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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Wall pressures'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 February 2022

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1

Ahn, B. K. "Modelling unsteady wall pressures beneath turbulent boundary layers." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.595397.

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The objective is to estimate the surface pressure distributions and corresponding spectra induced by fully developed hairpin vortices inclined at an angle of 45 degree to the wall in turbulent boundary layers. On the assumption that fully developed hairpin vortices are governed by inviscid dynamics, we obtain an exact formulation for the stagnation pressure, in terms of a Green function integral along the vortex lines. We then evaluate the surface static pressure by subtracting the dynamic pressure from the results of this formulation applied to our vortex geometry. On the basis of the attache

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2

Yu, Shenkai. "Finite element prediction of wall pressures in silos." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.401036.

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3

Mansour, Eman M. S. "Swell Pressures and Retaining Wall Design in Expansıve Soils." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1323536478.

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4

Pearce, W. "A wind tunnel investigation of the internal pressure dynamics of a single-cell building fitted with a flexible roof and a dominant opening." Thesis, City University London, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.307874.

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5

Brehaut, Richard Jeremy. "Groundwater, Pore Pressure and Wall Slope Stability – a model for quantifying pore pressures in current and future mines." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geological Sciences, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/4465.

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The Hamersley Province, located approximately 1200 km north of Perth, Western Australia forms part of the southern Pilbara craton, an extensive area of Band Iron Formations (BIF). The area has a high economic significance due to several enrichment stages of the country rock (BIF) resulting in several large high-grade iron ore deposits. Mount Whaleback near Newman and Mount Tom Price are the largest deposits, where reserves have been estimated at 1400 Mt and 900 Mt respectively. These ore bodies have been quantified as being high grade resources at approximately 64 % iron, with a high lump to f

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6

Iannelli, Michael. "Determination of Seismic Earth Pressures on Retaining Walls through Finite Element Analysis." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2016. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1724.

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Seismic pressures on displacing or rigid retaining or basement walls have been derived based on the original work of Mononobe and Okabe, who used a shake table to calculate dynamic pressures of displacing retaining walls existing in cohesionless soils. Since this original work was done over eighty years ago, the results of Mononobe and Okabe, colloquially known as M-O theory, have been applied to different conditions, including non-displacing basement walls, as well as changes in soil properties. Since the original work of M-O, there have been numerous studies completed to verify the accuracy

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7

Cilingir, Ulas. "A Model Study On The Effects Of Wall Stiffness And Surcharge On Dynamic Lateral Earth Pressures." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606215/index.pdf.

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A model study on laterally braced sheet pile walls retaining cohesionless soil was conducted using 1-g shaking table. Lateral dynamic earth pressures, backfill accelerations and dynamic displacement of walls were measured. Input accelerations were kept between 0.03g to 0.27g. A data acquisition system consisting of dynamic pressure transducers, accelerometers, displacement transducer, signal conditioning board and a data acquisition card compatible with a personal computer was used during the study. Three different walls with thicknesses of 6.6, 3.2 and 2.0 mm were used in order to investigate

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8

Atherton, William. "An empirical investigation of catastrophic and partial failures of bulk storage vessels and subsequent bund wall overtopping and dynamic pressures." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2008. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/5866/.

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9

Cook, Andrew. "Examining the effects of openings at the base of slender reinforced concrete (tilt-up) wall panels subjected to varying wind pressures." Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13166.

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Master of Science<br>Department of Architectural Engineering and Construction Science<br>Kimberly Waggle Kramer<br>This report examines the effects of openings located at the base of reinforced concrete slender wall panels (tilt-up panels) designed in accordance with the American Concrete Institute (ACI) Committee 318-11 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete Section 14.8 Alternative Design of Slender Walls. The parametric study calculates the reinforcement (longitudinal) required for specific panels in accordance with ACI 318-11 Section 14.8 and compares the designs to a finite el

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10

Stratmann, Jochen. "Droplet wall and spray wall interaction at increased ambient pressure and wall temperature." Aachen Shaker, 2009. http://d-nb.info/995684472/04.

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11

Stratmann, Jochen [Verfasser]. "Droplet-Wall and Spray-Wall Interaction at Increased Ambient Pressure and Wall Temperature / Jochen Stratmann." Aachen : Shaker, 2009. http://d-nb.info/1159832323/34.

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12

Ng, Kok Chian. "Numerical investigation of pressure gradient effect on wall-pressure fluctuations." Thesis, Wichita State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/6829.

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This research investigates the effect of pressure gradient on wall-pressure fluctuations in turbulent boundary layers using a delayed detached eddy simulation (DDES) turbulence scheme. The results are compared to Goody's and Efimtsov's empirical single-point wall-pressure spectrum models. Three different types of pressure gradient conditions were investigated numerically: zero pressure gradient (Flat Plate as a baseline model), favorable pressure gradient (Convex 10 , 20 , and 40 Plates), and adverse pressure gradient (Concave 10 , 20 , and 40 Plates). The numerical results were subsequently c

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13

Rodgers, Matt W. "Unsteady pressure measurements on the case wall of a transonic compressor." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2003. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/03Jun%5FRodgers.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Aeronautical Engineering)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2003.<br>Thesis advisor(s): Raymond Shreeve, Garth Hobson. Includes bibliographical references (p. 97). Also available online.

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14

Forest, Jonathan Bradley. "The Wall Pressure Spectrum of High Reynolds Number Rough-Wall Turbulent Boundary Layers." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31114.

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The presence of roughness on a surface subject to high Reynolds number flows promotes the formation of a turbulent boundary layer and the generation of a fluctuating pressure field imposed on the surface. While numerous studies have investigated the wall pressure fluctuations over zero-pressure gradient smooth walls, few studies have examined the effects of surface roughness on the wall pressure field. Additionally, due to the difficulties in obtaining high Reynolds number flows over fully rough surfaces in laboratory settings, an even fewer number of studies have investigated this phenomenon

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15

Alexander, William Nathan. "Normalization of Roughness Noise on the Near-Field Wall Pressure Spectrum." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33643.

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Roughness noise can be a significant contributor of sound in low Mach number, high Reynolds number flows. Only a small amount of experimental research has been conducted to analyze roughness noise because of its often low energy levels that are hard to isolate even in a laboratory setting. This study details efforts to scale the roughness noise while independently varying roughness size and edge velocity. Measurements were taken in the Virginia Tech Anechoic Wall Jet Facility for stochastic rough surfaces varying from hydrodynamically smooth to fully rough as well as deterministic rough surfac

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16

ZHUANG, JUN. "EARTH PRESSURE ON RETAINING WALL NEAR ROCK FACE." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin974902659.

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17

Gresko, Lawrence Sebastian. "Characteristics of wall pressure and near-wall velocity in a flat plate turbulent boundary layer." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/14373.

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18

Dominguez, Ontiveros Elvis Efren. "Wall-pressure and PIV analysis for microbubble drag reduction investigation." Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2582.

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The effects of microbubbles injection in the boundary layer of a turbulent channel flow are investigated. Electrolysis demonstrated to be an effective method to produce microbubbles with an average diameter of 30 ??m and allowed the placement of microbubbles at desired locations within the boundary layer. Measurement of velocity fluctuations and the instantaneous wall shear stress were carried out in a channel flow facility. The wall shear stress is an important parameter that can help with the characterization of the boundary layer. This parameter can be obtained indirectly by the measure

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19

Pajayakrit, Palanunt. "Turbulence modeling for curved wall jets under adverse pressure gradient." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ26861.pdf.

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20

Mühlbauer, Monika. "Modelling wall interactions of a high-pressure, hollow cone spray /." Aachen : Shaker, 2009. http://d-nb.info/998456616/04.

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21

Pajayakrit, Palanunt Carleton University Dissertation Engineering Mechanical and Aerospace. "Turbulence modeling for curved wall jets under adverse pressure gradient." Ottawa, 1997.

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22

Xu, Guojung. "Study of thin-wall injection molding." Connect to this title online, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1078788946.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.<br>Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xxi, 238 p.; also includes graphics Includes bibliographical references (p. 231-238). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center

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23

Alaoui, Miloud. "Coherent structures and wall-pressure fluctuations modeling in turbulent boundary layers subjected to pressure gradients." Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ENAM0077/document.

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L'écoulement autour des véhicules produit une couche limite turbulente très proche de la paroi. Le caractère turbulent induit des fluctuations de pression pariétale qui font vibrer les panneaux du véhicule. Ces vibrations sont alors transmises à travers la structure et rayonnent du bruit dans l’habitacle. Les niveaux sonores dus à l'écoulement augmentent avec la vitesse du véhicule. Pour cette raison, cette problématique connaît un intérêt croissant dans le secteur aéronautique.Le but de cette thèse est double : comprendre les mécanismes à l’origine de ces fluctuations de pression à la paroi e

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24

Wood, Deborah Jane. "Pressure-impulse impact problems and plunging wave jet impact." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/c3dbd4c5-5082-4c71-a16e-3daa969e22ee.

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25

Take, W. Andrew. "Lateral earth pressures behind rigid fascia retaining walls." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0010/MQ38414.pdf.

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26

Bůžková, Eliška. "Zajištění sanační jámy pro ekologické účely." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-225487.

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As the trend in environmental care grows, the emphasis on removing the old environmental burdens is bigger. This thesis is dedicated to the case when the soil was contaminated by products of gas industry in the area of Jihomoravská plynárenská, a.s. in Brno - Zábrdovice . The aim of this work is to select the appropriate remediation technology and shoring remediation pit in mentioned locality. Diploma thesis also includes design and assessment of selected construction sheeting calculated by the method of dependent pressures, technology design and implementation of construction drawings.

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27

Mahmoudnejad, Niloufar. "Numerical simulation of wall-pressure fluctuations due to turbulent boundary layer." Diss., Wichita State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/5151.

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Pressure fluctuations associated with turbulent boundary layer have been a prominent issue over the past few decades. In order to simulate pressure fluctuations beneath a turbulent boundary layer, a numerical investigation was performed in the current study. Four different turbulence models were employed to calculate the pressure and velocity fluctuations. A new approach of direct numerical simulation (DNS) was developed, as well. The proposed DNS scheme was hybrid of sixth-order weighted compact scheme (WCS) and modified weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) scheme, which is called modi

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28

Sentmanat, Martin Lamar. "The effect of pressure on the wall slip of linear polyethylene." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=39998.

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Experiments were performed on a slit die rheometer to determine the effect of pressure on the wall slip of linear polyethylene. A novel shear stress transducer was developed to measure local wall shear stress at several locations along the die. It was found that above the critical shear stress for the onset of slip, the shear stress distribution along the die was nonuniform. Furthermore, it was discovered that the local wall shear stress near the exit of the die was greater than the nominal, or length-averaged, shear stress within the die as calculated from the pressure drop. Teflon$ sp circle

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29

Harper, David Keneda. "Boundary Layer Control and Wall-Pressure Fluctuations in a Serpentine Inlet." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32841.

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In this thesis, the benefits of boundary layer control (BLC) in improving aerodynamic performance and engine stability were examined in a compact, serpentine inlet exhibiting flow separation. A 1/14-scale turbofan engine simulator provided the flow through the inlet. The inletâ s mass flow was measured to be 759 scfm (0.939 lbm/s) with an average throat Mach number of 0.23 when the simulator speed was 40 krpm. Boundary layer suction, blowing, and their combination were used to minimize the inletâ s flow separation. The effectiveness of the suction alone and the blowing alone was shown to

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30

Józsa, Tamás István. "Drag reduction by passive in-plane wall motions in turbulent wall-bounded flows." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/33155.

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Losses associated with turbulent flows dissipate a significant amount of generated energy. Such losses originate from the drag force, which is often described as the sum of the pressure drag and the friction drag. This thesis sets out to explore the hypothesis that passive wall motions driven by fluid mechanical forces are able to reduce the friction drag in fully developed turbulent boundary layers. Firstly, the streamwise and spanwise opposition controls proposed by Choi et al. (1994, Journal of Fluid Mechanics) are revisited to identify beneficial wall motions. Near-wall streamwise or spanw

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31

Sellami, Nadia Micci Michael M. "Wall model effects on two phase flows and pressure distribution in nanochannels." [University Park, Pa.] : Pennsylvania State University, 2009. http://etda.libraries.psu.edu/theses/approved/WorldWideIndex/ETD-4395/index.html.

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32

Brown, Jeffrey Allen. "Evaluation of wall systems subjected to lateral pressure for blast resistant design /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1426049.

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33

Mühlbauer, Monika [Verfasser]. "Modelling wall interactions of a high-pressure, hollow cone spray / Monika Mühlbauer." Aachen : Shaker, 2009. http://d-nb.info/1161302034/34.

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34

Meyers, Timothy Wade. "The Rough Wall High Reynolds Number Turbulent Boundary Layer Surface Pressure Spectrum." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/25880.

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There have been very few studies investigating the rough wall pressure spectra under fully rough flows, which are relevant to many common engineering applications operating within this regime. This investigation uses the Virginia Tech Stability Wind Tunnel to perform experiments on a series of high Reynolds number zero pressure gradient turbulent boundary layers formed over rough walls in an effort to better understand and characterize the behavior of the rough wall pressure spectrum. The boundary layers were fully rough, and the boundary layer height remained sufficiently larger than the heig

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35

Loudon, Mary. "Arterial wall renin-like activity and blood pressure regulation in the rat." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/34141.

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In this study the Importance of the generation of angiotensin II within the blood vessel wall in determining the pressor response to injected renin was investigated. An injection of renin, given to rats after bilateral nephrectomy, produced a pressor response. The level of circulating renin, although initially elevated, returned to the normal range within three hours. However, the level of renin present in the aortic wall remained significantly elevated for six hours after the injection, as did the pressor response. Infusions of the angiotensin II antagonist saralasin at three and six hours af

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36

Owens, David Elliot. "Wall Features of Wing-Body Junctions: Towards Noise Reduction." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/23717.

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Much research and experiments have gone into studying idealized wing-body junction flows and their impact on horseshoe vortex and wake formation. The vortices have been found to generate regions of high surface pressure fluctuations and turbulence that are detrimental to structural components and acoustics. With the focus in the military and commercial industry on reducing the acoustical impact of aircraft and their engines, very little research has been done to examine the potential impact wing-body junctions may have on acoustics, especially for high lifting bodies such as propellers. Two

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37

Yildiz, Ersan. "Lateral Pressures On Rigid Retaining Walls : A Neural Network Approach." Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/1264415/index.pdf.

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Lateral pressures on non-yielding walls due to surface strip loads were investigated considering the non-linear stress-strain behaviour of the soil by finite element analyses. Data obtained from the finite element analyses were used to train neural networks in order to obtain a solution to assess the total lateral thrust and its point of application on a non-yielding wall due to a strip load. A 2-layered backpropogation type neural network was used. An artificial neural network solution was obtained, as a function of six parameters including the shear strength parameters of the soil ( cohesion

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38

Bailey, Matthew Marlando. "An Extended Calibration and Validation of a Slotted-Wall Transonic Wall-Interference Correction Method for the National Transonic Facility." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/95882.

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Correcting wind tunnel data for wall interference is a critical part of relating the acquired data to a free-air condition. Accurately determining and correcting for the interference caused by the presence of boundaries in wind tunnels can be difficult especially for facilities employing ventilated boundaries. In this work, three varying levels of ventilation at the National Transonic Facility (NTF) were modeled and calibrated with a general slotted wall (GSW) linear boundary condition to validate the computational model used to determine wall interference corrections. Free-air lift, drag, an

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39

Smith, Benjamin Scott. "Wall Jet Boundary Layer Flows Over Smooth and Rough Surfaces." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27597.

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The aerodynamic flow and fluctuating surface pressure of a plane, turbulent, two-dimensional wall jet flow into still air over smooth and rough surfaces has been investigated in a recently constructed wall jet wind tunnel testing facility. The facility has been shown to produce a wall jet flow with Reynolds numbers based on the momentum thickness, Re<SUB>&delta</SUB> = &deltaU<SUB>m</SUB>/&nu, of between 395 and 1100 and nozzle exit Reynolds numbers, Re<SUB>j</SUB> = U<SUB>m</SUB>b/&nu, of between 16000 and 45000. The wall jet flow properties (&delta, &delta<SUP>*</SUP>, &theta, y<SUB>1</SUB

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40

Moradi, Lee. "Resistance of membrane retrofit concrete masonry walls to lateral pressure." Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2007. https://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2009r/moradi.pdf.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2007.<br>Title from PDF title page (viewed Feb. 4, 2010). Additional advisors: James S. Davidson, Robert J. Dinan, Alan E. Eberhardt, Jason T. Kirby, Talat Salama, Houssam A. Toutanji. Includes bibliographical references (p. 139-146).

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41

Koran, François. "The effect of pressure on the rheology and wall slip of polymer melts." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0019/NQ44477.pdf.

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42

Jarrett, Neil Dennis. "A study of the influence of wall flexibility on pressure in rectangular silos." Thesis, Brunel University, 1991. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/6299.

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The pressure cxcrtcd by the stored material on rcctangular planform flexible walled silos is investigated during filling and discharge. Tests on a large scale steel model silo with a pyramidal hopper showed that the stress state of the stored material is significantly influenced by the wall flexibility and boundary conditions. The measured wall pressures were very different to pressures predicted by traditional theories and existing design codes. This is because traditional theories were developed for rigid walled circular silos and they ignore the effects of stored material/structure interact

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43

Chen, Lan S. M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Analysis of the pressure-wall interaction at the release of a stop closure." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/67178.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2011.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 97-102).<br>In producing a stop consonant, a soft tissue articulator, such as the lower lip, the tongue tip, or the tongue body, is raised to make an airtight closure. Stevens [I] pp 32 9-3 30 hypothesized that the interaction of the air pressure with the yielding soft-tissue wall would lead to a plateau-shaped release trajectory, and the duration of the plateau is progressively longer for bilabial, alveolar, and

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44

Dinsenmeyer, Alice. "Probabilistic approach for the separation of the acoustic and aerodynamic wall pressure fluctuations." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2020LYSEI087/these.pdf.

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Avec l'apparition des MEMS et la diminution globale du coût des capteurs, les acquisitions multivoies se généralisent, notamment dans le domaine de l'identification de sources acoustiques. La qualité de la localisation et de la quantification des sources peut être dégradée par la présence de bruit de mesure ambiant ou induit par le système d'acquisition. En particulier, dans le cas de mesures en présence d'un écoulement, la couche limite turbulente qui se développe sur le système de mesure peut induire des fluctuations de pression de niveau bien supérieur à celles des sources acoustiques. Il d

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45

Sehn, Allen L. "Experimental study of earth pressures on retaining structures." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/39696.

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46

Li, Jun. "Intraglottal Glottal Pressure Distributions for Three Oblique Glottal Angles." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1277146314.

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47

McGrath, Brian E. "Some features of surface pressure fluctuations in turbulent boundary layers with zero and favorable pressure gradients." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101239.

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Various researchers are interested in the structure of the surface pressure fluctuations for the development and use of noise prediction techniques for helicopter and turbomachinery rotors. This study, conducted in the Virginia Tech low speed boundary layer wind tunnel, covered the effects of zero and favorable streamwise pressure gradient flows on the surface pressure fluctuation spectra, coherence and convective wave speeds in turbulent boundary layers for momentum Reynolds numbers from 3000 to 18,800. The acceleration parameter, pressure gradient flow. K is near 2x10⁻⁷ for the favorable Sma

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48

Filz, George Michael. "An experimental and analytic study of earth loads on rigid retaining walls /." This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05222007-091353/.

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49

Curling, Llewelyn R. V. (Llewelyn Renard Vaughn). "Measurements of wall pressure fluctuations on cylinders in a bundle in turbulent axial flow." Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=39228.

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This thesis contains measurements of the wall pressure fluctuations on cylinders in a bundle in turbulent axial flow in a cylindrical channel. The measurements were made for the purposes of obtaining insight into the nature of the turbulent pressure field and providing analytical approximations of wall pressure correlations required by a previously derived theory for predicting the flow-induced vibration of cylinders in axial flow.<br>The turbulent pressure field at the walls of the cylinders is examined in both the frequency and time domains via measured power-spectral densities, cross-spectr

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50

Septham, Kamthon. "Linear mechanisms and pressure fluctuations in wall turbulence with passivity-based linear feedback control." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/58010.

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Full-domain, linear feedback control of turbulent channel flow at Reτ ≤ 400 is an effective method to attenuate turbulent fluctuations such that it is relaminarised. The passivity-based control approach is adopted and motivated by the conservative characteristics of the nonlinear terms in the Navier-Stokes equations with respect to the disturbance energy. The control acts on the wall-normal velocity fluctuations at low wavenumbers. The maximum spanwise wavelength that can be used without losing control is constant with Reynolds number at λ⁺z = 125. In the minimal flow unit at Re_cl = 5000, the

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