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Journal articles on the topic 'XENIX'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Gligor, V. D., C. S. Chandersekaran, R. S. Chapman, et al. "Design and Implementation of Secure Xenix." IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering SE-13, no. 2 (1987): 208–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tse.1987.232893.

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2

Gallagher, Kathleen M., Ahmed Kanna, Natalie Nesvaderani, Rana Dajani, Dima Hamadmad, and Ghufran Abudayyeh. "Reports." Anthropology of the Middle East 16, no. 1 (2021): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ame.2021.160107.

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Melissa Fleming, A Hope More Powerful than the Sea: The Journey of Doaa Al Zamel (New York: Flatiron Books, 2017), 288 pp.Omar Dewachi, Ungovernable Life: Mandatory Medicine and Statecraft in Iraq (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2017), xviii + 239 pp.Rokhsareh Ghaemmaghami, Sonita (Zurich: Xenix Film, 2015), 90 min.Ron Bourke, Terror and Hope: The Science of Resilience (Portland: Collective Eye Films, 2019), 36 min.

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3

Wells, George C. "An evaluation of XENIX system V as a real-time operating system." Microprocessing and Microprogramming 33, no. 1 (1991): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-6074(91)90015-l.

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4

Goel, L. R., Rakesh Gupta, and V. S. Rana. "Stochastic analysis of a xenix operating computer system with two down modes." Microelectronics Reliability 32, no. 6 (1992): 781–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0026-2714(92)90043-k.

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5

Gligor, V. D., C. S. Chandersekaran, Wen-Der Jiang, A. Johri, G. L. Luckenbaugh, and L. E. Reich. "A New Security Testing Method and Its Application to the Secure Xenix Kernel." IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering SE-13, no. 2 (1987): 169–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tse.1987.232890.

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6

Koppány, J. "A Dual-Computer Based Data Acquisition and Control System Using Xenix/Unix System V." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 19, no. 7 (1986): 123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-034347-1.50019-x.

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7

Grochowski, Lechosław, Jan Kaczmarek, Władysław Kadłubiec, and Henryk Bujak. "Genetic variability of rye-xenic-hybrid traits." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 65, no. 3-4 (2014): 329–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1996.050.

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In field experiments performed in two localities (Smolice, Wrocław) 18 xenic hybrids of winter rye, two testers and standard cultivar Dańkowskie Złote, were analysed. The objects of detailed evaluations were 11 traits. For six of them arithmetic means (x), standard deviations (S), coefficients of variation (cv), coefficients of genetic diversity (h<sup>2</sup>), correlation coefficients were calculated. Moreover, analyses of variance were carried out and the effects of general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining ability were estimated. The existence of quantitative xenia in hybrids was confirmed. It was shown that xenic hybrids, in respect to most of the analysed traits, were insignificantly inferior to the testers and the standard cultivar. However, the decrease of plant height has shown to be significant and a tendency to higher yield was observed.

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8

Martin, Christine M. A., Vadivel Parthsarathy, Varun Pathak, Victor A. Gault, Peter R. Flatt, and Nigel Irwin. "Characterisation of the biological activity of xenin-25 degradation fragment peptides." Journal of Endocrinology 221, no. 2 (2014): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-13-0617.

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Xenin-25, a peptide co-secreted with the incretin hormone glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), possesses promising therapeutic actions for obesity-diabetes. However, native xenin-25 is rapidly degraded by serum enzymes to yield the truncated metabolites: xenin 9–25, xenin 11–25, xenin 14–25 and xenin 18–25. This study has examined the biological activities of these fragment peptides. In vitro studies using BRIN-BD11 cells demonstrated that native xenin-25 and xenin 18–25 possessed significant (P<0.05 to P<0.001) insulin-releasing actions at 5.6 and 16.7 mM glucose, respectively, but not at 1.1 mM glucose. In addition, xenin 18–25 significantly (P<0.05) potentiated the insulin-releasing action of the stable GIP mimetic (d-Ala2)GIP. In contrast, xenin 9–25, xenin 11–25 and xenin 14–25 displayed neither insulinotropic nor GIP-potentiating actions. Moreover, xenin 9–25, xenin 11–25 and xenin 14–25 significantly (P<0.05 to P<0.001) inhibited xenin-25 (10−6 M)-induced insulin release in vitro. I.p. administration of xenin-based peptides in combination with glucose to high fat-fed mice did not significantly affect the glycaemic excursion or glucose-induced insulin release compared with controls. However, when combined with (d-Ala2)GIP, all xenin peptides significantly (P<0.01 to P<0.001) reduced the overall glycaemic excursion, albeit to a similar extent as (d-Ala2)GIP alone. Xenin-25 and xenin 18–25 also imparted a potential synergistic effect on (d-Ala2)GIP-induced insulin release in high fat-fed mice. All xenin-based peptides lacked significant satiety effects in normal mice. These data demonstrate that the C-terminally derived fragment peptide of xenin-25, xenin 18–25, exhibits significant biological actions that could have therapeutic utility for obesity-diabetes.

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9

Khan, Dawood, Srividya Vasu, R. Charlotte Moffett, Victor A. Gault, Peter R. Flatt та Nigel Irwin. "Locally produced xenin and the neurotensinergic system in pancreatic islet function and β-cell survival". Biological Chemistry 399, № 1 (2017): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hsz-2017-0136.

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AbstractModulation of neuropeptide receptors is important for pancreatic β-cell function. Here, islet distribution and effects of the neurotensin (NT) receptor modulators, xenin and NT, was examined. Xenin, but not NT, significantly improved glucose disposal and insulin secretion, in mice. However, both peptides stimulated insulin secretion from rodent β-cells at 5.6 mmglucose, with xenin having similar insulinotropic actions at 16.7 mmglucose. In contrast, NT inhibited glucose-induced insulin secretion. Similar observations were made in human 1.1B4 β-cells and isolated mouse islets. Interestingly, similar xenin levels were recorded in pancreatic and small intestinal tissue. Arginine and glucose stimulated xenin release from islets. Streptozotocin treatment decreased and hydrocortisone treatment increased β-cell mass in mice. Xenin co-localisation with glucagon was increased by streptozotocin, but unaltered in hydrocortisone mice. This corresponded to elevated plasma xenin levels in streptozotocin mice. In addition, co-localisation of xenin with insulin was increased by hydrocortisone, and decreased by streptozotocin. Furtherin vitroinvestigations revealed that xenin and NT protected β-cells against streptozotocin-induced cytotoxicity. Xenin augmented rodent and human β-cell proliferation, whereas NT displayed proliferative actions only in human β-cells. These data highlight the involvement of NT signalling pathways for the possible modulation of β-cell function.

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10

Yang, Qin, Yan Fu, Yalan Liu, Tingting Zhang, Shu Peng, and Jie Deng. "Novel Classification Forms for Xenia." HortScience 55, no. 7 (2020): 980–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci14939-20.

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The xenia effect refers to the phenomenon whereby the pollen genotype directly affects seed and fruit development during the period from fertilization to seed germination, which leads to different characteristics in phenotypic traits. The xenia effect can create differences in the endosperm and embryo formed after double fertilization and can also alter various fruit parameters, such as the fruit-ripening period; the fruit shape, size, and color; the flavor quality, such as sugars and acids; as well as the nutrient quality, such as anthocyanins. The xenia effect manifests in various ways, playing an important role in increasing the yield of fruit trees, improving fruit appearance and internal quality, as well as in directional breeding. Compared with other pomology research areas, our understanding of the xenia effect is still in its infancy. Currently, xenia is classified into two types: xenia and metaxenia. In the former, the direct effects of the pollen genotype are exhibited in the syngamous parts of the ovules; that is, the embryo and endosperm only. In the latter, the effects of the pollen genotype are demonstrated in structures other than the embryo and endosperm; that is, in tissues derived wholly from the mother plant material, in seed parts such as the nucellus and testa, as well as in the carpels and accessory tissues. However, the current classification has various shortcomings. In the present study, we propose a novel classification based on whether the appearance of xenia results from the tissue formed by double fertilization. Three xenia types are proposed: double-fertilization xenia, non–double-fertilization xenia, and combined xenia. The new classification has great theoretical and practical significance for future studies on the xenia effect and its mechanisms and also provides a more effective, broader application of xenia in improving the yield and quality of fruit trees.

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11

Vincent, Anaïs. "Xenia." Hommes & migrations, no. 1307 (July 1, 2014): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/hommesmigrations.2930.

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12

Croft, Lee B., Arkadii Dragomoschenko, Lyn Hejinian, and Elena Balashova. "Xenia." World Literature Today 69, no. 2 (1995): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40151278.

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13

Taylor, Ashley I., Nigel Irwin, Aine M. McKillop, Steven Patterson, Peter R. Flatt, and Victor A. Gault. "Evaluation of the degradation and metabolic effects of the gut peptide xenin on insulin secretion, glycaemic control and satiety." Journal of Endocrinology 207, no. 1 (2010): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe-10-0085.

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Recently, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) have received much attention regarding possible roles in aetiology and treatment of type 2 diabetes. However, peptides co-secreted from the same enteroendocrine cells are less well studied. The present investigation was designed to characterise the in vitro and in vivo effects of xenin, a peptide co-secreted with GIP from intestinal K-cells. We examined the enzymatic stability, insulin-releasing activity and associated cAMP production capability of xenin in vitro. In addition, the effects of xenin on satiety, glucose homoeostasis and insulin secretion were examined in vivo. Xenin was time dependently degraded (t1/2=162±6 min) in plasma in vitro. In clonal BRIN-BD11 cells, xenin stimulated insulin secretion at 5.6 mM (P<0.05) and 16.7 mM (P<0.05 to P<0.001) glucose levels compared to respective controls. Xenin also exerted an additive effect on GIP, GLP1 and neurotensin-mediated insulin secretion. In clonal β-cells, xenin did not stimulate cellular cAMP production, alter membrane potential or elevate intra-cellular Ca2+. In normal mice, xenin exhibited a short-acting (P<0.01) satiety effect at high dosage (500 nmol/kg). In overnight fasted mice, acute injection of xenin enhanced glucose-lowering and elevated insulin secretion when injected concomitantly or 30 min before glucose. These effects were not observed when xenin was administered 60 min before the glucose challenge, reflecting the short half-life of the native peptide in vivo. Overall, these data demonstrate that xenin may have significant metabolic effects on glucose control, which merit further study.

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14

Clemens, A., S. Katsoulis, R. Nustede, et al. "Relaxant effect of xenin on rat ileum is mediated by apamin-sensitive neurotensin-type receptors." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 272, no. 1 (1997): G190—G196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1997.272.1.g190.

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The action of xenin, a novel 25-residue peptide of the neurotensin (NT)/xenopsin family, was investigated in isolated rat ileal muscle strips and in dispersed longitudinal smooth muscle cells of rat small intestine in vitro. Xenin relaxes KCl-precontracted ileal strips dose dependently (1 nM-3 microM). The order of potency of the investigated peptides was as follows: xenopsin = NT = xenin > neuromedin N. Kinetensin was inactive. Tetrodotoxin, hexamethonium, tetraethylammonium, 4-aminopyridine, and NG-nitro-L-arginine did not influence the relaxant effects of xenin or NT, whereas the K+ channel blocker apamin nearly abolished their effects. Desensitization against one of the peptides or blockade of NT receptors by SR-48692 prevented the effect of xenin and NT. Structure-activity experiments revealed that the COOH-terminal part of the molecules of xenin and NT is essential for biological activity. Experiments with isolated dispersed smooth muscle cells and binding studies on intestinal smooth muscle cell membranes confirmed and extended the results obtained with muscle strips. In conclusion, xenin relaxes rat ileal smooth muscle via a muscular NT-type apamin-sensitive receptor.

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15

English, Andrew, Sarah L. Craig, Peter R. Flatt, and Nigel Irwin. "Individual and combined effects of GIP and xenin on differentiation, glucose uptake and lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes." Biological Chemistry 401, no. 11 (2020): 1293–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hsz-2020-0195.

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AbstractThe incretin hormone glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), released postprandially from K-cells, has established actions on adipocytes and lipid metabolism. In addition, xenin, a related peptide hormone also secreted from K-cells after a meal, has postulated effects on energy regulation and lipid turnover. The current study has probed direct individual and combined effects of GIP and xenin on adipocyte function in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, using enzyme-resistant peptide analogues, (d-Ala2)GIP and xenin-25-Gln, and knockdown (KD) of receptors for both peptides. (d-Ala2)GIP stimulated adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes over 96 h, with xenin-25-Gln evoking similar effects. Combined treatment significantly countered these individual adipogenic effects. Individual receptor KD impaired lipid accumulation and adipocyte differentiation, with combined receptor KD preventing differentiation. (d-Ala2)GIP and xenin-25-Gln increased glycerol release from 3T3-L1 adipocytes, but this lipolytic effect was significantly less apparent with combined treatment. Key adipogenic and lipolytic genes were upregulated by (d-Ala2)GIP or xenin-25-Gln, but not by dual peptide culture. Similarly, both (d-Ala2)GIP and xenin-25-Gln stimulated insulin-induced glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, but this effect was annulled by dual treatment. In conclusion, GIP and xenin possess direct, comparable, lipogenic and lipolytic actions in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. However, effects on lipid metabolism are significantly diminished by combined administration.

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16

Kuwahara, Atsukazu, Yuko Kuwahara, Ikuo Kato, et al. "Xenin-25 induces anion secretion by activating noncholinergic secretomotor neurons in the rat ileum." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 316, no. 6 (2019): G785—G796. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00333.2018.

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Xenin-25 is a neurotensin-like peptide that is secreted by enteroendocrine cells in the small intestine. Xenin-8 is reported to augment duodenal anion secretion by activating afferent neural pathways. The intrinsic neuronal circuits mediating the xenin-25-induced anion secretion were characterized using the Ussing-chambered, mucosa-submucosa preparation from the rat ileum. Serosal application of xenin-25 increased the short-circuit current in a concentration-dependent manner. The responses were abolished by the combination of Cl−-free and [Formula: see text]-free solutions. The responses were almost completely blocked by TTX (10−6 M) but not by atropine (10−5 M) or hexamethonium (10−4 M). The selective antagonists for neurotensin receptor 1 (NTSR1), neurokinin 1 (NK1), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) receptors 1 and 2 (VPAC1 and VPAC2, respectively), and capsaicin, but not 5-hydroxyltryptamine receptors 3 and 4 (5-HT3 and 5-HT4), NTSR2, and A803467, inhibited the responses to xenin-25. The expression of VIP receptors ( Vipr) in rat ileum was examined using RT-PCR. The Vipr1 PCR products were detected in the submucosal plexus and mucosa. Immunohistochemical staining showed the colocalization of NTSR1 and NK1 with substance P (SP)- and calbindin-immunoreactive neurons in the submucosal plexus, respectively. In addition, NK1 was colocalized with noncholinergic VIP secretomotor neurons. Based on the results from the present study, xenin-25-induced Cl−/[Formula: see text] secretion is involved in NTSR1 activation on intrinsic and extrinsic afferent neurons, followed by the release of SP and subsequent activation of NK1 expressed on noncholinergic VIP secretomotor neurons. Finally, the secreted VIP may activate VPAC1 on epithelial cells to induce Cl−/[Formula: see text] secretion in the rat ileum. Activation of noncholinergic VIP secretomotor neurons by intrinsic primary afferent neurons and extrinsic afferent neurons by postprandially released xenin-25 may account for most of the neurogenic secretory response induced by xenin-25. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study is the first to investigate the intrinsic neuronal circuit responsible for xenin-25-induced anion secretion in the rat small intestine. We have found that nutrient-stimulated xenin-25 release may activate noncholinergic vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) secretomotor neurons to promote Cl−/[Formula: see text] secretion through the activation of VIP receptor 1 on epithelial cells. Moreover, the xenin-25-induced secretory responses are mainly linked with intrinsic primary afferent neurons, which are involved in the activation of neurotensin receptor 1 and neurokinin 1 receptor.

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17

Craig, Sarah L., Nigel Irwin, and Victor A. Gault. "Xenin and Related Peptides: Potential Therapeutic Role in Diabetes and Related Metabolic Disorders." Clinical Medicine Insights: Endocrinology and Diabetes 14 (January 2021): 117955142110438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11795514211043868.

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Xenin bioactivity and its role in normal physiology has been investigated by several research groups since its discovery in 1992. The 25 amino acid peptide hormone is secreted from the same enteroendocrine K-cells as the incretin hormone glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), with early studies highlighting the biological significance of xenin in the gastrointestinal tract, along with effects on satiety. Recently there has been more focus directed towards the role of xenin in insulin secretion and potential for diabetes therapies, especially through its ability to potentiate the insulinotropic actions of GIP as well as utilisation in dual/triple acting gut hormone therapeutic approaches. Currently, there is a lack of clinically approved therapies aimed at restoring GIP bioactivity in type 2 diabetes mellitus, thus xenin could hold real promise as a diabetes therapy. The biological actions of xenin, including its ability to augment insulin secretion, induce satiety effects, as well as restoring GIP sensitivity, earmark this peptide as an attractive antidiabetic candidate. This minireview will focus on the multiple biological actions of xenin, together with its proposed mechanism of action and potential benefits for the treatment of metabolic diseases such as diabetes.

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18

Dragomoshchenko, Arkadii, Lyn Hejinian, and Elena Balashova. "From Xenia." Grand Street, no. 40 (1991): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25007507.

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19

Boijsen, Erik, and Uno Erikson. "Xenia Forsselliana." Acta Radiologica 34, no. 6 (1993): 535. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02841859309175402.

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20

Hemmingsson, Anders, and Uno Erikson. "Xenia Forsselliana." Acta Radiologica 35, no. 3 (1994): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02841859409172367.

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21

Hemmingsson, Anders, and Bent Madsen. "Xenia Forsselliana." Acta Radiologica 36, no. 4 (1995): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02841859509173384.

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22

Madsen, Bent, and Anders Hemmingsson. "Xenia Forsselliana." Acta Radiologica 37, no. 3 (1996): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02841859609177645.

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23

Hemmingsson, Anders, and Baldur F. Sigfusson. "Xenia Forsselliana." Acta Radiologica 40, no. 3 (1999): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02841859909175547.

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24

Shaw, J. Thomas. "Xenia Gąsiorowska." Slavic Review 49, no. 1 (1990): 177–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0037677900157043.

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25

Hemmingsson, Anders, and Hans-Jørgen Smith. "Xenia forsselliana." Acta Radiologica 42, no. 3 (2001): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/028418501127346684.

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26

Anders, Hemmingsson, and Hans-Jørgen Smith. "Xenia forselliana." Acta Radiologica 43, no. 2 (2002): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/028418502127347655.

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27

Skjennald, Arnulf, and Aase Wagner. "Xenia forsselliana." Acta Radiologica 46, no. 3 (2005): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02841850510021337.

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28

Tikkakoski, T. "Xenia forsselliana." Acta Radiologica 47, no. 6 (2006): 537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02841850600731399.

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29

Berven, Elis, and Erik Lysholm. "Xenia forsselliana." Acta Radiologica 49, suppl_434 (2008): 19–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02841850802133469.

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30

Hemmingsson, Anders, and Uno Erikson. "Xenia Forsselliana." Acta Radiologica 35, no. 3 (1994): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02841859409172367.

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31

Hemmingsson, Anders, and Bent Madsen. "Xenia Forsselliana." Acta Radiologica 36, no. 4 (1995): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02841859509173384.

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32

Hemmingsson, Anders, and Ilkka Suramo. "Xenia forsselliana." Acta Radiologica 39, no. 2 (1998): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02841859809172161.

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33

Hemmingsson, Anders, and Uno Erikson. "Xenia Forsselliana." Acta Radiologica 35, no. 3 (1994): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028418519403500301.

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34

Hemmingsson, Anders, and Bent Madsen. "Xenia Forsselliana." Acta Radiologica 36, no. 4-6 (1995): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028418519503600401.

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35

Hemmingsson, Anders, and Holger Pettersson. "Xenia forsselliana." Acta Radiologica 44, no. 3 (2003): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1600-0455.2003.00082.x.

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36

Skjennald, Arnulf, and Holger Pettersson. "Xenia forsselliana." Acta Radiologica 45, no. 4 (2004): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/ard.45.4.366.366.

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37

van Dam, Brenda. "Hospice xenia." Pallium 17, no. 2 (2015): 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12479-015-0035-9.

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38

Ng, Shean-Yeaw, Chin-Soon Phan, Takahiro Ishii, Takashi Kamada, Toshiyuki Hamada, and Charles Santhanaraju Vairappan. "Terpenoids from Marine Soft Coral of the Genus Xenia in 1977 to 2019." Molecules 25, no. 22 (2020): 5386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225386.

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Members of the marine soft coral genus Xenia are rich in a diversity of diterpenes. A total of 199 terpenes consisting of 14 sesquiterpenes, 180 diterpenes, and 5 steroids have been reported to date. Xenicane diterpenes were reported to be the most common chemical skeleton biosynthesized by members of this genus. Most of the literature reported the chemical diversity of Xenia collected from the coral reefs in the South China Sea and the coastal waters of Taiwan. Although there was a brief review on the terpenoids of Xenia in 2015, the present review is a comprehensive overview of the structural diversity of secondary metabolites isolated from soft coral genus Xenia and their potent biological activity as reported between 1977 to 2019.

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39

Pozzi, Florencia I., Guillermo R. Pratta, Carlos A. Acuña, and Silvina A. Felitti. "Xenia in bahiagrass: gene expression at initial seed formation." Seed Science Research 29, no. 1 (2018): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258518000375.

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AbstractXenia is the direct effect of pollen genotype on the development and characteristics of the seed and fruit in the period that spans from fertilization to seed germination. Xenia effects cause phenotypic variations in the seed and fruit, which have importance for seed and fruit production but are not heritable to the progeny. Two hypotheses have been proposed as a mechanism for xenia: the hormonal hypothesis and the mobile mRNAs hypothesis. Although xenia effects have been studied in seeds and fruits in many crops, its effects and mechanism have been poorly studied at the molecular level. The aim of this work was to perform an initial screening of the xenia effect in the hybrid endosperm at the molecular level by differential gene expression among different pollen genotype sources from Paspalum notatum Flüggé. In order to characterize xenia effects and mechanisms, crosses were made between an emasculated mother plant with donors from two different pollen genotypes. RNA was isolated from ovaries 3 h after pollination. Some of the 24 differentially expressed transcript-derived fragments (DETDFs) provided relevant information. Four of those DETDFs were related to germination, pollen tube growth and pollen–pistil interaction. Seven DETDFs were associated with seed development and production. Finally, four DETDFs were predicted to encode for mobile mRNAs. These DETDFs might be involved in xenia effects and mechanisms in P. notatum.

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40

Craig, Sarah L., Victor A. Gault, Gerd Hamscher та Nigel Irwin. "Ψ-Xenin-6 enhances sitagliptin effectiveness, but does not improve glucose tolerance". Journal of Endocrinology 245, № 2 (2020): 219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-19-0557.

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Recent studies have characterised the biological properties and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) potentiating actions of an enzymatically stable, C-terminal hexapeptide fragment of the gut hormone xenin, namely Ψ-xenin-6. Given the primary therapeutic target of clinically approved dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor drugs is augmentation of the incretin effect, the present study has assessed the capacity of Ψ-xenin-6 to enhance the antidiabetic efficacy of sitagliptin in high fat fed (HFF) mice. Individual administration of either sitagliptin or Ψ-xenin-6 alone for 18 days resulted in numerous metabolic benefits and positive effects on pancreatic islet architecture. As expected, sitagliptin therapy was associated with elevated circulating GIP and GLP-1 levels, with concurrent Ψ-xenin-6 not elevating these hormones or enhancing DPP-4 inhibitory activity of the drug. However, combined sitagliptin and Ψ-xenin-6 therapy in HFF mice was associated with further notable benefits, beyond that observed with either treatment alone. This included body weight change similar to lean controls, more pronounced and rapid benefits on circulating glucose and insulin as well as additional improvements in attenuating gluconeogenesis. Favourable effects on pancreatic islet architecture and peripheral insulin sensitivity were more apparent with combined therapy. Expression of hepatic genes involved in gluconeogenesis and insulin action were partially, or fully, restored to normal levels by the treatment regimens, with beneficial effects more prominent in the combination treatment group. These data demonstrate that combined treatment with Ψ-xenin-6 and sitagliptin did not alter glucose tolerance but does offer some metabolic advantages, which merit further consideration as a therapeutic option for type 2 diabetes.

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41

Iwagawa, Tetsuo, Yasuhisa Amano, Hiroaki Okamura, Munehiro Nakatani, and Tsunao Hase. "New Xenia Diterpenoids from a Soft Coral, Xenia Species." HETEROCYCLES 43, no. 6 (1996): 1271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3987/com-96-7457.

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42

Liu, Yongsheng. "A Novel Mechanism for Xenia?" HortScience 43, no. 3 (2008): 706. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.43.3.706.

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Although xenia is widespread in plants and has applications in genetics, physiology, breeding and production, its mechanism remains poorly understood. Here I briefly discuss several previous explanations for xenia, and propose an mRNA action hypothesis, which is consistent with Darwin's Pangenesis.

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43

Eisemann, C. H., and M. J. Rice. "The origin of sheep blowfly,Lucilia cuprina(Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), attractants in media infested with larvae." Bulletin of Entomological Research 77, no. 2 (1987): 287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300011767.

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AbstractLaboratory bioassays with gravid females ofLucilia cuprina(Wiedemann) were used to isolate the source(s) of olfactory attractants emanating from larvae-infested media. Adults were not attracted by odours from axenic (micro-organism-free) larvae, but volatiles from xenic larvae were highly attractive. The attractants proved to be kairomones not pheromones, as odours from other species of calliphorids and a sarcophagid species were also attractive. Axenic, proteinaceous media produced a low level of attractive volatiles, which was increased by the activities of axenic larvae growing on the media. A greater degree of attraction occurred to odours from xenic media, and this too was much increased by the actions of growing larvae. The order of attractiveness of such volatiles is therefore: xenic with larvae >> xenic without larvae > axenic with larvae > axenic without larvae. It is concluded that larvae-infested media owe their great attractiveness to the volatiles produced by the action of micro-organisms, not to specific larval volatiles. Larval activity accentuates the output of attractive volatiles from both xenic and axenic proteinaceous media, possibly due to the effects of digestive enzymes, pH changes, mechanical mixing, warming or aeration or a combination of some or all of these factors.

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44

Denney, James O. "Xenia Includes Metaxenia." HortScience 27, no. 7 (1992): 722–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.7.722.

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45

Skjennald, Arnulf. "Xenia forsselliana 2009." Acta Radiologica 51, no. 6 (2010): 603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02841851.2010.491687.

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46

Feurle, G. E. "Xenin - A Review." Peptides 19, no. 3 (1998): 609–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0196-9781(97)00378-1.

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47

Hertel, Christiane, and Wieland Schmied. "Xenia Hausner: Kampfzone." Woman's Art Journal 23, no. 1 (2002): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1358973.

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48

Skjennald, Arnulf. "Xenia forsselliana 2006." Acta Radiologica 48, no. 3 (2007): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02841850701238005.

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49

Skjennald, Arnulf. "Xenia forsselliana 2008." Acta Radiologica 50, no. 6 (2009): 582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02841850903031000.

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50

Costello, B. "Richard Wilbur: Xenia." Literary Imagination 9, no. 2 (2007): 125–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/litimag/imm008.

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