Academic literature on the topic 'Whole Number Concepts and Operations'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Whole Number Concepts and Operations.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Whole Number Concepts and Operations":
1
Sidney, Pooja Gupta, and Martha Wagner Alibali. "Creating a context for learning: Activating children’s whole number knowledge prepares them to understand fraction division." Journal of Numerical Cognition 3, no. 1 (July 21, 2017): 31–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/jnc.v3i1.71.
Abstract:
When children learn about fractions, their prior knowledge of whole numbers often interferes, resulting in a whole number bias. However, many fraction concepts are generalizations of analogous whole number concepts; for example, fraction division and whole number division share a similar conceptual structure. Drawing on past studies of analogical transfer, we hypothesize that children’s whole number division knowledge will support their understanding of fraction division when their relevant prior knowledge is activated immediately before engaging with fraction division. Children in 5th and 6th grade modeled fraction division with physical objects after modeling a series of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division problems with whole number operands and fraction operands. In one condition, problems were blocked by operation, such that children modeled fraction problems immediately after analogous whole number problems (e.g., fraction division problems followed whole number division problems). In another condition, problems were blocked by number type, such that children modeled all four arithmetic operations with whole numbers in the first block, and then operations with fractions in the second block. Children who solved whole number division problems immediately before fraction division problems were significantly better at modeling the conceptual structure of fraction division than those who solved all of the fraction problems together. Thus, implicit analogies across shared concepts can affect children’s mathematical thinking. Moreover, specific analogies between whole number and fraction concepts can yield a positive, rather than a negative, whole number bias.
2
Trafton, Paul R., and Judith S. Zawojewski. "Implementing The Standards: Meanings of Operations." Arithmetic Teacher 38, no. 3 (November 1990): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/at.38.3.0018.
Abstract:
“Carlos finally understands subtraction! He got nine of the ten exercises correct, and every one of them involved renaming.” Statements like this confuse students' computational proficiency with their understanding of an operation. Ironically, this student's understanding of the operation of subtraction may be very shallow. We often give too little attention to building and assessing concepts of operations, yet this is one of three important components of teaching and learning about number that are included in the NCTM's Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics (1989). The first of the three components is the standard on number sense and numeration. Concepts of operations (see table 1) is the second and builds on number sense. The third of the three number standards, whole-number computation, must build on the other two areas. A deep understanding of the concepts associated with an operation results from careful attention to many important real-world and mathematical ideas and relationships.
3
Perlwitz, Marcela D. "Dividing Fractions: Reconciling Self-Generated Solutions with Algorithmic Answers." Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School 10, no. 6 (February 2005): 278–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mtms.10.6.0278.
Abstract:
In this Article, I Discuss Some Key Episodes that occurred in one of my mathematics classes on basic arithmetic notions. The core concepts of the course included place-value numeration, whole numbers and operations, fractions and operations, and foundations of number theory.
4
Friedman, B. A. "First to Fight: Advanced Force Operations and the Future of the Marine Corps." Journal of Advanced Military Studies 11, no. 2 (December 16, 2020): 119–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21140/mcuj.20201102007.
Abstract:
General David H. Berger’s tenure as Commandant of the Marine Corps has set the stage for drastic change toward a Marine Corps more focused on maritime operations. The Commandant has called on these changes to be concept driven and capabilities tested, driving experimentation, wargaming, analysis, research and development, and acquisitions. The Marine Corps is pursuing or developing a number of concepts but lacks an overarching concept that provides context and coherence for conceptual exploration. The author proposes advanced force operations, a concept designed to be broad enough to link together modern concepts like expeditionary advanced base operations and distributed operations, while building on the Marine Corps’ traditions and strengths. Advanced force operations envision Marine Corps forces acting as a vanguard force, competing for maritime access, shaping naval campaigns, and enabling the introduction of Joint forces.
5
Alhazaymeh, Khaleed, and Nasruddin Hassan. "Interval-Valued Vague Soft Sets and Its Application." Advances in Fuzzy Systems 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/208489.
Abstract:
Molodtsov has introduced the concept of soft sets and the application of soft sets in decision making and medical diagnosis problems. The basic properties of vague soft sets are presented. In this paper, we introduce the concept of interval-valued vague soft sets which are an extension of the soft set and its operations such as equality, subset, intersection, union, AND operation, OR operation, complement, and null while further studying some properties. We give examples for these concepts, and we give a number of applications on interval-valued vague soft sets.
6
Kouba, Vicky L. "Review: Arithmetic as Mathematics." Journal for Research in Mathematics Education 24, no. 2 (March 1993): 172–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/jresematheduc.24.2.0172.
Abstract:
Too often in the past “arithmetic” has been viewed as simple computing or simple acquisition of procedures. In contrast, the chapters in Analysis of Arithmetic for Mathematics Teaching portray arithmetic as a thoughtful building of a flexible knowledge of our complex number system, rich in concepts, connections, and patterns that are crucial for understanding most of the rest of mathematics. This book provides research foundations and conceptual analyses of the standard topics of arithmetic: understanding of and operations on whole numbers, fractions, and decimals. The authors provide updates on the results, theories, and thoughts about children's learning of arithmetic concepts and processes, a field that has coalesced over the past twenty years.
7
Muchyidin, Arif, Lefi Nurlatif, and Indah Nursuprianah. "Miskonsepsi Siswa pada Pemahaman Konsep Bangun Ruang." JRPM (Jurnal Review Pembelajaran Matematika) 5, no. 2 (December 26, 2020): 72–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15642/jrpm.2020.5.2.72-86.
Abstract:
The purpose of this study is to describe 8th-grade students’ misconceptions in solving surface area and volume of beam and cube problems and their causal factors. This is qualitative descriptive research. Based on the research, students’ misconceptions in solving surface area and volume of beam and cube problems are misconceptions on the concept of a beam, misconceptions on the concept of the cube, misconceptions on the concept of prerequisite material, misconceptions on unit comprehension, misconceptions on the understanding of meaning, and misconceptions on sign and number operations. While the causal factors of misconception are students’ assumptions about the lack of importance of concepts so students only memorize formulas, students are not able to associate one concept with other concepts, lack of understanding concepts in prerequisite material, misunderstanding the meaning of words in a problem, students have difficulty understanding pictures., misunderstanding the difference in the size of area and length.
8
Fritz-Stratmann, Annemarie, Antje Ehlert, and Gabriele Klüsener. "Learning support pedagogy for children who struggle to develop the concepts underlying the operations of addition and subtraction of numbers: the ‘Calculia’ programme." South African Journal of Childhood Education 4, no. 3 (December 30, 2014): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajce.v4i3.232.
Abstract:
This paper argues for teaching pre-service teachers about remediation strategies for learners who encounter problems in mathematics in the early grades. The premise is that all teachers should be equipped with theory-based practical knowledge to support learning. A few teaching sessions to develop the concepts that underlie the mathematical operations of addition and subtraction are introduced in this paper. An empirically validated, comprehensive model of cumulative arithmetic competence development from the ages of four to eight years forms the basis for the construction of the suggested teaching unit. The model distinguishes five competence levels of arithmetical conceptual development, and proposes that concepts build on one another hierarchically. A ‘part plus part is equivalent to whole’ model was constructed based on this hierarchical structure and the understanding that the concept of addition is a dynamic process. The teaching examples include exercises for all children, not only ones who struggle. Possibilities for adapting the exercises to the individual development level of slower or faster learners are also included. All exercises are accompanied by a reflection on the procedure and strategies applied in order to support meaningful and sustainable learning and to give student teachers the opportunity to use knowledge of mathematical cognition theory during their pre-service years.
9
Sanz, Maria T., Emilia López-Iñesta, Daniel Garcia-Costa, and Francisco Grimaldo. "Measuring Arithmetic Word Problem Complexity through Reading Comprehension and Learning Analytics." Mathematics 8, no. 9 (September 10, 2020): 1556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math8091556.
Abstract:
Numerous studies have addressed the relationship between performance in mathematics problem-solving and reading comprehension in students of all educational levels. This work presents a new proposal to measure the complexity of arithmetic word problems through the student reading comprehension of the problem statement and the use of learning analytics. The procedure to quantify this reading comprehension comprises two phases: (a) the division of the statement into propositions and (b) the computation of the time dedicated to read each proposition through a technological environment that records the interactions of the students while solving the problem. We validated our approach by selecting a collection of problems containing mathematical concepts related to fractions and their different meanings, such as fractional numbers over a natural number, basic mathematical operations with a natural whole or fractional whole and the fraction as an operator. The main results indicate that a student’s reading time is an excellent proxy to determine the complexity of both propositions and the complete statement. Finally, we used this time to build a logistic regression model that predicts the success of students in solving arithmetic word problems.
10
Permin, Eike, Jelena Kurilova-Palisaitiene, Tom Mannheim, Kai Buhse, Robert Schmitt, Burkhard Corves, and Mats Björkman. "Energy Efficiency Potentials of Different Robot Design Concepts." Applied Mechanics and Materials 840 (June 2016): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.840.8.
Abstract:
Rising prices and political conditions are increasing the pressure on manufacturers to increase their energy efficiency. While measures for energy intensive processes such as heating or material transformation have been researched in large number in the last year, less effort has been put into the area of robot-based operations. In contrast to that, large potentials can be expected by optimizing the load-to-weight ratio in pick-and-place or assembly tasks. This paper thus researches the energy efficiency potentials of three robot concepts. The standard serial unit is compared to a parallel robot and a hybrid approach between the two, the PARAGRIP. In addition to a review of the current state of the art, a simulation is presented demonstrating saving potentials of more than 40 per cent in an industrial application scenario.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Whole Number Concepts and Operations":
1
Roy, George J. "Prospective teachers' development of whole number concepts and operations during a classroom teaching experiment." Orlando, Fla. : University of Central Florida, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/CFE0002398.
2
Roy, George. "PROSPECTIVE TEACHERS' DEVELOPMENT OF WHOLE NUMBER CONCEPTS AND OPERATIONS DURING A CLASSROOM TEACHING EXPERIMENT." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2008. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4263.
Abstract:
A classroom teaching experiment was conducted to document prospective teachers' development of whole number concepts and operations. The purpose of this mixed-methods study was to examine the collective understanding of prospective teachers in an elementary mathematics content course. Design research methodology, specifically a classroom teaching experiment was the methodology selected for this study since it allows learning to be documented in a classroom environment and is iterative in nature. A revised hypothetical learning trajectory and instructional tasks from a previous classroom teaching experiment were used in this study (Andreasen, 2006). Research about children's development of whole number concepts and operations was used in developing instructional learning goals. In addition, research regarding prospective teachers' development supported the instructional modification that all tasks would be presented and expected to be reasoned about in base-8. Both qualitative data and quantitative data were collected. Qualitative data included whole class dialogue that was videotaped and transcribed, as well as student work samples. Quantitative data included items from the Content Knowledge for Teaching Mathematics database that were administered prior to and subsequent to the instructional sequence in base-8 (Hill, Schilling, & Ball, 2005). It should be noted that the items selected from the database were in base-10. The emergent perspective served as the interpretive framework of the collected qualitative data. This perspective reflexively coordinates the social or group perspective simultaneously with psychological or individual perspective. As stated, this study sought to describe the communal mathematics understanding of prospective teachers in an elementary mathematics content course. Toulmin's (1969) model of argumentation and Rasmussen and Stephan's three-phase methodology served to document normative ways of group reasoning called classroom mathematical practices. The following classroom mathematical practices were identified as taken-as-shared by prospective teachers: (a) developing small number relationships using Double 10-Frames, (b) developing two-digit thinking strategies using the open number line, (c) flexibly representing equivalent quantities using pictures or Inventory Forms, and (d) developing addition and subtraction strategies using pictures or an Inventory Form. Quantitative results indicated that prospective teachers were able to apply mathematical understandings grounded in base-8 to whole number concepts in base-10. In the end, counting and calculating in base-8 provides a meaningful context for prospective teachers to reconstruct their knowledge of whole number concepts and operations.Ph.D.
Department of Teaching and Learning Principles
Education
Education PhD
3
Safi, Farshid. "Exploring the Understanding of Whole Number Concepts and Operations: A Case Study Analysis of Prospective Elementary School Teachers." Doctoral diss., Orlando, Fla. : University of Central Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/CFE0002811.
4
Andreasen, Janet. "CLASSROOM MATHEMATICAL PRACTICES IN A PRESERVICE ELEMENTARY MATHEMATICS EDUCATION COURSE USING AN INSTRUCTIONAL SEQUENCE RELATED." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2006. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2708.
Abstract:
This qualitative study documents a classroom teaching experiment in a semester-long undergraduate mathematics education course for 16 prospective elementary school teachers. The purpose of this study was to investigate how social aspects of the classroom environment facilitated the collective mathematical learning of place value and whole number operations by preservice elementary school teachers. Design-based research methodology was used for formulating the study. A hypothetical learning trajectory and instructional sequence related to place value and operations were created and refined in the two semesters prior to this study. The instructional sequence was in its third iteration for this study. The developmental levels that children progress through in learning place value and operations were used in identifying the learning trajectory and supporting tasks in which the preservice teachers were asked to engage. A large portion of the instructional sequence involved a setting of base eight instead of base ten. The sequence returned to base ten in order to discuss whole number operations and alternative strategies for operations in an effort to further develop the preservice teachers' conceptual understandings of place value and operations and to examine children's thinking strategies. Data were collected through video-taped recordings of class sessions, audio-taped recordings of table discussions and research team meetings, field notes, and journals written by the research team. Sixteen preservice teachers participated in the study which lasted over 5 class sessions of 3 hours and 10 minutes each. The emergent perspective which attempts to coordinate the individual learning and the social aspects of the classroom that support collective learning was used as an interpretive lens for data collection and analysis. The social aspects along with some aspects of individual student understandings together give an indication of collective mathematical understandings of the students as a whole group. Social norms established were: a) the expectation of providing explanations and justifications for solutions and solution methods, b) making sense of each other's solutions and c) asking questions of classmates or the instructor. Sociomathematical norms that were valued but not fully established were: a) criteria for different solutions and solution methods and b) criteria for what constituted a good explanation. Data analysis for the establishment of classroom mathematical practices was conducted using Toulmin's argumentation model (Toulmin, 1969). A three phase approach described by Rasmussen and Stephan (in press) was used in determining what constituted a classroom mathematical practice. The classroom mathematical practices that facilitated student learning in this study were: a) unitizing, b) flexibly representing numbers, and c) reasoning about operations. This study led to the refinement of the hypothetical learning trajectory and further progress in defining an instructional theory of how preservice teachers may come to understand place value and whole number operations.Ph.D.
Department of Teaching and Learning Principles
Education
Mathematics Education
5
Brown, Bruce J. L. "Numbers: a dream or reality? A return to objects in number learning." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-82378.
6
Morais, Anuar Daian de. "Fórmula (-1) : desenvolvendo objetos digitais de aprendizagem para as operações com números positivos e negativos." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/31426.
Abstract:
Essa dissertação apresenta um conjunto de Objetos Digitais de Aprendizagem (ODAs) que foram desenvolvidos com o objetivo de promover a aprendizagem das operações com números positivos e negativos sob a perspectiva da teoria dos Campos Conceituais de Gerard Vergnaud. Além disso, também foi desenvolvida uma proposta didática para auxiliar o professor que desejar utilizá-lo nas suas aulas. Nossa pesquisa ainda apresenta a construção histórica do conjunto dos números positivos e negativos, uma discussão sobre o uso das tecnologias de informação e comunicação (TICs) em Educação e uma revisão de propostas voltadas para o ensino dos números positivos e negativos. De caráter experimental, nossa proposta foi aplicada em dois momentos diferentes: no final de 2008 numa turma de 6º série do Ensino Fundamental do Colégio de Aplicação da UFRGS e durante o primeiro semestre de 2010 numa escola da rede privada do município de Guaíba/RS. A análise dos resultados obtidos serviu como subsídio para a implementação de modificações no ODA e na proposta didática, bem como para a reflexão do desenvolvimento de ODAs que promovam o desenvolvimento do raciocínio aditivo e multiplicativo através de problemas que envolvam operações com números positivos e negativos.This master's research shows a set of Digital Learning Objects (DLO) which were developed to promote learning of operations with whole numbers through Vergnaud's theory of conceptual fields. Furthermore, a didactical proposal was also developed in order to aid the teacher who wishes to use it in the classroom. Our research also presents the historical construction of the set of positive and negative numbers, a discussion of the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in Education and a review of proposals aimed at whole numbers teaching. Having an experimental character, our proposal was applied on two different moments: in the end of 2008 on an 6th grade of Colégio de Aplicação da UFRGS in the city of Porto Alegre and during the first semester of 2010 in a private school in the district of Guaíba/RS. The analysis of the results gathered served as foundation to implement a few modifications on the DLO and on the didactical proposal, as well to reflect over the development of DLOs which can promote the development of the additive and multiplicative reasoning through problems involving operations with whole numbers.
7
Guang-Rong, Lee, and 李光榮. "Children''s Concepts on Whole Number Multiplication and Division." Thesis, 1997. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/31603955872258827680.
Abstract:
碩士國立嘉義師範學院
國民教育研究所
86
The study was aimed at exploring a four frader''s conceptson whole number multiplication and division. Shou-Chin (pseudo name) was selected and her performances on solving whole number multiplication and division problems were collected via method of teaching interview. It was observed that her conceptions of whole number had attaineda conceptual level which had the following properties: (i) There was an explicit part-whole relationship between composite units and the unit one. (ii) Composite units were assimilate as integrative nested numbers. (iii) Two digits numbers were takem as composites of unit tens as well as unit ones. (iv) The number of composite units were used directly in performing operation. (v) There was a lack of conservation on integrative nested numbers. (vi) Composite units were not yet iterable. It was also observed that Shou-Chin had used following conceptions while she was solving whole number multiplication and division problems. (i) Functionally taking multiplication as inverse operation of division (ii) Functionally applying commutative and associative properties of multiplication. (iii) Functionally applying distributive property. Particular strateges used on solving different types of multiplication and division problems were also classified and reported.
Books on the topic "Whole Number Concepts and Operations":
1
Kuznecov, Vyacheslav, and Oleg Bryuhanov. Gasified boiler units. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1003548.
Abstract:
The textbook gives the basic concepts of gasified heat generating (boiler) installations and the terminology used in boiler technology, the principle of operation and device of gasified heat generating (boiler) installations. The types and device of heat generators (boilers) of their furnace devices are considered; types and device of gas-burning devices, the number and places of their installation in furnace devices; auxiliary equipment-devices for air supply and removal of combustion products, devices for water treatment, steam supply and circulation of the coolant of hot water boilers; device for thermal control and automatic regulation of the boiler installation. The issues of operation and efficiency of gasified heat generating (boiler) installations and their gas supply systems; requirements for conducting gas-hazardous and emergency recovery operations of gas supply systems are considered.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of secondary vocational education of the latest generation.
For students of secondary vocational education in the specialty 08.02.08 "Installation and operation of equipment and gas supply systems".
2
Nation, Doreen. Problem solving with whole number operations. Creative Publications, 2000.
3
James, Hiebert, Behr Merlyn J, and Research Agenda Project Conference on Number Concepts in the Middle Grades (1987 : DeKalb, Ill.), eds. Number concepts and operations in the middle grades. [Hillsdale, N.J.]: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1988.
4
(Editor), James Hiebert, and Merlyn J. Behr (Editor), eds. Number Concepts and Operations in the Middle Grades. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc,US, 1991.
5
Math Clues Book 1: Whole-Number Operations (Math Clues, Grades 3-5). Educational Impressions, Inc., 2004.
6
Andres, Michael, and Mauro Pesenti. Finger-based representation of mental arithmetic. Edited by Roi Cohen Kadosh and Ann Dowker. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.028.
Abstract:
Human beings are permanently required to process the world numerically and, consequently, to perform computations to adapt their behaviour and they have developed various calculation strategies, some of them based on specific manipulations of the fingers. In this chapter, we argue that the way we express physically numerical concepts by raising fingers while counting leads to embodied representations of numbers and calculation procedures in the adult brain. To illustrate this, we focus on number and finger interactions in the context of simple arithmetic operations. We show that the fixed order of fingers on the hand provides human beings with unique facilities to increment numerical changes or represent a cardinal value while solving arithmetic problems. In order to specify the influence of finger representation on mental arithmetic both at the cognitive and neural level, we review past and recent findings from behavioural, electrophysiological, and brain imaging studies. We start with anthropological and developmental data showing the role of fingers in the acquisition of arithmetic knowledge, then address the issue of whether number and finger interactions are also observed in adults solving arithmetic problems mentally. We suggest that arithmetic performance depends on the integrity of finger representations in children and adults. Finally, we overview the results of recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies showing a common brain substrate for finger and number representations during and after the acquisition of arithmetic skills.
7
Minds, Great. Eureka Math, A Story of Units : Grade 5, Module 2: Multi-Digit Whole Number and Decimal Fraction Operations. Jossey-Bass, 2013.
8
Hiebert, James, and Merlyn Behr. Number Concepts and Operations in the Middle Grades: the Research Agenda for Mathematics Education, Volume 2 (Research Agenda for Mathematics Education Series). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1988.
9
Bleakley, Chris. Poems That Solve Puzzles. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198853732.001.0001.
Abstract:
Algorithms are the hidden methods that computers apply to process information and make decisions. The book tells the story of algorithms from their ancient origins to the present day and beyond. The book introduces readers to the inventors and events behind the genesis of the world’s most important algorithms. Along the way, it explains, with the aid of examples and illustrations, how the most influential algorithms work. The first algorithms were invented in Mesopotamia 4,000 years ago. The ancient Greeks refined the concept, creating algorithms for finding prime numbers and enumerating Pi. Al-Khawrzmi’s 9th century books on algorithms ultimately became their conduit to the West. The invention of the electronic computer during World War II transformed the importance of the algorithm. The first computer algorithms were for military applications. In peacetime, researchers turned to grander challenges - forecasting the weather, route navigation, choosing marriage partners, and creating artificial intelligences. The success of the Internet in the 70s depended on algorithms for transporting data and correcting errors. A clever algorithm for ranking websites was the spark that ignited Google. Recommender algorithms boosted sales at Amazon and Netflix, while the EdgeRank algorithm drove Facebook’s NewsFeed. In the 21st century, an algorithm that mimics the operation of the human brain was revisited with the latest computer technology. Suddenly, algorithms attained human-level accuracy in object and speech recognition. An algloirthm defeated the world champion at Go - the most complex of board games. Today, algorithms for cryptocurrencies and quantum computing look set to change the world.
10
Chan, Emily Ying Yang. Public health principles for health and disaster risk reduction programmes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198807179.003.0002.
Abstract:
Public health is a multidisciplinary subject which not only concerns health on an individual level, but also the protection and improvement of the community’s health as a whole. This chapter discusses a number of basic concepts in public health to support conceptualization and building of health and emergency and disaster risk reduction programmes at the field level. This includes the three domains of public health, namely health protection, health improvement, and health services. The different determinants of health, including disease prevention and the epidemiological triangle, and the importance of health promotion (e.g. the Healthy Settings approach) are also covered here.
Book chapters on the topic "Whole Number Concepts and Operations":
1
Husserl, Edmund. "Operations on Numbers and the Authentic Number Concepts." In Philosophy of Arithmetic, 191–203. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0060-4_11.
2
Shumilina, Vera, and Valeria Drobotenko. "STATISTIC ANALYSIS OF LABOR MARKET IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION." In Problems of the labor market of the Russian Federation and its legal support in the context of economic recession and pandemic, 11–18. au: AUS PUBLISHERS, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26526/chapter_60252bded22487.28151181.
Abstract:
The chapter discusses such concepts as the labor market and the economically active population. The situation on the labor market in 2018-2020 is described, the number of vacancies and resumes in various fields and constituent entities of the Russian Federation is analyzed. The dynamics of the number of employment of the population both by regions and by Russia as a whole are presented. The problems arising in the labor market and ways to solve them are considered.
3
Davies, Huw, Allan Hutchinson, Richard Barrett, Tony Campbell, and Andy Eastlake. "The UK Approach to Greater Market Acceptance of Powered Light Vehicles (PLVs)." In Small Electric Vehicles, 41–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65843-4_4.
Abstract:
AbstractThis paper summarises the UK activity for powered light vehicles (PLVs) with the purpose of driving market acceptance. If alternative vehicle concepts are to emerge from the margins and transition into the main stream, there is a need to think differently. This opportunity has motivated a number of UK organisations to come together as a working group and identify a way forward. We contend that thinking differently requires a reshaping of the whole value chain. Each of the partners has contributed to this activity and we describe the development of a pathway towards the realisation of a UK PLV market. Research and policy development requirements for the UK market are defined, supported by a discussion on two specific segments of the PLV market—light freight vehicles and micromobility.
4
Babul Hasan, Mohammad, and Yaindrila Barua. "Weapon Target Assignment." In Concepts, Applications and Emerging Opportunities in Industrial Engineering. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93665.
Abstract:
This chapter is mainly based on an important sector of operation research-weapon’s assignment (WTA) problem which is a well-known application of optimization techniques. While we discuss about WTA, we need some common terms to be discussed first. In this section, we first introduce WTA problem and then we present some prerequisites such as optimization model, its classification, LP, NLP, SP and their classifications, and applications of SP. We also discuss some relevant software tools we use to optimize the problems. The weapon target assignment problem (WTA) is a class of combinatorial optimization problems present in the fields of optimization and operations research. It consists of finding an optimal assignment of a set of weapons of various types to a set of targets in order to maximize the total expected damage done to the opponent. The WTA problem can be formulated as a nonlinear integer programming problem and is known to be NP-complete. There are constraints on weapons available of various types and on the minimum number of weapons by type to be assigned to various targets. The constraints are linear, and the objective function is nonlinear. The objective function is formulated in terms of probability of damage of various targets weighted by their military value.
5
Simon, Eric, and Jacky Estublier. "Model Driven Integration of Heterogeneous Software Artifacts in Service Oriented Computing." In Public Affairs and Administration, 825–54. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8358-7.ch040.
Abstract:
Systems evolutivity requires complex operations on services, including migration, duplication, updating, and a number of administration-related actions. However, current environments are heterogeneous and require integration to manage services. It is a complex problem, because it implies a transformation of life cycle related concepts. This integration does not fit very well in the service-oriented approach: indeed this approach is consumer-centered and considers that services are hosted by third parties, while administration is a provider view. Therefore, there is a gap between technologies used to compose applications and technologies that provide them. In the context of system adaptability, this gap becomes a major challenge to be solved. The authors propose an execution environment, which provides a homogeneous service representation used to integrate: their functionalities, their life-cycle and management operations, and lifecycle related concerns, like deployment. Their approach includes two integration mechanisms: the technologies integration supported by wrappers and concerns integration supported by the run-times.
6
"Managing the Impacts of Human Activities on Fish Habitat: The Governance, Practices, and Science." In Managing the Impacts of Human Activities on Fish Habitat: The Governance, Practices, and Science, edited by Steve Gotch. American Fisheries Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874417.ch9.
Abstract:
<em>Abstract.</em>—Modern placer mining continues to occur on many historically mined watercourses in the Yukon, while advances in gold recovery technology have enabled the industry to explore and operate in a number of newly developed areas. Placer gold deposits are typically found within alluvial floodplains, occurring adjacent to and in many cases beneath present-day streams and rivers. A large number of these watercourses in the Yukon provide habitat for a variety of resident (freshwater) and anadromous fish species which in turn, requires that careful planning and consideration for fisheries resources occurs when developing mining proposals and operations. Many activities and processes associated with placer mining have the potential to result in the harmful alteration, disruption or destruction of fish habitat or direct harm to fish. In the past, the operation of large mechanized dredges resulted in extensive localized disturbance of fish habitats which, without active restoration, required many years to recover. In the Yukon, Fisheries and Oceans Canada administers the habitat protection provisions of the federal <em>Fisheries Act </em>and is principally responsible for ensuring that placer mining activities are carried out in a manner which achieves effective conservation and protection of fish and fish habitat resources consistent with the principle of sustainable development. Between 2002 and 2007, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, in partnership with the Yukon Government the Council of Yukon First Nations and with support from the Yukon placer mining industry, developed a new integrated management process for regulating the effects of placer mining activities on fish and fish habitat resources. This new process is designed to integrate a number of key regulatory concepts and principles including cause-effect (risk-based) project assessment, industry-specific operational guidelines, watershed-wide fish habitat management planning, aquatic ecosystem monitoring, incorporation of Aboriginal traditional knowledge, proactive compliance and enforcement, and an adaptive management system through which adjustments can be made over time. Overall, this approach has been implemented with the objective of achieving conservation and protection of fish and fish habitat resources while facilitating a regulatory environment that enables the placer mining industry to continue operate in an environmental sustainable and economically viable manner into the future.
7
"Introducing Arithmetic: Understanding the Whole-Number Operations and Mastering the Basic Number Combinations." In Fostering Children's Mathematical Power, 177–212. Routledge, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781410602084-10.
8
Piekarski, Wayne. "Real-Time 3D Design Modelling of Outdoor Structures Using Mobile Augmented Reality Systems." In Mobile Computing, 937–51. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-054-7.ch076.
Abstract:
This chapter presents a series of new augmented reality user interaction techniques to support the capture and creation of 3D geometry of large outdoor structures. Named construction at a distance, these techniques are based on the action at a distance concepts employed by other virtual environments researchers. These techniques address the problem of AR systems traditionally being consumers of information, rather than being used to create new content. By using information about the user’s physical presence along with hand and head gestures, AR systems can be used to capture and create the geometry of objects that are orders of magnitude larger than the user, with no prior information or assistance. While existing scanning techniques can only be used to capture existing physical objects, construction at a distance also allows the creation of new models that exist only in the mind of the user. Using a single AR interface, users can enter geometry and verify its accuracy in real-time. Construction at a distance is a collection of 3D modelling techniques based on the concept of AR working planes, landmark alignment, constructive solid geometry operations, and iterative refinement to form complex shapes. This chapter presents a number of different construction at a distance techniques, and are demonstrated with examples of real objects that have been modelled in the physical world.
9
Fuller, Christopher J. "Introduction: “The True Watersheds in Human Affairs Are Seldom Spotted”." In See It/Shoot It. Yale University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300218541.003.0002.
Abstract:
This introductory chapter discusses how the CIA's use of armed drones has garnered increased attention from academia and investigative journalists, particularly those working in the foreign policy, defense, and legal fields. This is due in equal parts to the secrecy surrounding their use, the technological novelty of their unmanned operation, and concerns over the agency's suitability to undertake lethal operations. While disagreements over the putative military benefits, ethical downsides, and legal complexities of the CIA's campaign are common, a number of persistent themes in media and scholarly discussions have emerged over recent years, materializing into a dominant set of commonly held views about the agency's execution of drone warfare, many of which are challenged in the book.
10
Yuhua, Fu. "Computer Information Library Clusters." In Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Fourth Edition, 4399–403. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2255-3.ch382.
Abstract:
Based on creating generalized and hybrid set and library with neutrosophy and quad-stage method, this paper presents the concept of “computer information library clusters” (CILC). There are various ways and means to form CILC. For example, CILC can be considered as the “total-library”, and consists of several “sub-libraries”. As another example, in CILC, a “total-library” can be set up, and a number of “sub-libraries” are side by side with the “total-library”. Specially, for CILC, the operation functions can be added; for example, according to “natural science computer information library clusters” (natural science CILC), and applying “variation principle of library (or sub-library)”, “partial and temporary unified theory of natural science so far” with different degrees can be established. Referring to the concept of “natural science CILC”, the concepts of “social science CILC”, “natural science and social science CILC”, and the like, can be presented. While, referreing to the concept of “computer information library clusters”, the concepts of “computer and non-computer information library clusters”, “earth information library clusters”, “solar system information library clusters”, “Milky Way galaxy information library clusters”, “universe information library clusters”, and the like, can be presented.
Conference papers on the topic "Whole Number Concepts and Operations":
1
Norstad, Inge, Victoria Gribkovskaia, Trond Johnsen, Haakon-Elizabeth Lindstad, and Eirik Uthaug. "Simulation-Based Evaluation of Upstream Logistics System Concepts for Offshore Operations in Remote Areas." In ASME 2017 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2017-61816.
Abstract:
Increased competition and low oil prices coupled with promising prospects for new oil and gas (O&G) reserves in the Arctic region has led to expansion of activities into the offshore Arctic. This brings along new challenges for the offshore logistics that need to be addressed. These challenges impose more stringent requirements for the logistics system setup, especially on the design and operation of vessels. Copying the logistics system and vessels designed for the North Sea operations is not a sustainable way forward. The few existing studies related to Arctic logistics mainly focus on ship technology solutions for cold and ice infested areas or solutions to the area-specific operational challenges for shipping companies. However, there is a need to understand how these solutions are connected and impact each other in a larger offshore supply logistics system, and thus address the challenges of Arctic logistics as a whole. A methodology for quick evaluation of the feasibility and costs of the logistics system in the early stages of offshore supply planning was developed and presented in previous research [1]. It allows for testing the effects of using alternative ship designs and the overall supply fleet composition on system’s cost and performance while satisfying prospective campaign requirements. Safety standards and requirements for emergency preparedness and environmental performance are taken into account while cost effectiveness of the logistics system as a whole is the main quantifiable measure. Building on the new methodology a simulation tool for remote offshore operations has been developed and is presented in current work. Simulation models allow us to consider the dynamic and uncertain nature of variables, such as variation in weekly transport demand, weather impact on sailing times and fuel consumption, and schedule deviations. The evaluation of the performance of a logistic system is done by simulating the logistic operation over a large number of scenarios. Input parameters are weather data generated from historical observations and probability distributions for transport demand. Output from the tool are key performance indicators for: system costs, logistic robustness and emergency preparedness. The tool consists of three main components: simulation of a regular supply logistics operation, simulation of emergency situations, and visualization of the simulated operations. The proposed methodology and tool are tested on real-life cases for offshore supply planning of drilling campaigns in remote areas for one of the major international O&G operators.
2
Haselsteiner, Andreas F., Jan-Hendrik Ohlendorf, Stephan Oelker, Lena Ströer, Klaus-Dieter Thoben, Katharina Wiedemann, Emmanuel De Ridder, and Sven Lehmann. "Lifting Wind Turbine Components From a Floating Vessel: A Review on Current Solutions and Open Problems." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-78659.
Abstract:
Offshore wind energy is experiencing rapid development and is expected to make up an even bigger part of the worlds future energy mix. New installation concepts for offshore wind farms involve lifting operations of wind turbine components from floating vessels. These installation concepts will only be economic if the lifting operations are performed safely at sea states with high significant wave heights. In this paper, we give an overview of current technical solutions, which could be used to lift the components tower, nacelle, hub and rotor blade from a floating vessel. We classify and analyze solutions found in patents and the academic literature and point out open problems, which need to be addressed to enable lifting operations at higher sea states than what is currently feasible. While enhancements on the vessel and crane can help to achieve this goal as well, this paper only deals with technical solutions concerning the interface between the vessel and the component as well as the interface between the component and the crane. Consequently, we analyze, classify and discuss solutions for the seafastening, the lifting gear as well as motion compensation systems. We find that there exists a large number of solutions, which are specific for a single component, but few solutions, which are applicable to all components without adaptations. Additionally, we miss hydraulic seafastening mechanisms, which are remotely controlled and synchronized with the lifting operation. Consequently, we argue that standardized interfaces between the component and the crane as well as remotely controlled and synchronized seafastening mechanisms are best suited to enhance the lifting process.
3
Bergstro¨m, Lena, Maria Lindberg, Anders Lindstro¨m, Bo Wirendal, and Joachim Lorenzen. "Proven Concepts for LLW-Treatment of Large Components for Free-Release and Recycling." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7218.
Abstract:
This paper describes Studsvik’s technical concept of LLW-treatment of large, retired components from nuclear installations in operation or in decommissioning. Many turbines, heat exchangers and other LLW components have been treated in Studsvik during the last 20 years. This also includes development of techniques and tools, especially our latest experience gained under the pilot project for treatment of one full size PWR steam generator from Ringhals NPP, Sweden. The ambition of this pilot project was to minimize the waste volumes for disposal and to maximize the material recycling. Another objective, respecting ALARA, was the successful minimization of the dose exposure to the personnel. The treatment concept for large, retired components comprises the whole sequence of preparations from road and sea transports and the management of the metallic LLW by segmentation, decontamination and sorting using specially devised tools and shielded treatment cell, to the decision criteria for recycling of the metals, radiological analyses and conditioning of the residual waste into the final packages suitable for customer-related disposal. For e.g. turbine rotors with their huge number of blades the crucial moments are segmentation techniques, thus cold segmentation is a preferred method to keep focus on minimization of volumes for secondary waste. Also a variety of decontamination techniques using blasting cabinet or blasting tumbling machines keeps secondary waste production to a minimum. The technical challenge of the treatment of more complicated components like steam generators also begins with the segmentation. A first step is the separation of the steam dome in order to dock the rest of the steam generator to a specially built treatment cell. Thereafter, the decontamination of the tube bundle is performed using a remotely controlled manipulator. After decontamination is concluded the cutting of the tubes as well as of the shell is performed in the same cell with remotely controlled tools. Some of the sections of steam dome shell or turbine shafts can be cleared directly for unconditional reuse without melting after decontamination and sampling program. Experience shows that the amount of material possible for clearance for unconditional use is between 95 – 97% for conventional metallic scrap. For components like turbines, heat exchangers or steam generators the recycling ratio can vary to about 80–85% of the initial weight.
4
Malin, Maximilian, Christoph Redtenbacher, Gottfried Lurf, Nicole Wermuth, and Andreas Wimmer. "Evaluation of Strategies for Highly Transient Operation of Diesel-Gas Engines." In ASME 2018 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2018-9710.
Abstract:
The balancing of the electric grid has become more challenging due to the expansion of fluctuating renewable energy sources for electric power generation. The importance of power plants driven by internal combustion engines will increase since they can react flexibly and quickly to changes in the energy demand. With regard to the emission of pollutants and CO2, gas fueled engines are favored for gensets. However, it is more challenging to meet the dynamic load requirements with a gas engine than with a conventional diesel engine because the load acceptance of the gas engine is limited by the occurrence of knocking combustion. Dual fuel engines are a good compromise between these two engine concepts; they can use gaseous fuel during steady state engine operation and increase the diesel share during transient modes to improve the dynamic behavior. The high number of degrees of freedom of dual fuel combustion concepts requires advanced operating strategies. The aim of this paper is to investigate and evaluate strategies to improve the transient behavior of a 20-cylinder large bore diesel-gas engine (displacement 6.24 dm3 per cylinder) for a genset application. In the investigations, the latest turbocharging technology is applied in combination with a turbine waste gate. A wide range diesel injector that covers the whole diesel injection range of approximately 1 % to 100 % diesel fraction1 of the rated power fuel mass provides the basis for the most flexible diesel injection. A 1D simulation tool was used to model and optimize the genset in transient operation. The combustion process was simulated with Vibe heat release rate models. The optimized transient engine operating strategies were validated on a highly dynamic single cylinder research engine test bed. The paper provides a comparison of different strategies that use these technologies to improve the dynamic behavior of the genset in island mode operation during a 50 % load step. Key to meeting the challenging requirements is an optimized diesel injection strategy or even a switch from gas operation mode to diesel operation mode during the load step. Based on the results of simulation and engine testing, potential ways to minimize engine speed drop and recovery time after the load demand increase are evaluated.
5
Özcan, Selami, Kerim Baş, and H. Yunus Taş. "Effects of Health Sector Information Asymmetry on Patient Satisfaction: An Appilication on Yalova Oral and Dental Care Centre." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00673.
Abstract:
Effects of excessive information level difference between providers and receivers of health care services on patients will be presented with this work. Fundamental concepts like health care service, information asymmetry and it’s effects will be explained. Information levels of attempts and treatments that were put in practice to the patients, surgical operations and billing will be studied and the outputs of the information level difference between the provider and the receiver will be determined. In this research, it will be revealed if the practical applications and the concepts in the literature overlap each other and developing a new method towards evaluating the information level difference will be attempted. Patients who received a certain number of treatments will be targeted. Survey questions that will be asked to the patients will try to reveal the amount of information on the procedure they have undertaken and the between this level of information and the their satisfaction. SPSS software is used for the analysis of the data. Resolving of the relation between patient satisfaction themeasured percentage of level of information about the procedure the subject have undertaken will be attempted during the evaluation of the survey results. The effects of gender, age and education on level of information-customer satisfaction will also be investigated while determining the patients level of information with this survey.
6
Wilkman, Go¨ran, Tom Mattsson, and Mikko Niini. "First Experience in the Next Generation Ice Laboratory for Testing Ships and Structures." In 25th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2006-92647.
Abstract:
Ice model testing has a history of almost 50 years. The first basin started operation in the middle of 1950ies in Russia by Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI). Ever since there has been a number of facilities built worldwide. In Finland the first facility was built by Wa¨rtsila¨ in 1969 for testing tankers intended for North-west passage (Manhattan project). In the eighties new facilities were built in Finland, Germany, Canada, Russia and Japan. In the present facility of Kvaerner Masa-Yards Arctic Technology (MARC) in Helsinki the operation started in 1983 under the name of Wa¨rtsila¨ Arctic Research Centre (WARC). The operation of the facility was originally planned to continue till 2011, but as part of the Helsinki City planning activity it was agreed that the facility is to end its successful work during 2005. In spring 2004 decisions were made by the new parent Aker Yards group and Aker Finnyards (that time Kvaerner Masa-Yards) to build a new facility and establish a separate company to handle ICE ISSUES for the whole Aker group. The new company, Aker Arctic Technology “AARC”, started operation in the beginning of 2005 and the new model testing facility was opened in February 2006. Aker Arctic Technology Inc. is owned by Aker Finnyards, Aker Kvaerner, Wa¨rtsila¨ and ABB. The services of the new company, in addition to the traditional model testing and related issues (environment studies, design bases and ship design concepts) will cover also total vessel design packages. This paper describes the novelties of the new ice model testing facility and reveals technical improvements, lessons learned and possibilities for more enhanced operation. Also the first experience in the new facility will be discussed.
7
Wang, Li, Changchun Wu, Lili Zuo, Yanfei Huang, and Haihong Chen. "Optimization of the Receipt and Delivery Schedules for a Transfer Tank Farm of Products Pipeline Network." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65276.
Abstract:
Transfer tank farms play an important role in an oil products pipeline network, which receive oil products from upstream pipelines and deliver them to downstream pipelines. The scheduling problem for oil products supply chain is very complicated because of numerous constraints to be considered. The published literatures on schedule optimization of oil products pipeline network usually focus on the batch plans of each pipeline, without consideration on the receipt and delivery schedule of transfer tank farm. In this paper, a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model is developed for the schedule optimization of transfer tank farm. The objective of the model is to minimize switching times of the tank operations of a tank farm during a planning horizon, while fulfilling the products transmission requirements of the upstream and downstream pipelines of the tank farm. The constraints of the model include material balance, the operational rules of tanks, the topological structure constraints of the tank farm, the settling period of the oil products stored in dedicated tank and so on. To satisfy the constraint of fulfilling the specific transmission requirements of pipelines, concepts of static and dynamic time slot are proposed. A continuous time representation is used to obtain accurate optimal schedules and decrease scale of the model by reducing the number of variables. The model is solved by CPLEX solver for a transfer tank farm of an oil products pipeline network in China. Some examples are tested under different scenarios and the results show that global optimal solution can be obtain at acceptable computational costs.
8
Gribkovskaia, Victoria, Trond Johnsen, Haakon Lindstad, and Eirik Uthaug. "Evaluation of Upstream Logistics System Concepts for Offshore Operations in Remote Areas." In ASME 2016 35th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2016-54941.
Abstract:
As oil and gas (O&G) activities are moving north in the Arctic region new challenges for the offshore logistics have arisen. These challenges impose more stringent requirements for the logistics system setup, especially on the design and operation of vessels. We propose a methodology for quick evaluation of the feasibility and cost of the logistics system in the early stages of offshore supply planning. This methodology allows for testing the effects of using alternative ship designs and the overall supply fleet composition on system’s cost and performance while satisfying prospective campaign requirements. Safety standards and requirements for emergency preparedness and environmental performance are taken into account while cost effectiveness of the logistics system as a whole is the main quantifiable measure. The presented methodology is also very relevant for evaluation and planning of the logistics supply system for O&G activities in other areas around the world that are considered remote either due to physical distance or other characteristics that impact the complexity and cost of operations. The proposed methodology is tested on a real-life case for offshore supply planning of a drilling campaign in a remote area for one of the major international O&G operators.
9
Blekhman, David. "A Fuel Cell Project for Advanced Thermodynamics Courses." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-14666.
Abstract:
Secondary thermodynamics courses study advanced energy cycles. They have also started to include some introduction to fuel cell operation. Seemingly difficult, the fuel cell concepts can naturally be drawn from the topics of chemical equilibrium, which are also introduced in these courses for chemical reactions and combustion. The Nernst equation, a cornerstone of fuel cell operation, is based on a change of the Gibbs energy in a non-equilibrium fuel cell reaction. The resulting terms in the Nernst equation include the concentrations of the reactants, which dynamically change as the fuel and oxidizer deplete in the reaction while flowing through the cell. This becomes particularly interesting in high temperature fuel cells that incorporate fuel reforming and fuel utilization into a single system. The introduced fuel cell project proposes to combine the chemical equilibrium and non-equilibrium concepts simultaneously coexisting in a high temperature fuel cell. Relatively low operational temperatures allow for a simplified chemical equilibrium analysis of the fuel flowing in the fuel cell while superimposing it on the fuel cell reaction and fuel/oxidizer utilization. The variety of fuel and oxidizer mixtures, operating temperatures and pressures allows for creating a large number of individualized assignments. Students will benefit from a project that reinforces their understanding of fuel cell performance while increasing their comfort with chemical equilibrium concepts.
10
Hornfeld, Willi. "Status of the Atlas Elektronik’s Modular AUV Family." In 25th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2006-92357.
Abstract:
As opposed to ROVs (Remotely Operated Vehicles), self-propelled, unmanned autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) are becoming increasingly important since, unlike ROVs they can operate completely self-sufficiently, i.e. independent of the carrier platform and cable at practically any depth and for long periods of time, require only minor technical and logistic support and can be used in regions which are inaccessible to manned submersibles or ROVs (e.g. under ice regions). In other words, AUVs are distinguished by a wide range of applications, the extremely high quality of data collected, their very cost-effective operation and the large standoff capability to the carrier platform, the latter bringing about a distinct improvement in terms of carrier platform safety e.g. for military missions. Due to these advantages over conventional systems, AUVs can be employed for a whole variety of applications, such as the following in the commercial sector: • Sea Bed Mapping, • Pipeline and Route Survey, • Inspection/Control, • Site Clearance, • Debris Survey, • Science – Search – Environment – Geology, • Harbour and ship’s hull inspection. Moreover AUVs will play an important role in the military scenario like mine countermeasure as well. Obviously, one single type of AUV will be unable to cover this entire spectrum if — above and beyond the aforementioned applications — one considers the different operating depths ranging from coastal regions (about 10 m) to deep water (approx. 4000 m) and the various possible carrier platforms (helicopters, ships, submarines, shore stations). On the other hand, the development and use of one specific type of AUV for one or a very limited number of mission types would be very expensive, both in terms of costs involved and necessary logistics, and would hardly be acceptable on the market. The solution to this problem is the “modularity” of the AUV subsystems as well as a family concept for the vehicle design. To implement this strategy, ATLAS ELEKTRONIK has forced the development and marketing of an AUV family for a wide array of missions. The family starts with the SeaFox-IQ, a very small and lightweight (40 kg) AUV for 300 m diving depth, based on the extreme successful mine disposal ROV SeaFox. The big brother is the SeaStout, a 100 kg AUV, designed for 300 m too. The SeaOtter Mk1 and SeaOtter Mk2 AUVs are 1500 kg and 1100 kg vehicles for 600 m operations. The leading edge is the AUV DeepC, a 2500 kg experimental vehicle developed for 4000 m depth and up to 60 h endurance. The ATLAS AUV family offer a lot of hard- and software commonality to ensure that serviceability is maintained, while having a high degree of “customisation” in key areas like payload sensor selection ensuring they will meet customer needs.
Reports on the topic "Whole Number Concepts and Operations":
1
Schoen, Robert C., Daniel Anderson, Claire M. Riddell, and Charity Bauduin. Elementary Mathematics Student Assessment: Measuring the Performance of Grade 3, 4 and 5 Students in Number (Whole Numbers and Fractions), Operations, and Algebraic Thinking in Fall 2015. Florida State University Libraries, May 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.33009/fsu.1581609234.
2
Schoen, Robert, Charity Buntin, Ahmet Guven, and Xiaotong Yang. Elementary mathematics student assessment: Measuring the performance of grade K, 1, 2, and 3 students in number (whole numbers and fractions), operations, and algebraic thinking in spring 2019. Florida State University Libraries, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33009/fsu-1622059548.
3
Bano, Masooda, and Zeena Oberoi. Embedding Innovation in State Systems: Lessons from Pratham in India. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2020/058.
Abstract:
The learning crisis in many developing countries has led to searches for innovative teaching models. Adoption of innovation, however, disrupts routine and breaks institutional inertia, requiring government employees to change their way of working. Introducing and embedding innovative methods for improving learning outcomes within state institutions is thus a major challenge. For NGO-led innovation to have largescale impact, we need to understand: (1) what factors facilitate its adoption by senior bureaucracy and political elites; and (2) how to incentivise district-level field staff and school principals and teachers, who have to change their ways of working, to implement the innovation? This paper presents an ethnographic study of Pratham, one of the most influential NGOs in the domain of education in India today, which has attracted growing attention for introducing an innovative teaching methodology— Teaching at the Right Level (TaRL) – with evidence of improved learning outcomes among primary-school students and adoption by a number of states in India. The case study suggests that while a combination of factors, including evidence of success, ease of method, the presence of a committed bureaucrat, and political opportunity are key to state adoption of an innovation, exposure to ground realities, hand holding and confidence building, informal interactions, provision of new teaching resources, and using existing lines of communication are core to ensuring the co-operation of those responsible for actual implementation. The Pratham case, however, also confirms existing concerns that even when NGO-led innovations are successfully implemented at a large scale, their replication across the state and their sustainability remain a challenge. Embedding good practice takes time; the political commitment leading to adoption of an innovation is often, however, tied to an immediate political opportunity being exploited by the political elites. Thus, when political opportunity rather than a genuine political will creates space for adoption of an innovation, state support for that innovation fades away before the new ways of working can replace the old habits. In contexts where states lack political will to improve learning outcomes, NGOs can only hope to make systematic change in state systems if, as in the case of Pratham, they operate as semi-social movements with large cadres of volunteers. The network of volunteers enables them to slow down and pick up again in response to changing political contexts, instead of quitting when state actors withdraw. Involving the community itself does not automatically lead to greater political accountability. Time-bound donor-funded NGO projects aiming to introduce innovation, however large in scale, simply cannot succeed in bringing about systematic change, because embedding change in state institutions lacking political will requires years of sustained engagement.
4
Bilovska, Natalia. HYPERTEXT: SYNTHESIS OF DISCRETE AND CONTINUOUS MEDIA MESSAGE. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.50.11104.
Abstract:
In the article we interpret discrete and continuous message as interrupted and constant, limited and continual text, which has specific features and a number of differences between traditional (one-dimensional) text and hypertext (multidimensional). The purpose of this study is to define the concept of “hypertext”, consideration of its characteristics and features of the structure, similarities and differences with the traditional text, including the message in the media and communication. To achieve the goal of the study, we used a number of methods typical of journalism. Empirical analysis enabled a generalized description of the subject of study, which allowed to know it as a phenomenon. With the help of generalization the characteristic and specific regularities and principles of hypertext were studied. The system method is used to identify the dependence of each element of hypertext on its place in the text system as a whole. The retrospective method helped to understand the preconditions for the emergence of hypertext, to trace the dynamics of its development. General scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction) made it possible to formulate the conclusions of the study. Thanks to hypertext and the hypertext systems, the concept of virtual reality has gained tangible meaning. In hypertext space, virtuality organically complements reality. The state of virtuality, in this case, becomes the concept of hyperreality, and all this merges into a single whole in the space of computer text. Due to its volume and multidimensionality, hypertext can arouse scientific interest as an interdisciplinary discipline. In today’s world, the phenomenon of hypertext has been the subject of numerous discussions, conferences and research in the field of social communications, linguistics and psychology. Today, a significant number of organizations conduct large-scale research based on the concepts of hypertext associations and associative navigation.
5
Payment Systems Report - June of 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-sist-pag.eng.2020.
Abstract:
With its annual Payment Systems Report, Banco de la República offers a complete overview of the infrastructure of Colombia’s financial market. Each edition of the report has four objectives: 1) to publicize a consolidated account of how the figures for payment infrastructures have evolved with respect to both financial assets and goods and services; 2) to summarize the issues that are being debated internationally and are of interest to the industry that provides payment clearing and settlement services; 3) to offer the public an explanation of the ideas and concepts behind retail-value payment processes and the trends in retail payments within the circuit of individuals and companies; and 4) to familiarize the public, the industry, and all other financial authorities with the methodological progress that has been achieved through applied research to analyze the stability of payment systems. This edition introduces changes that have been made in the structure of the report, which are intended to make it easier and more enjoyable to read. The initial sections in this edition, which is the eleventh, contain an analysis of the statistics on the evolution and performance of financial market infrastructures. These are understood as multilateral systems wherein the participating entities clear, settle and register payments, securities, derivatives and other financial assets. The large-value payment system (CUD) saw less momentum in 2019 than it did the year before, mainly because of a decline in the amount of secondary market operations for government bonds, both in cash and sell/buy-backs, which was offset by an increase in operations with collective investment funds (CIFs) and Banco de la República’s operations to increase the money supply (repos). Consequently, the Central Securities Depository (DCV) registered less activity, due to fewer negotiations on the secondary market for public debt. This trend was also observed in the private debt market, as evidenced by the decline in the average amounts cleared and settled through the Central Securities Depository of Colombia (Deceval) and in the value of operations with financial derivatives cleared and settled through the Central Counterparty of Colombia (CRCC). Section three offers a comprehensive look at the market for retail-value payments; that is, transactions made by individuals and companies. During 2019, electronic transfers increased, and payments made with debit and credit cards continued to trend upward. In contrast, payments by check continued to decline, although the average daily value was almost four times the value of debit and credit card purchases. The same section contains the results of the fourth survey on how the use of retail-value payment instruments (for usual payments) is perceived. Conducted at the end of 2019, the main purpose of the survey was to identify the availability of these payment instruments, the public’s preferences for them, and their acceptance by merchants. It is worth noting that cash continues to be the instrument most used by the population for usual monthly payments (88.1% with respect to the number of payments and 87.4% in value). However, its use in terms of value has declined, having registered 89.6% in the 2017 survey. In turn, the level of acceptance by merchants of payment instruments other than cash is 14.1% for debit cards, 13.4% for credit cards, 8.2% for electronic transfers of funds and 1.8% for checks. The main reason for the use of cash is the absence of point-of-sale terminals at commercial establishments. Considering that the retail-payment market worldwide is influenced by constant innovation in payment services, by the modernization of clearing and settlement systems, and by the efforts of regulators to redefine the payment industry for the future, these trends are addressed in the fourth section of the report. There is an account of how innovations in technology-based financial payment services have developed, and it shows that while this topic is not new, it has evolved, particularly in terms of origin and vocation. One of the boxes that accompanies the fourth section deals with certain payment aspects of open banking and international experience in that regard, which has given the customers of a financial entity sovereignty over their data, allowing them, under transparent and secure conditions, to authorize a third party, other than their financial entity, to request information on their accounts with financial entities, thus enabling the third party to offer various financial services or initiate payments. Innovation also has sparked interest among international organizations, central banks, and research groups concerning the creation of digital currencies. Accordingly, the last box deals with the recent international debate on issuance of central bank digital currencies. In terms of the methodological progress that has been made, it is important to underscore the work that has been done on the role of central counterparties (CCPs) in mitigating liquidity and counterparty risk. The fifth section of the report offers an explanation of a document in which the work of CCPs in financial markets is analyzed and corroborated through an exercise that was built around the Central Counterparty of Colombia (CRCC) in the Colombian market for non-delivery peso-dollar forward exchange transactions, using the methodology of network topology. The results provide empirical support for the different theoretical models developed to study the effect of CCPs on financial markets. Finally, the results of research using artificial intelligence with information from the large-value payment system are presented. Based on the payments made among financial institutions in the large-value payment system, a methodology is used to compare different payment networks, as well as to determine which ones can be considered abnormal. The methodology shows signs that indicate when a network moves away from its historical trend, so it can be studied and monitored. A methodology similar to the one applied to classify images is used to make this comparison, the idea being to extract the main characteristics of the networks and use them as a parameter for comparison. Juan José Echavarría Governor
6
African Open Science Platform Part 1: Landscape Study. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2019/0047.
Abstract:
This report maps the African landscape of Open Science – with a focus on Open Data as a sub-set of Open Science. Data to inform the landscape study were collected through a variety of methods, including surveys, desk research, engagement with a community of practice, networking with stakeholders, participation in conferences, case study presentations, and workshops hosted. Although the majority of African countries (35 of 54) demonstrates commitment to science through its investment in research and development (R&D), academies of science, ministries of science and technology, policies, recognition of research, and participation in the Science Granting Councils Initiative (SGCI), the following countries demonstrate the highest commitment and political willingness to invest in science: Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda. In addition to existing policies in Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), the following countries have made progress towards Open Data policies: Botswana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, South Africa and Uganda. Only two African countries (Kenya and South Africa) at this stage contribute 0.8% of its GDP (Gross Domestic Product) to R&D (Research and Development), which is the closest to the AU’s (African Union’s) suggested 1%. Countries such as Lesotho and Madagascar ranked as 0%, while the R&D expenditure for 24 African countries is unknown. In addition to this, science globally has become fully dependent on stable ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) infrastructure, which includes connectivity/bandwidth, high performance computing facilities and data services. This is especially applicable since countries globally are finding themselves in the midst of the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR), which is not only “about” data, but which “is” data. According to an article1 by Alan Marcus (2015) (Senior Director, Head of Information Technology and Telecommunications Industries, World Economic Forum), “At its core, data represents a post-industrial opportunity. Its uses have unprecedented complexity, velocity and global reach. As digital communications become ubiquitous, data will rule in a world where nearly everyone and everything is connected in real time. That will require a highly reliable, secure and available infrastructure at its core, and innovation at the edge.” Every industry is affected as part of this revolution – also science. An important component of the digital transformation is “trust” – people must be able to trust that governments and all other industries (including the science sector), adequately handle and protect their data. This requires accountability on a global level, and digital industries must embrace the change and go for a higher standard of protection. “This will reassure consumers and citizens, benefitting the whole digital economy”, says Marcus. A stable and secure information and communication technologies (ICT) infrastructure – currently provided by the National Research and Education Networks (NRENs) – is key to advance collaboration in science. The AfricaConnect2 project (AfricaConnect (2012–2014) and AfricaConnect2 (2016–2018)) through establishing connectivity between National Research and Education Networks (NRENs), is planning to roll out AfricaConnect3 by the end of 2019. The concern however is that selected African governments (with the exception of a few countries such as South Africa, Mozambique, Ethiopia and others) have low awareness of the impact the Internet has today on all societal levels, how much ICT (and the 4th Industrial Revolution) have affected research, and the added value an NREN can bring to higher education and research in addressing the respective needs, which is far more complex than simply providing connectivity. Apart from more commitment and investment in R&D, African governments – to become and remain part of the 4th Industrial Revolution – have no option other than to acknowledge and commit to the role NRENs play in advancing science towards addressing the SDG (Sustainable Development Goals). For successful collaboration and direction, it is fundamental that policies within one country are aligned with one another. Alignment on continental level is crucial for the future Pan-African African Open Science Platform to be successful. Both the HIPSSA ((Harmonization of ICT Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa)3 project and WATRA (the West Africa Telecommunications Regulators Assembly)4, have made progress towards the regulation of the telecom sector, and in particular of bottlenecks which curb the development of competition among ISPs. A study under HIPSSA identified potential bottlenecks in access at an affordable price to the international capacity of submarine cables and suggested means and tools used by regulators to remedy them. Work on the recommended measures and making them operational continues in collaboration with WATRA. In addition to sufficient bandwidth and connectivity, high-performance computing facilities and services in support of data sharing are also required. The South African National Integrated Cyberinfrastructure System5 (NICIS) has made great progress in planning and setting up a cyberinfrastructure ecosystem in support of collaborative science and data sharing. The regional Southern African Development Community6 (SADC) Cyber-infrastructure Framework provides a valuable roadmap towards high-speed Internet, developing human capacity and skills in ICT technologies, high- performance computing and more. The following countries have been identified as having high-performance computing facilities, some as a result of the Square Kilometre Array7 (SKA) partnership: Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa, Tunisia, and Zambia. More and more NRENs – especially the Level 6 NRENs 8 (Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, and recently Zambia) – are exploring offering additional services; also in support of data sharing and transfer. The following NRENs already allow for running data-intensive applications and sharing of high-end computing assets, bio-modelling and computation on high-performance/ supercomputers: KENET (Kenya), TENET (South Africa), RENU (Uganda), ZAMREN (Zambia), EUN (Egypt) and ARN (Algeria). Fifteen higher education training institutions from eight African countries (Botswana, Benin, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, and Tanzania) have been identified as offering formal courses on data science. In addition to formal degrees, a number of international short courses have been developed and free international online courses are also available as an option to build capacity and integrate as part of curricula. The small number of higher education or research intensive institutions offering data science is however insufficient, and there is a desperate need for more training in data science. The CODATA-RDA Schools of Research Data Science aim at addressing the continental need for foundational data skills across all disciplines, along with training conducted by The Carpentries 9 programme (specifically Data Carpentry 10 ). Thus far, CODATA-RDA schools in collaboration with AOSP, integrating content from Data Carpentry, were presented in Rwanda (in 2018), and during17-29 June 2019, in Ethiopia. Awareness regarding Open Science (including Open Data) is evident through the 12 Open Science-related Open Access/Open Data/Open Science declarations and agreements endorsed or signed by African governments; 200 Open Access journals from Africa registered on the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ); 174 Open Access institutional research repositories registered on openDOAR (Directory of Open Access Repositories); 33 Open Access/Open Science policies registered on ROARMAP (Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies); 24 data repositories registered with the Registry of Data Repositories (re3data.org) (although the pilot project identified 66 research data repositories); and one data repository assigned the CoreTrustSeal. Although this is a start, far more needs to be done to align African data curation and research practices with global standards. Funding to conduct research remains a challenge. African researchers mostly fund their own research, and there are little incentives for them to make their research and accompanying data sets openly accessible. Funding and peer recognition, along with an enabling research environment conducive for research, are regarded as major incentives. The landscape report concludes with a number of concerns towards sharing research data openly, as well as challenges in terms of Open Data policy, ICT infrastructure supportive of data sharing, capacity building, lack of skills, and the need for incentives. Although great progress has been made in terms of Open Science and Open Data practices, more awareness needs to be created and further advocacy efforts are required for buy-in from African governments. A federated African Open Science Platform (AOSP) will not only encourage more collaboration among researchers in addressing the SDGs, but it will also benefit the many stakeholders identified as part of the pilot phase. The time is now, for governments in Africa, to acknowledge the important role of science in general, but specifically Open Science and Open Data, through developing and aligning the relevant policies, investing in an ICT infrastructure conducive for data sharing through committing funding to making NRENs financially sustainable, incentivising open research practices by scientists, and creating opportunities for more scientists and stakeholders across all disciplines to be trained in data management.