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Journal articles on the topic 'Viral antigen'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 1 April 2023

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Doan, Thu A., Johnathon Schafer, Erin D. Lucas, and Beth Tamburini. "Antigen archiving promotes secondary CD8+ T cell memory responses during an unrelated infection." Journal of Immunology 206, no. 1_Supplement (2021): 102.06. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.206.supp.102.06.

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Abstract Numerous studies have shown viral antigens can persist in lymph nodes after resolution of the infection. We showed that lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs), which comprise the lymphatic vasculature necessary for antigen drainage from the tissue, is the predominant cell type required for the persistence of antigen within the lymph node. We termed this process antigen archiving due the ability of LECs to actively archive antigens to which an immune response has occurred. This process involves antigen acquisition, retention, and exchange of the antigen between LECs and dendritic cells (DC

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2

Antonuk, A., O. Dyshkant та O. Nikitin. "ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ТЕРМІНУ ЗБЕРІГАННЯ ТА СТАБІЛЬНОСТІ ІНФЕКЦІЙНОЇ АКТИВНОСТІ КУЛЬТУРАЛЬНИХ АНТИГЕНІВ ШТАМУ ГВК 1 Ж ТА КЛОНУ ГВК 2 ТТ ДЛЯ ПОСТАНОВКИ РДП". Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology 18, № 3(70) (2016): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet7002.

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Getting a culture herpesviridae antigens first and second types is possible using cell cultures inoculated epithelial pig testicles and tracheal calf respectively. The incubation herpesviridae first and second types should be conducted on the above lines in cell culture incubator at a temperature of 37,5 °C for up to 10 days. To maximize the release of virus from cell culture fluid viral after incubation need three frozen at temperatures from –18 °C to + 20 °C. The resulting liquid is purified viral the culture by centrifugation. Determining the infectious activity of the culture liquid viral

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3

Tewalt, Eric Franklin, Jean M. Grant, Erica L. Granger, Keri B. Donohue, and Chris C. Norbury. "Viral Sequestration of Antigen Subverts Cross Priming (93.14)." Journal of Immunology 178, no. 1_Supplement (2007): S168. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.178.supp.93.14.

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Abstract Antigens driven by poxvirus late promoters are produced in much larger quantities than those driven by early promoters both in vitro and in vivo. Despite the abundance of protein produced, antigens driven by late poxvirus promoters typically induce a low or undetectable CD8+ T cell response following immunization in vivo, while those driven by early promoters induce a significant response. We show that antigen driven by late promoters is not expressed in primary dendritic cells, preventing induction of naïve CD8+ T cells via the direct presentation pathway. However, it is puzzling wh

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4

Reignat, Stephanie, George J. M. Webster, David Brown, et al. "Escaping High Viral Load Exhaustion." Journal of Experimental Medicine 195, no. 9 (2002): 1089–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20011723.

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Deletion, anergy, and a spectrum of functional impairments can affect virus-specific CD8 cells in chronic viral infections. Here we characterize a low frequency population of CD8 cells present in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection which survive in the face of a high quantity of viral antigen. Although they do not appear to exert immunological pressure in vivo, these CD8 cells are not classically “tolerant” since they proliferate, lyse, and produce antiviral cytokines in vitro. They are characterized by altered HLA/peptide tetramer reactivity, which is not explained by TCR down-regulatio

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Storset, A. K., Ø. Evensen, and E. Rimstad. "Immunohistochemical Identification of Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis Virus in Paraffin-embedded Specimens from Naturally Infected Goats." Veterinary Pathology 34, no. 3 (1997): 180–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098589703400302.

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The expression of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus capsid protein was studied in seropositive naturally infected asymptomatic goats (10), seropositive naturally infected encephalitic kids (12) and goats (4), and noninfected control goats (3). Rabbit antiserum to recombinant viral capsid and matrix proteins were used in a biotin-streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase complex immunohistochemical method on sections of formalin-and ethanol-fixed tissue specimens. Macrophages in inflamed areas of the lung (8/12), in the brain (5/16), and in the spinal cord (4/16) from encephalitic animals harbored v

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6

Ramakrishnan, Kamna, and Darren R. Flower. "Discriminating antigen and non-antigen using proteome dissimilarity II: viral and fungal antigens." Bioinformation 5, no. 1 (2010): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.6026/97320630005035.

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7

Sullivan, Christopher S., and James M. Pipas. "T Antigens of Simian Virus 40: Molecular Chaperones for Viral Replication and Tumorigenesis." Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 66, no. 2 (2002): 179–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.66.2.179-202.2002.

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SUMMARY Simian virus 40 (SV40) is a small DNA tumor virus that has been extensively characterized due to its relatively simple genetic organization and the ease with which its genome is manipulated. The large and small tumor antigens (T antigens) are the major regulatory proteins encoded by SV40. Large T antigen is responsible for both viral and cellular transcriptional regulation, virion assembly, viral DNA replication, and alteration of the cell cycle. Deciphering how a single protein can perform such numerous and diverse functions has remained elusive. Recently it was established that the S

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8

Ayinde, Diana, Timothée Bruel, Sylvain Cardinaud, et al. "SAMHD1 Limits HIV-1 Antigen Presentation by Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells." Journal of Virology 89, no. 14 (2015): 6994–7006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00069-15.

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ABSTRACTMonocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDC) stimulate CD8+cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) by presenting endogenous and exogenous viral peptides via major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules. MDDC are poorly susceptible to HIV-1, in part due to the presence of SAMHD1, a cellular enzyme that depletes intracellular deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) and degrades viral RNA. Vpx, an HIV-2/SIVsm protein absent from HIV-1, antagonizes SAMHD1 by inducing its degradation. The impact of SAMHD1 on the adaptive cellular immune response remains poorly characterized. Here, we asked whe

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9

Fleischer, B., H. Becht, and R. Rott. "Recognition of viral antigens by human influenza A virus-specific T lymphocyte clones." Journal of Immunology 135, no. 4 (1985): 2800–2804. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.135.4.2800.

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Abstract The nature of the viral antigens recognized by influenza A virus-immune cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) is still a matter of debate. We have used four human influenza A virus-specific T lymphocyte clones with antigen-specific cytotoxic and proliferative activity to investigate the requirements for recognition of viral antigens on infected cells. One clone recognized a cross-reactive determinant on the viral hemagglutinin, and two clones were specific for different epitopes on the viral nucleoprotein (NP). A fourth clone seemed to be specific for the viral M protein. Target cell recognit

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10

Hirano, Minato, Kentaro Yoshii, Mizuki Sakai, Rie Hasebe, Osamu Ichii, and Hiroaki Kariwa. "Tick-borne flaviviruses alter membrane structure and replicate in dendrites of primary mouse neuronal cultures." Journal of General Virology 95, no. 4 (2014): 849–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.061432-0.

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Neurological diseases caused by encephalitic flaviviruses are severe and associated with high levels of mortality. However, detailed mechanisms of viral replication in the brain and features of viral pathogenesis remain poorly understood. We carried out a comparative analysis of replication of neurotropic flaviviruses: West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis virus and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), in primary cultures of mouse brain neurons. All the flaviviruses multiplied well in primary neuronal cultures from the hippocampus, cerebral cortex and cerebellum. The distribution of viral-sp

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11

Kang, Bora, Su Jeong Ryu, and Eun Young Choi. "CD8 T cell response for H60 requires CD4 T cell help when the antigen is expressed as a viral antigen (132.36)." Journal of Immunology 184, no. 1_Supplement (2010): 132.36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.184.supp.132.36.

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Abstract CD4 helper T cell is critical for the generation of primary and memory CD8 T cells specific for non-inflammatory antigens. Minor histocompatibility antigens are representative non-inflammatory cellular antigens that require CD4 help for the response induction, and we have shown that CD8 T cell response for minor histocompatibility antigen H60 is dependent on CD4 help not only for the primary response but also for the secondary response inductions. In this study, we addressed a question whether H60 epitope as a viral antigen would require CD4 help for specific response induction. A rec

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12

Menne, Stephan, Carol A. Roneker, Brent E. Korba, John L. Gerin, Bud C. Tennant та Paul J. Cote. "Immunization with Surface Antigen Vaccine Alone and after Treatment with 1-(2-Fluoro-5-Methyl-β-l-Arabinofuranosyl)-Uracil (l-FMAU) Breaks Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immune Tolerance in Chronic Woodchuck Hepatitis Virus Infection". Journal of Virology 76, № 11 (2002): 5305–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.76.11.5305-5314.2002.

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ABSTRACT Woodchucks chronically infected with the woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) were treated with the antiviral drug 1-(2-fluoro-5-methyl-β-l-arabinofuranosyl)-uracil (l-FMAU) or placebo for 32 weeks. Half the woodchucks in each group then received four injections of surface antigen vaccine during the next 16 weeks. Vaccination alone elicited a low-level antibody response to surface antigen in most carriers but did not affect serum WHV DNA and surface antigen. Carriers treated first with l-FMAU to reduce serum WHV DNA and surface antigen and then vaccinated had a similar low-level antibody r

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13

Doan, Thu A., Ryan Sheridan, Tadg Forward, and Beth Tamburini. "Vaccine antigen archiving by lymphatic endothelial cells boosts archived antigen-specific CD8 T cell memory responses during a pathogenic challenge." Journal of Immunology 210, no. 1_Supplement (2023): 253.09. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.210.supp.253.09.

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Abstract Numerous studies have shown viral antigens can persist in lymph nodes after the resolution of the infection. We demonstrated that lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC), which comprise the lymphatic vasculature necessary for antigen drainage from the tissue, are the predominant cell type required for the persistence of both vaccine and viral antigens within the lymph node. We termed this process antigen archiving due to the ability of LEC to actively archive antigens to which an immune response has occurred. This process involves antigen acquisition, retention, and exchange of the antigen

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14

Vigouroux, Stéphane, Eric Yvon, Hans-Joachim Wagner, et al. "Induction of Antigen-Specific Regulatory T Cells following Overexpression of a Notch Ligand by Human B Lymphocytes." Journal of Virology 77, no. 20 (2003): 10872–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.77.20.10872-10880.2003.

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ABSTRACT In mice, activation of the Notch pathway in T cells by antigen-presenting cells overexpressing Notch ligands favors differentiation of regulatory T lymphocytes responsible for antigen-specific tolerance. To determine whether this mechanism operates in human T cells, we used Epstein-Barr virus-positive lymphoblastoid cell lines (EBV-LCL) as our (viral) antigen-presenting cells and overexpressed the Notch ligand Jagged-1 (EBV-LCL J1) by adenoviral transduction. The EBV-LCL J1s were cocultured with autologous T cells, and the proliferative and cytotoxic responses to EBV antigens were mea

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15

Conly, JM, and BL Johnston. "Ode to Oseltamivir and Amantadine?" Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 17, no. 1 (2006): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2006/106989.

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Influenza A and B viruses are the two major types of influenza viruses that cause human epidemic disease. Influenza A viruses are further categorized into subtypes based on two surface antigens: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). Influenza B viruses are not categorized into subtypes (1). Influenza A viruses are found in many animal species, including humans, ducks, chickens, pigs, whales, horses and seals, whereas influenza B viruses circulate only among humans. The H antigen contains common and strain-specific antigens, demonstrates antigenic variation, and acts as a site of attachment

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16

Moens, Ugo, and Andrew Macdonald. "Effect of the Large and Small T-Antigens of Human Polyomaviruses on Signaling Pathways." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 16 (2019): 3914. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20163914.

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Viruses are intracellular parasites that require a permissive host cell to express the viral genome and to produce new progeny virus particles. However, not all viral infections are productive and some viruses can induce carcinogenesis. Irrespective of the type of infection (productive or neoplastic), viruses hijack the host cell machinery to permit optimal viral replication or to transform the infected cell into a tumor cell. One mechanism viruses employ to reprogram the host cell is through interference with signaling pathways. Polyomaviruses are naked, double-stranded DNA viruses whose geno

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17

O'REILLY, DAVID R., ALLAN M. CRAWFORD, and LOIS K. MILLER. "Viral proliferating cell nuclear antigen." Nature 337, no. 6208 (1989): 606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/337606a0.

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18

Woodland, David L. "Viral Inhibition of Antigen Presentation." Viral Immunology 29, no. 7 (2016): 377–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/vim.2016.29011.dlw.

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19

Miller, Daniel M., and Daniel D. Sedmak. "Viral effects on antigen processing." Current Opinion in Immunology 11, no. 1 (1999): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0952-7915(99)80017-x.

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20

Yewdell, Jonathan W., and Ann B. Hill. "Viral interference with antigen presentation." Nature Immunology 3, no. 11 (2002): 1019–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ni1102-1019.

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21

Doan, Thu A., and Beth Tamburini. "Archived antigen boosts CD8 T cell memory responses during an unrelated infection." Journal of Immunology 208, no. 1_Supplement (2022): 110.18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.208.supp.110.18.

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Abstract Numerous studies have shown viral antigens can persist in lymph nodes after the resolution of the infection. We showed that lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs), which comprise the lymphatic vasculature, are the predominant cell type required for the persistence of antigen within the lymph node. We termed this process antigen archiving due to the ability of LECs to actively acquire and store antigens to which an active immune response occurred. This process involves antigen acquisition, retention, and exchange of the antigen between LECs and dendritic cells, resulting in the presentatio

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22

Chamberlain, Gabriel, Guillaume L. Lopez, Léa Bourguignon, et al. "Polyclonal B cells acquire LCMV antigens in a GP1-dependent manner." PLOS Pathogens 21, no. 7 (2025): e1013345. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1013345.

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The polyclonal, T-dependent nature of hypergammaglobulinemia during murine infection with LCMV is well defined, however the mechanism by which polyclonal B cells acquire antigens for presentation remains unknown. Here we use LCMV-specific CD4 + transgenic T cells to explore several hypotheses for B cell antigen uptake. We found that antigens produced by cells infected with LCMV in vitro are available to polyclonal B cells and their presentation to CD4+ T cells enabled robust co-activation. The in vitro nature of our model demonstrates that in vivo factors such as cytokine milieu and antigen re

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Kolawole, Elizabeth Motunrayo, and Brian D. Evavold. "Omega-3 rich diet alters T cell affinity and decreases anti-viral immunity." Journal of Immunology 196, no. 1_Supplement (2016): 148.13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.196.supp.148.13.

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Abstract There has been much investigation into the influence of dietary fatty acids with regard to modulation of immune function. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have been shown to exert beneficial anti-inflammatory effects for both chronic and acute inflammatory disease. Acute viral infection can be controlled and eliminated with an effective CD8 response. Despite studies suggesting the incorporation of omega-3 fatty acids into lipid membranes leading to the production of less inflammatory metabolites, little is known about T cell engagement with peptide-MHC (pMHC) antigen and whether om

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Kim, Taeg S., Matthew M. Hufford, Jie Sun, Yang-Xin Fu, and Thomas J. Braciale. "Antigen persistence and the control of local T cell memory by migrant respiratory dendritic cells after acute virus infection." Journal of Experimental Medicine 207, no. 6 (2010): 1161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20092017.

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Acute viral infections induce robust adaptive immune responses resulting in virus clearance. Recent evidence suggests that there may be depots of viral antigen that persist in draining lymph nodes (DLNs) after virus clearance and could, therefore, affect the adaptive immune response and memory T cell formation. The nature of these residual antigen depots, the mechanism of antigen persistence, and the impact of the persistent antigen on memory T cells remain ill defined. Using a mouse model of influenza virus infection of the respiratory tract, we identified respiratory dendritic cells (RDCs) a

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25

Zhao, Xiaorong, Ramiro J. Madden-Fuentes, Becky X. Lou, et al. "Ataxia Telangiectasia-Mutated Damage-Signaling Kinase- and Proteasome-Dependent Destruction of Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 Subunits in Simian Virus 40-Infected Primate Cells." Journal of Virology 82, no. 11 (2008): 5316–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02677-07.

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ABSTRACT Although the mechanism of simian virus 40 (SV40) DNA replication has been extensively investigated with cell extracts, viral DNA replication in productively infected cells utilizes additional viral and host functions whose interplay remains poorly understood. We show here that in SV40-infected primate cells, the activated ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) damage-signaling kinase, γ-H2AX, and Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) assemble with T antigen and other viral DNA replication proteins in large nuclear foci. During infection, steady-state levels of MRN subunits decline, although the corresp

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26

Kennedy, P. G., O. Narayan, Z. Ghotbi, J. Hopkins, H. E. Gendelman, and J. E. Clements. "Persistent expression of Ia antigen and viral genome in visna-maedi virus-induced inflammatory cells. Possible role of lentivirus-induced interferon." Journal of Experimental Medicine 162, no. 6 (1985): 1970–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.162.6.1970.

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In this study we investigated the pathogenesis of the lymphoproliferative response in the chronic-active visna maedi virus-induced inflammatory lesions. Viral RNA expression was confined to macrophages, but only in tissues showing inflammatory lesions. A persistent and high level of Ia antigen expression was seen in macrophage-like cells in the inflammatory lesions, and the amounts of viral RNA and Ia expression were closely correlated. A small subpopulation of macrophages contained both viral RNA and Ia antigen, and these were found in greatest number in the lung. In vitro experiments showed

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27

White, Harry N. "B-Cell Memory Responses to Variant Viral Antigens." Viruses 13, no. 4 (2021): 565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13040565.

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A central feature of vertebrate immune systems is the ability to form antigen-specific immune memory in response to microbial challenge and so provide protection against future infection. In conflict with this process is the ability that many viruses have to mutate their antigens to escape infection- or vaccine-induced antibody memory responses. Mutable viruses such as dengue virus, influenza virus and of course coronavirus have a major global health impact, exacerbated by this ability to evade immune responses through mutation. There have been several outstanding recent studies on B-cell memo

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López, Daniel, Olga Calero, Mercedes Jiménez, Margarita García-Calvo, and Margarita Del Val. "Antigen Processing of a Short Viral Antigen by Proteasomes." Journal of Biological Chemistry 281, no. 41 (2006): 30315–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m605973200.

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Ogata, Alana F., Adam M. Maley, Connie Wu, et al. "Ultra-Sensitive Serial Profiling of SARS-CoV-2 Antigens and Antibodies in Plasma to Understand Disease Progression in COVID-19 Patients with Severe Disease." Clinical Chemistry 66, no. 12 (2020): 1562–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/hvaa213.

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Abstract Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected over 21 million people worldwide since August 16, 2020. Compared to PCR and serology tests, SARS-CoV-2 antigen assays are underdeveloped, despite their potential to identify active infection and monitor disease progression. Methods We used Single Molecule Array (Simoa) assays to quantitatively detect SARS-CoV-2 spike, S1 subunit, and nucleocapsid antigens in the plasma of patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19). We studied plasma from 64 patients who were COVID-19 positive, 17 who were COVID-19 n

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Fernandez, A., M. Hewicker, G. Trautwein, J. Pohlenz, and B. Liess. "Viral Antigen Distribution in the Central Nervous System of Cattle Persistently Infected with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus." Veterinary Pathology 26, no. 1 (1989): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098588902600105.

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Distribution of viral antigens in the central nervous system of 25 cattle with a persistent bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection was studied. Using a polyclonal antiserum produced in pigs and the direct immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase technique, BVDV antigen was located exclusively in neurons. Predilection sites for viral persistence were cerebral cortex and hippocampus; in other areas of brain and spinal cord, viral antigens were in single neurons or small groups of neurons. There was no morphological evidence of cellular alteration due to viral persistence. Perivascular lymph

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Kim, Taeg, Matthew Hufford, Jie Sun, and Thomas Braciale. "Antigen persistence and the control of local T cell memory by migrant respiratory dendritic cells following acute virus infection (92.11)." Journal of Immunology 184, no. 1_Supplement (2010): 92.11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.184.supp.92.11.

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Abstract Acute viral infections induce robust adaptive immune responses resulting in virus clearance. Recent evidence suggests that there may be depots of viral antigen which persist in draining lymph nodes following virus clearance and could therefore affect the adaptive immune response and memory formation. The nature of these residual antigen depots, the mechanism of antigen persistence and impact of the persistent antigen on memory T cells remains ill-defined. Employing a murine model of influenza virus infection of the respiratory tract, we have identified respiratory dendritic cells (RDC

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Gil-Torregrosa, Beatriz C., A. Raúl Castaño, and Margarita Del Val. "Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Viral Antigen Processing in the Secretory Pathway Defined by the trans-Golgi Network Protease Furin." Journal of Experimental Medicine 188, no. 6 (1998): 1105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.188.6.1105.

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Classical antigen presentation by major histocompatibility complex class I molecules involves cytosolic processing of endogenously synthesized antigens by proteasomes and translocation of processed peptides into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by transporters associated with antigen presentation (TAP). Alternative pathways for processing of endogenous antigens, generally involving the ER, have been suggested but not fully proved. We analyzed the potential for class I presentation of proteolytic maturation of secretory antigens in the exocytic pathway. We found that hepatitis B (HB) virus secret

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Han, Wei, Mingxing Gao, Changqing Xie, et al. "Precise localization and dynamic distribution of Japanese encephalitis virus in the rain nuclei of infected mice." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 6 (2021): e0008442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008442.

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Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a pathogen that causes severe vector-borne zoonotic diseases, thereby posing a serious threat to human health. Although JEV is potentially neurotropic, its pathogenesis and distribution in the host have not been fully elucidated. In this study, an infected mouse model was established using a highly virulent P3 strain of JEV. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, combined with anatomical imaging of the mouse brain, were used to dynamically localize the virus and construct three-dimensional (3D) images. Consequently, onset of mild clinical signs occ

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Gao, Jin, Hongquan Wan, Xing Li, et al. "Balancing the influenza neuraminidase and hemagglutinin responses by exchanging the vaccine virus backbone." PLOS Pathogens 17, no. 4 (2021): e1009171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009171.

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Virions are a common antigen source for many viral vaccines. One limitation to using virions is that the antigen abundance is determined by the content of each protein in the virus. This caveat especially applies to viral-based influenza vaccines where the low abundance of the neuraminidase (NA) surface antigen remains a bottleneck for improving the NA antibody response. Our systematic analysis using recent H1N1 vaccine antigens demonstrates that the NA to hemagglutinin (HA) ratio in virions can be improved by exchanging the viral backbone internal genes, especially the segment encoding the po

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Mathews, Anila A. "Role of NS1 Antigen in the Diagnosis of Dengue Viral Infection." Journal of Communicable Diseases 49, no. 04 (2018): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.201734.

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Rogovskaya, Yuliya, Roman Botalov, and Vyacheslav Ryabov. "Histopathologic, Immunohistochemical Features and Profile of Viral Antigens in Patients with Myocarditis." Advanced Materials Research 1085 (February 2015): 447–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1085.447.

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We studied medical records and endomyocardial biopsies of patients with morphological confirmed lymphocytic myocarditis. The patients were divided into two groups: 1 - patients with arrhythmias; group 2 - patients with predominance syndrome heart failure. Morphological verification of myocarditis was based on World Heart Federation Consensus definition of Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy, 1997. Immunohistological study was performed to identify antigens of cardiotrophic viruses. We revealed some features in topic and character of morphological changes in depending on clinical scenario of myocarditi

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Georgopoulos, Apostolos, Lisa James, and Phillip Peterson. "Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) at the Root of Persistent Antigens and Long COVID." Journal of Immunological Sciences 9, no. 1 (2025): 1–3. https://doi.org/10.29245/2578-3009/2025/1.1257.

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Here we offer a perspective on recent findings of persistent SARS-CoV-2 antigens in Long COVID1 through the lens of immunogenetic risk and protection, namely in the context of the fundamental role of Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) in eliminating viral infections. Specifically, we attribute the persistence of viral antigens to the lack or weak protection conferred by HLA against SARS-CoV-2 in individuals carrying HLA alleles with low binding affinities to the virus. We suggest that determining the HLA Class I and II makeup of Long COVID patients will provide valuable new information in elucidati

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Weisshart, Klaus, Poonam Taneja, Andreas Jenne, Utz Herbig, Daniel T. Simmons, and Ellen Fanning. "Two Regions of Simian Virus 40 T Antigen Determine Cooperativity of Double-Hexamer Assembly on the Viral Origin of DNA Replication and Promote Hexamer Interactions during Bidirectional Origin DNA Unwinding." Journal of Virology 73, no. 3 (1999): 2201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.73.3.2201-2211.1999.

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ABSTRACT Phosphorylation of simian virus 40 large tumor (T) antigen on threonine 124 is essential for viral DNA replication. A mutant T antigen (T124A), in which this threonine was replaced by alanine, has helicase activity, assembles double hexamers on viral-origin DNA, and locally distorts the origin DNA structure, but it cannot catalyze origin DNA unwinding. A class of T-antigen mutants with single-amino-acid substitutions in the DNA binding domain (class 4) has remarkably similar properties, although these proteins are phosphorylated on threonine 124, as we show here. By comparing the DNA

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Wan, Li, Masahiro Shuda, Yuan Chang, and Patrick S. Moore. "Primary Sequence-Intrinsic Immune Evasion by Viral Proteins Guides CTL-Based Vaccine Strategies." Viruses 17, no. 8 (2025): 1035. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17081035.

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Viruses use a range of sophisticated strategies to evade detection by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) within host cells. Beyond elaborating dedicated viral proteins that disrupt the MHC class I antigen-presentation machinery, some viruses possess intrinsic, cis-acting genome-encoded elements that interfere with antigen processing and display. These protein features, including G-quadruplex motifs, repetitive peptide sequences, and rare-codon usage, counterintuitively limit production of proteins critical to virus survival, particularly during latency. By slowing viral protein synthesis, these fe

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Alatortseva, G. I., A. V. Sidorov, L. N. Nesterenko, et al. "Recombinant Analogue of Varicella Zoster Virus Glycoprotein E: Cloning, Expression and Studying of AntigEn Properties." Epidemiology and Vaccine Prevention 15, no. 1 (2016): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2016-15-1-77-85.

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We made recombinant antigen GE containing fragment of VZV glycoprotein E (Gly48 - Glu135) fused to E. coli beta-galactosidase and confirmed its antigen specificity by Western blotting and competitive-inhibition enzyme immunoassay (EIA) in comparison with commercial analogues and natural viral antigens. We showed interaction of recombinant GE protein with IgG antibodies from rabbits immunized by vaccine viral strain. GE protein also specifically reacted in ELISA with 66% of sera from zoster patients and 35% of sera from control groups including sera containing antibodies to other herpes viruses

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Netski, Dale, Brandolyn H. Thran, and Stephen C. St. Jeor. "Sin Nombre Virus Pathogenesis inPeromyscus maniculatus." Journal of Virology 73, no. 1 (1999): 585–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.73.1.585-591.1999.

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ABSTRACT Sin Nombre virus (SNV), a member of the Hantavirusgenus, causes acute viral pneumonia in humans and is thought to persistently infect mice. The deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus, has been identified as the primary reservoir host for SNV. To understand SNV infection of P. maniculatus, we examined wild deer mice for localization of viral antigens and nucleic acid. Morphologic examination consistently revealed septal edema within lung tissue and mononuclear cell infiltrates in portal areas of the liver. Immunohistochemical analysis of SNV-infected deer mice identified viral antigens wit

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Khan, Tahsin N., Jana L. Mooster, Augustus M. Kilgore, Jossef F. Osborn, and Jeffrey C. Nolz. "Local antigen in nonlymphoid tissue promotes resident memory CD8+ T cell formation during viral infection." Journal of Experimental Medicine 213, no. 6 (2016): 951–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20151855.

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Tissue-resident memory (Trm) CD8+ T cells are functionally distinct from their circulating counterparts and are potent mediators of host protection against reinfection. Whether local recognition of antigen in nonlymphoid tissues during infection can impact the formation of Trm populations remains unresolved. Using skin infections with vaccinia virus (VacV)–expressing model antigens, we found that local antigen recognition had a profound impact on Trm formation. Activated CD8+ T cells trafficked to VacV-infected skin in an inflammation-dependent, but antigen-independent, manner. However, after

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Tamburini, Beth, Matthew Burchill, and Ross Kedl. "Antigen archiving and management by lymphatic endothelial cells. (INC1P.363)." Journal of Immunology 194, no. 1_Supplement (2015): 54.20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.194.supp.54.20.

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Abstract Antigen derived from virus infections such as influenza and Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) can persist well beyond the natural rise and fall of the adaptive immune response against the infection. Antigen can similarly persist following both viral Vaccinia challenge and subunit vaccination. Surprisingly, persisting antigen from either Vaccinia or subunit vaccination is captured and maintained by a stromal cell subset: Lymphatic Endothelial Cells (LECs). The duration of antigen persistence is directly correlated with antigen dose and pattern recognition receptor (PRR) activation. PRR

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Milosevic, Slavoljub, Uta Behrends, Dinesh Adhikary, and Josef Mautner. "Identification of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II-Restricted Antigens and Epitopes of the Epstein-Barr Virus by a Novel Bacterial Expression Cloning Approach." Journal of Virology 80, no. 21 (2006): 10357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01193-06.

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ABSTRACT Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-specific T cells have been successfully used to treat or prevent EBV-positive lymphoproliferative disease in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, but the antigens recognized by the infused CD4+ T cells have remained unknown. Here, we describe a simple procedure that permits the identification of viral T-helper (TH)-cell antigens and epitopes. This direct antigen identification method is based on the random expression of viral polypeptides fused to chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) in bacteria, which are subsequently fed to major histocompatibil

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Weller, Melodie L., Matthew R. Gardener, Zoe C. Bogus, et al. "Hepatitis Delta Virus Detected in Salivary Glands of Sjögren’s Syndrome Patients and Recapitulates a Sjögren’s Syndrome-Like Phenotype in Vivo." Pathogens and Immunity 1, no. 1 (2016): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.20411/pai.v1i1.72.

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Background: Low-level, chronic viral infections have been suspect in the development of select autoimmune diseases, including primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS). Multiple studies have shown stimulation of antiviral response pathways in pSS tissues suggestive of a viral infection. Yet, with this data in hand, a causal link between a viral infection and development of pSS had not been identified. Therefore, a study was designed to further define the viral landscape within pSS-affected salivary gland tissue to identify potential viral-mediated triggers in the pathogenesis of this autoimmune disease

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Cho, Seong-Cheol, Hyoung-Seok Yang, Changnam Park, Si-Taek Kim, Eun-Ju Ko, and Won-Geun Son. "Prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus from Korean native cattle farms in Jeju." Korean Journal of Veterinary Research 63, no. 2 (2023): e12. http://dx.doi.org/10.14405/kjvr.20230001.

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Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an RNA virus belonging to Pestivirus in the family Flaviviridae. BVDV has economic significance for the livestock industry because of its association with acute disease, fetal loss, and birth of persistently infected (PI) animals. This study aimed to investigate the BVDV infection rates in Korean native cattle farms in Jeju for further planning of a BVDV control program in the Jeju Province. BVDV antibodies and antigens were tested in 15,842 sera collected from 302 Korean native cattle herds between January 2014 and June 2017 using enzyme-linked immunosorb

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Melhem, Nada M., Sherrianne M. Gleason, Xiang Dong Liu, and Simon M. Barratt-Boyes. "High-Level Antigen Expression and Sustained Antigen Presentation in Dendritic Cells Nucleofected with Wild-Type Viral mRNA but Not DNA." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 15, no. 9 (2008): 1337–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00154-08.

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ABSTRACT Dendritic cells (DC) are potent antigen-presenting cells that hold promise as cell-based therapeutic vaccines for infectious diseases and cancer. Ideally, DC would be engineered to express autologous viral or tumor antigens to ensure the presentation of relevant antigens to host T cells in vivo; however, expression of wild-type viral genes in primary cell lines can be problematic. Nucleofection is an effective means of delivering transgenes to primary cell lines, but its use in transfecting DNA or mRNA into DC has not been widely investigated. We show that nucleofection is a superior

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Xue, Ning, Shan Xing, Weiguo Ma, Jiahe Sheng, Zhiliang Huang, and Qingxia Xu. "Combination of Plasma MIF and VCA-IgA Improves the Diagnostic Specificity for Patients With Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma." Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment 19 (January 1, 2020): 153303382093577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1533033820935773.

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Introduction: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic value of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Materials and Methods: The expression levels of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines, tumor tissues, and plasma were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunohistochemistry. Plasma Epstein-Barr virus viral capsid antigen was determined by immunoenzymatic techniques. Results: Both the messenger RNA and protein expression level

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Goleva, Olga, and Elena Murina. "Serologic markers of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) reactivation in the conditions of viral encephalitis in young patients (VIR7P.1063)." Journal of Immunology 192, no. 1_Supplement (2014): 208.15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.192.supp.208.15.

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Abstract Viral encephalitis is one of the most severe disorders that is accompanied by the processes of tissue demyelization. It can be connected with both significantly causative viruses and a potential activation of latently persisting viruses of herpes group. The impact of persisting viruses on the activation of viral encephalitis is unclear. We analyzed the blood samples from 1-14 year-old patients diagnosed with acute viral encephalitis who had a history of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. Interestingly, there were low levels of IgM to early antigen (EA), nuclear antigen (NA) and capsi

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Johansson, Bert E., and Manon M. J. Cox. "Influenza viral neuraminidase: the forgotten antigen." Expert Review of Vaccines 10, no. 12 (2011): 1683–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/erv.11.130.

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