ces hiatus.
Jawad, Ourouk. "Étude de l'exposition des personnes aux ondes électromagnétiques en environnement complexe." Doctoral thesis, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Paris, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/230895.
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Aburto, Mardones Danitza. "Filtrage géostatistique de données géophysiques en vue de la cartographie de l'impédance d'une formation argileuse : exemple du Callovo-Oxfordien de Meuse." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00716232.
Full textEriceira, Daniel Rodrigues. "DETECÇÃO DE REGIÕES SUSPEITAS E CLASSIFICAÇÃO DE MASSAS EM MAMOGRAFIAS DIGITAIS UTILIZANDO DESCRIÇÃO ESPACIAL COM FUNÇÃO VARIOGRAMA." Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2011. http://tedebc.ufma.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/461.
Full textMammography is the exam of the breast, used as breast cancer prevention and also as a diagnostic method. This exam, which consists in an X-Ray of the breast, allows cancer detection. The purpose of this work is to use image processing techniques and computer vision to help specialists in detecting suspect regions and masses in digital mammographies. The first stage of the methodology consists in pre-processing the images to make them more suitable to registration, through noise reduction, image segmentation and re-scale. The next stage presents bilateral left and right breast image pairs registration. In order to correct position and compression differences that occur during the exams, rigid registration (followed by optic flow deformable registration) was applied in each image pair. Corresponding pairs of regions were related and their mutual variations were measured through cross-variogram spatial description. On the next stage, a training model for a Support Vector Machine (SVM) was created using as characteristics the cross-variogram values of each pair of regions of 180 cases. This SVM was tested for 100 new cases. The region pairs that contained lesions were classified as suspect regions , and the other regions as non-suspect regions . From the suspect regions, variogram characteristics were extracted as tissue texture descriptors. The regions that contained masses were classified as mass regions and the other regions as non-mass regions . Stepwise linear discriminant analysis was applied to select the most significant characteristics to train the second SVM. Tests with 30 new cases were performed for the trained SVM final classification in mass or non-mass . The best case presented on the final classification: 96% accuracy, 100% sensitivity and 95,34% specificity. The worst case presented: 70% accuracy, 100% sensitivity and 67,56% specificity. On average, the 30 cases presented: 90% accuracy, 100% sensitivity and 85% specificity.
A mamografia é um exame de mama, utilizado de forma preventiva ao câncer de mama e também como método diagnóstico. Este exame, que consiste em uma radiografia das mamas, permite a detecção do câncer. O objetivo deste trabalho é utilizar técnicas de processamento de imagens e visão computacional para auxiliar especialistas na detecção de regiões suspeitas e detecção de massas mamárias em mamografias digitais. A primeira etapa da metodologia consiste em pré-processar as imagens de forma a torná-las mais apropriadas ao registro, através de redução de ruído, segmentação e re-dimensionamento. A etapa seguinte apresenta o registro bilateral de pares de mamas esquerda e direita. Para corrigir as diferenças de posicionamento e compressão ocorridas no momento do exame, o método de registro rígido foi aplicado (seguido do método de registro deformável com fluxo óptico) para cada par de imagens. Pares de regiões correspondentes foram relacionados e suas variações foram medidas através do descritor espacial variograma cruzado. Na etapa seguinte, foi criado um modelo para treinamento de uma Máquina de Vetores de Suporte (MVS) utilizando como características os valores de variograma cruzado de cada par de janelas de 180 casos. Esta MVS foi testada em 100 novos casos. Os pares que continham lesões foram classificados como regiões suspeitas ; as demais, como regiões não-suspeitas . Destas regiões suspeitas, foram extraídas características de variograma como descritores de textura de tecido. As regiões que continham massas foram classificadas como regiões de massa e as demais como regiões de não-massa . Análise linear discriminante stepwise foi aplicada para selecionar as características mais significativas para treinamento de uma segunda MVS. Foram realizados testes com 30 novos casos para a classificação final pela MVS treinada em massa e nãomassa . O melhor resultado apresentou na classificação final: 96% de acurácia, 100% de sensibilidade e 95,34% de especificidade. O pior caso apresentou: 70% de acurácia, 100% de sensibilidade e 67,56% de especificidade. Em média, os 30 casos apresentaram: 90% de acurácia, 100% de sensibilidade e 85% de especificidade.
Barros, Daniele Lima. "Identificação de padrões de uso do solo urbano em São Paulo/SP utilizando parâmetros de variogramas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3138/tde-17062016-153616/.
Full textThe images of high spatial resolution studies of leveraged Remote Sensing in urban environments, as they enable better distinction of the elements that make up this very heterogeneous environment. Geostatistical techniques are increasingly used in studies of Remote Sensing, the variogram is an important tool geostatiscal analysis, because it allows to understand the spatial behavior of a regionalized variable, in this case, the gray levels of a satellite image. This study aims to assess the methodological proposal is to identify urban residential patterns of three classes of use and occupation of land by the analysis of the figures presented by the parameters, scope, and level of a nugget effect variogram. The hypothesis is that the values corresponding to these parameters represent the standard of each class spectral behavior and bearing indicate that there is a pattern in the spatial organization of each class. IKONOS 2002 image were used for this research, and the classification of the use and occupation of the stream Banana plantation sub-basin in the Rio Cabuçu Low Bowl in Sao Paulo - SP. Samples of stock were taken from each class and the values of gray level in each pixel are used to calculate the variogram. After analyzing the results, only the parameter range was taken into account , because it is through this parameter is observed the degree of homogeneity of each sample. The range of values obtained in the calculation of variograms identified with better accuracy class \"Multiple Dwelling Unit\" which is a class with unique patterns and characteristics, since the identification of classes \"Regulated Dense Occupation\" and \"Irregular Dense Occupation\" did not get a good precision since the classes are similar in several respects.
Jawad, Ourouk. "Etude de l'exposition des personnes aux ondes électromagnétiques en environnement complexe." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066292/document.
Full textResearch in non-ionizing numerical dosimetry has been improved thanks to high calculation capacity of computers. These years, integrating variability in the field of dosimetry has become a major issue. Sources of variability are numerous; among them, there are the exposure conditions to electromagnetic radiation which can lead to very different absorbed doses. Indoor channel modeling enables to have a deep knowledge of the exposure conditions of a human body located inside this indoor environment. The aim of this thesis is to develop a statistical method of calculation of the absorbed dose by the human body and to adapt the stochastic channel model to dosimetry. The statistical study of exposure reveals the need to obtain Specific Absorption Rate values for a plane wave exposure for all possible angles of incidence. Taking into account that computation in dosimetry is time consuming, an efficient interpolation method, kriging method, is implemented in order to get whole body Specific Absorption Rate values. Kriging method enables to obtain Specific Absorption Rate for all possible angles of incidence and then to calculate expectation and variance of Specific Absorption Rate. Sensitivity Analysis of expectation and variance to the statistical channel parameters reveals the impact of each parameter. The channel model has been simplified and then adapted to dosimetry by estimating the approximation error induced by this reduction. This thesis answers to the issue of integrating variability in dosimetry in a complex environment and develop the tools that open a new path in studying exposure in any complex environment
Boulanger, Frédéric. "Modelisation et simulation de variables regionalisees par des fonctions aleatoires stables." Paris, ENMP, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990ENMP0195.
Full textAburto, Mardones Danitza. "Filtrage géostatistique de données géophysiques en vue de la cartographie de l’impédance d’une formation argileuse : exemple du Callovo-Oxfordien de Meuse." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ENMP0012/document.
Full textIn the framework of researches carried out by ANDRA (the French agency for nuclear waste), which aim at evaluating the feasibility of creating a repository of radioactive waste in the Callovo Oxfordian clay formation. This thesis studies two key steps to obtain a 3D image of the formation: its geometry and its internal heterogeneity. The geometry of the sedimentary formation is determined from seismic time picking along profiles. These profiles are oriented along two main directions. At the intersections, the values registered by two profiles are different. The low number of intersections does not allow a precise study of the spatial behavior of these differences; they are analyzed via the pseudo-cross-variogram. The variography analysis allows the choice of a coherent model for all the profiles, from which an estimation of the corrected time is presented. The internal heterogeneity is performed through the study of the impedance, a variable linked to the intrinsic properties of the rock. Two types of measurements are available. On one hand, the seismic impedance resulting from the geophysical inversion of the amplitude recorded along seismic reflection profiles is densely distributed in the area of interest. On the other hand, the impedance log, resulting from the product of rock density and P wave velocity, is known at only few wells. Bivariate spatial behavior along the vertical direction has allowed the formulation of the following hypothesis: each impedance measurement can be decomposed into a sum of a variable Z (common to both measures) and a residual specific to each measure. Under certain supplementary hypotheses, it is possible to estimate the common component along the seismic sections. Some complements to these studies are mentioned, for example the correspondence between geophysical and geostatistical methods or the consideration of uncertainty in the amplitudes
Müller, Werner, and Dale L. Zimmerman. "Optimal Design for Variogram Estimation." Department of Statistics and Mathematics, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 1997. http://epub.wu.ac.at/756/1/document.pdf.
Full textSeries: Forschungsberichte / Institut für Statistik
Müller, Werner. "On Least Squares Variogram Fitting." Department of Statistics and Mathematics, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 1997. http://epub.wu.ac.at/370/1/document.pdf.
Full textALVES, Tavvs Micael. "Distribuição espacial do percevejo-do-colmo (Tibraca limbativentris Stål) em arroz irrigado." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2012. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tde/2672.
Full textThe injury imposed by Tibraca limbativentris Stål in plants of rice can negatively affect the production and reduce grain yield. Knowing the spatial arrangement of this species allows fast and accurate sampling and identifies focuses of infestation determining the ideal moment of decision-making for the control. The aim of this study was to investigate the spatial and probabilistic distribution of adults and nymphs of T. limbativentris in irrigated rice. Fifteen fields with plants of 50-80 days after emergency were sampled on approximately regular grids in 2008, 2010, and 2011. Poisson and Negative binomial distributions were tested and Pearson chi-squared test was used to determine a probability distribution with the best fit. Polynomial regressions of the number of individuals versus geographical coordinates were used to try detecting trends related with macroscale. Later, semivariograms were used to interpret the spatial dependence and distribution of insects. The semivariance of the samples obtained with nymphs showed patterns grouped in 13% of fields sampled. Similar pattern was also obtained by semivariograms of adults in 26% of fields sampled. However, there were no spatial dependence in the most of the sampled fields with adults (74%) and nymphs (87%). In conclusion, adults and nymphs of T. limbativentris are randomly distributed in irrigated rice fields, though rarely clustered pattern can occur. The probability distribution that best fits the data sampling is the Negative binomial. Adults and nymphs do not inhabit the same local in the rice field. Population levels above the value of economic damage may occur, but individuals are not present in about 2/3 of the units sampled. Polynomial regression models tested are not appropriate to fit the trends related to macro-scale in irrigated rice fields.
A injúria imposta por Tibraca limbativentris Stål às plantas de arroz pode inviabilizar a produção e reduzir o rendimento de grãos. Conhecer o arranjo espacial desta espécie permite que amostragens rápidas e precisas identifiquem focos de infestação e se determine o momento ideal de tomada de decisão para o controle. O objetivo desse trabalho foi verificar a distribuição espacial e probabilística de adultos e ninfas de T. limbativentris em arroz irrigado. Quinze campos com plantas de 50-80 dias de emergência foram amostrados em grades aproximadamente regulares durante as safras 2008, 2010 e 2011. A distribuição Poisson e Binomial negativa foram ajustadas e o teste de qui-quadrado de Pearson foi utilizado para verificar a distribuição probabilística de melhor ajuste. Regressões polinomiais do número de indivíduos em função das coordenadas geográficas foram utilizadas na tentativa de detectar tendências de macroescala. Posteriormente, semivariogramas foram utilizados para interpretar a dependência espacial e distribuição dos insetos. As semivariâncias obtidas das amostragens com ninfas indicaram padrão agregado em 13% dos campos amostrados. Padrão semelhante também foi obtido pelos semivariogramas de adultos em 26% dos campos amostrados. No entanto, houve ausência de dependência espacial na maior parte dos campos amostrados com adultos (74%) e ninfas (87%). Compreende-se então que adultos e ninfas de T. limbativentris se distribuem aleatoriamente pelos campos de arroz irrigado, embora, raramente, ocorram padrões agregados. A distribuição de probabilidade que melhor se ajusta aos dados de amostragem é a Binomial negativa. Os adultos e ninfas não ocupam os mesmos locais da lavoura. Níveis populacionais acima do valor de dano econômico podem ocorrer, mas os indivíduos não estão presentes em cerca de 2/3 das unidades amostradas. Os modelos de regressões polinomiais testados não são indicados para ajustar as tendências de macroescala em campos de arroz irrigado.
AUBRY, PHILIPPE. "Le traitement des variables régionalisées en écologie : apports de la géomatique et de la géostatistique." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00003736.
Full textEmery, Xavier. "Simulation conditionnelle de modèles isofactoriels." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2004. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001185.
Full textDoukoure, Moussa. "Variabilité des flux turbulents de surface au sein du bassin versant d'Ara au Bénin." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00693477.
Full textAburto, Mardones Danitza. "Filtrage géostatistique de données géophysiques en vue de la cartographie de l’impédance d’une formation argileuse : exemple du Callovo-Oxfordien de Meuse." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, ENMP, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ENMP0012.
Full textIn the framework of researches carried out by ANDRA (the French agency for nuclear waste), which aim at evaluating the feasibility of creating a repository of radioactive waste in the Callovo Oxfordian clay formation. This thesis studies two key steps to obtain a 3D image of the formation: its geometry and its internal heterogeneity. The geometry of the sedimentary formation is determined from seismic time picking along profiles. These profiles are oriented along two main directions. At the intersections, the values registered by two profiles are different. The low number of intersections does not allow a precise study of the spatial behavior of these differences; they are analyzed via the pseudo-cross-variogram. The variography analysis allows the choice of a coherent model for all the profiles, from which an estimation of the corrected time is presented. The internal heterogeneity is performed through the study of the impedance, a variable linked to the intrinsic properties of the rock. Two types of measurements are available. On one hand, the seismic impedance resulting from the geophysical inversion of the amplitude recorded along seismic reflection profiles is densely distributed in the area of interest. On the other hand, the impedance log, resulting from the product of rock density and P wave velocity, is known at only few wells. Bivariate spatial behavior along the vertical direction has allowed the formulation of the following hypothesis: each impedance measurement can be decomposed into a sum of a variable Z (common to both measures) and a residual specific to each measure. Under certain supplementary hypotheses, it is possible to estimate the common component along the seismic sections. Some complements to these studies are mentioned, for example the correspondence between geophysical and geostatistical methods or the consideration of uncertainty in the amplitudes
Jawad, Ourouk. "Etude de l'exposition des personnes aux ondes électromagnétiques en environnement complexe." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066292.
Full textResearch in non-ionizing numerical dosimetry has been improved thanks to high calculation capacity of computers. These years, integrating variability in the field of dosimetry has become a major issue. Sources of variability are numerous; among them, there are the exposure conditions to electromagnetic radiation which can lead to very different absorbed doses. Indoor channel modeling enables to have a deep knowledge of the exposure conditions of a human body located inside this indoor environment. The aim of this thesis is to develop a statistical method of calculation of the absorbed dose by the human body and to adapt the stochastic channel model to dosimetry. The statistical study of exposure reveals the need to obtain Specific Absorption Rate values for a plane wave exposure for all possible angles of incidence. Taking into account that computation in dosimetry is time consuming, an efficient interpolation method, kriging method, is implemented in order to get whole body Specific Absorption Rate values. Kriging method enables to obtain Specific Absorption Rate for all possible angles of incidence and then to calculate expectation and variance of Specific Absorption Rate. Sensitivity Analysis of expectation and variance to the statistical channel parameters reveals the impact of each parameter. The channel model has been simplified and then adapted to dosimetry by estimating the approximation error induced by this reduction. This thesis answers to the issue of integrating variability in dosimetry in a complex environment and develop the tools that open a new path in studying exposure in any complex environment
Johansson, Björn. "Statistical Methods for Mineral Models of Drill Cores." Thesis, KTH, Matematisk statistik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-279848.
Full textI den moderna gruvindustrin har nya resurseffektiva och klimatbeständiga metoder ökat i efterfråga. Beställda projekt för att förbättra effektiviteten gällande den europeiska gruvdriften bidrar till denna effekt ytterligare. Orexplore AB:s röntgenteknologi för analys av borrkärnor är för närvarande involverad i två sådana projekt. Orexplore AB vill integrera geostatistik (spatial statistik) i sin analysprocess för att ytterligare vidga informationen från mineraldatan. Den geostatistiska metoden som implementeras här är ordinary kriging, som är en interpolationsmetod som, givet uppmätta data, skattar mellanliggande värden betingade av kovariansmodeller. Ordinary kriging tillåter skattning av mineralkoncentrationer på ett kontinuerligt nät i 1-D upp till 3-D. Mellanliggande värden skattas enligt en Gaussisk process-regressionslinje. Kovariansen modelleras genom att passa en modell till ett beräknat experimentellt variogram. Mineralkoncentrationer är tillgängliga längs borrkärnans mantelyta. Ordinary kriging implementeras för att sekventiellt skatta mineralkoncentrationer på kortare delar av borrkärnan, ett mineral i taget. Interpolering av mineralkoncentrationer utförs på datan betraktad i 1-D och 3-D. Valideringen utförs genom att utifrån de skattade koncentrationerna beräkna den motsvarande densiteten vid varje sektion som koncentrationer skattas på och jämföra varje sådant värde med uppmätta densiteter. Undersökning av modellen utförs genom subjektiv visuell utvärdering av interpolationslinjens passning av datan, dess mjukhet, tillsammans med variansen. Dessutom testas passformen genom korsvalidering med olika mätvärden som utvärderar varians- och skattningsfel för olika modeller. Slutsatsen från resultaten är att denna metod reproducerar de uppmätta koncentrationerna väl samtidigt som den presterar bra enligt de mätvärden som utvärderas, men överträffar ej de uppmätta koncentrationerna vid utvärdering mot de uppmätta densiteterna. Metoden var emellertid framgångsrik med att tillhandahålla information om mineralerna i borrkärnan genom att producera mineralkoncentrationer på ett kontinuerligt rutnät. Metoden producerade också mineralkoncentrationer i 3-D som reproducerade de uppmätta densiteterna väl. Slutsatsen dras att ordinary kriging, implementerad enligt den metod som beskrivs i denna rapport, effektivt skattar mineralkoncentrationer som kan användas för att få information om fördelningen av koncentrationer i det inre av borrkärnan.
Tripathi, Suresh. "Variograms and kriging in the analysis of spatial data." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 1996. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/970.
Full textNaizer, Cláudia Cristina Baptista Ramos. "Procedimento metodológico para proposta de indicadores de associação espacial global e local através de conceitos variográficos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18144/tde-31052018-192234/.
Full textAmong the exploratory spatial data analysis tools, there are the indicators of spatial association, which measure the degree of spatial dependence of the analyzed data and can be applied to quantitative data. Other procedure available is the geoestatistics, which is based on the variogram, describing quantitatively and qualitatively the spatial structure of a variable. The aim of this thesis is to use the concept of the variogram to develop a global indicator of spatial association (SIVAR-G) and a local indicator of spatial association (SIVAR-L). Two data bases were used: binary data of travel mode choice of a hypothetical city and mean of automobile trips by household to a region of São Paulo\'s center (Mobility Survey, 2012). In both cases, the global indicator, for different neighborhoods, was calculated based on standardized values, derived from the experimental and theoretical variogram. Then, a pseudo-significance test was applied to evaluate the significance of the previously proposed indicator. The results of the proposed indicator were compared to Moran\'s I, calculated with the same parameters. For the local indicator, it was made a similar procedure, however the calculation was punctual. For each observation of the database, it was calculated experimental variogram and adjusted a theoretical variogram for a omnidirectional analysis. A hypothesis test similar to the one applied in the global indicator was developed and applied. Therefore, it was obtained local indicators point by point. It was concluded that the indicator SIVAR-G has a satisfactory performance for spatial association of binary and continuous data, with sensibility for anisotropy cases. The SIVAR-L indicator is able to identify spatial association pockets and outliers. The local indicator is suitable for continuous and binary data. The developed indicators allow the modeling of theoretical global and local variograms, providing more details of the spatial structure of the data. The SIVAR indicators are based on spatial dissimilarity, while the Moran and LISA index are based on spatial similarity.
Xie, Tailiang. "Positive definite matrix-valued functions and matrix variogram modeling." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186727.
Full textCabrera, Vargas Patricio Javier. "Uso del variograma generalizado para inferencia de estructuras espaciales no-estacionarias." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2017. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/145386.
Full textEl presente trabajo tiene como objetivo estudiar el variograma generalizado, herramienta alternativa al variograma tradicional, en yacimientos con presencia de deriva lineal y ver su potencial en la estimación de yacimientos. La motivación del estudio se centra en el sesgo incluido en el variograma tradicional para el cálculo y modelación de variograma teórico en este tipo de yacimientos, no así en el variograma generalizado. Para esto, se realizaron dos casos de estudio; un caso sintético, donde la base de datos fue simulada (valores de variograma teórico y deriva conocidos) para contrastar ambos variogramas (tradicional y generalizado) con el variograma teórico, y un caso real donde los datos pertenecen a un yacimiento cuprífero (con deriva lineal) para la comparación de ambas variografías en la estimación de recursos en base al kriging ordinario y kriging universal. De los resultados, se concluyó que el variograma generalizado mejora (visualmente) la modelación del variograma teórico cuando existe una deriva lineal. Por otra parte, realizando las estimaciones de yacimientos, el kriging universal parece ser una herramienta muy sensible, logrando estimaciones no tan confiables, pero las estimaciones con kriging ordinario logran mejores resultados, disminuyendo los valores fuera de rango y mejorando los recursos mineros, siendo recomendado para este tipo de yacimientos.
Este trabajo ha sido financiado por CONICYT
GARRIGUES, Sebastien. "Hétérogénéité spatiale des surfaces terrestres en télédétection : caractérisation et influence sur l'estimation des variables biophysiques." Phd thesis, Agrocampus - Ecole nationale supérieure d'agronomie de renneS, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00010425.
Full textGuedj, Michel. "Application de l'analyse d'images a la physique des roches." Paris, ENMP, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987ENMP0080.
Full textStehlik, Milan. "Some properties of D-optimal designs for random fields with different variograms." Institut für Statistik und Mathematik, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2004. http://epub.wu.ac.at/656/1/document.pdf.
Full textSeries: Research Report Series / Department of Statistics and Mathematics
Felder, Jean. "Développement de méthodes de traitement d'images pour la détermination de paramètres variographiques locaux." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00681301.
Full textFelder, Jean. "Développement de méthodes de traitement d'images pour la détermination de paramètres variographiques locaux." Phd thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ENMP0076.
Full textGeostatistics provides many tools to characterize and deal with data spread in space. Most of these tools are based on the analysis and the modeling of a function called variogram. By characterizing the spatial correlation inherent to any data set, the variogram enables to build different spatial operators as estimation (kriging) and simulation ones. Variographic models are relatively intuitive: some variographic parameters can directly be interpreted as structural characteristics. These approaches are however limited since they are not enable to properly take into account the local data structure. There are several types of non-stationary geostatistical models. However, they are difficult to use in practice because they need a complicated, not really intuitive setting. Besides, they are not enable to take into account some types of non-stationarity. In order to answer the need for an effective and efficient consideration of non-stationarity of a data set, we have chosen, in the context of this PhD thesis, to compute local variographic parameters, called Moving Parameters (M-Parameters), by using image processing methods. Our approach relies mainly on the determination of morphological parameters of size and dimension. It follows from the determination of M-Parameters a better match between variographic models and structural characteristics of the data. These different methods for computing M-Parameters have been applied to bathymetry data, to data revealing complex geological bodies and to environmental data sets, such as air pollution in urban areas for example. These examples illustrate the improvements in the results of the geostatistical process using M-Parameters. Finally, based on the observation that some phenomena do not respect an euclidean metric (such as air pollution in urban areas), we have studied the influence of the choice of the distance metric on kriging results. Using geodesic distances, we have been able to obtain kriging results which are impossible to reproduce with an euclidean distance
Klimprová, Lucie. "Regresní metody pro statistickou analýzu prostorových dat." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-228884.
Full textDe, Oliveira Eric. "Analyse de l'activité d' une pêcherie à échelle spatio-temporelle fine : des captures répétitives aux puissances de pêche locales." Paris, ENMP, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ENMP1155.
Full textBased on data issued from fishing observers on board, a local analysis of spatiotemporal distribution of fishing activity targeting Patagonian tooth fish in Kerguelen Island is performed. The main problem of this study is the important number of co-located catches and their high variability. The variogram decreases and isn't directly available. A geographical position can be exploited by a vessel several times or by different vessels, so local variability of catches has been decomposed in two composants, intra and inter vessels. Three causes of high variability are analyzed. First, series of collocated catches composed at least of three replications, have been used to establish and modelyse a local depletion effect (around 6%) of resource along the repetition and implies that of ensemble of catches is not representative of the same local abundance and increase local variability. Secondly, the change of fishery regulation implies an average decrease of fishing efficiency. Thirdly, estimation of local fishing power is based on comparisons between catches realized the same day by different vessels and by taking account the distance between catches. Results of this method are compared to results issued from a general linear model (variance analysis). Taking account of this three effects, cartography by kriging is performed. Local analysis of spatial distribution of fishing activity shows the importance of parameters which define fishing behavior and fishing tactics on their consequences on the level of catches. Usual geostatistical tools are malajusted to analyze commercial fishing data, and adapted methods have been developed
Dang, Xuan Hung. "Identification de la variabilité spatiale des champs de contraintes dans les agrégats polycristallins et application à l'approche locale de la rupture." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00822107.
Full textAlpan, Ali. "Objective assessment of disordered connected speech." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209758.
Full textThe first part of this thesis is devoted to the analysis of disordered connected speech. The aim is to investigate vocal cues that are clinically relevant and correlated with auditory-perceptual ratings. Two approaches are investigated. The variogram-based method in the temporal domain is addressed first. The second approach is in the cepstral domain. In particular, the first rahmonic amplitude is used as an acoustic cue to describe voice quality. A multi-dimensional approach combining temporal and spectral aspects is also investigated. The goal is to check whether acoustic cues in both domains report complementary information when predicting perceptual scores.
Both methods are tested first on a corpus of synthetic sound stimuli that has been obtained by means of a synthesizer of disordered voices. The purpose is to learn about the link between the signal properties (fixed by the synthesis parameters) and acoustic cues.
In this study, we had the opportunity to use two large natural speech corpora. One of them has been perceptually rated.
The final part of the text is devoted to the automatic classification of voice with regard to perceived voice quality. Many studies have proposed a binary (normal/pathological) classification of voice samples. An automatic categorization according to perceived degrees of hoarseness appears, however, to be more attractive to both clinicians and technologists and more likely to be clinically relevant. Indeed, one way to reduce inter-rater variability of an auditory-perceptual evaluation is to ask several experts to participate and then to average the perceptual scores. However, auditory-perceptual evaluation of a corpus by several judges is a very laborious, time-consuming and costly task. Making this perceptual evaluation task automatic is therefore desirable.
The aim of this study is to exploit the support vector machine classifier that has become, over the last years, a popular tool for classification, to carry out categorization of voices according to perceived degrees of hoarseness.
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Sucapuca, Pacara Leslie Elizabeth. "Vínculos entre relaciones de contacto y variogramas de indicadores para el modelamiento de variables categóricas." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2017. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/146681.
Full textDiversos modelos geoestadísticos permiten simular tipos de roca o, más generalmente, unidades geológicas en los yacimientos, entre los cuales se cuenta el modelo de simulación plurigaussiana y el de simulación secuencial de indicadores. Estos modelos se basan en la definición de reglas de contacto entre unidades geológicas y/o modelos de correlación espacial de sus variables indicadores. El presente trabajo plantea entonces abordar los vínculos existentes entre las relaciones de contacto entre unidades geológicas y los variogramas de sus indicadores, y ver en qué medida estas relaciones de contacto pueden ser reproducidas al fijar los variogramas de indicadores, y recíprocamente, cómo los variogramas de indicadores son reproducidos al fijar relaciones de contacto. Más específicamente, interesa examinar la existencia o no de contactos, así también si el contorno de la unidad geológica en extensión, es continuo o no. Se cuenta con datos reales de cuatro yacimientos tipo pórfido. Para realizar el análisis se trabajó mediante dos etapas, la primera donde se despliegan los datos (litología, alteración y mineralización) del modelo de bloques, que es una interpretación geológica, y los datos de muestras de sondajes. Mediante el análisis de los mapas se deducen las propiedades esperadas de los variogramas de indicadores en el origen. Luego en la segunda etapa se determina las relaciones de contacto a partir de los variogramas experimentales de indicadores del modelo de bloques, donde además se corrobora las propiedades deducidas en la anterior etapa y, de esta forma, la consistencia del modelo interpretado, comparando casos con los variogramas de indicadores calculados a partir de las muestras de sondajes. En los resultados de este trabajo se muestra que existe una relación entre los variogramas de indicadores y los contactos geológicos (tipo de roca, alteración y mineralización), mediante el análisis del comportamiento en el origen de los variogramas directos y cruzados de indicadores se logra validar la consistencia entre un modelo de bloques interpretado y datos experimentales. Además, en la práctica, si solo se tiene datos de sondajes, es sencillo calcular variogramas de indicadores y así deducir propiedades que debería tener el modelo interpretado, lo cual ayuda en la consistencia al momento de construir dicho modelo.
Das, Sourav. "Statistical estimation of variogram and covariance parameters of spatial and spatio-temporal random proceses." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/statistical-estimation-ofvariogram-and-covarianceparameters-of-spatial-andspatiotemporal-randomproceses(0b296a39-a6c4-4e72-8d13-6c6e0862111d).html.
Full textCEZANA, D. C. "VARIABILIDADE ESPAÇO-TEMPORAL DE NUTRIENTES FOLIARES E PRODUTIVIDADE DO CAFÉ CONILON." Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/8240.
Full textA agricultura de precisão trouxe ferramentas que permitem considerar as plantas de uma lavoura, não como um ambiente homogêneo, e sim em toda a sua variabilidade. Ferramentas como o variograma e a krigagem possibilitam a construção de mapas por meio da interpolação dos pontos amostrais que apresentam dependência espacial entre si, fazendo desse modo, se conhecer pontos dentro da malha amostral, sem a necessidade de amostragem Objetivou-se no presente estudo descrever a variabilidade espacial e temporal dos nutrientes foliares e produtividade de uma lavoura de café Conilon em duas épocas de amostragem. O trabalho foi conduzido em uma lavoura comercial de café Conilon da variedade denominada Bamburral, em regime de irrigação por microaspersão, no município de São Mateus - Espírito Santo. A área experimental possui dimensões de 100 x 115 m, onde se amostrou uma malha de 100 pontos com distância mínima de 2 m entre eles. A produtividade da lavoura foi estimada por meio da colheita de uma planta a cada ponto amostral. Os atributos estudados apresentaram estrutura de dependência espacial moderada, sendo o modelo esférico o que melhor se ajustou para todas as variáveis avaliadas. A maior variabilidade foi obtida pela produtividade na época 1 (CV 66,66%), e a menor, para o N também da época 1 (CV 9,21%). Ambas as variáveis apresentaram distribuição normal, com alcance de 14,31 e 44,0 m, respectivamente. O coeficiente de variação dos micronutrientes Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn e B nas duas épocas foi classificado como moderado. Os macronutrientes K, Ca, Mg e S na época 1 foram classificados como moderados enquanto o N e o P apresentaram CV baixo, na época 2 o CV moderado foi apresentado pelo P, Ca, Mg e S e o CV baixo foi apresentado pelo N e K.
Pérez, Paredes Elizabeth Jacinta. "Metodología de modelamiento de variogramas como temas de aplicación de la geoestadística a la ingeniería geológica." Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Programa Cybertesis PERÚ, 2010. http://cybertesis.uni.edu.pe/uni/2010/perez_pe/html/index-frames.html.
Full textMuniz, Yasmin Sampaio. "Modelos e parâmetros dos variogramas em diferentes compartimentos da pedodiversidade : uma revisão sistemática com meta-análise /." Jaboticabal, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/192369.
Full textResumo: Faz-se necessário realizar um bom planejamento amostral, para detalhar melhor as características do solo e para uma melhor tomada de decisão, seja ela ambiental, agronômica ou até mesmo pedológica. Os fatores de formação do solo, especificamente geologia condiciona diferente padrões de variabilidade. Portanto, é interessante que para cada contexto desses fatores, se tenha um planejamento amostral adequado. Com base nos diferentes compartimentos da pedodiversidade, com este estudo objetivou-se fazer uma revisão sistemática e meta-análise para propor diferentes planos e densidades amostrais de atributos do solo. Esse trabalho utilizou dados legados, tomando-se a metodologia de meta-análise. Foram filtrados os trabalhos realizados no Brasil, possuem relação com a temática proposta neste trabalho e apresentam o alcance de cada atributo estudado na base de teses e dissertações a CAPES e na Plataforma Scopus. Devido ao grande número de atributos encontrados, optou-se por utilizar os alcances dos variogramas para pH, MO, CTC, V% e argila para os seis materiais de origem (arenito, basalto, transição arenito-basalto, gnaisse, granito e mármore) e seis classes de solos (Argissolo, Latossolo, Cambissolo, Plintossolo, Planossolo e Neossolo) já que esse foram os atributos encontrados com mais frequência. Após análise criteriosa dos trabalhos, foi construída uma planilha eletrônica com o contexto da pedodiversidade, clima, coordenadas geográficas, alcance do variograma dos atributos do sol... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: It is necessary to carry out a good sample planning, to better detail the characteristics of the soil and for better decision making, be it environmental, agronomic or even pedological. The factors of soil formation, specifically geology, condition different patterns of variability. Therefore, it is interesting that for each context of these factors, there is an adequate sample planning. Based on the different pedodiversity compartments, this study aimed to make a systematic review and meta-analysis to propose different plans and sample densities of soil attributes. This work used legacy data, using the meta-analysis methodology. The works carried out in Brazil were filtered, are related to the theme proposed in this work and present the scope of each attribute studied on the basis of theses and dissertations to CAPES and the Scopus Platform. Due to the large number of attributes found, it was decided to use the ranges of the variograms for pH, MO, CTC, V% and clay for the six original materials (sandstone, basalt, sandstone-basalt transition, gneiss, granite and marble) and six classes of soils (Argisol, Latosol, Cambisol, Plintossol, Planossol and Neossol) since these were the attributes found most frequently. After careful analysis of the works, an electronic spreadsheet was built with the context of pedodiversity, climate, geographic coordinates, range of the soil attributes variogram. Boxplot graphs were made according to the soil and geology with the measurements of the... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
Fernandes, Jorge Augusto Basilio. "Krigagem com deriva externa aplicada à avaliação de recursos minerais de calcário e de minério laterítico." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/44/44137/tde-05052010-164304/.
Full textThis dissertation is a work on applied geostatistics to evaluation of mineral resources. This application can be considered as the last step to such the task. The basic concepts are based on current geostatistics, with extensive use of informatics resources. The first goal of this work was to test the technique named kriging with external drift in the evaluation of mineral resources, concerning to the resulting gain in the use of more than one variable, mainly whether the use of auxiliary variables con be done in a friendly way. Two deposits were chosen with different geology, a deposit of base metal saprolitic ore and another deposit of limestone. In each deposit two variables were selected, the principal and secondary variable, at lateritic deposit variables were respectively \'SiO IND.2\' and Fe and at the deposit of limestone were CaO and \'SiO IND.2\'. The three-dimensional modeling of the deposits was made in the software Datamine. The models were transferred to the software Isatis and used as the base for interpolate variables. This model was necessary in the way to print in the estimated blocks the geometry of the ore body. Estimates by kriging with external drift was compared to ordinary kriging, ones this comparison was done to measure the differences between a traditional method widely used to another underutilized, or even non widespread. Results showed minor differences between the blocks estimated by bolth methods. But as in mining sub-sampling can occur from several factors, one can say that the kriging with external drift is a reliable alternative since it requires less effort to perform multivariate estimation than those, for example, to perform the ordinary cokriging.
Kacha, Abdellah. "Analyse de la parole continue en vue de la caractérisation des troubles de la voix: traitement du signal, indices acoustiques et évaluation perceptive." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210835.
Full textL’objectif de l’analyse du signal acoustique est d’extraire des indices pertinents permettant de déterminer les caractéristiques de la voix afin de renseigner sur l’état du larynx du locuteur. Dans ce contexte, plusieurs indices acoustiques sont utilisés pour caractériser la parole produite par des locuteurs dysphoniques. Un nombre de ces indices reflète la déviation du signal de parole voisée par rapport à la périodicité parfaite. Les causes de ces dyspériodicités sont diverses :vibrations non modales des cordes vocales, bruit de modulation comprenant les variations cycle à cycle de la durée de cycle (jitter) et de l’amplitude (shimmer) dues aux perturbations externes, bruit additif dû à une turbulence excessive, etc.
Les indices acoustiques des dyspériodicités vocales sont souvent obtenus à partir de fragments stationnaires de voyelles soutenues. La raison en est que les voyelles sans attaques et déclins sont faciles à analyser parce que les hypothèses de cyclicité et de stationnarité utilisées par les méthodes d’analyse sont valables pour beaucoup de locuteurs. En effet, les voyelles soutenues peuvent être supposées avec une bonne précision comme produites en maintenant invariant dans le temps les caractéristiques de la source vocale, du conduit vocal et des articulateurs et, donc, les paramètres des perturbations et du bruit sont facilement calculés pour les voyelles soutenues.
La plupart des cliniciens considèrent la parole continue plus informative que les voyelles soutenues. Plusieurs arguments en faveur de l’analyse de la parole continue peuvent être avancés. La vibration des cordes vocales doit commuter continuellement pour donner lieu à l’apparition ou l’extinction du voisement, le voisement doit être maintenu alors que l’impédance supra-glottique change constamment, plus particulièrement durant les obstruents, et le larynx doit descendre et monter continuellement. Le larynx fonctionne donc dans des conditions non stationnaires et très variables. La parole continue contient donc les caractéristiques dynamiques de la source de la voix et du conduit vocal tels que l’attaque et le déclin et les variations dans la fréquence fondamentale et l’amplitude. De même, il semble que les locuteurs compensent moins pour leurs problèmes de voix lors de la production de la parole continue que lorsqu’ils produisent des voyelles soutenues.
Les méthodes de traitement du signal de parole pour la caractérisation des troubles de la voix sont basées sur les hypothèses de stationnarité et de périodicité locales qui conduisent à des approches heuristiques permettant de détecter et d’isoler les périodes fondamentales ou les harmoniques spectrales. Comme conséquence, des erreurs d’insertion ou d’omission se produisent souvent lors de l’analyse des signaux fortement perturbés. Ces erreurs biaisent numériquement les indices acoustiques. Les mesures objectives ne sont donc fiables que lorsque l’analyse est effectuée sur des voyelles soutenues produites par des locuteurs faiblement ou modérément enroués.
La précision des méthodes d’analyse dans le cadre de l’estimation des dyspériodicités vocales est une caractéristique fondamentale. En effet, les perturbations cycle à cycle des durées de cycle peuvent être inférieures à 1 % alors que les perturbations cycle à cycle de l’amplitude peuvent être inférieures à 10 %. Donc, les méthodes de traitement doivent être appliquées avec précaution vis à vis de la précision de mesure pour ne pas biaiser les valeurs numériques. Le bruit de quantification par exemple peut affecter la précision d’estimation s’il n’est pas pris en considération.
Cette thèse se focalise sur le développement de méthodes robustes d’analyse acoustiques du signal de parole continue en vue de la caractérisation des troubles de la voix, la définition et l’évaluation d’indices acoustiques pour quantifier les dyspériodicités vocales et le développement d’une méthode d’évaluation perceptive fiable permettant de mesurer et comparer les performances des différentes méthodes d’analyse développées.
Les méthodes développées sont de deux types :des méthodes d’analyse par bloc qui opèrent sur des trames de courte durée du signal et des méthodes adaptatives qui permettent d’analyser le signal à chaque échantillon en tenant compte de son caractère non stationnaire.
Deux indices acoustiques sont utilisés pour quantifier les dyspériodicités vocales dans le signal de parole. Le premier indice, utilisé conventionnellement dans le cadre de l’évaluation objective de la qualité de la voix, est le rapport signal à dyspériodicité global. La valeur numérique de l’indice global est principalement déterminée par les segments vocaliques et donc il peut masquer certains évènements locaux, notamment dans le cas de l’analyse de la parole continue. Le second indice proposé comme alternative à l’indice global est le rapport signal à dyspériodicité segmental. Il a pour objectif de donner une plus forte pondération aux segments bruités de faibles niveaux qui sont peu pondérés dans le calcul de l’indice global.
La méthode d’évaluation perceptive développée est basée sur la comparaison de paires de signaux. Elle permet d’obtenir des résultats fiables même lorsque l’évaluation est réalisée par des auditeurs naïfs n’ayant pas d’expérience dans l’évaluation de la qualité de la voix et permet une grande concordance inter-juges et intra-juges. Les performances de la méthode d’évaluation perceptive basée sur la comparaison de paires de signaux sont comparées à celles de la méthode conventionnelle utilisée en milieu clinique.
Les performances des différentes méthodes d’analyse et des indices acoustiques sont mesurées en les testant sur des corpus comprenant des voyelles soutenues et de la parole continue. Les stimuli sont produits par des locuteurs normophoniques et dysphoniques et comprennent une large gamme de pathologies.
Doctorat en sciences appliquées
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Full textIncitament för minskningar av växthusgaser har på senare tid ökat efterfrågan för storskalig lagring av koldioxid (CO2). Geologiska lagringsplatser som exploaterade olje- och gasreservoarer, svårutvunna kollager och djupt belägna salina akvifärer är exempel på potentiella lagringsplatser. Sådana geologiska formationer erbjuder storskalig lagring, dold förvaring och är naturligt förekommande världen över. Dock finns det stora svårigheter i att undersöka de materiella egenskaperna för hela lagringsområden. Simuleringsstudier som hantera frågor gällande reservoarers heterogenitet växer i antal. Det finns fortfarande mycket kvar att undersöka och denna studie bidrar till detta forskningsområde genom att undersöka betydelsen av heterogenitet i hydraulisk konduktivitet för spridningen av koldioxid med hjälp av uppmätt brunnsdata. Data erhölls från lagringsplatsen Heletz i Israel som är den huvudsakliga lagringplatsen i projektet MUSTANG är en del av den Europeiska Unionens sjunde ramprogram för forskning och teknisk utveckling (EU FP7), (CO2MUSTANG, 2011/3/13). Genom att utveckla modeller med hjälp av programvaran iTOUGH2/ECO2N är syftet med denna studie att bidra till en bättre förståelse för hur den genomsnittliga permeabilitet, varians i permeabilitet samt rumslig korrelation av reservoaregenskaper påverkar fördelningen av CO2 i den djupa saltvattenakvifären Heletz. Denna studie använde sig av stokastisk simulering genom att tillämpa Monte Carlo-metoden. Med hjälp av tidigare uppmätt brunnsdata kunde geostatistiska egenskaper bestämmas för att skapa ekvivalent sannolika realiseringar. De geostatistiska egenskaperna beskrevs med en sannolikhetsfördelning genom medelvärde och varians samt ett konstruerat semivariogram. Resultaten tyder på att djupa saltvattenakvifärer är mindre lagringseffektiva vid högre värden av genomsnittlig permeabilitet, varians i permeabilitet och rumslig horisontell korrelation. Resultaten visar även att Heletz akvifär, med dess mycket heterogena egenskaper, i extrema fall kan vara lika lagringsineffektiv som en djupt belägen saltvattenakvifär med tio gånger högre genomsnittlig permeabilitet.
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