Dissertations / Theses: 'Vehicle to grid (V2G)'

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Zabihi, Sheikhrajeh Nima. "Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and grid conditioning systems." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3426634.

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The term Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) refers to the technology that enables a bidirectional power exchange between the electric grid and the batteries of plug-in electric vehicles (PEV). V2G technology can be a key element of the intelligent network, which may use the batteries of the vehicle as a system of local storage. The vehicle battery may contribute to the stability of the grid and to meeting the energy demand, especially in peak hours. A PEV needs a bidirectional charger to implement V2G, and, consequently, the studies regarding their design, functionality and efficiency are of the utmost interest. This thesis describes the state of art of these chargers and discusses some aspects of a bi-directional converter and some case studies related to this topic. The main objective of this work is to develop the design and the control algorithms of a bidirectional battery charger with capability to charge the battery of a PEV and simultaneously to act as an active filter for the supply line. After the first introductory chapter, the second chapter reports the terminology used in this field of research. Several smart strategies for charging, approaches for the implementation of the battery chargers for PEVs and the recharging standards are briefly described. The analysis of different types of charger is detailed in chapter three. The conventional battery chargers (CBC) with front-end formed by a diode rectifier, battery chargers with power factor correction (PFC), bi-directional battery chargers (BBC), and integral battery chargers (IBC) are considered. In chapter four, definitions are given of the electrical power in non-sinusoidal conditions, together with some examples of the inadequacies of the classical power theory in describing non-linear phenomena that occur during the operation of a power system. The fifth chapter presents the basic concepts of the theory of instantaneous active and reactive power (also known as p-q theory) applied to the compensation of non-sinusoidal systems. Definition of real, imaginary and zero sequence power are introduced and it is shown how this theory makes it easier to understand the phenomena caused by non-sinusoidal voltages or currents. The theory is particularly suitable for the design of a battery charger when it is seen as a power conditioner. Chapter six is devoted to the basic concepts of shunt active filters. They can perform different types of functions, such as the compensation of current harmonics generated by nonlinear loads to prevent their propagation in the network. The compensation algorithm based on powers defined in reference  is very flexible and therefore the theory of instantaneous power has been considered as the basis for the development of the control system of active filters. Some examples of compensation described in the previous chapter were simulated and the results have been included. In chapter seven, sizing of the power devices that constitute the battery charger is considered in relation to the various auxiliary services that it can provide. The power electronic switches, the coupling inductors and the other passive components have been sized in voltage and current. In chapter eight it is considered a charger that supplies its load and simultaneously compensates for non-linear loads connected nearby. These additional features in terms of power conditioning were quantified in order to determine the capacity of a battery charger that is formed by given active and passive components to support the network acting as an active filter. In the ninth chapter the filter inductances of a battery charger are sized for a specific case study in which it is required the capability to recharge the battery and to inject active power in the network, both in the case of single-phase and three-phase connection. Evaluation of the ripple current is an important requirement for the design of inductors. Therefore a precise calculation was made of this magnitude both in the case of a battery charger connected to the single phase grid and operating according to the PWM technique, and, in the case of connection to the three-phase grid, operating according to the technique SVM. In chapter ten a case study is considered regarding the design of an LCL filter. Chapter eleven contains a theoretical study of resonant controllers. They solve the problem posed by the conventional PI controllers that, when used for the control of alternate quantities as it occurs for the currents of a DC/AC converter, are not able to cancel the steady state error due to the finite gain at the operating frequency. Instead, a resonant controller has a gain ideally infinite at the operating frequency and thus ensures a zero steady-state error. The effectiveness of the resonant regulators has been verified by means of simulations. Chapter twelve deals with the regulations regarding connectors, charging modes and ways of connecting the PEV chargers to the grid. They are intended to define a charging procedure common to all the PEVs and to all the charging infrastructures, whether public or private.
Il termine Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) si riferisce alla tecnologia che permette uno scambio di potenza bidirezionale tra la rete elettrica e le batterie dei veicoli elettrici di tipo plug-in (PEV). La tecnologia V2G può essere un elemento chiave della rete intelligente, che può utilizzare le batterie dei veicoli come un sistema di accumulo locale. Le batterie dei veicoli possono contribuire alla stabilità della rete e a soddisfare la domanda di energia soprattutto nelle ore di punta. Un PEV ha bisogno di un caricatore bidirezionale per implementare il V2G, e, di conseguenza, gli studi riguardo il loro progetto, la funzionalità e l'efficienza sono del massimo interesse. Questa tesi descrive lo stato dell’arte di questi caricabatteria e tratta alcuni aspetti di un convertitore bidirezionale e alcuni casi di studio relativi a questo argomento. L'obiettivo principale di questo lavoro è di sviluppare il progetto e gli algoritmi di controllo di un caricabatteria bidirezionale con capacità di caricare la batteria di un veicolo plug-in e contemporaneamente di agire come filtro attivo nei confronti della linea di alimentazione. Dopo il primo capitolo introduttivo, nel secondo capitolo viene riportata la terminologia usata in questo campo di ricerca. Vengono anche brevemente descritte diverse strategie intelligenti di ricarica, gli approcci per la realizzazione dei caricabatteria dei PEV e gli standard di ricarica. L’analisi dei vari tipi di caricabatteria viene approfondita nel terzo capitolo. Sono considerati il caricabatteria tradizionale (CBC) con front-end costituito da un raddrizzatore a diodi, il caricabatteria dotato di correttore del fattore di potenza (PFC), il caricabatteria bidirezionale (BBC), e il caricabatteria integrale (IBC). Nel capitolo quattro vengono date le definizioni della potenza elettrica in condizioni non sinusoidali assieme ad alcuni esempi delle inadeguatezze della teoria classica della potenza nel descrivere fenomeni non lineari che si verificano durante il funzionamento di un sistema di potenza. Nel quinto capitolo sono presentati i concetti di base della teoria potenza istantanea attiva e reattiva (nota anche come teoria pq) applicata alla compensazione di sistemi non sinusoidali. Vengono introdotte le definizioni della potenza reale, immaginaria e di sequenza zero e viene mostrato come questa teoria renda agevole la comprensione dei fenomeni causati da tensioni o correnti non sinusoidali. Essa è particolarmente adatta per il progetto di un caricabatteria quando esso viene visto come un condizionatore di potenza. Il capitolo sei è dedicato ai concetti di base dei filtri attivi di tipo shunt. Essi possono svolgere diversi tipi di funzioni, come la compensazione delle armoniche di corrente generate da carichi non lineari impedendo la loro propagazione nella rete. L’algoritmo di compensazione basato sulle potenze definite nel riferimento αβ è molto flessibile e quindi la teoria della potenza istantanea è stata considerata come la base per lo sviluppo del sistema di controllo dei filtri attivi. Alcuni esempi di compensazione descritti nel capitolo precedente sono stati simulati e sono stati riportati i risultati. Nel capitolo sette è considerato il dimensionamento dei dispositivi di potenza che costituiscono il caricabatteria in relazione ai diversi servizi ausiliari che esso può fornire. Sono stati dimensionati in tensione e corrente gli interruttori elettronici di potenza, gli induttori di accoppiamento con la rete e gli altri componenti passivi. Nel capitolo otto viene considerato un caricabatteria che alimenta il proprio carico e contemporaneamente compensa i carichi non lineari connessi nelle vicinanze, costituiti da raddrizzatori. Queste funzionalità aggiuntive in termini di condizionamento della potenza di rete sono state quantificate al fine di determinare la capacità di un caricabatteria costituito da determinati componenti attivi e passivi di supportare la rete svolgendo la funzione di filtro attivo. Nel nono capitolo sono state dimensionate le induttanze di filtro di un caricabatteria per uno specifico caso di studio in cui era richiesta la capacità sia di ricaricare la batteria che di iniettare potenza attiva in rete, sia nel caso di connessione monofase che trifase. La conoscenza dell’ampiezza dell’ondulazione di corrente è un requisito importante per il dimensionamento delle induttanze. Perciò è stato effettuato un calcolo preciso di questa grandezza sia nel caso di un caricabatteria connesso alla rete monofase e operante secondo la tecnica di PWM, sia nel caso di connessione alla rete trifase e adozione della tecnica SVM. Nel capitolo dieci viene considerato un caso di studio riguardo il dimensionamento di un filtro LCL. IL capitolo undici contiene uno studio teorico dei regolatori risonanti. Essi risolvono il problema posto dai convenzionali regolatori PI, che quando sono impiegati per il controllo di grandezze alternate, come accade nel caso delle correnti in un convertitore dc-ac, non sono in grado di annullare l’errore a regime a causa del guadagno finito alla frequenza di funzionamento. Un regolatore risonante presenta invece un guadagno idealmente infinito alla frequenza di funzionamento e quindi garantisce un errore a regime nullo. L’efficacia dei regolatori risonanti è stata verificata per mezzo di simulazioni. Nel capitolo dodici sono riportate le normative riguardanti i connettori, le modalità di ricarica e la connessione dei caricabatteria dei PEV alla rete elettrica. Esse mirano a definire una procedura di ricarica comune a tutti i PEV e tutte le infrastrutture di ricarica, siano esse pubbliche o private.

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Rafter, Jackson C. "Vehicle to Grid: An Economic and Technological Key to California's Renewable Future." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/146.

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Alshogeathri, Ali Mofleh Ali. "Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) integration with the power grid using a fuzzy logic controller." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/20606.

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Master of Science
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Shelli K. Starrett
This thesis introduces a Vehicle to Grid (V2G) system which coordinates the charging, and discharging among the Electric Vehicles (EVs) and two-test systems, to help with peak power shaving and voltage stability of the system. Allowing EVs to charge and discharge without any control may lead to voltage variations and disturbance to the grid, but if the charging and discharging of the EVs is done in a smart manner, they can help the power network. In this thesis, fuzzy logic controllers (FLC) are used to control the flow of power between the grid and the electric vehicles. The presented work in this thesis mainly focuses on the control architecture for a V2G station that allows for using EVs batteries to help the grid’s voltage stability. The designed controllers sustain the node voltage, and thus also achieve peak shaving. The proposed architectures are tested on 16 -generator and 6-generator test systems to examine the effectiveness of the proposed designs. Five fuzzy logic schemes are tested to illustrate the V2G system’s ability to influence system voltage stability. The major contributions of this thesis are as follows:   • FLC based control tool for V2G station present at a weak bus in the system. • Investigate the effect of the station location and voltage sensitivity. • Comparison of chargers providing real power versus reactive power. • Simulation of controller and system interactions in a daily load curve cycle. Keywords: State of Charge (SOC), Electric Vehicle (EV), Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC), Vehicle to grid (V2G), and Power System Voltage Stability.

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Sarabi, Siyamak. "Contribution of Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) to the energy management of the Electric Vehicles fleet on the distribution network." Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ENAM0050/document.

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L'augmentation des densités de puissance et d'énergie des SSE (système de stockage électrique) des véhicules électriques/véhicules hybrides rechargeable (VEs/VHRs), tout en conservant des coûts raisonnables pour l'utilisateur, et le développement de convertisseurs d'énergie électrique à haute densité de puissance volumique, et de plus en plus performant vont favoriser la production en masse de véhicules électrifiés. Une partie de ces véhicules électriques (VEs/VHRs) nécessitent une connexion au réseau pour la recharge des batteries. L’insertion de ces nouvelles charges dans le réseau présentera alors plusieurs enjeux et impacts significatifs pour les réseaux électriques puisqu’ils doivent répondre localement à des demandes de puissance non négligeables. Ce projet de thèse vise à étudier et réduire les impacts des VEs/VHRs sur les réseaux de distribution grâce à la technologie Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G). Le véhicule électrique alimente le réseau en fonction des besoins du système électrique (modèle bidirectionnel) et lui offre un service de flexibilité. Ces travaux de recherche ont pour but d'approfondir les concepts dans lequel l’alimentation des véhicules électriques (VE) et/ou hybrides de type P-VEH est intégrée à la gestion du réseau de distribution et des « hubs énergétiques » du futur. L’objectif de la thèse est d’abord étudier les service systèmes possible à fournir grâce à V2G, ensuite de concevoir un système de supervision qui assurera une gestion énergétique de ces nouvelles charges en choisissant le mode de recharge et/ou décharge adéquat et en prenant également en considération la demande de consommation locale et la présence de production de type renouvelable (photovoltaïque, éolien) dans le réseau de distribution. Cette supervision se fera dans un premier temps « en hors ligne » et par la suite « en ligne ». On aura recours à l’utilisation de méthodes d’intelligence artificielle comme l’apprentissage automatique (Machine Learning) et la logique floue, la commande prédictive ainsi que des méthodes d’optimisation hybrides (stochastiques et déterministes)
The power and energy density increment of the electrical storage system (ESS) of electric vehicles/Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (EVs/PHEVs), while maintaining reasonable costs for the user, and the development of converters of electrical energy to high power density and more and more powerful, will encourage the mass production of electrified vehicles. Beyond, electric vehicles (EVs/PHEVs) require a connection to the grid for the charging of the batteries. The insertion of these new loads in the grid will then present several issues and significant impacts for electrical networks since they must respond locally to non-negligible power requests. This PhD thesis aims to study and reduce the impacts of the EVs/PHEVs on the distribution grid thanks to the vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology. The electric vehicle supplies the grid depending on the needs of the electrical system (bi-directional model) and offers a flexible service. These works of research have aimed to deepen the concepts in which the supply of electric vehicles (EV) and/or hybrids of type PHEV is integrated with the management of the distribution network and the future "energy hubs". The objective of the thesis is at first to examine the possible ancillary services provided by V2G, then to design a system of supervision which will ensure an energy management of these new loads by choosing the adequate mode of charge/discharge and also taking into consideration the request of local consumption and the presence of renewable production of type photovoltaic and wind in the distribution grid. This supervision will be in a first step "offline" and subsequently "online". The methods which are used in this thesis are as follows; artificial intelligence such as machine learning and fuzzy logic, the predictive control as well as the methods of hybrids optimization (stochastic and deterministic)

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Zahid, Zaka Ullah. "Design, Modeling and Control of Bidirectional Resonant Converter for Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Applications." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77686.

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Electric vehicles (EVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are gaining popularity because they are more environmentally friendly, less noisy and more efficient. These vehicles have batteries can be charged by on-board battery chargers that can be conductive or inductive. In conductive chargers, the charger is physically connected to the grid by a connector. With the inductive chargers, energy can be transferred wirelessly over a large air-gap through inductive coupling, eliminating the physical connection between the charger and the grid. A typical on-board battery charger consists of a boost power factor correction (PFC) converter followed by a dc-dc converter. This dissertation focuses on the design, modeling and control of a bidirectional dc-dc converter for conductive battery charging application. In this dissertation, a detailed design procedure is presented for a bidirectional CLLLC-type resonant converter for a battery charging application. This converter is similar to an LLC-type resonant converter with an extra inductor and capacitor in the secondary side. Soft-switching can be ensured in all switches without additional snubber or clamp circuitry. Because of soft-switching in all switches, very high-frequency operation is possible, thus the size of the magnetics and the filter capacitors can be made small. To further reduce the size and cost of the converter, a CLLC-type resonant network with fewer magnetics is derived from the original CLLLC-type resonant network. First, an equivalent model for the bidirectional converter is derived for the steady-state analysis. Then, the design methodology is presented for the CLLLC-type resonant converter. Design of this converter includes determining the transformer turns ratio, design of the magnetizing inductance based on ZVS condition, design of the resonant inductances and capacitances. Then, the CLLC-type resonant network is derived from the CLLLC-type resonant network. To validate the proposed design procedure, a 3.5 kW converter was designed following the guidelines in the proposed methodology. A prototype was built and tested in the lab. Experimental results verified the design procedure presented. The dynamics analysis of any converter is necessary to design the control loop. The bandwidth, phase margin and gain margin of the control loops should be properly designed to guarantee a robust system. The dynamic analysis of the resonant converters have not been extensively studied, with the previous work mainly concentrated on the steady-state models. In this dissertation, the continuous-time large-signal model, the steady-state operating point, and the small-signal model are derived in an analytical closed-form. This model includes both the frequency and the phase-shift control. Simulation and experimental verification of the derived models are presented to validate the presented analysis. A detailed controller design methodology is proposed in this dissertation for the bidirectional CLLLC-type resonant converter for battery charging application. The dynamic characteristics of this converter change significantly as the battery charges or discharges. And, at some operating points, there is a high-Q resonant peaking in the open-loop bode-plot for any transfer functions in this converter. So, if the controller is not properly designed, the closed-loop system might become unstable at some operating points. In this paper, a controller design methodology is proposed that will guarantee a stable operation during the entire operating frequency range in both battery charging mode (BCM) and regeneration mode (RM). To validate the proposed controller design methodology, the output current and voltage loop controllers are designed for a 3.5 kW converter. The step response showed a stable system with good transient performance thus validating the proposed controller design methodology.
Ph. D.

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Chowdhury, Md Abu Raihan. "Pre-feasibility study of V2G system in the micro-grid of St. Martine Island, Bangladesh." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Elektricitetslära, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-409575.

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The goal of the study was to evaluate the potential of the V2G system as a solution to peak load leveling and integrating more renewable energy in the microgrid of St. Martine Island. Simulink Simscape software was used to model a microgrid with a V2G system for the small community of the Island. The result of the study shows a V2G system with 100 electric cars could play an important role for peak shaving by supplying up to 0.8 MW of electric power back to the grid during peak hours, where each car contributes 10 kW of electric power. It also demonstrates that the V2G system effectively helps to promote solar power capacity from 1 MW to 2.5 MW, hence increase 23.59% share of solar energy in the total grid energy uses compared with the current microgrid of St. Martine Island.
The electricity that is generated from non-renewable sources causesenvironmental pollution and climate changes. Fossil fuel uses leads to thedepletion of fossil fuel resources as well as global warming. On the other hand, renewable energy sources can be used to produce electricity with very few or no CO2 emissions. So, now governments are focusing on renewable energy production. But solar, wind, and other types of renewable energy sources have intermittency. They are not continuously available due to natural factors that cannot be controlled. So, renewable energy needs to be utilized when it is available, or its intermittency can be overcome by energy storage. All Electric vehicle uses a battery pack of large capacity to power the electric motors. These batteries can be used to store the energy that is generated from renewable sources and use them when needed. Besides, the electric grid must always stay in balance. With the development of variable renewable energy production, the management of this balance has become complex. Vehicle to grid is a technology that enables energy to be pushed back to the grid from the battery of an electric car and helps to manage fluctuations on the electricity grid. It helps to balance the grid by charging the battery when renewableenergy is available and load demand is low, then sending energy back to the grid when load demand is high. However, St. Martine Island is a small Island in Bay of Bengal about 9km south of the mainland of Bangladesh. Nearly 6000 people are living there. Since the island is far away from the mainland, grid connection is almostimpossible in terms of cost and geographic location. St. Martine Island has a very high solar power potential, but very low average wind speed. Currently, the electricity demand is fulfilled by stand-alone diesel generators, PV panels, and wind turbines. The current microgrid gets a high load demand during peak hours which is between 6 pm to 11 pm. During this time grid become fully dependent on diesel generators which leads to fossil fuel uses andenvironmental pollution. Here, the project's key objective is to determine the prospects of V2Gtechnology on St. Martine Island to level the peak load during peak hours, given that St. Martine Island is a low windy island with a high average number of yearly peak sun hours. Another goal is to examine the degree to which the share of solar power can be increased by a V2G system in St. Martine Island. In the project, at first, we have modeled a microgrid using Simulink Simscape software. Simulink Simscape enables modeling of a system by putting direct physical connections between the block diagram. In the microgrid model, there are five main sections, which have been designed by assemblingfundamental components in the schematic. A V2G system has been modeled which consists of 100 electric cars as aprototype. Each car has a battery of 100 kWh capacity. Considering thecondition of St. Martine Island and the objective of the project, we have made some assumptions while modeling the V2G section. The results of the project showed that the V2G system significantly smoothed out the peak load during peak hours. It also demonstrated that charging electric cars during daytime by solar power and sending energy back to the grid during peak hours enables the V2G system to accommodate more renewable solar energy sources in the microgrid of St. Martine Island. Finally, the project evident that the V2G system can be integrated into the microgrid of St. Martine Island to level the peak load and to increase the share of solar energy in the total energy uses of the Island.

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Chhean, Rithy-Newton Mao. "VEHICLE-TO-GRID (V2G) BIDIRECTIONAL POWER CONVERTER DESIGN AND INTEGRATION FOR 2011 CHEVROLET VOLT - EXTENDED RANGE ELECTRIC VEHICLE (EREV) DRIVETRAIN." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2012. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/893.

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This thesis proposes of an integrated two-stage V2G bidirectional power converter for the 2011 Chevy Volt’s EREV drivetrain. The power converter consists of a four switch bidirectional buck-boost DC-DC converter, 2-legged HB bidirectional DC-AC converter, and LCL grid filter. Designs in literature have integrated DC-AC converter via traction inverter, but this design also integrates DC-DC converter via modified secondary traction inverter. The proposed structure allows battery charging and V2G functionality to be integrated into existing electronics of the 2011 Chevy Volt; only the following additional components are needed: GFI, a few passive components, diodes, and relays. The converter structure is advantageous as cost, volume, and weight are minimized. Those factors are automakers main concerns. The proposed structure shows the feasibility of bringing V2G functionality to the mass market. Matlab Simulink was used to verify the design. Simulations were performed for high and low battery SOC to show voltage versatility, stiff and weak grid conditions to show filter robustness, and generator powering V2G to show topology DG capabilities. Results of simulations prove the topology to be promising as grid current has low distortion, almost meeting all IEEE 1547 current harmonic limit requirements.

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GIORDANO, FRANCESCO. "Optimal Management of Network Integrated EV Batteries by Individual EV Usage Forecasts: Vehicle to Home and Vehicle to Grid Case Studies." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2898046.

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Hjalmarsson, Johannes. "Elektrifiering av transportsektorn i Göteborgs kommun : Nätintegrering av plug in-fordon och V2G-tjänster hos aggregator." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Elektricitetslära, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-355778.

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In 2015, the Paris Agreement was signed by almost 200 countries in order to define targets for future work within sustainability and to reduce further climate impact. Since then, the European Union has taken these targets in earnest and implemented purposeful legislation for all of its members. The Swedish government has introduced an even more ambitious climate policy framework in order to achieve as low national pollution levels as possible. By doing so, regional and local authorities have been forced to take action in order to meet the defined targets for 2030 and 2050. This implies that the Swedish transport sector is now facing a major challenge - to reduce its emissions of greenhouse gases by at least 70 % as of the level of 2010. A common opinion is that electric vehicles may play an important role in this task. To establish electric drivelines within the transport sector has been a worldwide vision for decades and it seems to be one of the most promising options today. Sweco has together with AB Volvo, Volvo Cars AB, Göteborg Energi, ABB Ltd and Vattenfall AB financed the official project PussEL. Mainly, the purpose of this project was to estimate the potential of a full electrification of the transport sector in a medium size city by 2030. For this project, it was of particular interest to use Gothenburg, Sweden, as a case study. It has been most relevant to consider the electrification of road transport, including both private and public transport as well as goods distribution. The analysis has resulted in a message to residents, businesses and politicians, that an extensive electrification is doable. However, the results also indicate that the distribution grid will require a significant extension. It will definitely require serious effort and will rely on the implementation of smart and controllable vehicle charging. Nevertheless, this might be just what it takes to become one of the world leading countries in sustainable transports. Secondly, the purpose of this thesis is also to clarify the potential of the local parking company to act as an aggregator for charging and discharging of electric vehicles. By considering local driving patterns, parking profiles in car parks, as well as prerequisites of the electricity markets, it has been possible to identify the technical potential. It has been of interest to investigate services including both smart charging (V1G) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G), in order to support an extensive electrification. The estimation has been done using available software from MathWorks: MATLAB. Previous research states that battery degradation from V2G services varies according to the depth of discharge (DOD). Thus, it is desired to utilize services that require a small DOD in order to minimize the reduction of battery lifetime. Considering the economic potential, this thesis examines several available services as an aggregator. Due to the variable capacity in each car parkin combination with the requirements set by the electricity markets, some services have been excluded at an early stage of the analysis. Although, besides economic profitability, a key to success is to keep the concept user-friendly. It must be kept in mind that car owners most likely will prioritize the freedom of mobility rather than leasing their vehicles as mobile batteries. As the Swedish lawyer Thomas Thorild once said: To think freely is great, but to think rightly is greater.

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De, los Ríos Vergara Andrés, and Kristen E. Nordstrom. "Building a business case for corporate fleets to adopt vehicle-to-grid technology (V2G) and participate in the regulation service market." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/68822.

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Thesis (M. Eng. in Logistics)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2011.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 95-98).
Electric (EV) and Plug-in Hybrid Electric vehicles (PHEV) continue to gain attention and market share, not only as options for consumers but also for corporate fleets. EVs and PHEVs can contribute to lower operating costs through reduced maintenance requirements and enhanced fuel economy. In addition, a fleet of EVs or PHEVs, when parked and aggregated in a sizeable number, can provide regulation services to the grid through the electricity stored in the vehicle's batteries. This opportunity is known as Vehicle-to-grid technology (V2G). This thesis evaluates the economics for V2G-enabled fleets to participate in the regulation services market. In order to build a business case for fleet managers, we constructed a 10-year cash flow model that compares the operating, infrastructure, and capital costs, as well as the revenue opportunities for EVs, PHEVs, and ICEs. To quantify potential revenues, we adapted a tool that the ISO New England has used to simulate the revenues of participants in the regulation market for an alternative energy pilot. We show that ICEs, while having the lowest retail value, actually have the greatest NPV due to their high operating costs and inability to participate in the regulation services market. EVs have the highest retail value, but due to their large battery size are able to provide the most regulation services. The opportunity for V2G is critical for the attractiveness of the EV. PHEVs offer lower V2G revenue opportunity than the EVs but have greater operational flexibility. We determined that V2G revenue potential is driven by the charger capacity and battery size and there are tradeoffs associated with these components. A larger battery and charger will generate more money from regulation services, but their high investment cost may outweigh these benefits. The correct combination of charger capacity, battery size, and state of charge (SOC) is important. If the charger capacity is too large and SOC too high or low, a small battery can be charged or depleted too quickly, hindering its ability to provide regulation services.
by Andrés De los Ríos Vergara and Kristen E. Nordstrom.
M.Eng.in Logistics

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Omareen, Mustafa. "Optimized Integration of Electric Vehicles into the Smart Grid : V2G and Smart Charging Adaptive Algorithm." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för fysik och elektroteknik (IFE), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-99009.

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Electric Vehicles (EVs) reduce dependency on oil and carbon emissions. An upsurge in demand for EVs could lead to negative impacts on the grid. However, charging strategies, such as supporting the grid using vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and smart charging technology, can go a long way to reducing the impacts on the electrical load curve. The thesis presents a number of aspects which relate to the interconnection between EVs and the electric grid for achieving an optimized integration. An adaptive algorithm has been developed to perform load peak shaving by V2G and smart charging, while a hypothetical case study containing several types of EVs in a local grid has been conducted. The aim is to examine the developed algorithm. In conclusion, by using the adaptive algorithm, written in C++, an optimum status has been achieved concerning the electric grid and EV batteries.

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Polanco, Lobos Ignacio Alejandro. "Diseño e implementación de un controlador de potencia para la tracción y conexion V2æG de un vehículo eléctrico utilitario." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2014. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/116625.

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Magíster en Ciencias de la Ingeniería, Mención Eléctrica
Las micro redes (MR o μG) se constituyen como una solución para la electrificación mediante el aprovechamiento de los recursos energéticos renovables locales, tanto en zonas remotas como en sistemas interconectados. Sin embargo, en zonas aisladas el uso de combustibles fósil para el transporte local prevalece como un desafío a su suministro energético. Ante esta problemática, los vehículos eléctricos (VE) se perfilan como una solución en la medida que tengan la capacidad de operar coordinadamente con una MR existente en la localidad. En esta tesis se diseña, construye y valida en laboratorio un conversor de potencia que permite el intercambio de energía entre una fuente DC y una máquina de inducción trifásica o una MR aislada, con el objetivo de materializar el concepto de V2μG (del inglés Vehicle to Micro-Grid). Se propone la utilización de un inversor trifásico, tetrapolar y multifuncional, cuyo sistema eléctrico permite dos modos de operación: el modo VE, diseñado para manipular el torque del motor de inducción trifásico del vehículo, basado en la estrategia IFOC (del inglés Indirect Field Oriented Control); y el modo V2μG, que mediante estrategias de control basadas en Acondicionadores de Potencia tipo Filtro Activo permite su integración con la MR a través de los sub-modos IDLE, COMPENSACIÓN DE COMPONENTES DE SECUENCIA CERO (CCS0), COMPENSACIÓN DE COMPONENTES DE SECUENCIA NEGATIVA (CCS-), SUAVIZADOR P-Q (SPQ) y CONTROL DE TENSIÓN BUS DC (CTBDC). Los resultados experimentales de la operación en modo VE muestran que la estrategia IFOC implementada en el conversor funciona correctamente siempre que la medición de velocidad del rotor de la máquina sea suficientemente precisa. En este caso, se observa que la respuesta del sistema ante cambios en la referencia de tipo escalón es menor a 27[ms]. Por otro lado, en el modo V2μG, se comprueba que en el sub-modo IDLE el conversor no inyecta ni absorbe potencia de la red. Se verifica que los otros sub-modos operan correctamente y de forma independiente. Sin embargo, se obtienen mejores resultados al combinar los sub-modos CCS0, CCS- Y CTBDC, logrando reducir el THD y desbalance de corriente aguas arriba al punto de conexión desde 12,5[%] a 4[%] y de 100[%] a menos del 2[%] respectivamente. Al combinar los sub-modos CCS0, CCS-, CTBDC y SPQ se logra suavizar los escalones de potencia activa y reactiva producto de la dinámica del sistema aguas arriba del punto de conexión. Para futuros trabajos se propone implementar una estrategia de carga de baterías, mejorar los controladores de corriente para el modo V2μG, integrar la operación en isla para cargas monofásicas y trifásicas e integrar funciones de control remoto para su operación en redes inteligentes. Finalmente, se plantea agregar la funcionalidad de dar soporte ante fallas en la red.

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Monahan, Joseph. "Life-cycle cost modeling to determine whether vehicle-to-grid (V2G) integration and ancillary service revenue can generate a viable case for plug-in electric drive vehicles." Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/37678.

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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited
In an effort to increase U.S. energy security by reducing oil consumption, various federal mandates and executive orders require reduced petroleum use and greenhouse gas emissions by federal non-tactical vehicle fleets. Transitioning federal fleets to plug-in electric drive vehicles (PEDVs) is one option to meet these mandates. This research performs a life-cycle cost analysis using modeling and simulation to determine the parameters under which vehicle-to-grid (V2G) integration and associated revenue streams can create a viable economic case for the transition of federal fleets to PEDVs. Under current market conditions, bidirectional V2G frequency regulation (FR) is not currently viable. Unidirectional FR has potential, but it provides minimal reductions in PEDV life-cycle cost. The cost to meet petroleum reduction mandates by transitioning light-duty fleets to PEDVs is cost prohibitive and impractical, requiring almost a complete one-for-one replacement of the current fleet of traditional light-duty passenger vehicles. Realistically meeting the mandate without fleet downsizing will require implementing a transition toward alternatively fueled vehicles beyond the light-duty passenger vehicle class. However, economic justification will require a reduction in PEDV acquisition costs or improved market conditions for V2G FR (consisting of lower throughput and higher regulation market clearing prices) thereby resulting in considerably greater net revenue.

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Bränström, Amanda, and Jonna Söderberg. "A package deal for the future: Vehicle-to-Grid combined with Mobility as a Service." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-384588.

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The aim of this report is to evaluate how a future commercially owned fleet of self-driving electric vehicles (EV:s) would be able to provide power in order to avoid power exceedances in the power grid. Exceedances occur when network agreements between grid operating companies are exceeded. Exceedances are problematic, since they infer penalty fees for the paying company and make dimensioning the grid capacity more difficult for the supplying company. Capacity deficiency regarding the infrastructure of the grid is expected to increase, likely resulting in higher penalty fees. Integrating transport and power systems by using self-driving EV:s as Mobility as a Service combined with Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology is a potential solution for this problem. By modeling the EV-fleet as the New York City taxi fleet, a usage pattern deemed to resemble Mobility as a Service is created. An economic value for the V2G service is estimated by comparing the availability of the EV-fleet with local exceedances from Uppsala as well as regional occurring exceedances. The highest income during the first quarter of 2019 is 96 000 SEK for the whole fleet, or 1100 SEK per EV and hour-long exceedance. The time of exceedance and the power magnitude have to interplay with the availability of the EV-fleet in order to enable the system. The EV battery capacity highly impacts the system, but is concluded to not be a limiting factor due to market logic. Lastly, key features such as market formation as well as geographical and technical aspects are presented and discussed.

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Thompson, Andrew W. "Essais sur la participation des véhicules électriques sur les marchés de l'énergie : aspects économiques véhicule-à-réseau (V2X) et considérations relatives à la dégradation des batteries." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS466/document.

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Vehicle-to-Anything (V2X) est un terme générique qui explique l'utilisation de batteries de véhicules électriques pour obtenir une valeur supplémentaire lors de périodes de non-utilisation. Les services V2X génèrent des revenus de la batterie grâce à la charge dynamique monodirectionnelle (V1X) ou bidirectionnelle (V2X) afin de fournir des avantages au réseau électrique, de réduire la consommation énergétique des bâtiments et des maisons ou de fournir une alimentation de secours aux charges. Une méta-analyse du potentiel économique donne des résultats contradictoires avec la littérature et indique que la gestion de la consommation électrique, l'adéquation des ressources et le report de l’investissement dans le réseau ont plus de valeur que d’arbitrage sur les marchés d’énergie et réserve secondaire. Bien que je convienne que le développement soit pour et par le marché, je souligne que V2X se développera dans les limites du contexte réglementaire; les régulateurs ont donc un rôle de catalyseur à jouer.Une question importante est de savoir dans quelle mesure une utilisation supplémentaire de la batterie du véhicule affectera la capacité de la batterie au cours de sa durée de vie. Il est donc essentiel de comprendre les subtilités de la dégradation de la batterie pour estimer les coûts. Les batteries Li-ion sont des systèmes électrochimiques compliqués qui présentent deux phénomènes de dégradation simultanés, le vieillissement calendaire et le vieillissement cyclique. Dans les applications véhiculaires, le vieillissement du calendrier a tendance à être l’effet dominant de dégradation de la durée de vie, ce qui réduit le temps, élément le plus important de la dégradation; par conséquent, le coût de la dégradation dépend fondamentalement du temps.Une affirmation centrale de cette thèse est que le coût marginal de V2X n’est ni nul ni négligeable comme l’a accepté la littérature économique, mais dépend fortement de la dégradation de la batterie. Nous proposons ici une théorie des coûts marginaux V2X qui repose sur deux principes: 1.) il existe un coût d’efficacité associé au chargement de la batterie, et 2.) le véritable coût de dégradation de V2X prend en compte le coût d’opportunité, c’est-à-dire, la dégradation au-delà de ce qu’aurait été l’utilisation normale du véhicule.Avoir un concept clair du coût marginal de V2X, permet de comptabiliser et d’équilibrer correctement tous les coûts réels: coût de l’électricité, coûts d’efficacité du système et dégradation de la batterie. Cela permettra d’élaborer des stratégies de charge optimales et d’informer correctement les offres du marché de l’énergie. Il en résulte une compréhension plus nuancée des coûts marginaux. L’impact de la batterie V2X sur la vie de la batterie pourrait être considéré comme un coût, un bénéfice ou nul. Je conclus que le V2X peut offrir une valeur économique supérieure à celle précédemment entendue et que cette valeur supplémentaire sera réalisée grâce à l'amélioration simultanée de l'efficacité de la charge et de la réduction de la dégradation de la batterie EV
Vehicle-to-Anything (V2X) is an umbrella term to explain the use of electric vehicle batteries to derive additional value during times of non-use. V2X services generate revenue from the battery asset through dynamic mono-directional (V1X) or bi-directional (V2X) charging to provide benefits to the electric grid, to reduce energy consumption of buildings and homes, or to provide back-up power to loads. A meta-analysis of economic potential gives results contradictory to the literature and indicates that Bill Management, Resource Adequacy, and Network Deferral are more valuable than Energy Arbitrage and Spinning Reserves. While I concur that development is of and by the market, I emphasize that V2X will develop within the constraints of the regulatory environment; therefore regulators have an enabling role to play.An important question is to what extent additional use of the vehicle battery will affect battery capacity over its lifetime, therefore understanding the intricacies of battery degradation is crucial to estimate costs. Li-ion batteries are complicated electrochemical systems which exhibit two concurrent degradation phenomena, Calendar Aging and Cycling Aging. In vehicular applications, Calendar Aging tends to be the dominating life degradation effect, which reduces to time being the most important component of degradation; therefore degradation cost is fundamentally time-dependent.A central claim of this dissertation is that gls{v2x} Marginal Cost is not zero nor negligible as the economic literature has accepted but is highly dependent on battery degradation. Herein, a gls{v2x} Marginal Cost Theory is proposed which is based on two main principles: 1.) there is an efficiency cost associated with charge operation, and 2.) the true gls{v2x} degradation cost takes opportunity cost into account, that is, only considers degradation beyond what would have been experienced by operating the vehicle normally.Having a clear concept of gls{v2x} Marginal Cost which can properly account for and balance all true costs: the cost of electricity, the system-efficiency costs, and battery degradation, will allow for development of optimal charge strategies and will properly inform energy market bids. This results in a more nuanced understanding of marginal costs as the resultant battery lifetime impact from gls{v2x} can be either be considered a cost, a benefit, or zero. I conclude that gls{v2x} may offer greater economic value than previously understood and that this additional value will be realized through the simultaneous improvement in charge efficiency and reduction of gls{ev} battery degradation

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Goncalves, Sofia. "Feasibility study of an EV management system to provide Vehicle-to-Building considering battery degradation." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-247624.

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The recent increase of electric cars adoption will inuence the electricity demand in the distributionnetworks which risks to be higher than the maximum power available in the grid, if not well planned. Forthis reason, it is on the DSOs and TSOs's interest to plan carefully coordinated charging of a bulk of EVsas well as assess the possibility of EVs acting as energy storages with the Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) or Vehicleto-Building (V2B) capability. When parked and plugged into the electric grid, EVs will absorb energy andstore it, being also able to deliver electricity back to the grid/building (V2G/B system).This can be anoptimized process, performed by an aggregator, gathering multiple EVs that discharge the battery into thegrid at peak time and charge when there is low demand i.e. overnight and o-peak hours.Numerous studies have investigated the possibility of aggregating multiple EVs and optimizing theircharging and discharging schedules for peak load reduction or energy arbitrage with participation in theelectricity market. However, no study was found for optimizing a shared eet of EVs with daily reservationsfor dierent users trying to perform V2B. In this study an optimization modelling algorithm (mixed integerlinear problem - MILP) that manages the possible reservations of the shared eet of EVs, coordinates thecharging and discharging schedules, and provides V2B (Vehicle-to-Building), with the objective of minimizingenergy costs and accounting with battery ageing has been developed. A case study with real data for abuilding is carried out modelling dierent number of EVs for two dierent days in year 2017, one in Marchand other in June.Results show that the prots are higher for all cases when introducing V2B as compared to a no optimizationscenario: V2B with battery degradation (50 ore/kWh) has decreased daily variable electricity costsbetween 54 and 59% in March and 60 and 63% for June when compared without smart charging. Integrationof battery degradation cost in V2B applications is necessary and inuences signicantly the chargingand discharging strategies adopted by EV and nally the total daily costs: The total daily cost increaseby maximal 10% for the day in March and 13% for the day in June when comparing the scenario that hasstationary battery and uses only-charging model for EVs with the scenario applying V2B mode consideringa degradation cost of 80 ore/kWh.
Ö kningen av antalet elbilar kommer att påverka lasten i elnätet som riskerar att bli högre än kapacitetom det inte är väl planerat. Därför är det i elnätsföretags intresse att samordna laddningen av de flesta elbilarna samt att utvärdera möjligheterna att använda elbilar som energilager gentemot elnätet (Vehicleto-Grid,V2G) eller byggnader (Vehicle-to-Building, V2B). Vid parkering och anslutning till elnätet kommer elbilar att ladda energi och lagra den, samtidigt de kan leverera el tillbaka till elnätet eller byggnaden (V2G/V2B). Detta kan vara en optimerad process som utförs av en aggregator genom att ladda flera elbilar i låglasttimmar och ladda ur dem under höglasttimmar.Många studier har undersökt möjligheten att aggregera flera elbilar och optimera laddningsoch urladdningsplaner för topplastreduktion eller energiarbitrage på elmarknaden. Ingen studie har dock hittats för att optimera en gemensam flotta av elbilar med dagliga reservationer för olika användare som försöker utföra V2B. Denna studie har utvecklat en optimeringsmodell (blandad heltalsprogrammering MILP) som hanterar möjliga reservationer av en flotta av elbilar, koordinerar laddning och urladdning planering, och utför V2B för att minimera energikostnader med hänsyn till batteriets åldrande. En fallstudie för en byggnad genomfördes modellering av olika antal elbilar för två dagar 2017, en i mars och andra i juni.Resultaten visar att vinsten är högre i samtliga fall då man introducerar V2B jämfört med scenario utan optimering: V2B med batteriladdningskostnad 50 öre/kWh minskade dagliga rörliga elkostnader mellan 54% och 59% i mars och mellan 60% och 63% i juni jämfört med utan smart laddning. Att inkludera batteriladdningskostnaden i V2B-applikationer är nödvändigt och har en signifikant inverkan på laddningsstrategierna och de totala kostnaderna: De totala dagliga kostnaderna ökar med upp till 10% i mars och upp till 13% i juni då man jämför scenariot att bara ladda elbilar och ha stationärt batteri med scenariot V2B med hänsyntill batteriladdningskostnad 80 öre/kWh.

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Khalid, Areeb. "Design of an Aging Estimation Block for a Battery Management System (BMS) :." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för ingenjörsvetenskap och fysik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-29205.

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Al-Dabbas, Khaled. "Analysis of GHG emissions reduction from road transport: a case study of the German passenger vehicles." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Kommunikations- och transportsystem, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-150138.

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Transportation and energy play an essential role in modern society. Since the Industrial Revolution, fossil fuels have enabled great advancements in human society. Within this process, Internal Combustion Engines Vehicles (ICEVs) played a significant role in guaranteeing reliable and affordable long-distance transportation. However, the subsequent increase of the Motorized Private Transport resulted in undesired effects such as pollution. One instrument in reducing the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions of the transport sector is to shift from the conventional ICEVs toward zero local emission vehicles. Electric Vehicles (EVs) are being promoted worldwide as a suitable powertrain technology that could replace the ICEVs. However, unless combined with electricity from renewable generation technologies the EVs will not effectively reduce GHG emissions. Through the simulation of future transport and energy sector scenarios in Germany, the GHG emission reductions have been analyzed. Techno-economic and environmental characteristics for several powertrain technologies under several vehicles charging strategies are evaluated. The thesis explores the impact of charging EVs on the electrical grid. The result show that EVs using smart charging strategies that support Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) are capable of fulfilling mobility needs of users while providing substantial flexibility to the electrical grid. Such flexibility can facilitate the future expansion of non-dispatchable Renewable Energy Sources (RES).

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Holmblad, Oskar, and Andreas Olsson. "Effekttoppsreducering via elbilsbatterier : Dess potential vid vinterförhållanden i Halmstad år 2030." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för företagande, innovation och hållbarhet, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-44590.

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A transition phase is taking place in Sweden, where the goal is to become a completely climate neutral country by 2045. The transport sector currently accounts for a third of fossil emissions in Sweden, while the transport sector also has the greatest potential to become fossil-free through, forexample, a comprehensive electrification. Bottlenecks in the grid is a challenge that Sweden faces where the existing ability to send powerthrough the country is already highly utilized. Battery storage can partly be the solution to this problem and also support the future needs that a further electrification of the transport sector may cause. Battery storage can, however, be both expensive and require a lot of space. To avoid this, the mobile battery storage that is available in electric cars can be used to convey power to the grid based on need. The technology that performs this bidirectional charging is called V2G (vehicle-to-grid) and has enormous theoretical potential. The number of electric cars in Sweden has increased by 82% duringthe year 2020, which provides good conditions for continuing to investigate the potential for V2G. Previous studies have shown challenges with the technology. The main issues pointed out have been profitability, winter conditions and battery wear, all of which are taken into account in this study. As in all of Sweden, Halmstad needs to plan for its electrification of the transport sector and load consequences on the grid. This study carries out a combined qualitative and quantitative case study that examines how a future electric car fleet can affect Halmstad's local grid. With data from HEM Nät from a winter week that will correspond to extreme conditions for the grid, a model has been developed in Excel to test different proposed scenarios. What is analyzed is how V2G can work in practice depending on where and when charging takes place, and whether power regulation can be profitable for both private individuals and network operator. Results show that some form of power regulation will be needed in the future to deal with the consequences of uncontrolled electric car charging with an ever-larger electric car fleet, and that V2G may be an option. Despite the winter climate and consideration for battery wear, a significant power peak reduction can be achieved if sufficient participation is attained and a good control strategy is found. Financial analysis shows a negative outcome for private individuals who use V2G. The utility services that is provided can on the other hand reduce costs for the network operator through load balancing incentives and reduced subscriptions to overlying networks. This in turn can enable an interest in network operators to introduce local incentives for private individuals' involvement.

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Dahmane, Yassir. "Gestion d'énergie optimisée étendue véhicules infrastructures." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ECDN0047.

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Cette thèse de doctorat s’inscrit dans le cadre de la chaire Renault/Centrale Nantes sur l’amélioration des performances des véhicules électriques (EV/HEV). Elle est dédiée à la problématique de la gestion de la recharge des véhicules électriques, en utilisant des algorithmes d’optimisation et des stratégies de recharge intelligentes. Dans ce cadre, plusieurs contributions ont été proposées sur les sujets de la recharge intelligente d’une voiture électrique et la gestion de la recharge d’une flotte de véhicules électriques, en considérant les contraintes de mobilités (SOC désiré à la fin de la recharge et heure de dé part), la température des batteries Li-ion, les infrastructures de recharge, et le réseau électrique. Sur le sujet de la recharge intelligente d’une voiture électrique, les contributions se sont concentrées sur le développement des algorithmes embarqués permettant la planification du profil de la puissance de recharge afin de réduire le coût de la recharge. Les algorithmes proposés prennent en compte les besoins de mobilités des utilisateurs de véhicules électriques, et l’effet de la température sur la puissance de recharge des batteries Li-ion. Sur le sujet de la gestion de recharge de flotte de véhicules, les contributions portent essentiellement sur les algorithmes centralisés dans les stations de recharge de véhicules électriques. Un algorithme de recharge unidirectionnelle a été proposé afin d’évaluer le nombre optimal de véhicules électriques à recharger avec un bon niveau de satisfaction des contraintes de mobilités et sans aucun renforcement de l’infrastructure. Le passage à l’algorithme bidirectionnel est fait grâce à l’exploitation de la fonctionnalité V2G qui permettra la participation des véhicules électriques dans la régulation de fréquence. Les contributions proposées sur le premier sujet ont l’avantage d’augmenter la précision d’estimation de SOC final en très basse température, et d’être embarquable sur le véhicule grâce à la légèreté des algorithmes et la rapidité d’exécution. D’autre part, les algorithmes de gestion de recharge de flotte de véhicules permettent une intégration des véhicules électriques à grande échelle sur le réseau et montrent le potentiel des voitures électriques dans la contribution à la stabilité du réseau électrique. Les algorithmes et les stratégies développées ont été testés en simulation et seront testés sur un système de recharge de voiture électrique. Les résultats obtenus ont permis de mettre en évidence l’avantage de la recharge intelligente sur la réduction des coûts, les bienfaits sur le réseau et l’importance de la gestion de la recharge des flottes de véhicules électriques dans développement des services réseaux
This PhD thesis is part of the Renault/Centrale Nantes chair on improving the performance of electric vehicles (EV/PHEV). It is dedicated to the problem of the charging management of electric vehicles, using optimization algorithms and smart charging strategies. In this framework, several contributions have been proposed on the topics of smart charging of an EV and the smart energy management of an EV fleet, considering the mobility constraints (desired SOC at the end of the charging and departure time), the temperature of the Li-ion bat teries, the charging infrastructures, and the power grid. On the subject of smart charging of an EV, the contributions focused on the development of embedded algorithms allowing the scheduling of the charging power profile in order to reduce the charging cost. The proposed algorithms take into account the mobility needs of electric vehicle users, and the effect of temperature on the charging power of Li-ion batteries. On the subject of fleet energy management, the contributions focus on centralized algorithms in electric vehicle charging stations. An unidirectional recharging algorithm has been proposed in or der to evaluate the optimal number of electric vehicles to be recharged with a good level of satisfaction of mobility constraints and without any infrastructure reinforcement. The switch to the bidirectional algorithm is due to the exploitation of the V2G functionality, which will allow the participation of electric vehicles in frequency regulation. The proposed contributions on the first topic have the advantage of increasing the estimation accuracy of final SOC in very low temperature, and to be embedded on the EV due to the low computational capacity of the algorithms and the speed of execution. On the other hand, the EV fleet charging manage ment algorithms allow the possibility of large-scale integration of electric vehicles on the grid and show the potential of EVs in contributing to the stability of the power grid by offering ancillary services such as frequency regulation. The algorithms and strategies developed have been tested in simulation and will be tested on an EV charging system. The results obtained have highlighted the benefits of smart charg ing on cost reduction and grid benefits and the importance of electric vehicle fleet charging management in the development of grid services

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Xi, Xiaomin. "Challenges in Electric Vehicle Adoption and Vehicle-Grid Integration." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1366106454.

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Mustafa, Mustafa Asan. "Smart Grid security : protecting users' privacy in smart grid applications." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/smart-grid-security-protecting-users-privacy-in-smart-grid-applications(565d4c36-8c83-4848-a142-a6ff70868d93).html.

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Smart Grid (SG) is an electrical grid enhanced with information and communication technology capabilities, so it can support two-way electricity and communication flows among various entities in the grid. The aim of SG is to make the electricity industry operate more efficiently and to provide electricity in a more secure, reliable and sustainable manner. Automated Meter Reading (AMR) and Smart Electric Vehicle (SEV) charging are two SG applications tipped to play a major role in achieving this aim. The AMR application allows different SG entities to collect users’ fine-grained metering data measured by users’ Smart Meters (SMs). The SEV charging application allows EVs’ charging parameters to be changed depending on the grid’s state in return for incentives for the EV owners. However, both applications impose risks on users’ privacy. Entities having access to users’ fine-grained metering data may use such data to infer individual users’ personal habits. In addition, users’ private information such as users’/EVs’ identities and charging locations could be exposed when EVs are charged. Entities may use such information to learn users’ whereabouts, thus breach their privacy. This thesis proposes secure and user privacy-preserving protocols to support AMR and SEV charging in an efficient, scalable and cost-effective manner. First, it investigates both applications. For AMR, (1) it specifies an extensive set of functional requirements taking into account the way liberalised electricity markets work and the interests of all SG entities, (2) it performs a comprehensive threat analysis, based on which, (3) it specifies security and privacy requirements, and (4) it proposes to divide users’ data into two types: operational data (used for grid management) and accountable data (used for billing). For SEV charging, (1) it specifies two modes of charging: price-driven mode and price-control-driven mode, and (2) it analyses two use-cases: price-driven roaming SEV charging at home location and price-control-driven roaming SEV charging at home location, by performing threat analysis and specifying sets of functional, security and privacy requirements for each of the two cases. Second, it proposes a novel Decentralized, Efficient, Privacy-preserving and Selective Aggregation (DEP2SA) protocol to allow SG entities to collect users’ fine-grained operational metering data while preserving users’ privacy. DEP2SA uses the homomorphic Paillier cryptosystem to ensure the confidentiality of the metering data during their transit and data aggregation process. To preserve users’ privacy with minimum performance penalty, users’ metering data are classified and aggregated accordingly by their respective local gateways based on the users’ locations and their contracted suppliers. In this way, authorised SG entities can only receive the aggregated data of users they have contracts with. DEP2SA has been analysed in terms of security, computational and communication overheads, and the results show that it is more secure, efficient and scalable as compared with related work. Third, it proposes a novel suite of five protocols to allow (1) suppliers to collect users accountable metering data, and (2) users (i) to access, manage and control their own metering data and (ii) to switch between electricity tariffs and suppliers, in an efficient and scalable manner. The main ideas are: (i) each SM to have a register, named accounting register, dedicated only for storing the user’s accountable data, (ii) this register is updated by design at a low frequency, (iii) the user’s supplier has unlimited access to this register, and (iv) the user cancustomise how often this register is updated with new data. The suite has been analysed in terms of security, computational and communication overheads. Fourth, it proposes a novel protocol, known as Roaming Electric Vehicle Charging and Billing, an Anonymous Multi-User (REVCBAMU) protocol, to support the priced-driven roaming SEV charging at home location. During a charging session, a roaming EV user uses a pseudonym of the EV (known only to the user’s contracted supplier) which is anonymously signed by the user’s private key. This protocol protects the user’s identity privacy from other suppliers as well as the user’s privacy of location from its own supplier. Further, it allows the user’s contracted supplier to authenticate the EV and the user. Using two-factor authentication approach a multi-user EV charging is supported and different legitimate EV users (e.g., family members) can be held accountable for their charging sessions. With each charging session, the EV uses a different pseudonym which prevents adversaries from linking the different charging sessions of the same EV. On an application level, REVCBAMU supports fair user billing, i.e., each user pays only for his/her own energy consumption, and an open EV marketplace in which EV users can safely choose among different remote host suppliers. The protocol has been analysed in terms of security and computational overheads.

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Wenbo, Shi. "Algorithms design for localization and vehicle-to-grid control." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/35852.

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Location is the fundamental information in wireless networks to support a variety of applications. In the first part of the thesis, we focus on designing localization algorithms in wireless sensor networks and radio frequency identification (RFID) systems. For localization in wireless sensor networks, we study the problem of locating sensors in irregular areas. We formulate the localization problem as a constrained least-penalty problem. We then propose a two-phase algorithm to eliminate the impact of irregularities. Simulation results show that the two-phase algorithm outperforms some of the existing multihop localization algorithms in terms of a lower average localization error in both C-shaped and S-shaped topologies. For localization in RFID systems, we propose a novel approach named MDS-RFID to locate active RFID tags based on multidimensional scaling (MDS), an efficient data analysis technique. The approach has the advantage of fully utilizing the distance information in the network, and thus can achieve better localization results than previous methods. To evaluate the performance of the proposed MDS-RFID algorithm, we perform extensive simulations and experiments to compare it with existing RFID localization schemes. Simulation results show that the MDS-RFID algorithm can achieve a lower average localization error than multilateration and the LANDMARC system. The experimental results validate the simulations results and show the performance gain of the MDS-RFID algorithm over multilateration and LANDMARC in a real RFID system. In the second part of the thesis, we shift our focus from localization to vehicle-to-grid (V2G), an emerging system in future smart grid to enable the power flow from the electric vehicles (EVs) to the grid. We study the V2G control problem under price uncertainty brought up by the real-time pricing scheme. We model the electricity price as a Markov chain and formulate the problem as a Markov decision process (MDP). The Q-learning algorithm is then used to adapt the control operations to the hourly available electricity prices. Simulation results show that our proposed algorithm can work effectively in the real electricity market and it is able to increase the profit significantly compared with the conventional EV charging scheme.

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Gao, Shuang, and 高爽. "Design, analysis and control of vehicle-to-grid services." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/197100.

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There are unique challenges and opportunities related to the integration of electric vehicles into the future power grid, especially the modern distribution grid since electric vehicle (EV) charging facilities and fast-charging stations are usually tied to low-voltage and medium-voltage power networks. The grid-connected EVs, if properly controlled, can operate as distributed energy storage and provide various ancillary services, such as peak shaving, fast-response reserve capacity, frequency regulation, voltage control and reactive supports. The purpose of this thesis is to integrate EVs to the power grid and provides suitable ancillary services to improve the grid reliability and stability. The larger future penetration of EVs and renewable energies is also taken into account to develop the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) control scheme with the constraints of EV charging and communication infrastructures. The main contents include: V2G mathematical model and system configuration; impact evaluation of EV integration and the V2G control framework; energy scheduling of EVs integration; V2G dynamic regulation services; control method of EV aggregator for dispatching a fleet of EVs; and the evaluation of V2G control scheme and hardware-in-the-loop experimental system design. 　　In the thesis, the impact of EV charging demand on the conventional distribution grid is firstly estimated to reveal the negative effects of the arbitrary EV charging and the necessity to control the EV charging process. The potential benefits EVs can bring into the power grid support are discussed and a V2G control framework is proposed to perform the V2G optimization and various regulation services. The current power electronics applied EV charging facilities and communication network are integrated into the V2G operation in the future distribution grid with microgrid and smaller installation of renewable generation units. 　　Next, mathematical model of V2G power control is formulated. Two optimization methods are proposed to schedule the EV charging and discharging energy to minimize the power losses and the operating cost while satisfying the mobility needs and the power system limitations. Subsequently, the dynamic regulation of V2G power is investigated to unleash the potential of EVs to provide multiple ancillary services simultaneously. In addition to V2G optimal energy scheduling, EVs can also be employed for dynamic power regulation which requires the fast response to the instantaneous imbalance between the power supply and demand. V2G power is controlled to mitigate the power fluctuation caused by the intermittent wind energy resources, and thus stabilize the system frequency and voltage. Finally, an EV-centric hybrid energy storage system is proposed, which combines the merits of V2G operation and superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) to enhance the power quality and system frequency stability. The critical issues in V2G applications are summarized in the end.
published_or_final_version
Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy

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25

Prevedello, Paolo. "Ottimizzazione stocastica di una microrete con tecnologia "vehicle-to-grid"." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016.

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La presente tesi ha come obiettivo quello di sviluppare un modello per la gestione ottimizzata delle unità di generazione e di accumulo di una microrete elettrica. La tesi analizza, come caso studio di riferimento, una microrete contenente impianti di generazione da fonti rinnovabili, sistemi di accumulo a batteria (BES:Battery Energy System) e stazioni di ricarica per veicoli elettrici. In particolare le stazioni di ricarica sono a flusso bidirezionale, in grado di fornire servizi di tipo "grid-to-vehicle"(G2V) e "vehicle-to-grid" (V2G). Il modello consente di definire, come sistema di dispacciamento centrale, le potenze che le varie risorse distribuite devono erogare o assorbire nella rete nelle 24 ore successive. Il dispacciamento avviene mediante risoluzione di un problema di minimizzazione dei costi operativi e dell'energia prelevata dalla rete esterna. Il problema è stato formulato tramite l'approccio di programmazione stocastica lineare dove i parametri incerti del modello sono modellizzati tramite processi stocastici. L'implementazione del modello è stata effettuata tramite il software AIMMS, un programma di ottimizzazione che prevede al suo interno delle funzionalità specifiche per la programmazione stocastica

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Secchi, Mattia. "The Role of Photovoltaic Generation and Electric Mobility in Future Distribution Systems." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/11572/354867.

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In order to meet the worldwide limits on greenhouse gases emissions, a shift from a fossil fuels to a renewable energy-based electric system is required. As this process goes on, both the power generation and consumption profiles are changing in daily pattern and magnitude, so the power grid needs to become more and more flexible in order to handle this variability. At the distribution level, photo-voltaic (PV) systems are, by far, the most widespread distributed energy resource, mostly due to the recent drop in the cost at the residential level. As more and more consumers become also producers (the so called "prosumers") and the volatile solar energy production increases, a higher number of storage systems is required to both avoid grid destabilisation and minimise the CO$_2$ emissions. At the same time, since the transportation sector is responsible for a sizeable part of the total CO$_2$ emissions, electric vehicles (EVs) are bound to replace traditional internal combustion engine vehicles. However, two main issues may arise when a large number of vehicles are connected to the existing power grid at the same time. The first issue is that the electricity required to charge them needs to be renewable, while the second is that, a rapid electrification of the existing vehicles fleet could destabilise the grid. In this context, this thesis aims at partially addressing these two issues by analysing different ways to reduce the impact of both PV systems and EVs on low (LV) and medium (MV) voltage grids. After the introduction and a chapter dealing with the most closely related research work, a novel optimisation algorithm, aimed at obtaining the optimal storage capacity for each prosumer belonging to a "renewable energy community" is presented. The algorithm minimises the dependence of the community on the main grid, which is one of the main purposes of this new model, while minimising the total installed storage capacity. The algorithm is tailored to the specific case study, because it keeps track of the willingness of the users to install a battery and keeps the voltage levels between regulatory limits in the optimisation process. In the second part instead, the effects of "uncontrolled" and "smart" EV-charging the electric vehicles with the aim of reducing the power fluctuations at the MV/LV transformer level are analysed. In particular, the interaction between PV production and EV charging is investigated, while considering the grid voltage fluctuations, the distribution line losses and the transformer loading levels at the same time. The broader impact of smart charging is also analysed by performing a simplified economic and battery wear analysis. Results help in understanding if storage devices can reduce the dependence of a renewable energy community on the main grid, and to what extent it is possible and economically viable to do so. Moreover, results quantify a realistic range of EV and PV system penetration in a LV grid that still allows for a combined minimisation of their impact on the power grid.

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Aloqaily, Osama. "Charging and Discharging Algorithms for Electric Vehicles in Smart Grid Environment." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/34562.

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Power demands will increase day-by-day because of widely adopting of Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) in the world and growing population. Finding and managing additional power resources for upcoming demands is a challenge. Renewable power is one of the alternatives. However, to manage and control renewable resources, we need suitable Energy Storage System (ESS). PEVs have a large battery pack that is used mainly to supply electric motor. Moreover, PEV battery could be used as an ESS to store power at a certain time and use it at another time. Nevertheless, it can play the same role with electric power grids, so it can store power at a time and return it at another time. This role might help the grid to meet the growing demands. In this thesis, we propose a charging and discharging coordination algorithm that effectively addresses the problem of power demand on peak time using the PEV’s batteries as a backup power storage, namely, Flexible Charging and Discharging (FCD) algorithm. The FCD algorithm aims to manage high power demands at peak times using Vehicle to Home (V2H) technologies in Smart Grid and PEV’s batteries. Intensive computer simulation is used to test FCD algorithm. The FCD algorithm shows a significant reduction in power demands and total cost, in proportion to two other algorithms, without affecting the performance of the PEV or the flexibility of PEV owner’s trip schedule.

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Pelczar, Christopher [Verfasser]. "Mobile virtual synchronous machine for vehicle-to-grid applications / Christopher Pelczar." Clausthal-Zellerfeld : Universitätsbibliothek Clausthal, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1021696781/34.

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Zhang, Peng. "Electric vehicle charging load research for demand response in smart grid." Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.570731.

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Driven by climate change and fast depleting stock of fossil fuel, electrification of transport systems, both rail and road, has been promoted by many governments around the world. The resultant changes in the load demand in the transmission and distribution electricity networks, along with other motivations such as integrating distributed generation from renewable sources, improving energy efficiency through demand response (DR) and managing increasingly aged infrastructure, have led to the paradigm of Smart Grid being proposed as the next generation of the power grid. Electric vehicle (EV) as a load type requiring power for rechargi~g has a significant I impact on power systems, e.g. increases of peak demand, voltage drop, powerlosses and harmonic distortion, decrease of load factor, transformer overload and feeder congestion. The work presented in this thesis studies the aspect ofDR in Smart Grid which could help mitigate the impact of EV s on power demand and exploit the ability to manage EV s charging times for improving power system performance, i.e. flattening the system load profile. It aims to address the following issues: modelling and monitoring EV charging profiles to obtain load information; and developing a DR model for optimising power systems demand due to EV charging. Through comprehensive research, a model of the EV charging load is obtained by statistical analysis. A non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) system, capable of monitoring and identifying the presence of traditional appliance and the EV charging loads through measurements at a single point in a household, i.e. the consumer unit has been developed. In the light of the outcomes of the load research, two novel DR programs based on multiple time-of-use (TOU) tariffs and real-time prices with penalties (RTPP) respectively are proposed to manage EV charging for the optimisation of power systems demand. Example studies are carried out to validate and evaluate the DR programs. Results show that the programs can help flatten the system load profile and the fluctuations in the profile decrease gradually with increasing penetration levels of EV s. Furthermore, by levelling off load requirements, the programs could allow generation companies to operate their plant more efficiently, reduce degradation of power plant due to inefficient operation, help to reduce utility costs, and hence reduce customer bills. I . The developed load model, NILM system and DR model in this thesis provide much improved tools in EV charging load prediction and management for power system planning and optimal operations, because the stochastic behaviour of the EV charging load and diversities among EV s that have not been considered in previous researches are carefully studied. The proposed DR programs give a valuable insight into strategies for the design and implementation of DR in the future Smart Grid, resulting in possible congestion due to concurrent responses be avoided. Index Terms - demand response, electric vehicle, electricity tariff, load model, load signature, load disaggregation, non-intrusive load monitoring, pattern recognition, quadratic programming, real-time prices.

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Czechowski, Karolina. "Assessment of Profitability of Electric Vehicle-to-Grid Considering Battery Degradation." Thesis, KTH, Optimeringslära och systemteori, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-170380.

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The electric vehicle (EV) fleet is expected to continue growing in the near future. The increasing electrification of the transportation sector is a promising solution to the global dependency on oil and is expected to drive investments in renewable and intermittent energy sources. In order to facilitate the integration, utilize the potential of a growing EV fleet and to avoid unwanted effects on the electric grid, smart charging strategies will be necessary. The aspect of smart EV charging investigated in this work is the profitability of bidirectional energy transfer, often referred to as vehicle-to-grid (V2G), i.e. the possibility of using aggregated EV batteries as storage for energy which can be injected back to the grid. A mixed integer linear problem (MILP) for minimizing energy costs and battery ageing costs for EV owners is formulated. The battery degradation due to charging and discharging is accounted for in the model used. A realistic case study of overnight charging of EVs in Sweden is constructed, and the results show that given current energy prices and battery costs, V2G is not profitable for EV owners. Further, a hypothetical case for lower battery costs is formulated to demonstrate the ability of our MILP model to treat a number of charging scenarios
Antalet elbilar väntas fortsätta öka de närmsta åren. Den tilltagande elektrifieringen av transportsektorn är en lovande lösning på det globala beroendet av olja och förväntas stimulera investeringar i förnybara intermittenta energikällor. För att främja denna utveckling, och för att till fullo utnyttja potentialen hos en växande elbilsflotta, samt för att undvika oönskade negativa effekter på elnätet kommer smarta strategier för laddning behövas. I detta arbete undersöks lönsamheten av den aspekt av smart laddning som brukar benämnas vehicle-to-grid (V2G), det vill säga möjligheten att använda aggregerade elbilsbatterier för att lagra energi som sedan kan återföras till elnätet. Hänsyn tas till att batteriet åldras för varje laddning och urladdning som sker. Heltalsoptimering används för att formulera ett problem som minimerar kostnaderna för energi samt för batteriets åldrande. Ett realistiskt scenario där elbilarna ska laddas över natten i svenska förhållanden konstrueras, och resultaten visar att V2G inte är lönsamt för bilägarna givet dagens batteripriser och energipriser. Vidare formuleras ett hypotetiskt fall med lägre batteripriser för att visa att modellen är lösbar för olika scenarion.

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GUSTAFSSON, EMIL, and FREDRIK NORDSTRÖM. "Impact of electric vehicle charging on thedistribution grid in Uppsala 2030." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-211708.

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Planning of distribution grids is based on statistically estimating the maximum load that will occur given a certain range of criteria (location, household types, district / electric heating etc.) Charging of electric vehicles is not one of these criteria. However, given the expected `boom' in sales of Chargeable Electric Vehicles (CEVs), and the lengthy planning process of distribution grids (>10 years) the knowledge gap is becoming a more pressing issue. This research has been conducted to investigate if Vattenfall, a Swedish electric utility company with distribution assets in both Sweden and Germany, needs to take action to react to the expected increase in CEVs in the near term. The study has been conducted with Uppsala Municipality as a showcase and 2030 as the time frame. The findings of this study show that Vattenfall should incorporate CEV usage into distribution planning to avoid overload of power stations in Uppsala by 2030. The ndings shows that 1) we can expect a 'boom' in sales of CEVs in the near future and that 73% of cars in trac in Uppsala may be CEVs by 2030 and 2) that CEV charging is expected to have a signi- cant impact on the distribution grid, with certain power stations in Uppsala seeing a peak load increase of up to 30%. The recommended actions are the following: • Monitor specific areas with a high concentration of cars and low energy consumption per household that already have substations with capacity below the recommended dimensions • Monitor CEV sales to reevaluate current projections on CEV development in Uppsala • Monitor trends of car ownership and evaluate whether this will aect CEV charging behaviour • Reconstruct Velander constants, used for grid planning, to take the CEV load into consideration • Investigate smart charging solutions, to shift the CEV load peak to a different time of the day
Dimensionering av distributionsnat baseras pa att statistiskt uppskatta den maximala lasten som kommer att intraa pa natet, givet olika faktorer (geograskt lage, hushallstyp, fjarrvarme / elvarme etc.). Laddning av elbilar ar inte en av de faktorer som man tar hansyn till. Givet en vantat kraftig okning av laddningsbara bilar, samt den langa planeringshorisonten for distributionsn at (>10 ar), blir dock fragan hur elbilar kommer att paverka elnatet valdigt aktuell. Denna studie har bedrivits for att avgora hur Vattenfall, ett statligt, svenskt elbolag med distributionsnat i Sverige och Tyskland, behover agera for att anpassa sig till den forvantade okningen av elbilar. Den har studien har genomforts som en fallstudie pa Uppsala Kommun med ar 2030 som tidsram. Resultaten fran studien visar att Vattenfall bor ta hansyn till laddning av elbilar vid dimensionering av distributionsnat for att undvika overbelastning pa natstationer i Uppsala ar 2030. Resultaten visar dels att 1) man kan forvanta sig en kraftig okning av forsaljning av laddningsbara fordon inom en snar framtid och uppemot 73 % av alla bilar i trak i Uppsala kommer att vara laddningsbaraar 2030 samt att 2) laddningsbara fordon kommer att ha en signikant paverkan pa distributionsnatet med okningar pa upp till 30 % av maxlasten for vissa natstationer. Foljande atgarder rekommenderas saledes: • Overvaka specika omraden med hog biltathet och lag energianvandning per hushall som ar anslutna till natstationer som ar underdimensionerade • Folj utvecklingen av forsaljning av laddbara fordon for att omvardera genom forda projektioner over laddningsbara bilar i Uppsala • Overvaka trender inom bilagande och utvardera hur detta paverkar laddningsbeteende • Gor om Velanderkonstanter sa att de tar hansyn till lasten fran laddbara fordon vid planering av elnat • Utvardera smarta laddningslosningar for att ytta last fran elbilsladdning till en annan tidpunkt pa dygnet

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Dushku, Mergim, and Ekholm Julius Kokko. "Charge into the Future Grid : Optimizing Batteries to Support the Future Low-Voltage Electrical Grid." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Fordonssystem, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-157358.

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The increase in electric vehicles and photovoltaic power production may introduce problems to the low-voltage distribution grid. With a higher number of electric vehicles, their accumulated charging power might breach the lowest allowed voltage level of the grid. Photovoltaic-modules can on the other hand exceed the highest allowed voltage level, by producing high accumulated power when the solar irradiance is high. Normally, electric distribution companies in Sweden reinforce the existing grid with more resilient infrastructure, such as stronger and larger cables or transformer stations. This is however a costly and time-consuming solution, which could be solved by using alternative means such as already existing resources. This Master's Thesis investigates how smart charging of batteries can support the low-voltage electrical grid with the increase in electric vehicles and photovoltaic power production. To do this, an optimization tool has been developed in Matlab. An existing model of a low-voltage grid is combined with the developed tool, where controllable batteries and photovoltaic-modules can be placed at specific households in the grid. The controllable batteries belong to either electric vehicles or stationary battery systems, and are intended to support the grid by the means of either reducing peak load powers, voltage variations, or a trade-off between them. Furthermore, this thesis investigates the maximum electric vehicle capability for a specific low-voltage electrical grid in Sweden. From the results, it can be concluded that smart charging of batteries can reduce the peak loads as well as voltage variations. The reduction of voltage variations for the entire low-voltage grid is greatest during the summer, when photovoltaic production generally is at its highest. The results also show that a stationary battery system can reduce the voltage variations to a greater extent, compared to an electric vehicle. Also, the introduction of multiple controllable batteries allows further support of the low-voltage grid. Regarding the maximum electric vehicle capability, the results show that the placement of the vehicles and the charging power strongly affect the maximum number of electric vehicles the low-voltage grid can manage.
Ökningen av elbilar och elproduktion från solceller kan ge problem i lågspänningsnätet. Med ett ökat antal elbilar kan den sammanlagrade effekten vid laddning underskrida den minsta tillåtna spänningsnivån i nätet. Solpaneler kan däremot leda till att den högsta tillåtna spänningsnivån överskrids, genom att producera en hög sammanlagrad effekt när solstrålningen är som högst. Vanligtvis förstärker elnätsbolag i Sverige det befintliga nätet med motståndskraftigare infrastruktur, såsom kraftigare och större kablar eller transformatorstationer. Detta är dock en kostsam och tidskrävande lösning, som skulle kunna lösas med alternativa medel, till exempel redan existerande resurser. Detta examensarbete undersöker hur smart laddning av batterier kan ge stöd till lågspänningsnätet, med en ökning av elbilar samt solcellsproduktion. För att undersöka detta har ett optimeringsverktyg utvecklats i Matlab. En befintlig modell av ett lågspänningsnät har kombinerats med det utvecklade optimeringsverktyget, där styrbara batterier samt solcellsproduktion kan placeras vid specifika hushåll i elnätet. De styrbara batterierna är antingen elbilar eller stationära batterisystem, och är ämnade till att stödja lågspänningsnätet genom att antingen reducera effekttoppar, spänningsvariationer eller en kompromiss av båda. Vidare undersöker detta examensarbete det maximala antalet elbilar som ett specifikt lågspänningsnät i Sverige kan hantera. Resultaten visar att smart laddning av batterier kan reducera effekttoppar samt spänningsvariationer. Reduceringen av spänningsvariationerna för hela lågspänningsnätet visar sig vara högst under sommaren, vilket är då solcellsproduktionen generellt är som högst. Resultaten visar även att stationära batterisystem kan reducera spänningsvariationer ytterligare, jämfört med en elbil. Att introducera flera styrbara batterier tillåter ett ännu större stöd till lågspänningsnätet. Angående det maximala antalet av elbilar som ett lågspänningsnät kan hantera visade resultaten att placeringen av elbilarna samt laddningseffekten har en stor påverkan.

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Foskolos, Georgios. "Current harmonic modeling of aggregated electric vehicle loads in the low voltage grid." Licentiate thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Framtidens energi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-53169.

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The proliferation of Electric Vehicles (EVs) poses new challenges for the Distribution System Operator (DSO). For example, the rectifiers that are used for charging EV batteries could significantly influence Power Quality (PQ), in terms of harmonic distortion. The emissions from individual EV, are well regulated by current harmonic emission standards. But what the aggregation of multiple EV loads will look like is still uncertain and the research being made in this area is still in its early stage. The DSO responsibilities include ensuring grid code compliance confirmed by PQ metering. In general, 10 minute RMS values are sufficient. However, the large scale integration of non-linear loads, like EVs, could lead to new dynamic phenomena, possibly lost in the process of time aggregation. In this thesis PQ and, in more detail, the concept of harmonics, and how this is related to EVs, is presented. A current-harmonic load model using power exponential functions and built from actual measurement data during the individual charging of four different fully electric vehicles was constructed. The model was based on individual emitted current harmonics as a function of state of charge (SOC), and was used to deterministically simulate the simultaneous charging of six vehicles fed from the same bus. The aggregation of current harmonics up to the 11th was simulated while randomizing battery SOC, the start of charging, and the kind of vehicle. Additionally, an investigation of the impact on aggregation in time was conducted. The analysis clearly shows the importance of phase angle information, its correlation to SOC, and how the aggregation of EV loads is influenced by these factors. The analysis also shows that 10 minute RMS aggregation could lead to significant deviations from the “actual” (200ms) data. This indicates that 10 minute value monitoring could lead to information losses.

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Solander, Araúz Ingemar. "The Effect of Harmonics on the Electrical Grid due to Electric Vehicle Chargers." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för elektroteknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-428756.

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In this thesis the effect of harmonics on the electrical grid from electric car chargers, specifically the effect on distribution transformers, is analyzed. The study was performed on the electrical grid of two areas provided by the electrical company Dala Energi. Electric car chargers are added to each customer connected to the electrical grid in both areas to examine the effects of harmonics on the distribution transformers. A model of the electrical grid of each area was recreated and simulated with the open source program OpenDSS. The effects of the added harmonic load on the electrical grid was evaluated in a range from 10% to a 100% of the consumers connected to the grid. The results of this study show an increase in losses due to harmonic distortion. However, the losses are less significant when the added electric car charger load is distributed between all three phases of the grid compared to one phase. All the added harmonics, except the 9th harmonic, maintain acceptable levels set by The Swedish Energy Market Inspectorate. The impact of the 9th harmonic can be reduced by installing filters. The main conclusion of this thesis is that to reduce the effects of harmonic on the grid the harmonic load should be distributed on all three phases. Also scheduling the charging time of the cars can be implemented to further even out the load variations on the electrical grid.

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Berthold, Florence. "Integration of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle using Vehicle-to-home and Home-to-Vehicle Capabilities." Thesis, Belfort-Montbéliard, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BELF0241/document.

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Le challenge de ces prochaines années est de réduire le plus possible les émissions de CO2 qui la première cause du réchauffement climatique. L’émission de CO2 est principalement due à l’utilisation du moteur thermique dans le milieu du transport. Pour diminuer cette émission, la solution réside à utiliser des véhicules électriques qui sont non polluants et rechargés par des sources émettant le moins possible de CO2. Mais cela impliquerait une production supplémentaire d’énergie. Aujourd’hui l’énergie électrique est produite principalement par des centrales thermiques au niveau mondial, des centrales nucléaires enFrance et des centrales hydrauliques au Québec. Les pics d’utilisations et de productions restant une problématique posant encore beaucoup de problèmes.Une utilisation croissante de véhicules électriques ou hybrides rechargeables permettrait de pouvoir disposer de systèmes de stockage d’énergie, permettant à la fois d’alimenter le moteur électrique du véhicule ou d’aider le réseau électriques. Ce flux est appelé Vehicle-to-Grid ou plus précisément dans le travail présenté ici, ce flux s’appelle Vehicle-to-Home. Alimenter la maison via la batterie du véhicule, permet de diminuer le pic de consommation du foyer. De plus, la batterie du véhicule peut être chargée durant la nuit lorsque la production d’énergie est au plus bas et la moins chère.Ce document présente une optimisation offline du système qui inclut les différents flux d’énergie. Cette optimisation a été réalisée à l’aide de la programmation dynamique. L’objectif de cette optimisation est de minimiser le coût de l’énergie que ce soit le coût de l’essence ou de l’électricité ou encore des énergies renouvelables installées localement.Ensuite deux contrôleurs flous localisés dans le véhicule et dans la maison ont été dimensionnés, testés par simulation (simulation online) et validés expérimentalement.Finalement cette recherche a mis en avant deux cas d’études: un en hivers et l’autre en été. Le cas d’hiver présente une réduction budgétaire de 40% dans la simulation offline, 27% dans la simulation online et 29% en expérimentation. D’autre part, le cas d’été montre une réduction budgétaire de 62% dans la simulation offline, 60% dans la simulation online et 64% en expérimentation
The challenge for the next few years is to reduce CO2 emissions, which are the cause of global climate warming. CO2 emissions are mainly due to thermal engines used in transportation. To decrease this emission, a viable solution lies in using non-polluting electric vehicles recharged by low CO2 emission energy sources. New transportation penetration has effected on energy production. Energy production has already reached peaks. At the same time, load demand has drastically increased. Hence, it has become imperative to increase daily energy production. It is well-known that world energy production is mainly produced thermal pollutant power plants, except in Québec, where energy is produced by hydro power plants.The more recent electricity utility trend is that electric, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (EV, PHEV) could allow storage and/or production of energy. EV/PHEV batteries can supply the electric motor of the vehicle, and act as an energy storage that assists the grid to supply household loads. This power flow is called vehicle-to-grid, V2G. In this dissertation, the V2G power flow is specifically called vehicle-to-home, V2H. That is battery is used during peak. Moreover, the EV battery is charged during the night, when energy production is low and cheap. This important aspect of V2H is that the vehicle battery is not connected to the grid, but is a part of a house micro-grid.This dissertation presents an offline optimization technique, which includes different energy flows, between the home, EV/PHEV, and a renewable energy source (such as photovoltaic - PV and/or wind) which forms the micro-grid. This optimization has been realized through the dynamic programming algorithm. The optimization objective is to minimize energy cost, including fuel cost, electricity cost, and renewable energy cost.Two fuzzy logic controllers, one located in the vehicle and the second one in the house, have been designed, tested by simulation (online simulation) and validated by experiments.The research analyses two seasonal case studies: one in winter and the other one in summer. In the winter case, a cost reduction of 40% for the offline simulation, 27% for the online simulation and 29% for the experiment is realized whereas in the summer case a cost reduction of 62% for the offline simulation, 60% for the online simulation and 64% for the experiment is presented

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Shuai, Wenjing. "Management of electric vehicle systems with self-interested actors." Thesis, Télécom Bretagne, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TELB0408/document.

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L'arrivée des véhicules électriques (VEs) a un impact non négligeable sur le réseau électrique, à cause de la grande quantité d'énergie demandée. La stabilité du réseau est susceptible d'être menacée. Cependant, dans l'optique de la transition du réseau électrique vers le Smart Grid, les VEs peuvent aussi être vus comme offrant de nouvelles opportunités. Grâce à la flexibilité des VE demande, leur présence ouvre la voie à des optimisations via le processus de recharge ou même par l'utilisation de cette nouvelle capacité de stockage d'énergie distribuée. Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons aux aspects économiques liés à la VE recharge, en prenant en compte le fait que l'écosystème associé aux VEs implique un grand nombre d'acteurs divers, aux objectifs rarement alignés et chaque acteur peut prendre des décisions stratégiques. Je présente d'abord un état de l'art structuré des modèles de la littérature introduits pour ces problèmes. Nous décrivons et comparons les principales approches, en mettant en évidence les besoins en communication des mécanismes correspondants, et les principales propriétés économiques afin de souligner les résultats les plus significatifs ainsi que les éventuels manques. Nous faisons ensuite une proposition consistant à utiliser le processus de VE recharge pour fournir un service de régulation au réseau électrique, en adaptant la puissance instantanée de charge. Nous conduisons une analyse économique des incitations en jeu. En particulier, nous analysons les valeurs des incitations à la régulation qui sont suffisantes pour qu'une offre de recharge-régulation soit bénéfique à la fois pour l'agrégateur et le réseau. Cette étude étant initialement conduite dans le cas d'un monopole qui peut offrir une recharge normale ou une recharge-régulation. Nous regardons ensuite l'impact de la compétition, entre un agrégateur n'offrant que des recharges à puissance fixe, et un autre n'offrant que de la recharge-régulation. La compétition semble préférable pour les utilisateurs et pour la société, puisque les prix sont alors plus bas qu'avec le monopole, et que la participation aux services de régulation est bien plus élevée. Enfin, nous proposons d'utiliser une autre propriété des VEs, à savoir leur capacité de stockage d'énergie. En effet, les VEs peuvent se charger pendant les heures de faible demande, donc à des prix réduits, et éventuellement revendre une partie pendant les pics de demande. Nous menons une étude économique des gains et coûts d'une telle approche. A partir de valeurs réalistes des marchés de l'électricité, nous déterminons numériquement les conditions pour qu'un tel scénario soit viable, et quantifions les économies qu'il peut apporter. Cette dissertation se conclut par une prise de recul sur les contributions et sur les extensions qui pourraient y être apportées
Electric Vehicles (EVs), as their penetration increases, are not only challenging the sustainability of the power grid, but also stimulating and promoting its upgrading. Indeed, EVs can actively reinforce the development of the Smart Grid if their charging processes are properly coordinated through two-way communications, possibly benefiting all types of actors. Because grid systems involve a large number of actors with nonaligned objectives, we focus on the economic and incentive aspects, where each actor behaves in its own interest. We indeed believe that the market structure will directly impact the actors' behaviors, and as a result the total benefits that the presence of EVs can earn the society, hence the need for a careful design. The thesis first provides an overview of economic models considering unidirectional energy flows, but also bidirectional energy flows, i.e., with EVs temporarily providing energy to the grid. We describe and compare the main approaches, summarize the requirements on the supporting communication systems, and propose a classification to highlight the most important results and lacks. We propose to use the recharging processes of EVs to provide regulation to the grid by varying the instantaneous recharging power. We provide an economic analysis of the incentives at play, including the EV owners point of view (longer recharging durations and impact on battery lifetime versus cheaper energy) and the aggregator point of view (revenues from recharging versus regulation gains). In particular, we analyze the range of regulation rewards such that offering a regulation-oriented recharging benefits both EV owners and the aggregator. After that, we split the monopolistic aggregator into two competing entities. We model a non-cooperative game between them and examine the outcomes at the Nash equilibrium, in terms of user welfare, station revenue and electricity prices. As expected, competing stations offer users with lower prices than the monopolistic revenue-maximizing aggregator do. Furthermore, the amount of regulation service increases significantly than that in the monopolistic case. Considering the possibility of discharging, we propose an approach close to Vehicle-to-Grid, where EVs can give back some energy from their batteries during peak times. But we also use EVs as energy transporters, by taking their energy where it is consumed. A typical example is a shopping mall with energy needs, benefiting from customers coming and going to alleviate its grid-based consumption, while EV owners make profits by reselling energy bought at off-peak periods. Based on a simple model for EV mobility, energy storage, and electricity pricing, we quantify the reduction in energy costs for the EV-supported system, and investigate the conditions for this scenario to be viable

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Meira, Guilherme Tebaldi. "Stereo Vision-based Autonomous Vehicle Navigation." Digital WPI, 2016. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/344.

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Research efforts on the development of autonomous vehicles date back to the 1920s and recent announcements indicate that those cars are close to becoming commercially available. However, the most successful prototypes that are currently being demonstrated rely on an expensive set of sensors. This study investigates the use of an affordable vision system as a planner for the Robocart, an autonomous golf cart prototype developed by the Wireless Innovation Laboratory at WPI. The proposed approach relies on a stereo vision system composed of a pair of Raspberry Pi computers, each one equipped with a Camera Module. They are connected to a server and their clocks are synchronized using the Precision Time Protocol (PTP). The server uses timestamps to obtain a pair of simultaneously captured images. Images are processed to generate a disparity map using stereo matching and points in this map are reprojected to the 3D world as a point cloud. Then, an occupancy grid is built and used as input for an A* graph search that finds a collision-free path for the robot. Due to the non-holonomic constraints of a car-like robot, a Pure Pursuit algorithm is used as the control method to guide the robot along the computed path. The cameras are also used by a Visual Odometry algorithm that tracks points on a sequence of images to estimate the position and orientation of the vehicle. The algorithms were implemented using the C++ language and the open source library OpenCV. Tests in a controlled environment show promising results and the interfaces between the server and the Robocart have been defined, so that the proposed method can be used on the golf cart as soon as the mechanical systems are fully functional.

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Xu, Jinbiao. "An approximate dynamic programming approach for coordinated charging control at vehicle-to-grid aggregator." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/36970.

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A vehicle-to-grid (V2G) aggregator is an agent between the power grid and the plug-in hybrid electrical vehicles (PHEVs). In this thesis, we study the coordinated charging control at a V2G aggregator. The coordinated charging control brings the advantages of minimizing the charging cost and reducing the power losses, by coordinating the control sequences of a group of PHEVs. On one hand, the lower cost of charging gives the users of PHEVs an incentive to cooperate. On the other hand, with an increasing popularity of PHEVs, the impact on the power distribution grid such as power losses should be of concern to the aggregator. To this end, we investigate the tradeoffs between reducing the charging cost and the power losses. We formulate the coordinated charging control as a dynamic programming problem, given the planned schedules of all the vehicles at an aggregator. As an inherent property of a V2G aggregator, we enable bidirectional electric power flows between PHEVs and the power grid. Due to the curse of dimensionality, we apply an approximate dynamic programming approach to decrease the dimensionality of both the state space and control space. Simulation results show that coordinated charging control can reduce both the total charging cost and the aggregated power losses significantly, compared with the uncoordinated control where every vehicle starts charging as soon as it is plugged in. We also show that the charging control with bidirectional power flows outperforms remarkably the one with unidirectional flows.

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Gustafsson, Anton. "Case Study of Photovoltaics and Electric Vehicle Charging in a Low-Voltage Distribution Grid." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Elektricitetslära, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-395972.

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This thesis investigates the effects from a grid connection of photovoltaics and electric vehicle charging in a low-voltage distribution grid. The study has taken place on behalf of Norrtälje Energi AB, and the object of study is a customer in one of their rural grids. Due to reported disturbances by the customer, a Magtech Voltage Booster (MVB) was installed at the point of common coupling. To evaluate the situation, three power quality measurements were analysed. Furthermore, a model of the distribution grid was developed in OpenDSS. The main conclusion of this thesis is that the disturbances seems to be caused by temporary voltage drops (below 195.5 V) during charging hours. This situation continues to create problems even though the MVB boosts and balances the voltage. The power quality measurements showed that the voltage unbalance, during charging hours, violated the limit both before and after the MVB-installation. Another significant conclusion in this thesis is that the MVB does not seem to improve the power quality, on the contrary it deteriorates the power quality with regards to rapid voltage change and harmonic content. Furthermore, the OpenDSS-model was able to predict the temporary voltage drops. And the model also resulted in voltage unbalance comparable to the measurements. The model also displayed how the voltage unbalance and harmonic content mitigated to other parts of the grid, and it became clear that it is only the closest neighbour that is in the risk of deteriorated power quality.

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Li, Mengyu. "GIS-BASED MODELING OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES AND THE AUSTRALIAN ELECTRICTY GRID." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/21880.

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The decarbonisation of transport and power supply sectors is key to achieving global and national emissions cut targets in line with Paris Agreement’s limiting global warming goals. Electric vehicles (EVs), coupled with large adoption of renewable energy (RE) resources in the power system, offer such carbon mitigation solutions. However, due to the unknown spatio-temporal variability of EV charging load, introducing large quantities of EVs and high shares of variable wind and solar energy poses challenges to the load balance management. Against this background, this thesis examines the potential role of flexible EV loads and diverse energy resources in decarbonisation of the transport and electricity supply sectors. The main content of this thesis includes: First, based on real-world vehicle driving survey data, I present a deterministic and a probabilistic model to quantitatively investigate the spatio-temporal distribution of EV charging load for Australia. Second, I present a cross-sectoral integrated EV-grid model for accessing various energy supply and demand scenarios with high spatio-temporal resolution. I quantify the impacts of EV charging demand on the current fossil-based power system in terms of its electricity generation, LOLP and levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) in Australia. Third, I further investigate spatio-temporal configurations of the least-cost 100% renewable power supply in Australia, at various levels of biomass resource use and concentrated solar power (CSP) penetration. Fourth, I utilize the EV-grid integrated model to examine the spatio-temporal interactions of widespread EV charging with a future, 100% renewable electricity system in Australia. I obtain least-cost grid configurations that include both RE generators and EVs, the latter under both uncontrolled and controlled charging, and under adoption rates between 0 and 100%.

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Pearre, Nathaniel S. "Location, duration, and power; How Americans' driving habits and charging infrastructure inform vehicle-grid interactions." Thesis, University of Delaware, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3613054.

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The substitution of electrical energy for gasoline as a transportation fuel is an initiative both with a long history, and one made both pressing and important in today's policy discussion by renewed interest in plug-in vehicles. The research presented in this dissertation attempts to inform the policy discussion for governments, for electric utilities, for the makers of electric cars, and for the industries developing and planning charging infrastructure. To that end, the impacts of variations to several possible system design parameters, on several metrics of evaluation, are assessed. The analysis is based on a dataset of vehicle trips collected by Georgia Institute of Technology, tracking almost 500 vehicles that commute to, from or within the Atlanta city center, comprising Atlanta `commuter-shed'. By assuming that this dataset of trips defines the desired travel behavior of urban and suburban American populations, the effects of travel electrification in personal vehicles can be assessed.

Several significant and novel findings have emerged from this research. These include the conclusion that at-work charging is not necessarily the logical next step beyond home-charging, as it will in general add little to the substitutability of electric vehicles. In contrast, high power en-route charging, combined with modest power home charging is shown to be surprisingly effective, potentially requiring of EV drivers a total time spent at en-route recharging stations similar to that for liquid fueled cars. From the vehicle marketing perspective, a quantification of the hybrid household effect, wherein multi-vehicle households own one EV, showed that about a quarter of all households could adopt a vehicle with 80 miles of range with no changes to travel patterns. Of interest to grid management, this research showed an apparent maximum fleet-wide load from unregulated charging of about 1 kW per vehicle, regardless of EVSE power or EV battery size. This contrasts with a potential late night load spike an order of magnitude higher under certain time-of-use charging algorithm implementations. Finally, an EVSE and EV power capacity of 10-12 kW was shown to be a likely optimum if grid services from modulated charging are being considered.

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Yu, Chunlei. "Contribution to evidential models for perception grids : application to intelligent vehicle navigation." Thesis, Compiègne, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016COMP2293.

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Pour les véhicules intelligents, un système de perception est un élément clé pour caractériser en temps réel un modèle de l’environnement de conduite autour du véhicule. Lors de la modélisation de l’environnement, les informations relatives aux obstacles doivent être gérées prioritairement car les collisions peuvent être mortelles pour les autres usagers de la route ou pour les passagers à bord du véhicule considéré. La caractérisation de l’espace occupé est donc cruciale mais pas suffisante pour les véhicules autonomes puisque le système de contrôle a besoin de trouver l’espace navigable pour assurer une planification sure de trajectoire. En effet, afin de naviguer sur les routes publiques avec d’autres utilisateurs, le véhicule doit aussi suivre les règles de circulation qui sont décrites, par exemple, par des marquages au sol peints sur la chaussée. Dans ce travail, nous nous concentrons sur une approche fondée sur des grilles égocentrées pour modéliser l’environnement. L’objectif est d’obtenir un modèle unifié contenant les informations d’obstacle avec des règles sémantiques de la route. Pour modéliser les informations d’obstacle, l’occupation est assurée par l’interprétation des informations des différents capteurs comme les valeurs des cellules. Pour modéliser la sémantique de l’espace navigable, nous proposons d’introduire la notion de grille de voies qui consiste à intégrer l’information sémantique de voie dans les cellules de la grille. La combinaison de ces deux niveaux d’information donne ainsi un modèle d’environnement plus raffiné. Lors de l’interprétation des données des capteurs en information d’obstacle, il faut manipuler des incertitudes dues à de l’ignorance ou des erreurs. L’ignorance est liée à la perception des nouveaux espaces dans la zone de perception et les erreurs proviennent de mesures bruitées et d’estimations imprécises de la pose. Dans cette recherche, la théorie de la fonction de croyance est adoptée pour faire face aux incertitudes et nous proposons des modèles évidentiels pour différents types de capteurs comme des lidars et des caméras. Les grilles de voie contiennent des informations sémantiques sur les voies provenant des marquages au sol, par exemple. À cette fin, nous proposons d’utiliser une carte a priori qui contient des informations détaillées sur la route comme l’orientation de la route et les marquages des voies. Ces informations sont extraites de la carte en utilisant une estimation de pose fournie par un système de localisation. Dans le modèle proposé, nous intégrons dans les grilles les informations de voie en tenant compte de l’incertitude de la pose estimée. Les algorithmes proposés ont été implémentés et testés sur des données réelles obtenues sur des routes publiques. Nous avons développé des algorithmes Matlab et C ++ avec le logiciel PACPUS développé au laboratoire
For intelligent vehicle applications, a perception system is a key component to characterize in real-time a model of the driving environment at the surrounding of the vehicle. When modeling the environment, obstacle information is the first feature that has to be managed since collisions can be fatal for the other road users or for the passengers on-board the considered vehicle. Characterization of occupation space is therefore crucial but not sufficient for autonomous vehicles since the control system needs to find the navigable space for safe trajectory planning. Indeed, in order to run on public roads with other users, the vehicle needs to follow the traffic rules which are, for instance, described by markings painted on the carriageway. In this work, we focus on an ego-centered grid-based approach to model the environment. The objective is to include in a unified world model obstacle information with semantic road rules. To model obstacle information, occupancy is handled by interpreting the information of different sensors into the values of the cells. To model the semantic of the navigable space, we propose to introduce the notion of lane grids which consist in integrating semantic lane information into the cells of the grid. The combination of these two levels of information gives a refined environment model. When interpreting sensor data into obstacle information, uncertainty inevitably arises from ignorance and errors. Ignorance is due to the perception of new areas and errors come from noisy measurements and imprecise pose estimation. In this research, the belief function theory is adopted to deal with uncertainties and we propose evidential models for different kind of sensors like lidars and cameras. Lane grids contain semantic lane information coming from lane marking information for instance. To this end, we propose to use a prior map which contains detailed road information including road orientation and lane markings. This information is extracted from the map by using a pose estimate provided by a localization system. In the proposed model, we integrate lane information into the grids by taking into account the uncertainty of the estimated pose. The proposed algorithms have been implemented and tested on real data acquired on public roads. We have developed algorithms in Matlab and C++ using the PACPUS software framework developed at the laboratory

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Chiriatti, Sara. "Implementazione di un modello stocastico per la simulazione di una microrete con tecnologia vehicle to grid." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/13949/.

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L'obiettivo della tesi è l'implementazione tramite l’utilizzo del software AIMMS di un modello stocastico multistage che permetta di simulare il comportamento di una microrete situata in un ambiente industriale. Il fine dell’algoritmo è quello di risolvere, nel rispetto dei vincoli tecnici, il problema del dispacciamento. Nella microrete considerata sono presenti un parcheggio con tecnologia vehicle-to-grid, un sistema grid-to-vehicle, dei carichi industriali e un impianto di generazione fotovoltaica. Per tenere conto delle incertezze del modello si è creata una procedura in grado di costruire un albero degli scenari, dove ogni scenario rappresenta una possibile realizzazione dei parametri e delle variabili del modello. Per lo studio del problema si è utilizzato un approccio di ottimizzazione stocastica lineare.

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Borne, Olivier. "Vehicle-to-grid and flexibility for electricity systems : from technical solutions to design of business models." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLC023/document.

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Les ventes de Véhicules Electriques ont été en constante augmentation ces dix dernières années, stimulées par l’adoption de politique publique favorisant la décarbonation du secteur automobile. Dans un contexte d’accroissement des énergies renouvelables dans le mix énergétique, entraînant des besoins plus important en flexibilité, la diffusion massive des véhicules électriques pourrait constituer une nouvelle source de contrainte pour les gestionnaire de réseaux d'électricité si la recharge n’est pas gérée de manière intelligente.La gestion de la recharge des flottes de Véhicules Electriques peut aussi constituer une opportunité pour apporter cette flexibilité, en particulier si les véhicules sont équipés de chargeurs bidirectionnels, capables de réinjecter de l’électricité dans le système pour équilibrer les réseaux.La recherche s’est principalement intéressée à la conception d’algorithmes permettant cette recharge « intelligente », qui prennent en compte les besoins en mobilité des utilisateurs, tout en fournissant différents services de flexibilité.Cette thèse s’attache à aller au-delà de l’aspect algorithmique, en balayant l’ensemble des aspects qui permettraient d’aboutir à un modèle d’affaire viable, et en se focalisant sur la fourniture d’un type de service : la réserve primaire (Frequency Containment Reserve), qui constitue le service identifié comme ayant la plus forte valeur pour des flottes de Véhicules équipés de chargeurs bidirectionnels
Transport industry being one the first CO2 emitters, there is an urgent need to decarbonize this sector, which could be achieved by the conjunction of the electrification of the vehicles and decarbonization of the electricity generation mix. In conjunction with increasing flexibility needs to support the introduction of Renewable Energy Sources, the development of Electric Vehicles could add new constraints for System Operators if charging process is not managed in a smart way.However, considering mobility requirements, there is a flexibility in the charging pattern of the vehicles, which could be used to offer flexibility services to System Operators, using smart-charging algorithms. Moreover, this flexibility could increase with the possibility to have reverse flow from the battery to the grid.Research focused mainly, during last years, on the design of algorithms to provide services with electric vehicles, taking into account mobility needs of users. In this thesis, we try to go beyond this design of algorithms, going through the different steps to elaborate a viable business model. We focus on the provision of one service – Frequency Containment Reserve – identified as the most valuable for Electric Vehicles equipped with bidirectional chargers

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Liu, Jingjing. "Analysis on the Integration of Electric Vehicles in the Electricity Grid with Photovoltaics Deployment in Sweden." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-206604.

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Increasing environmental pressure makes it significantly important to improve the share of renewable energy source in terms of sustainable development. Photovoltaic (PV) cells are one of the most promising technologies at present for utilizing solar radiation. However, the large scale of PV penetration with its character of intermittency may cause problems for the power system and requires a more complex power system control. Self-consumption is a feasible solution to reduce the negative impact of PV on the power system. On the other hand, Plugged-in electric vehicle which could get charged by the electricity from the grid is a potential load for the general household in the future since the introduction of electric vehicles (EVs) is critical for building a fossil-fuel independent transportation. The aim of the project is to investigate the effect on the power consumption profile when adding PV generation and electric vehicle load, as well as whether the introduction of electric vehicle will help improve the matching between electricity consumption and PV generation. This study is done on both an individual household scale and a national scale. Conclusion from the simulation is that home-charged EV accounts for a great deal of energy consumption for a single household and it could improve the national energy consumption to some extent if largely introduced into the power system. In addition, Home-charged EV without strategic control does not improve self-consumption of PV either for a single household or on a national scale.

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Costanza, Erasmo. "Modelli e strumenti per ottimizzazione di microgrid in corrente continua." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018.

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La richiesta di energia elettrica è in continuo aumento, tale fenomeno ha avuto una forte accentuazione negli ultimi decenni. L'IEA (International Energy Agency) ha stimato un aumento pari a circa il 40% nei prossimi 20 anni. Questo fenomeno ha spinto il mercato dell’energia a trovare nuove soluzioni atte a fronteggiare le nuove richieste. Per questo motivo è stato introdotto il concetto di generazione distribuita DG, quali impianti di piccola taglia spesso legati alla produzione da fonti rinnovabili. Queste DG possono lavorare in parallelo alla rete o essere introdotte all’interno di una Micro Grid (MG). La presenza sempre maggiore di carichi che funzionano in corrente continua, ha portato ad abbandonare il modello di Micro Grid AC, a favore di un modello DC. L’obiettivo di questa tesi è quello di proporre e promuovere un modello di ottimizzazione di una Micro Grid DC, cercando di sfruttare a proprio vantaggio un elemento potenzialmente dannoso per la rete come i veicoli elettrici (EV), sfruttando il concetto del Vehicle to Grid. Il modello proposto può portare all’eliminazione del nodo di storage, sfruttando gli EV come delle batterie low cost. In questo modo verrebbero ridotti i costi di impianto, di gestione e di manutenzione della MG. Sono state effettuate delle simulazioni, con l’ausilio degli strumenti software matlab e CPLEX, su uno scenario campione, utilizzando il modello descritto all’interno dell’elaborato. Nelle simulazioni sono state comparate le curve di costo giornaliero e quelle inerenti l’assorbimento di energia elettrica dalla rete principale su due differenti configurazioni. La prima è costituita sia dal nodo di storage che dagli EV, mentre nella seconda si è eliminato il nodo di storage. I risultati ottenuti sono stati soddisfacenti. All’interno dello scenario campione la presenza giornaliera di 400 EV connessi alla rete permette, alla configurazione senza nodo di storage, di avere le stesse perfomance della configurazione completa.

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Berlin, Filip, and Sebastian Granath. "Obstacle Detection and Avoidance for an Automated Guided Vehicle." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Fordonssystem, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-177709.

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The need for faster and more reliable logistics solutions is rapidly increasing. This is due to higher demands on the logistical services to improve quality, quantity, speed and reduce the error tolerance. An arising solution to these increased demands is automated solutions in warehouses, i.e., automated material handling. In order to provide a satisfactory solution, the vehicles need to be smart and able to solve unexpected situations without human interaction. The purpose of this thesis was to investigate if obstacle detection and avoidance in a semi-unknown environment could be achieved based on the data from a 2D LIDAR-scanner. The work was done in cooperation with the development of a new load-handling vehicle at Toyota Material Handling. The vehicle is navigating from a map that is created when the vehicle is introduced to the environment it will be operational within. Therefore, it cannot successfully navigate around new unrepresented obstacles in the map, something that often occurs in a material handling warehouse. The work in this thesis resulted in the implementation of a modified occupancy grid map algorithm, that can create maps of previously unknown environments if the position and orientation of the AGV are known. The generated occupancy grid map could then be utilized in a lattice planner together with the A* planning algorithm to find the shortest path. The performance was tested in different scenarios at a testing facility at Toyota Material Handling. The results showed that the occupancy grid provided an accurate description of the environment and that the lattice planning provided the shortest path, given constraints on movement and allowed closeness to obstacles. However, some performance enhancement can still be introduced to the system which is further discussed at the end of the report. The main conclusions of the project are that the proposed solution met the requirements placed upon the application, but could benefit from a more efficient usage of the mapping algorithm combined with more extensive path planning.

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48

Dietze, Markus [Verfasser], and H. [Akademischer Betreuer] Schmeck. "Entwicklung optimierter Betriebs- und Ladestrategien für Fahrzeuge mit Vehicle-2-Grid-Funktionalität / Markus Dietze. Betreuer: H. Schmeck." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1068868929/34.

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Dietze, Markus [Verfasser], and Hartmut [Akademischer Betreuer] Schmeck. "Entwicklung optimierter Betriebs- und Ladestrategien für Fahrzeuge mit Vehicle-2-Grid-Funktionalität / Markus Dietze. Betreuer: H. Schmeck." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:90-463593.

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Mohamed, Ahmed A. S. Mr. "Bidirectional Electric Vehicles Service Integration in Smart Power Grid with Renewable Energy Resources." FIU Digital Commons, 2017. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3529.

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As electric vehicles (EVs) become more popular, the utility companies are forced to increase power generations in the grid. However, these EVs are capable of providing power to the grid to deliver different grid ancillary services in a concept known as vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and grid-to-vehicle (G2V), in which the EV can serve as a load or source at the same time. These services can provide more benefits when they are integrated with Photovoltaic (PV) generation. The proper modeling, design and control for the power conversion systems that provide the optimum integration among the EVs, PV generations and grid are investigated in this thesis. The coupling between the PV generation and integration bus is accomplished through a unidirectional converter. Precise dynamic and small-signal models for the grid-connected PV power system are developed and utilized to predict the system’s performance during the different operating conditions. An advanced intelligent maximum power point tracker based on fuzzy logic control is developed and designed using a mix between the analytical model and genetic algorithm optimization. The EV is connected to the integration bus through a bidirectional inductive wireless power transfer system (BIWPTS), which allows the EV to be charged and discharged wirelessly during the long-term parking, transient stops and movement. Accurate analytical and physics-based models for the BIWPTS are developed and utilized to forecast its performance, and novel practical limitations for the active and reactive power-flow during G2V and V2G operations are stated. A comparative and assessment analysis for the different compensation topologies in the symmetrical BIWPTS was performed based on analytical, simulation and experimental data. Also, a magnetic design optimization for the double-D power pad based on finite-element analysis is achieved. The nonlinearities in the BIWPTS due to the magnetic material and the high-frequency components are investigated rely on a physics-based co-simulation platform. Also, a novel two-layer predictive power-flow controller that manages the bidirectional power-flow between the EV and grid is developed, implemented and tested. In addition, the feasibility of deploying the quasi-dynamic wireless power transfer technology on the road to charge the EV during the transient stops at the traffic signals is proven.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Vehicle to grid (V2G)'

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