Academic literature on the topic 'Wax deposition thickness'
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Journal articles on the topic "Wax deposition thickness"
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Sun, Dongxu, Zuoliang Zhu, Zhiyong Hu, and Ming Wu. "Experimental and theoretical study on wax deposition and the application on a heat insulated crude oil pipeline in Northeast China." Oil & Gas Science and Technology – Revue d’IFP Energies nouvelles 75 (2020): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/ogst/2019064.
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An experimental loop apparatus of heat insulated waxy crude oil pipeline was established to study the wax deposition behaviors. The effects of flow rate and ambient temperature on the thickness and wax content of deposition layer were investigated. A kinetic calculation model for the thickness and wax content of deposition layer in heat insulated crude oil pipeline was established based on the principle of molecular diffusion, aging and shear energy. The results calculated by the model are in good agreement with the experimental values. The wax deposition thickness of a heat insulated crude oil pipeline in different seasons and operation time in Northeast China was predicted according to the theoretical model, which was anticipated that can provide a scientific basis for formulating the wax removal cycle of the pipeline. The predicted results showed that the thickness of the wax deposition layer increases first and then decreases along the pipeline.
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Sulaimon, Aliyu Adebayo, Kavinraj Gunasekaran, and Suyash Vatsa. "EVALUATING THE MECHANISMS OF WAX DEPOSITION IN CRUDE OIL PIPELINES." Platform : A Journal of Engineering 4, no. 3 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.61762/pajevol4iss3art6542.
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Flow assurance standstill as a massive issue as it involves ensuring fluid flows in well, flowline and trunk line. One of the major decisive for flow assurance crude oil is its constitution and solid deposits successful management. Wax deposition challenges and its control can be determined with the right prediction from wax deposition modelling. Certain factors like pipeline inclination that influences the rate of wax deposition need to be taken into consideration. For inclined wells, the model is tuned to account for low concentration slurries under inclined angles. Regarding this, a complete wax deposition model is developed to predict the rate of wax deposition by investigating all the possible wax deposition mechanisms which contribute actively for better wax deposition management in the oil fields. A thorough analysis has been carried out to show the significance of each deposition mechanisms and parameters in wax deposition model like rate of wax deposition, deposit thickness, the temperature in the pipeline, pressure drop in the pipeline. Based on the results achieved, it can be deduced that the shear stripping and rate enhancement effect due to oil trap has the highest contribution towards the wax deposition in the pipeline but the gravity settling velocity cannot be neglected without valid assumptions.Keywords: flow assurance, wax deposition, wax deposition mechanisms, wax deposition modelling, shear stripping, gravity settling velocity
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Leite, Nalber Miranda, Carlos Alberto Brayner de Oliveira Lira, and Abel Gámez Rodriguez. "Computational analysis for wax detection in deepwater pipelines using nuclear techniques." Brazilian Journal of Radiation Sciences 11, no. 1A (Suppl.) (2023): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15392/2319-0612.2023.2193.
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Wax deposition along the extensive oilfield pipelines is a problem that affects the flow assurance. To solve it, one must monitor the wax formation in its initial stage. In this light, nuclear techniques are an effective alternative solution, as they can detect characteristics of materials or substances in an indirect and non-invasive manner. The present work shows a computational model using the MCNP6 (Monte Carlo N-Particle 6) code and the gamma radiation transmission profiling technique to detect different wax thickness. This fact is directly related to the attenuation of the gamma radiation beam when crossing the wax thicknesses.
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Zhao, Xuefeng, Yunchen Wang, Zhongshan Zhao, Dongmei Leng, Qin Liu, and Jionghao Li. "Study on Wax Deposition Law in Daqing Gulong Shale Oil." E3S Web of Conferences 528 (2024): 01017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202452801017.
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Daqing Gulong shale oil exhibits elevated wax content, a high wax precipitation point, and a high freezing point. However, its oil density and viscosity are relatively low, making it susceptible to wax crystal precipitation. The risk of pipeline clogging is heightened in lower ambient temperatures, posing a hazard to the safe production of shale oil. This study focuses on testing the fundamental physical properties of crude oil. The wax deposition flow loop was employed to replicate wax deposition in extracted fluids under actual high-flow gas-liquid conditions within a pipeline. The deposition patterns were determined based on the experimental findings. The results indicate that, irrespective of whether in single-phase, gas-liquid two-phase, or oil-gas-water three-phase conditions, the deposition mass rises with decreasing oil temperature. Furthermore, the deposition mass rises with an increased temperature difference between the oil and the pipeline wall. Conversely, the deposition mass declines with an increased gas-liquid ratio, and the deposition thickness declines with elevated water content. The observed deposition patterns highlight the significant influence of molecular diffusion and the impact of gas phase shear. These experimental findings offer valuable references and insights for the transportation of Daqing shale oil through pipelines.
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Boucetta, Rachid, and Mohand Kessal. "Effect of the Latent Heat on Wax Deposit in Pipelines." Defect and Diffusion Forum 312-315 (April 2011): 154–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.312-315.154.
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Wax deposition continues to be a relevant problem for petroleum production and transportation pipelines. This viscous and waxy flow is theoretically modelled with a simple conservation equation system, by expressing the wax layer thickness as function of time and duct length. The flow parameters are written, depending on these independent variables but also on the Reynolds and the Peclet numbers, where effect of latent heat on the wax layer thickness deposit is investigated. A numerical simulation of the flow, for two practical cases, is performed in order to predict the pipeline obstruction.
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Elganidi, Ibrahim, Basem Elarbe, Norida Ridzuan, and Norhayati Abdullah. "A review on wax deposition issue and its impact on the operational factors in the crude oil pipeline." Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 17, no. 1 (2021): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v17n1.2166.
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The deposition of wax is a common occurrence affecting the flowability of crude oil, which happens at a temperature beneath the Wax Appearance Temperature. At this threshold, there is a gradual accumulation of crystals wax on the inner surface of pipelines. In this research, the previous studies on the effects of residence time, pressure, flow rate, crude oil composition, and temperature differential were carefully enumerated. On the overall, the differential temperature across the pipeline wall and crude oil inside it were considered as the most critical factor contributing to wax deposition. The result from different studies had argued out the effect of significant temperature differential as a leading cause of wax deposition reduction. Also, there is conflict among many researchers on whether the flow rate could result in a reduction in the amount and thickness of deposited wax. However, the wax deposition increases with an increasing resident time up to a particular time, after which the wax deposition experiences a downward trend. On the contrary, most researchers indicated that pressure is not a significant factor of wax deposition, but the conclusion that obtained through this research shows the opposite. Despite these, additional works are required in acquiring substantial results for more accurate as compared with the real-life crude oil flow in the pipeline.
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Yao, Bin, Deyin Zhao, Zhi Zhang, and Cheng Huang. "Safety Study on Wax Deposition in Crude Oil Pipeline." Processes 9, no. 9 (2021): 1572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9091572.
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The Shunbei crude oil pipeline is prepared to use the unheated transportation process to transport waxy crudes. However, the wax formation in the pipeline is unknown. In order to predict the wax deposition of the pipeline, the physical property experiment of Shunbei crude oil was carried out through field sampling. The density, freezing point, hydrocarbon composition, and viscosity–temperature characteristics of crude oil are obtained. The cloud point and wax precipitation characteristics of the crude oil were obtained using the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermal analysis method. Then, the wax deposition rate of the pipeline was predicted by two methods: OLGA software and wax deposition kinetic model. Finally, the optimal pigging cycle of the pipeline was calculated on this basis. The results show that: Shunbei crude oil is a light crude oil with low wax content, a low freezing point, and a high cloud point. Comparing the OLGA simulation results with the calculation results of the Huang Qiyu model, the development trend of wax deposition along the pipeline was the same under different working conditions. The relative error of the maximum wax layer thickness was 6%, proving that it is feasible for OLGA to simulate wax deposition in long-distance crude oil pipelines. Affected by the wax precipitation characteristics of Shunbei crude oil, there was a peak of wax precipitation between the pipeline section where crude oil temperature was 9.31–13.31 °C and the recommended pigging cycle at the lowest throughput was 34 days in winter and 51 days in spring and autumn.
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Jin, Wenbo, Qing Quan, Kemin Dai, Zongxiao Ren, and Jing Guan. "Research on the Prediction of Wax Deposition Thickness on Pipe Walls Based on the Optimal Weighted Combination Model." Processes 11, no. 12 (2023): 3363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11123363.
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Wax deposition seriously affects the safe and economic operation of pipelines. Mastering the variation laws of wax deposition thickness is the premise of formulating reasonable pigging schemes. Although the GM (1,1) model (a kind of gray model) is an effective method for predicting wax deposition thickness on pipe walls, its prediction accuracy is easily affected by the smoothness of the original sequence. The improved GM (1,1) was established by introducing the idea of translation transformation, and an optimal weighted combination model based on the traditional gray model and a logarithmic function model was proposed. The differences in the predicted results of the established models were compared and analyzed through indoor wax deposition experimental data. The research results indicate that the optimal weighted combination model has the highest fitting accuracy, followed by the logarithmic function model and the improved GM (1,1), while the fitting accuracy of the traditional gray model is poor. When the number of modeling samples is five, the average relative error and root mean square error of the prediction results of the optimal weighted combination model are 1.313% and 0.021, respectively, which shows the highest prediction accuracy. When the number of modeling samples is six, the average relative error and root mean square error of the optimal weighted combination model are 2.143% and 0.031, respectively, and its prediction accuracy is still the highest. Overall, the optimal weighted combination model has the advantages of high accuracy and easy implementation, and has strong promotion and application value.
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Wei, Jianfei, Dagui Cao, Liang Tao, et al. "Investigation on Wax Deposition Risk in Shale Oil Well During Production Test." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2860, no. 1 (2024): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2860/1/012005.
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Abstract During production test of the shale oil well, the low temperature environment in the wellbore is likely to cause wax precipitation of shale oil, and in turn disrupt the normal production test, increase the operating costs and risks. In view of this problem, by considering the gas-liquid flow, radial heat transfer and temperature gradient etc, a temperature and pressure field model of shale oil wellbore was established, and a prediction method of wax deposition zone in the shale oil wellbore during production test was proposed. Furthermore, by using the production data of a shale oil well with wax deposition in the South China Sea during production test, the accuracy of the model in calculating the fluid temperature and pressure of the wellbore with wax deposition was verified. The wellhead temperatures calculated by the model had a maximum error of 9.31%, and the bottom-hole pressures calculated by the model had a maximum error of 7.52%, indicating the model has high calculation accuracy. The model was used to analyze the sensitivities of wax deposition to the time and rate of production, water content and the ratio of gas to oil. It is found that the wax deposited in wellbore increases in thickness with the production time, is more strongly affected by production rate and water content, but less affected by the ratio of gas to oil. The research results can provide support for preventing wax deposition during production test of shale oil wells.
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Liu, Haibo, Chao Yang, Jingjing Qi, Chao Liu, Haijun Luo, and Bingfan Li. "Study on Wax Deposition Process of Crude Oil System under Shear Flow Field Conditions." Processes 12, no. 8 (2024): 1774. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr12081774.
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This paper adopted numerical simulation based on the MD method to research the effect of different shear rates and wax contents on wax deposition focused on crude oil. The findings indicated that under shear flow conditions, there were primarily four steps during deposition. Diffusion was the initial stage when wax diffused onto the metal surface. In the second stage, wax adsorbed onto a metal surface aligned itself parallel to the surface via Brownian motion, generating two different kinds of deposits. Subsequently, agglomerates were formed between the adsorbed deposits and the wax as a result of molecular interactions and bridging effects. Furthermore, the second and third deposited layers gradually showed peeling off and sliding under shear force. The wax deposition process was comparable for crude oil systems with varying shear rates and wax concentrations, and the deposited layer’s thickness on the metal surface was constant. The first, second, and third deposits were mainly adsorbed at 0.122 nm, 0.532 nm, and 1.004 nm away from the Fe surface, and the interaction energy between crude oil molecules and the Fe surface was mainly vdW force. The contact between Fe and wax progressively increased as the shear rate and wax content rose, promoting the wax adsorption on the metal surface and causing more of the wax to congregate in the deposited wax. The findings of the research can theoretically help a more thorough comprehension of the wax deposition.
Book chapters on the topic "Wax deposition thickness"
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Bihun, Roman, and Bohdan Koman. "NANOSCALE METAL FILM ELECTRONICS." In Traditions and new scientific strategies in the context of global transformation of society. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-406-1-1.
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The purpose of work is the development of technique for the deposition of nanoscale metal condensates of fine-crystalline structure of Au, Ag, Cu and transition (Mn, Hi, Pd and Cr) metals on the surface of amorphous glass or carbon substrate, and such surfaces pre-coated with wetting weakly conductive underlayers of Ge, Sb or Si, with mass thicknesses up to 8 nm.With predicted, controlled structure and electrophysical properties of metal films by use the combination of "quench deposition" technology and wetting underlayers with subsequent thermal stabilization in the interval of the first temperature zone of the modified Movchan-Demchyshyn Zone model. Practicalimplication. To analyze theoretical approaches for quantitative prediction of size charge transport phenomena in classical and ballistic regimes and the impact of surface inhomogeneities on them. Experimentally study the physical regularities of dimensional effect impact on the structure, electrophysical and optical properties of nanoscale condensates of the studied metals. The goal tasks must be solved: Develop a method of controlled metal films deposition with given physical parameters. Investigate fine-crystalline metal films with a given structure and establish criteria for the selection of wetting underlayers. To experimentally investigate the size dependence of the average linear sizes of crystallites D in the studied metal films to predict the features of the structure, surface morphology, and patterns of change in the dc percolation thickness in metal condensates. To study the regularities of condensate formation with given average linear dimensions of crystallites depending on the nature of the material, the thickness of the wetting underlayer and the mode of thermostabilization of their properties.Methodology. Nanoscale metal condensates (films) were depositeded with method of "frozen condensation" (quench deposition) of condensation of vapor thermally evaporated at ultra-high vacuum (pressure of residual gases did not exceed 10-7Pa) of metal on an amorphous glass substrate or substrate cooled to 78-90K,pre-covered with wetting Ge, Sb or Si underlayer of given mass thickness. The thickness of investigated films was monitired by shift of the resonant frequency of quartz vibrator. Electrical and thermoelectric power studies of the films consisted in studying ofsize dependence of their kinetic coefficients. Films resistance of correct geometric shape samples were measured by two-probe method, thermoelectric powerwith compensation method. Structure of studied films was monitored with transmission electronography and electron microscopy. The morphology of film surface was studied by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The listed approaches were performed by complementary and mutually controlled experimental and theoretical approaches. Metal films mechanical tensiones grown by thermovacuum evaporation methodin VUP-5A chamber undervacuum not worse than 10-5Pa were studied. Chemically polished surfaces of single-crystal silicon plates of KEF – 4.5 (111) were used for metal film mechanical tensiones investigation. Residual mechanical tensiones of the substrates caused by their mechanical processing were removed by annealing in vacuum at temperature ~ 1000°С (±1°С). After the final etching in the polishing herbator SR-4, Si-substrates were cutby dimensions of 70 × 4 × 0.25mm3. Practicalimplication. Experimentalinvestigation are necessary for the development of methods of controlled nanosized layers deposition of more refractory metals (in particular, Ta, Re, Hf and others), which is promising for use in modern micro- and nanoelectronic technology. Value/originality. The complex technique of controlled deposition of nanoscale metal films with a predetermined structure and predicted electrophysical and optical properties in a wide range of thicknesses has been created. Metal films preparing process with specified average linear grain sizes was achieved by use the methods of "frozen condensation" and weakly conductive wetting underlayers substances that prevent coalescence of metal nuclei and selection of temperature stabilization mode at temperatures close to the upper limit of the first temperature zone of Movchan-Demchyshyn Zone model.
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Yoshida, Katsumi. "Application of Electrophoretic Deposition for Interfacial Control of High-Performance SiC Fiber-Reinforced SiC Matrix (SiCf/SiC) Composites." In MAX Phases and Ultra-High Temperature Ceramics for Extreme Environments. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4066-5.ch018.
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This chapter reviews the novel fabrication process of continuous SiCf/SiC composites based on electrophoretic deposition (EPD). EPD process is very effective for achieving relatively homogeneous carbon coating with the thickness of several tens to hundreds nanometers on SiC fibers. Carbon interface with the thickness of at least 100 nm formed by EPD acts effectively for inducing interfacial debonding and fiber pullout during fracture, and the SiCf/SiC composites show excellent mechanical properties. From these results, it is demonstrated that the fabrication process based on EPD method is expected to be an effective way to control the interfaces of SiCf/SiC composites and to obtain high-performance SiCf/SiC composites.
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Yadagiri, Karampuri, and Tao Wu. "Spin Pumping in Magnetostrictive Ta/FeGaB/Ta Multilayer Thin Films." In Thin Film Deposition - Fundamentals, Processes, and Applications [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106183.
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The magnetostrictive multilayer thin film stack (Ta/FeGaB(t)/Ta) deposited/sputtered, studied the surface morphology, static and dynamic magnetic properties. The static magnetic properties multilayer studied; the coercive field and squareness increased for increasing thickness of FeGaB. The systematic study of damping in Ta/FeGaB/Ta multilayer performed by use of broadband ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) spectroscopy in-plan geometry in the range of temperature from 300 K to 100 K. The data were fitted to obtain the inhomogeneous line width (∆H0) and the damping factor (α). The damping factor is enhanced for the increased thickness of FeGaB. The enhancement of damping is due to spin pumping at the interface of Ta and FeGaB. The spin mixing conductance (geff) was calculated for magnetostriction thin films FeGaB; which had been increased for lowering the temperature. At 0 K, the geff of thin-film stack has 0.141 × 1018 m−2. Therefore, the magnetostriction multilayer film stack can be used for magnonics, spin caloritronics, and spintronics applications.
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Bergh, T. C. V. van den, and James R. Garrison. "The Geometry, Architecture, and Sedimentology of Fluvial and Deltaic Sandstones Within the Upper Ferron Sandstone Last Chance Delta." In Regional to Wellbore Analog for Fluvial-Deltaic Reservoir Modeling. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1306/st50983c18.
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Abstract The Turonian-Coniacian Upper Ferron Sandstone Last Chance Delta was deposited along the western margin of the Western Interior Seaway as a wave-modified, river-dominated deltaic system. The Last Chance Delta was deposited during a slow relative sea-level rise whose rate of rise decreased with time. The sedimentation rate progressively decreased throughout the deposition of the Last Chance Delta. Architectural and sedimentological data for deltaic near-marine sandstones indicate that primary deltaic depositional style is directly correlated with degree of wave-modification, which is controlled by the ratio of sedimentation rate to the rate of relative change in sea level. The progradational parase-quence sets have a mean sandstone dip length/thickness aspect ratio of 788. The aggradational parasequence sets are shorter with a mean length/thickness of 520. The retrogradational parase-quence sets are shorter and thinner with a mean length/thickness of 397. River-dominated progradational parasequences have a mean length/thickness of 611, a mean width/thickness of 212, and a mean length/width of 1.9. River-dominated, wave-modified progradational parasequences have longer dip lengths and a higher length/thickness of 845. The aggradational parasequences have similar lengths as the wave-modified parasequences, with a mean length/thickness of 606. The retrogra-dational parasequences are short and thin, with a mean length/thickness of 793. Stream-mouth bar, reworked stream-mouth bar, and upper shoreface deposits show trends of length/thickness changing systematically with degree of wave-reworking, from a mean length/thickness of 479 (width/thickness = 256; length/width = 1.9) in river-dominated parasequences to 546 and 595 in reworked stream-mouth bar and upper shoreface deposits, respectively. Retrogradational parasequences have higher upper shoreface mean length/thickness aspect ratios of 649. Proximal delta-front, reworked proximal delta-front, and middle shoreface deposits show similar trends. River-dominated parasequences have mean proximal delta-front length/thickness of 425 (width/thickness = 472; length/width = 1.8) and reworked proximal delta-front and middle shoreface deposits have a mean length/thickness of 827 and 912, respectively. Retrogradational parasequences have a mean middle shoreface length/thickness of 807. Distal delta-front, reworked distal delta-front, and lower shoreface deposits also show similar trends. River-dominated parasequences have mean distal deltafront length/thickness ratios of 518 and reworked distal delta-front and lower shoreface deposits have mean length/thickness ratios of 819 and 2469, respectively. Retrogradational parasequences have a mean lower shoreface length/thickness of 981. Architectural and sedimentological data for fluvial channel-belt sandstones indicate that over-all geometry, internal architecture, and preserved sedimentary structures are directly correlated with sedimentation rate and rate of relative change in sea level. Internal channel belt architecture is controlled by the response of the river equilibrium profile to changes in relative sea level and shoreline position. Channel belts, from progradational parasequence sets, deposited during times of high sedimentation rate and moderate relative sea-level rise, are laterally restricted and multi-storied with channel-fill elements stacked vertically within the channel-belt boundaries. Fluvial channel belts in the upper delta plain have average width/thickness aspect ratios of 28.8; distributary channel belts located near the paleoshoreline have average aspect ratios of 19.0. Fluvial channel belts from aggradational parasequence sets deposited during times when sedimentation rate was approximately equal to the rate of relative sea-level rise are laterally extensive and multi-storied with channel-fill elements stacked laterally en-echelon. Fluvial channel belts in the upper delta plain have average width/thickness aspect ratios of 59.2; distributary channel belts, located near the paleoshoreline have a mean aspect ratio of 12.1. Channel belts from retrogradational parasequence sets deposited during times when sedimentation rate was less than the rate of relative sea-level rise are laterally extensive and sheet-like with average aspect ratios of 100.0. Their channel-fill elements generally stacked vertically within the channelbelt boundaries. Amalgamated, braided fluvial deposits occur within small high-gradient incised valleys developed during periods of 4th- and 5th-order relative falls in sea level. The preserved incisedvalley fluvial deposits, within the Last Chance Delta, range in width from 1.3–8.8 km (0.8–5.5 mi) and in thickness from 9–32 m (27–96 ft); the average width/thickness aspect ratio is 169.4 near the valley mouths and 644.1 at 10–17 km (6–11 mi) inland from the mouth.
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Tufail Chaudhary, Kashif. "Thin Film Deposition: Solution Based Approach." In Thin Films [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94455.
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The wet chemical processing opens the way to deposit thin film with the versatility and ease for a variety of materials. Liquid film deposition involves the application of a liquid precursor on a substrate which is then converted to the required coating material in a subsequent post-treatment step. Different non-vacuum solution based deposition techniques have been developed to grow thin films with high efficiency and functionality. Spin coating is one of an effective technique for thin film fabrication due to low cost, uniformity, less hazardous, and capability of easy scaling up. The typical process involves depositing a small amount of a fluid onto the center of a substrate and then spinning the substrate at high speed. Dip coating is another simple, cost effective route with feasibility to scale-up for commercial production. The dip coating process can be divided into three important technical stages, immersion, withdrawal and evaporation. The coating may be subjected to further heat treatment in order to burn out residual compounds and induce crystallization of the functional oxides. Spray coating is a promising technique to grow thin film in research and industry to prepare thin and thick films. It is an easy approach to fabricate thin film with uniform distribution at small scale from a few nanometers to micrometers in thickness. Inkjet printing is the emerging promising technique to develop large-scale, and flexible thin films. The inkjet printing process allow easy customization to grow variety of complex structures.
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Muñoz-Rojas, David, Matthieu Weber, Christophe Vallée, et al. "Nanometric 3D Printing of Functional Materials by Atomic Layer Deposition." In Advanced Additive Manufacturing [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101859.
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Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a chemical vapour deposition (CVD) method that allows the layer-by-layer growth of functional materials by exposing a surface to different precursors in an alternative fashion. Thus, thanks to gas-solid reactions that are substrate-limited and self-terminating, precise control over thickness below the nanometer level can be achieved. While ALD was originally developed to deposit uniform coatings over large areas and on high-aspect-ratio features, in recent years the possibility to perform ALD in a selective fashion has gained much attention, in what is known as area-selective deposition (ASD). ASD is indeed a novel 3D printing approach allowing the deposition of functional materials (for example metals to oxides, nitrides or sulfides) with nanometric resolution in Z. The chapter will present an introduction to ALD, which will be followed by the description of the different approaches currently being developed for the ASD of functional materials (including initial approaches such as surface pre-patterning or activation, and newer concepts based on spatial CVD/ALD). The chapter will also include a brief overview of recent works involving the use of ALD to tune the properties of 3D printed parts.
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Ahmad, Nafees. "Application of Thin Films in High-Voltage and Power Electronics." In Thin Films - Fundamentals, Deposition Techniques and Applications [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1010012.
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Thin films, ranging in thickness from a few nanometers to several micrometers, play a key role in the development of high-voltage and power electronics technologies. Using precise deposition techniques, these ultra-thin layers provide essential properties such as insulation, thermal management, and improved electrical performance. Using thin films, device miniaturization and performance have been significantly improved, allowing them to be integrated into advanced applications such as capacitors, resistors, and transistors. Their role is particularly evident in wide-bandgap semiconductor devices such as silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN), which have excellent switching speed, breakdown voltage, and thermal performance. This chapter highlights the importance of advanced deposition methods, including atomic layer deposition (ALD) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD), which ensure precise control of film thickness and structure. These technologies produce application-specific, defect-free layers, which are critical for maintaining the reliability and performance of high-voltage systems. Additionally, a variety of materials used in the films, such as high-k dielectrics and nanocomposites, facilitate the development of high capacitance density capacitors and high-performance resistors. Their use in real-world scenarios such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems has advanced power electronics technology, improving energy conversion, thermal stability, and overall efficiency. Going forward, the integration of new materials and emerging technologies is expected to further enhance the performance of the films. Research into two-dimensional materials such as graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides, as well as nanostructured films embedded with quantum dots and nanowires, offers the potential for next-generation energy storage and conversion devices. Furthermore, flexible and stretchable films open the way to wearable electronics and medical devices. By solving challenges such as thermal management and scalability, thin films have the potential to revolutionize power electronics, driving innovation in applications ranging from smart grids to advanced aerospace systems.
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Pinchuk, Nataliia. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE FORMATION AND PROPERTIES OF PVD COATINGS TIN, TI/TIN AND TIN-MON." In The scientific paradigm in the context of technological development and social change. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-297-5-19.
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Nanocomposite coatings represent a new generation of mate-rials and they consist of at least two phases with a nanocrystalline and/or amorphous structure. They have a lot of unique properties, the appear-ance of which is associated with a high volume fraction of phase boundar-ies, with the strength of these boundaries, with the absence of dislocations inside crystals. The purpose of the paper analysis of the reasons for the observed changes, based on the mechanism of formation of surface lay-ers of vacuum-arc coatings under the condition of implantation processes stimulated by applying a negative potential to the substrate. Methodology. All samples were obtained using modern coating methods on a modernized "Bulat-6" installation. Cross section imagines were carried out by meth-ods of optical, electron microscopy. Structure of the samples was studied using a "DRON-3M" instrument in Cu-Kα radiation. Separation of diffrac-tion profiles was carried out using the "New profile". Mechanical tests of materials were performed in the mode of microindentation. Results. At all schemes of deposition of TiN coatings, a single-phase state with an fcc lattice is formed. As the displacement potential increases, a transition from [100] to [111] texture is observed. In multilayer nanostructured TiN/Ti coat-ings, a texture develops in titanium nitride layers with a thickness of 300 nm or more when a displacement potential is applied [111]. The thickness of the Ti layers of more than 30 nm is sufficient for the development of the stress-strain state in the TiN layers without their significant relaxation. When the displacement potential increases, the macrostress of the compression in the titanium nitride layers of TiN increases. It was established that epitaxial growth of isostructural cubic modifications of titanium nitride and molybdenum nitride without the formation of a two-phase state is possible with a small thickness of layers in the TiN-Mo2N multilayer system (≈2 nm). At a greater thickness, a two-phase material is formed, where the second phase is high-temperature molybdenum nitride γ-Mo2N with a cubic lattice, which is isostructural to titanium nitride. Practical implications. The final properties of nanocrystalline coatings such as the size and orientation of the grains, the structure strongly depend on the technological parameters of deposition – ion bombardment, shear potential, temperature of the sub-strate, flow density and energy of the precipitating ions, therefore, in order to achieve the desired results in each specific case, it is necessary to strive for optimization of the process deposition of coatings. Value/originality. A possible mechanism for the formation of micro- and nanostructured lay-ered condensates under conditions of continuous influence of condensation of accelerated particles of the deposited flow is proposed. At the same time, the surface is subject to bombardment, which is based on radiation-stim-ulated processes of redistribution of elements of the deposited flow and structural defects of the coating material that is formed.
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Dapena E., Román F., and San Salvador J. "Long term settlement of foundations made of 195 x 147 m slabs built on a layer of fluvial sediment." In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. IOS Press, 2005. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-656-9-1033.
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A waste water treatment plant was built on an open space in the North of Spain located on top of recent alluvial deposits ranging in thickness from 10 to 20 m. For the past 40 years blast furnace slag has been depositing on this open space forming a layer which, prior to the start of construction of the treatment plant and precisely coinciding with its siting, was as high as 15 m and this caused consolidation of the alluvial deposits beneath, allowing part of the installations to be built using direct foundations, having taken the precaution of not exceeding the preconsolidation load.
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Garbacz-Klempka, Aldona, Karol Dzięgielewski, and Małgorzata Perek-Nowak. "Analizy metaloznawcze wybranych przedmiotów brązowych i ołowianych z cmentarzyska w Świbiu / Metallographic analyses of selected bronze and lead artefacts from the cemetery at Świbie." In Cmentarzysko w wczesnej epoki żelaza w Świbiu na Górnym Śląsku. Tom 2. Wydawnictwo Profil-Archeo, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33547/swibie2022.2.15.
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A comprehensive programme of archaeometric research into the chemical composition and manufacturing technology of Early Iron Age artefacts discovered in Świbie, Upper Silesia, has yielded a number of detailed observations and findings. Sixty-six artefacts from a collection of several hundred large bronzes were targeted for study. Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy with micro-area composition analysis were used. In selected cases, non-destructive analysis was carried out by digital X-ray radiography. The study was preceded by macroscopic observation of the artefacts. It was shown that most of the large ring ornaments were made from castings subsequently subjected to numerous forging (reforging and shaping) and finishing treatments. Some of the wares, such as the massive ankle rings, retained many of the characteristics of the original cast, indicating that the finishing treatment was only applied when necessary due to the nature of the product (e.g. visual qualities). Decoration was applied using various techniques, often used in combination with each other (e.g. designing a decoration on a wax model and correcting it on the finished product). It was demonstrated that the characteristic constrictions found on the inside of the massive twisted-bar ankle rings of the Upper Silesia and Sącz (Stary Sącz) types could not be the effect of wear and tear, but evidence of intentional reforging, most likely aimed at creating a place to attach an organic strap to fix the ornament in place on the leg. The research has also identified a new category of imports from the circum-Alpine or Mediterranean areas, namely necklaces with a hooked clasp. The extraordinarily precise ornamental technique observed on the necklace, long known in the literature, from grave 102 (in which other imported luxury goods were also found), required the use of a tool in the type of a tap or a threader, and it has never before been identified in an Early Iron Age context in Poland. Above all, however, these studies made it possible to answer the research questions regarding the sample. The first question concerned the raw material and technological variation of the collection across functional and stylistic categories: Did the objects produced and/or used by the population using the cemetery differ in chemical composition of the alloy and manufacturing technique according to function or style? Although the raw material composition was quite similar for the majority of the artefacts (classic Cu-Sn tin bronze), it emerged that some of them had a slightly different composition, most notably an elevated lead content (above 1.5%, exceptionally up to 9.5%), and that this was not coincidental. More often than not, these objects, such as the necklace from grave 217 or the openwork knife handle fitting from grave 495, demanded castings that, due to their small thickness in the mould, required a special alloy with improved castability. This was not required with massive bronzes or those meant for forging sheet metal for the production of coiled ornaments ; these wares are usually characterised by a low proportion of intentionally added lead as an alloying component. No such consistency can be seen in the manufacture of small ornaments such as buttons or spiral pendants, presumably produced on a day-to-day basis from currently available raw material or from recycled raw material. A satisfactory answer was also obtained to the second main question: Whether it was practised to furnish the deceased with sets uniform in style and raw material (possibly including objects produced especially for the funerary ceremony), or whether the objects amassed in the grave were made from raw material from different sources and at different stages of the buried person’s life. Proceeding from a comparison of all the bronzes from three rich burials (graves 102, N=11; 124, N=12; 574, N=9), it was concluded that they were certainly not furnished with complete ceremonial costumes prepared by one workshop, from one batch of raw material. The only objects that they can be considered sets in terms of both style and workshop are pairs of large bronzes (such as ankle rings or massive bracelets), which were most often made from a homogeneous raw material and probably functioned together from manufacture to deposition in the grave. In the group of small bronzes, this contextual approach (as well as the functional one) confirmed a greater range of raw material patterns.
Conference papers on the topic "Wax deposition thickness"
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Li, Qifu, Jiaxing Zou, Feng Yan, Lei Chen, Chaofei Nie, and Gang Liu. "New method for calculating the wax deposition thickness along crude oil pipeline based on mechanism-data fusion." In 4th International Conference on Automation Control. Algorithm and Intelligent Bionics, edited by Jing Na and Shuping He. SPIE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.3039560.
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Rossi, Stefano, Luiz G. Ecco, Michele Fedel, and Flavio Deflorian. "Influence of the Deposition Parameters on the Properties of Electrophoretic Acrylic Paints." In CORROSION 2016. NACE International, 2016. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2016-07448.
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Abstract Steel is generally coated with the purpose of improved anticorrosive protection and aesthetic properties. In the early 90’s, few strict environmental protection regulations boosted the replacement of the traditional solventborne coatings and consequently development of waterborne paint technologies. In this view, the aim of the present work is the study of the cathodic electrodeposition of a waterborne acrylic binder in presence of different color pigments considering the effect on the aesthetic properties of the coated panels in function of accelerated exposure. Essentially, the activity was divided into two stages. First of all the optimization of the deposition parameters was carried out in order to obtain, in terms of thickness and physical barrier property, a suitable coating layer without the pigments. Next, the influence of pigments incorporation into the bath on the aesthetic properties during UV-B radiation exposure was studied. The film thicknesses were found about 20 μm. Preliminary estimations of the anticorrosive properties using electrochemical test have shown a quasi-capacitive behaviour of the paint. The magnitudes of the |Z|0.01Hz have been verified in the order of 1011 Ohm.cm2 for about two weeks of immersion indicating a good corrosion protection properties. After 500 hours under UV-B radiation, changes were verified on both, the coatings morphology and chemical structure.
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Buzykin, Andrei, Alejandro Ramos-Velazquez, and John Amiaga. "Morphology and Chemical Composition study of Thin Films on Transparent Substrates, deposited with Laser-Induced Backward Transfer (LIBT)." In Frontiers in Optics. Optica Publishing Group, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1364/fio.2024.jtu5a.17.
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Film deposition on glass surface by laser induced backward transfer was investigated. Correlations between energy and characteristics of the film, such as thickness and structural properties, are carried out for the first time.
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Chen, Tao, Frank Chang, Feng Liang, and Steven Hochanadel. "Downhole Sour Corrosion and Scale Deposition in Oil Wells." In CONFERENCE 2022. AMPP, 2022. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2022-17694.
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Abstract A downhole corrosion and scale monitoring (DCSM) tool was developed and applied in sour oil wells to monitor the corrosion and scale formation under real downhole flow conditions. The cylindrical test coupon was made of T-95 carbon steel, which was identical to the metallurgy of the downhole completion tubing. The corrosion and scale deposited on the surface of the cylindrical test coupon effectively simulated the corrosion and scale deposited on the surface of downhole completion tubing. The DCSM was installed at a desired depth in the downhole and retrieved after three months. The retrieved coupons were characterized thoroughly to assess the corrosion and scaling mechanisms using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analyses, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and surface profilometer. The results showed that a thin layer (~300 micron in thickness) of deposit, mainly composed of pyrrhotite, was formed on the surface of the T-95 coupon. However, an overall weight loss (1.3194 g) due to the combined effects of the iron sulphide deposition (weight gain) and abrasion/corrosion of the outer layer from the surface (weight loss) was observed. After removing the scale deposition, both general corrosion and under-deposit pitting corrosion were detected by the surface profile scan on the T-95 coupon, where the under-deposit pitting corrosion was considered to be the major concern.
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Kunjapur, M. M., W. H. Hartt, and S. W. Smith. "Influence of Temperature on Calcareous Deposit Deposition upon Cathodically Polarized Steel in Seawater." In CORROSION 1985. NACE International, 1985. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1985-85316.
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Abstract Experiments have been performed where cylindrical 1018 steel specimens were polarized to -0.900v. (SCE) in natural seawater at 24 and 3°C and with rotation speeds of 0 and 0.83 Hz. The nature of the calcareous deposits which formed was characterized, first, by monitoring current density during the experiments and, second, by post-test SEM investigation of deposit morphology and thickness and by EDDS analysis of deposit composition. Analysis emphasis was placed upon distinctions between deposits formed at each of the two temperatures, and possible explanations for these have been evaluated.
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Matzain, Ahmadbazlee, Mandar S. Apte, Hong-Quan Zhang, et al. "Multiphase Flow Wax Deposition Modeling." In ASME 2001 Engineering Technology Conference on Energy. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/etce2001-17114.
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Abstract Results are presented from two-phase flow wax deposition tests using a state-of-the-art, high pressure, multiphase flow test facility. Wax deposition was found to be flow pattern dependent and occurs only along the pipe wall in contact with the waxy crude oil. The deposition buildup trend at low mixture velocities is similar to that observed in laminar single-phase flow tests. The buildup trend at high mixture velocities is similar to that observed in turbulent single-phase flow tests. Thinner and harder deposits at the bottom than at the top of the pipe were observed in horizontal intermittent flow tests. Thicker and harder deposits were observed at low liquid superficial velocity than at high liquid superficial velocity annular flow tests. No wax deposition was observed along the upper portion of the pipe in stratified flow tests. A semi-empirical kinetic model tailored for the wax deposition tests predicted wax thickness with an acceptable accuracy, especially at high oil superficial velocity. Deposition rate reduction due to shear stripping and rate enhancement due to entrapment of oil and other mechanisms not accounted for by the classical Fick’s mass diffusion theory were incorporated through the use of dimensionless variables and empirical constants derived from the wax deposition data. The kinetic model, although semi-empirical, provides an insight for future model development.
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Albert, Jason E., Kelly J. Keefe, and David G. Bogard. "Experimental Simulation of Contaminant Deposition on a Film Cooled Turbine Airfoil Leading Edge." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-11582.
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A significant challenge of utilizing coal-derived synthetic fuels for gas turbine engines is mitigating the adverse effects of fuel-born contaminant depositions on film cooled turbine surfaces. A new experimental technique has been developed that simulates the key physical, but not the chemical, aspects of coal ash deposition on film cooled turbine airfoil leading edges in order to better understand the interaction between film cooling and deposition and to produce improved film cooling designs. In this large-scale wind tunnel facility, the depositing contaminants were simulated by atomized molten wax droplets sized to match the Stokes numbers of coal ash particles in the engine conditions. The sticking mechanism of the molten contaminants to the turbine surfaces was simulated by ensuring the wax droplets remained somewhat molten when they arrived at the cooled model surface. The model and wax deposits had thermal conductivities such that they matched the Biot numbers of clean and fouled turbine airfoils at engine conditions. The behavior of the deposition growth was controlled by adjusting the mainstream, coolant, and wax solidification temperatures. Simulated depositions were created for a range of test durations, film cooling blowing ratios, and controlling temperatures. Inspection of the resulting depositions revealed aspects of the flow field that augment and suppress deposition. Deposition thickness was found to increase in time until a quasi-steady thickness was attained. Blowing ratio and the difference between mainstream and wax solidification temperatures strongly affected characteristics of the depositions. Model surface temperatures greatly reduced under the depositions as they developed.
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Theyab, Muhammad Ali, and Pedro Diaz. "Experimental Study on the Effect of Spiral Flow on Wax Deposition Thickness." In SPE Russian Petroleum Technology Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/181954-ms.
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Miao, Qing, Jinghua Liang, and Baoliang Jiang. "Optimizing the Pigging Frequency Through Prediction of Wax Deposition of Pipeline." In 2006 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2006-10265.
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When hot waxy crude oil is pumped into the cold pipeline, the oil temperature will decrease with time and along the pipeline. As soon as the oil temperature near the pipe wall is below the WAP (wax appearance point), the wax contained in the crude will precipitate from the crude and deposit on the inner pipe wall with liquid part entrapped in it. This phenomenon is called wax deposition of the crude oil pipeline. The formation of the wax deposition reduces the throughput of the pipeline but enhances the operation pressure of the pipeline, which brings about more consumption of the power and reduces the safety of the pipeline. More seriously, when the wax deposition layer in the pipeline grows enough thickly, the pipeline would face the danger of shutdown and the enormous loss of economy would occur. So the removal of the wax deposition layer periodically, that is, pigging is strongly needed. Periodic pigging could reduce the operation pressure of the pipeline and keep the throughput of the pipeline, which makes the pipeline avoid hidden trouble of shutdown. Although pigging could solve the problem of the wax deposition of crude oil pipeline successfully, another problem of how to determine the pigging frequency must be faced. Relative to a suitable pigging frequency (though it is difficult to determine), more often pigging could increase the operation cost and wear and tear the inner wall of the pipe but a prolonged interval of pigging may make trouble. Usual means of determining the pigging frequency of a pipeline is mainly based on the pressure drop calculation between two pump stations. From Darcy formula for calculating the pressure loss of the pipeline, the average equivalent inside diameter (say hydraulic inside diameter) of the pipeline could be obtained. Then the average wax deposition thickness in the means of hydraulics could be calculated being based on the original inside diameter of pipeline. According to the average wax deposition thickness and operation experiences, the pigging frequency could be determined. This is true if the wax deposition along the pipeline is almost identical. But in most cases, i.e. to most crude oils and pipelines, the wax deposition profile along the pipeline is not unchanged but a complex curve. In later cases, the average wax deposition thickness calculated from the pressure drop between two pump stations hydraulically exaggerates the average extent of wax deposition but ignores the severity of wax deposition at some local position of pipeline. Thus the pigging frequency determined from the pressure drop might result in more errors, that is, a more frequent pigging or one with more safety troubles. From all the above, a prediction of wax deposition in the pipeline is very necessary and important to the decision of a safe and economic pigging frequency. But due to the complexity of the problem of wax deposition, it is very difficult to predict the wax deposition of one crude oil in a pipeline theoretically. A semi-experience method based on molecular diffusion principle for predicting the wax deposition of Daqing crude oil in the Northeast Pipelines in China is developed and introduced in this paper. Using this method, the wax depositions in the Northeast Pipelines in different seasons are calculated numerically on computers. Based on the calculation results, a more rational pigging scheme aimed at the Northeast Pipelines, which considers the variation of wax deposition along the pipeline, are given.
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Miao, Qing, Baoliang Jiang, Jianghua Tao, Sen Hu, and Jianjun Liu. "A Model for Predicting the Average Hydraulic Wax Deposition Thickness of a Long-Term Unpigged Crude Pipeline." In 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31122.
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A crude oil pipeline transporting Daqing crude in the Northeast of China had not been carried out pigging for four years. The wax deposition in it increased gradually over past four years. In this paper, from the operation data of the pipeline among the four years, the average hydraulic wax deposition thicknesses are calculated and analyzed statistically. Based on the results, the increment of the wax deposition in the long-term unpigged crude oil pipeline is concluded qualitatively and so a mathematical model for predicting the average hydraulic wax deposition thickness of such a pipeline is created. The physical meanings of the coefficients in the model are explained in the paper. Also, as an example for showing how to use this model, the statistical results on certain section of the pipeline are selected and the determination for the coefficients is introduced in detail.
Reports on the topic "Wax deposition thickness"
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Bruce. L52027 External Weld Deposition Repair for Internal Wall Loss in Tees and Elbows - Further Validation. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011189.
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Pipeline repair by direct deposition of weld metal, or weld deposition repair, is an attractive alternative to the installation of full-encirclement sleeves or composite reinforcement, particularly for repair of wall loss defects in bend sections and fittings. Previous work concluded that the static strength of straight sections of pipe, field bends, elbows, and tees can be fully restored when the after-repair minimum wall thickness is equal to or greater than the nominal wall thickness, provided that the weld metal strength is at least equal to the strength of the parent material and that the repair overlaps the perimeter of the wall loss by at least one nominal wall thickness. This criteria was validated by full-scale tests that included a limited number of wall loss locations and end-restraint conditions. To allow the confident use of this repair method, additional validation experiments were required for different wall loss locations and end-restraint conditions. The objective of this project was to further validate the criteria developed in previous work.
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Bruce. L52273 Internal Repair of Pipelines. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010287.
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External, corrosion-caused loss of wall thickness is the most common cause of repair for gas transmission pipelines. To prevent an area of corrosion damage from causing a pipeline to rupture, the area containing the corrosion damage must be reinforced. Since corrosion is a time dependent process, as pipelines become older, more repairs are required. Repair methods that can be applied from the inside of a gas transmission pipeline (i.e., trenchless methods) are an attractive alternative to conventional repair methods since pipeline excavation is precluded. This is particularly true for pipelines in environmentally sensitive and highly populated areas. Hydrostatic pressure testing was conducted on pipe sections with simulated corrosion damage repaired with glass fiber-reinforced composite liners, carbon fiber-reinforced composite liners, weld deposition, an adhesively bonded steel patch, and adhesively bonded/helically wound steel strip. To benchmark pipeline material performance, additional pipe sections were evaluated in the virgin and in the corrosion damaged/un-repaired conditions. Three repair technologies exhibited burst pressures that were greater than the burst pressures of the un-repaired pipe sections: adhesively bonded/helically wound steel strip repair exhibited the highest performance with burst pressures ranging from 0.4% to 144% higher; carbon fiber-reinforced liner repair had burst pressures ranging from 4% to 17% higher; and glass fiber-reinforced liner repair had burst pressures ranging from 1% to 7% higher. Two repair technologies exhibited burst pressures that were lower than the burst pressures of the un-repaired pipe sections: adhesively bonded steel patch repair was 1% lower and weld deposition repair was10% lower.
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Sun, S., F. R. Brunton, T. R. Carter, et al. Porosity and permeability variations in the Silurian Lockport Group and A-1 carbonate unit, southwestern Ontario. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331902.
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This is the first regional porosity/permeability study to incorporate petroleum industry laboratory core analyses submitted to the Ontario government and managed by Ontario's Oil Gas and Salt Resources Library. This study comprises 11,759 analyses for the Early Silurian Lockport Group of southwestern Ontario from 150 drill cores. The Lockport Group consists of a cyclic succession of dolostones and minor limestones comprising, in ascending order: Gasport, Goat Island, Eramosa, and Guelph formations. This stacked carbonate succession was deposited on an eastward-deepening carbonate ramp, extending from Michigan, through southwestern Ontario, to Ohio, Pennsylvania and New York. It is overlain disconformably by restricted marine carbonates, evaporites and mixed shales of the Salina Group, whereas unconformably underlain by one of four formations that include, the Lions Head (a stratigraphic equivalent of part of the Rochester), DeCew, Rochester and Irondequoit. To ensure appropriate stratigraphic assignment of the laboratory test intervals, a quality assurance/quality control review on formational tops was carried out on the 150 cores that were tested. This regional subsurface work resulted in the reassignment of 846 formation tops that were verified by examination of drill core, drill cuttings, and geophysical well data including gamma-ray, neutron and density logs. Core analysis datasets have been validated by summarizing laboratory protocols and standards and reconciling data fields in the core analysis database with auxiliary data, including geophysical logs, thin sections, and core examinaion. This auxiliary data was then used to identify data outliers to update the core analysis database. The measurements of porosity and permeability were then assigned a formation rank plotted on a subregional scale. Average porosity and permeability values have been divided into statistical populations for each formation assigned by three depositional realms. The southwestern Ontario study area has been divided into three paleogeographic settings, based on distinctive lithofacies that correspond to different carbonate depositional regimes and regions of paleokarstification. From northwest to southeast, the lithofacies reflect an inner to outer carbonate ramp setting designated as area 1-3 from northwest to southeast. Area 1 is the inter-pinnacle karst region and includes some of thepinnacle structures within the Lockport Group. This region has the most significant paleokarstification of the upper Lockport Group (Guelph and Goat Island formations) and overlying Salina Group A-unit. Area 2 has rare pinnacle structures, where no porosity/permeability core analyses data are available. Area 3 is the middle to outer portion of the Lockport carbonate ramp, with local development of reef mound phases in the lower Goat Island and Gasport formations. The porosity and permeability variability corresponds with areal distribution of paleokarstification and resulting diagenetic phases in Area 1, and lithofacies variations and temporal/spatial history of karstification in Area 3. Higher porosity and permeability generally coincide with greater thicknesses of the oil and gas reservoir within pinnacles in Area 1 and reef mound phases of Lockport Group and lower Salina Group A-1 Carbonate in Area 3. Within inter-pinnacle karst regions in Area 1, average porosity for each formation is consistently high with little variations. In Area 3, a general increase of porosity and permeability towards the southeast corresponds with lithofacies ranging from restricted lagoonal/platform interior deposits to carbonate bank deposits with local development of reef mound phases in the Gasport and Goat Island formations. There has been significant erosion and karstification within and at the tops of these pinnacles, resulting in higher porosity and permeability of the Guelph and upper Goat Island formations, and the overlying Salina Group A-1 unit. Paleokarstic events have enhanced various porosity types, including intercrystalline, moldic, irregular and fenestral vugs, and cavities.
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L51763 Repair of Pipelines by Direct Deposition of Weld Metal - Further Studies. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010234.
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The objective of this project was to establish the feasibility of repairing defects, especially corrosion-caused wall loss, by direct deposition of weld metal in pressurized pipelines without removing them from service. From experiments conducted to establish limiting parameters, it appears this type of repair technique is feasible for remaining wall thickness as small as 0.125 inches, with internal pressures as high as 900 psig. Heat input limits were established as a function of remaining wall thickness and electrode diameter. This work confirms previous findings by British Gas and others. It is concluded that repairs by deposited weld metal are feasible and should be considered for approval by the various regulations and design codes. Welding parameters that may be safely used are limited in terms of burn-through potential. Burn-through potential is dependent on welding current level as well as welding heat input. To investigate the integrity of repairs, cyclic pressure testing of the two vessels, fabricated from pipe in which areas of simulated corrosion damage ha been introduced and repaired, has been carried out. Metallographic analysis and fatigue life assessment of the repairs in both vessels were done to verify restoration of pipe integrity.