Дисертації з теми "Benefit calculation"

Time-series power flow simulations are consecutive power flow calculations on each time step of a set of load and generation profiles that represent the time horizon under which a network needs to be analyzed. These simulations are one of the fundamental tools to carry out cost-benefit analyses of grid planing and operation strategies in the presence of distributed energy resources, unfortunately, their execution time is quite substantial. In the specific case of cost-benefit analyses the execution time of time-series power flow simulations can easily become excessive, as typical time horizons are in the order of a year and different scenarios need to be compared, which results in time-series simulations that require a rather large number of individual power flow calculations. It is often the case that only a set of aggregated simulation outputs is required for assessing grid operation costs, examples of which are total network losses, power exchange through MV/LV substation transformers, and total power provision from PV generators. Exploring alternatives to running time-series power flow simulations with complete input data that can produce approximations of the required results with a level of accuracy that is suitable for cost-benefit analyses but that require less time to compute can thus be beneficial. This thesis explores and compares different methods for shortening time-series power flow simulations based on reducing the amount of input data and thus the required number of individual power flow calculations, and focuses its attention on two of them: one consists in reducing the time resolution of the input profiles through downsampling while the other consists in finding similar time steps in the input profiles through vector quantization and simulating them only once. The results show that considerable execution time reductions and sufficiently accurate results can be obtained with both methods, but vector quantization requires much less data to produce the same level of accuracy as downsampling. Vector quantization delivers a far superior trade-off between data reduction, time savings, and accuracy when the simulations consider voltage control or when more than one simulation with the same input data is required, as in such cases the data reduction process can be carried out only once. One disadvantage of this method is that it does not reproduce peak values in the result profiles with accuracy, which is due to the way downsampling disregards certain time steps in the input profiles and to the averaging effect vector quantization has on the them. This disadvantage makes the simulations shortened through these methods less precise, for example, for detecting voltage violations.

The Cooperative Extension System has focused on nutrition education for low-income families for approximately 29 years via the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP). In response to the need for a comprehensive economic evaluation of EFNEP, Virginia Cooperative Extension (VCE) was awarded a grant from the Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Services, United States Department of Agriculture (CSREES, USDA) to conduct a cost benefit analysis (CBA) of nutrition education programs, with emphasis on EFNEP. Virginia EFNEP served as the pilot program to test the evaluation procedure. This study is a part of the CBA of Virginia EFNEP. The purpose is to calculate the indirect tangible benefits derived from participation in EFNEP. The indirect tangible benefits are classified as 1) delaying productivity loss due to mortality and 2) avoiding productivity loss due to morbidity. This study also uses sensitivity analysis to evaluate the effects of two critical assumptions pertaining to retention of dietary behaviors and to incidence rate of diseases in the low-income population. Finally, the discount rate is analyzed via sensitivity calculations. There were two major conclusions drawn from this study. First, the indirect benefits accounted for more than $1 million of the total benefit generate by EFNEP. Second, the sensitivity analyses support the positive outcome (i. e., positive return on every dollar invested) derived from the CBA of Virginia EFNEP.
Master of Science

Informationsteknik (IT) har i samband med ett växande behov att transformera verksamheter till digitala fått en större betydelse för beslutsfattande i företag, då utvecklings- och investeringsinitiativ i allt större utsträckning inkluderar specifika IT element. Likafullt kvarstår utmaningar med att motivera nyttor av en investering i digitala verksamhetssystem. Utmaningarna indikerar ett behov av att tydliggöra nyttor med användningen av ett digitalt verksamhetssystem.  Syftet med studien var att utforska nyttor och relevanta nyckeltal relaterade till användningen av ett företags digitala verksamhetssystem. Fortsatt var syftet att göra en ansats i att ta fram innehåll till en generell nyttokalkyl för användning av ett integrerat verksamhetssystem, vilken kan åskådliggöra faktiska nyttor och mätbara effekter samt användas vid försäljning av produkten. En kvalitativ fallstudie genomfördes på CANEA, där fem medarbetare på olika hierarkiska nivåer intervjuades och forskning inom ämnesområdet insamlades.  Det har påvisats att investeringar i digitala verksamhetssystem genererar både kvantitativa- och kvalitativa nyttor. Likaså har det påvisats att forskningen antyder att det inledningsvis kan vara fördelaktigt att inkludera finansiella nyttor i en nyttokalkyl för investeringar i digitala verksamhetssystem. Fortsatt har det indikerats att kalkylen behöver inkludera både kvantitativa-, kvalitativa- och finansiella nyckeltal. Givet till kalkylens utformning och design har studiens resultat implicerat att val av output för respektive nyckeltal bör anpassas till organisationen och systemet i fråga.
In connection with a growing need to transform businesses into digital, information technology (IT) has become increasingly important for decision-making in companies, as development and investment initiatives increasingly include specific IT elements. Nevertheless, challenges remain in motivating the benefits of investing in digital business systems. The challenges indicate a need to clarify the benefits of using a digital business system. The purpose of the study was to explore benefits and relevant key figures related to the use of a company's digital business system. The aim of the study was furthermore to make an effort to produce a content proposal for a general benefit calculation for the use of an integrated business system, which can illustrate actual benefits and measurable effects andbe used in the sale of the product. A qualitative case study was conducted at CANEA, where five employees at different hierarchical levels were interviewed and research in the subject area was collected.  It has been shown that investments in digital business systems generate both quantitative and qualitative benefits. Similarly, it has been shown that research suggests that it may initially be beneficial to include financial benefits in a benefit calculation for investments in digital business systems. The result has continued to indicate that the calculation needs to include both quantitative, qualitative and financial key figures. Given the design and design of the calculation, the results of the study have indicated that the choice of output for each key figure should be adapted to the organization and system in question.

Wind power installations have seen a significant rise all over the world in the past decade. Further significant growth is expected in the future. The UK’s ambitions for offshore wind installations are reflected through Round 1, 2 and 3 projects. It is expected that Round 3 alone will add at least 25 GW of offshore wind generation into the system. Current research knowledge is mostly limited to smaller wind farms, the aim of this research is to improve offline and online modelling techniques for large offshore wind farms. A critical part of offline modelling is the design of the wind farm. Design of large wind farms particularly requires careful consideration as high capital costs are involved. This thesis develops a novel methodology which leads to a cost-effective and reliable design of an offshore wind farm. A new industrial-grade software tool is also developed during this research. The tool enables multiple offshore wind farm design options to be built and tested quickly with minimal effort using a Graphical User Interface (GUI). The GUI is designed to facilitate data input and presentation of the results. This thesis also develops an improved method to estimate a wind farm’s energy yield. Countries with large-scale penetration of wind farms often carry out wind energy curtailments. Prior knowledge of estimated energy curtailments from a wind farm can be advantageous to the wind farm owner. An original method to calculate potential wind energy curtailment is proposed. In order to perform wind energy curtailments a network operator needs to decide which turbines to shut down. This thesis develops a novel method to identify turbines inside a wind farm that should be prioritised for shut down and given priority when scheduling preventive maintenance of the wind farm. Once the wind farm has been built and connected to the network, it operates as part of a power system. Real-time online simulation techniques are gaining popularity among system operators. These techniques allow operators to carry out simulations using short-term forecasted wind conditions. A novel method is proposed to probabilistically estimate the power production of a wind farm in real-time, taking into account variation in wind speed and effects of turbulence inside the wind farm. Furthermore, a new probabilistic aggregation technique is proposed to establish a dynamic equivalent model of a wind farm. It determines the equivalent number and parameters of wind turbines that can be used to simulate the dynamic response of the wind farm throughout the year.

Many cities across the globe are working to facilitate cycling as a sustainable transportation mode through changes to public policy and investments in infrastructure. Examining the costs and benefits of both driving and cycling using the cost benefit analysis (CBA) framework developed in Copenhagen provides an opportunity to identify private and social costs associated with these modes of transport with respect to environmental, social, and economic impacts. This paper outlines the methods used to calculate the per-kilometre costs of driving and cycling in Calgary, Canada, utilizing real-world data and methods from Canadian and global best-practice with the Copenhagen CBA framework as a guide. Transportation costs were calculated for travel time, vehicle ownership, health, collisions, air pollution, climate change, noise, roadway degradation, congestion, and winter maintenance for both driving and cycling. When the costs borne by both individuals and society are calculated for Calgary (in 2015 Canadian dollars) driving costs $0.83 per kilometre and cycling costs $0.08 per kilometre. When the social costs of transport are isolated, the cost of driving one kilometre is $0.10, while cycling one kilometre generates a net social benefit of $0.35. The results of this research show that the Copenhagen CBA framework can be applied in jurisdictions outside Denmark to calculate environmental, social, and economic costs of driving and cycling.

Bicycling as a form of active transport has been gaining in popularity amongst policy makers and urban planners. In many cities, it is seen as a beneficial and efficient transport alternative to the congesting and air polluting car. Besides that, bicycling has also shown to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, noise and come with a range of health benefits when done regularly. Despite studies showing the individual and societal benefits of bicycling in an urban context, there is a lack of literature on how these benefits translate to a rural setting, characterised by longer distances and lower volumes of travellers. A commuting route between Östersund and Krokom was taken to study this. A cost-benefits analysis was performed for this route in which the transport related societal costs were calculated for a hypothetical increased bicycling scenario on this route and compared to the costs of a status quo scenario with no bicycling. Results show significant bicycle related costs such as travel time, and accidents, but also benefits compared to the car such as health and low operating costs. The environmental benefits are relatively small. Due to the results of the study covering a wide range, no conclusion could be drawn on if the studied rural bicycling scenario would be desirable or not. Conservative estimates indicate extra societal costs, while bicycle favouring estimates indicate cost savings.

2020-06-05

A comparative study of the economic benefits that can be obtained from different degrees of power factor correction for medium and small scale industrial installations is shown. A new approach for precise calculation of kws and kvars required at different power factors is presented. These calculated values are used to find the return on investments for the capacitors needed for power factor correction. The developed method is easy to use, cost effective, accurate and will help electrical engineers with minimum knowledge of power systems to precisely determine the savings available by improving the power factor of an industrial load.

The aim of this work is to investigate on one hand the impacts and benefits due to the industrial cutting of paper using an advanced management system, on the other hand the scientific validity of an environmental impact communication tool. The present study shows how the paper cutting chain of the DueEmmePack company works, facing the issue of environmental impacts for each step; it is also illustrated and validated the Eco-calculator, a simple mean of communication between company and customer. As far as the Eco-calculator validation is concerned, the data implemented in the instrument were compared and updated with the data present in the most important national databases, verifying the reliability of the sources and always taking as reference the average Italian data. The tool results updated and reliable, but above all, proves to be effective precisely because of its simplicity, because it also allows an untrained eye to understand the environmental impacts thanks to a comparison with everyday situations. The study of the impacts of the DueEmmePack cutting process was possible thanks to the application of the Life Cycle Assessment methodology, which allows investigating the impact of a product or process throughout its life cycle. In addition, the calculation software SimaPro was fundamental, since it contains detailed databases of pre-set and validated processes (e.g. Ecoinvent) with which it was possible to carry out the study. The impacts generated by the company are mainly due to the internal transport of the material and the packaging procedure, while the use of photovoltaic panels for the electrical supply has proved to be of fundamental importance, as it is able to greatly reduce the impact on the environment. This study, set up in the "gate-to-gate", is therefore exploitable by the company as a management tool that provides information on internal processes on which to focus its attention and on which to intervene to improve environmental performance.

Im Rahmen des Transferprojektes sollen baubetriebliche Rahmenbedingungen und Kennwerte, die zur Beurteilung der wirtschaftlichen Anwendung des Verfahrens geeignet sind, erarbeitet werden. Untersucht werden soll die Applikation von textilbewehrtem Beton im Bereich der Sanierung und Verstärkung von großflächigen Betonbauteilen. Generell können Bauaufgaben in sehr vielen Fällen durch verschiedene Bauverfahren realisiert werden, die sich regelmäßig hinsichtlich der Kosten, der benötigten Bauzeit aber auch hinsichtlich der gelieferten Qualität und des Einflusses auf die Umwelt unterscheiden. Aus baubetrieblicher Sicht wird traditionell über den kalkulatorischen Verfahrensvergleich jenes Verfahren ermittelt, mit dem die Realisierung am wirtschaftlichsten ausgeführt werden kann. Falls qualitative Kriterien beim Verfahrensvergleich mit berücksichtigt werden sollen, stehen verschiedene Methoden zur Auswahl. Der Begriff Nutzwertanalyse wird häufig als Synonym für diese nichtmonetären Bewertungsverfahren verwendet. In diesem Sinne ist auch der Titel des Beitrages zu verstehen. Die Grundlage bilden die baubetrieblichen Rahmenbedingungen, welche im Rahmen dieses Forschungsprojektes bestimmt werden. Hierzu zählen unter anderem die Entwicklung einer Trockenmischung des zu verwendenden Betons aus der bisher verwendeten Standardrezeptur der TU Dresden und geeigneter Maschinen für die Applikation des textilbewehrten Betons.

While working as an intern in the corporate pensions department of Rudd and Wisdom, Inc., Consulting Actuaries, I learned about the different kinds of pension plans available to businesses and became familiar with the process of benefit calculation. I performed several benefit calculations for clients under different scenarios and plan specifications. When a participant of a pension plan retires, terminates employment, dies, or becomes disabled, the participant (or his or her beneficiary) may request a calculation to illustrate benefit options. In each case, the methods used to perform such a calculation and the benefit options available to the participant or beneficiary are different. In this report, I will demonstrate a number of scenarios illustrating plan provisions and methods of calculation.
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碩士
國立中央大學
法律與政府研究所
102
In recent years, insider trading cases were happening everyehere in Taiwan, deal a heavy blow to the economic development and stability of Taiwan. However, accroding to Paragraph 2 of Article 171 of the Securities and Exchange Act, if the amount of criminal benefit reached to NT$100 million or more, the convict will get aggravated punishment, but it doesn't provide a calculation method, that causes a lot of complications in judgments. The amount of criminal benefit from insider trading not only invovles with one's personal liberty, but also relates to other human rights, like property right. Besides, not only there is not a calculation method for the aggravated punishment of insider trading, but only use the criminal benefit for the basis of the aggravated punishment of insider trading is not appropriate. All these problems exposure the lack of our legislation. The discussion of this master's dissertation will focus on the calculation method of the criminal benefit from insider trading, as well as the suitability of the penalties of insider trading. The scope includes the analysises and the collations of the current law, the doctrine of researches, judgments and foreign laws and legislation. Hope through researches and discussions on this issue, we can have a comprehensive examination on the identity and the calculation method of the criminal benefit from insider trading, and wish this master's dissertation can provide modest contribution to the amendment of the law in the future.

The evaluated company is ZOD Vacov. The aim of my diploma thesis was to establish the method of the financially-economical evaluation on a concrete company, which is convenient for the analysis of this company and is based on financial statements and calculation. Another aim of my thesis was to apply created method in practice and to analyse obtained data with regard to company´s next progress and to utility of suggested methodology.

碩士
朝陽科技大學
環境工程與管理系
106
The rapid pace of modern society emphasizes on convenience, leading to extensive use and discard of disposable containers. Domestic responsible enterprises pay and subsidize as recycling funds for back-end recyclers to recycle these containers in the four-in-one resource recycling system. Obviously, materials failed to be recycled by the market were recovered through subsidies, yet it is worth the establishment of an appropriate method to evaluate the environmental benefits it generates. This study uses life cycle inventory analysis to investigate the impacts and benefits of recycling and non-recycling of waste containers of different materials on the environment. Also, whether recycling enterprises recycle these containers if subsidies were or were not given will be discussed to understand the benefits of these subsidies. Firstly, a situational simulation of the cost analysis was carried out based on the profits obtainable by the enterprise can obtain through waste containers. Next, the environmental impacts of recycling or not recycling these waste containers were analyzed. After investigation and integration of these two treatment methods, the environmental benefits obtainable when waste containers were converted from non-recycling to recycling after subsidization was discussed. The results showed that all materials after subsidization have their own environmental benefits and partial impacts. The environmental impacts of each material were also analyzed, so as to develop a new treatment technique in order to improve the willingness of enterprises to recycle, as well as to increase the environmental benefits.

碩士
國立臺北大學
法律學系一般生組
100
Criminal liability of insider trading in recent years gradually improved. Amending the law changed to seven years on July 19, 2000; April 28, 2004, increased to more than 3 years to 10 years imprisonment, with a possible fine of 10 million to two hundred million yuan. After also updating two, proceeds of crime over $ 100 million, more than seven years in prison, and in a fine of NT more than 25 million yuan to 500 million yuan. Our legislators to the amount of the proceeds of crime as the applicability of section 171 of the Securities Exchange Act of two provisions of elements heavier, and the proceeds of crime, how to explain is the important issue that can not be ignored. Except 171 and 157 of the current Securities Exchange Act 1 is not in respect of the proceeds of crime calculated? To deduct the cost calculation? The accomplice between the proceeds of crime combined? And other issues to be expressly provided, the questions several times in practice opening of the case by the Supreme Court sent back to the High Court hearing the Chinese and more, that frequently appear in the display case of our practice, academia law does not expressly proceeds of crime, how to calculate, still not reach a consensus on further study.

碩士
國立高雄應用科技大學
財富與稅務管理研究所碩士在職專班
101
The methods for filing individual income tax returns include submitting hard copy forms, filing via 2-dimensional barcodes and declaring via Internet. As the government can collect more comprehensive data on various types of withholding and non-withholding incomes and deductions, the demands from taxpayers for government to calculate the tax payable directly based on the information collected soar. Thus, the Ministry of Finance promulgated the “Operational Guidelines for Tax Pre-Calculation Service for Filing of Individual Income Tax Returns” on December 30, 2010. Taxpayers are deemed to have filed individual income tax returns once they confirm the pre-calculation notice received. However, what are the benefits of this service? The primary purpose of this paper is to determine the feasibility of this service by calculating the costs and benefits of the pre-calculation service and comparing it with the original filing methods. The paper uses the 2010 individual income tax returns statistics as the basis and introduces the present value of net benefit in finance to evaluate the pre-calculation service. It is hoped that by comparing the costs and benefits incurred during the processes of filing by taxpayers; collecting, filing and reviewing by taxing authorities; and filing and data processing by the Financial Data Center, the benefits of pre-calculation service can be understood. The finding shows the benefits generated by the pre-calculation service amounted to $ 331,694,844 in 2010, which demonstrates that the service indeed creates benefits and is worthy of promoting.

碩士
國立嘉義大學
國民教育研究所
88
The purposes of this study are to examine students'' conception of decimal''s before and after teaching treatment. Using four kinds of calculator activities to enhance students'' decimal conception is the treatment of this study. The subjects are six lower achievers from sixth graders of an Elementary school. The interview questions are divided into four sections. The four sections are decimal units, place value relation, multiple units, and decimals'' comparison. The six students had misconceptions before teaching treatment. After treatment, only one student''s misconceptions couldn''t be improved while the others could.

Cette thèse a été réalisée, entre autres, grâce à une subvention reçue du Fonds de recherche du Québec – Société et culture et de son partenaire le ministère de l’Éducation, du Loisir et du Sport (MELS) Les analyses contenues dans cette thèse ont été réalisées au Centre interuniversitaire québécois de statistiques sociales (CIQSS), membre du Réseau canadien des centres de données de recherche (RCCDR). Les activités du CIQSS sont rendues possibles grâce à l’appui financier du CRSHC, des IRSC, de la FCI, de Statistique Canada, du FRQSC ainsi que de l’ensemble des universités québécoises qui participent à leur financement. Les idées exprimées dans ce texte sont celles des auteurs et non celles des partenaires financiers.
Ce travail explore le phénomène social que sont l’élaboration et la variation des aspirations scolaires réalistes chez les finissants du secondaire tout au long de leurs études, soit sur une période de huit années. L’idée est de faire ressortir les fac-teurs en jeu, en se référant aux deux concepts sociologiques d’importance dans le milieu de l’éducation que sont l’habitus de Pierre Bourdieu et la rationalité de Ray-mond Boudon. En somme, cette thèse explore dans quelle mesure les facteurs liés à au parcours de l’élève (base de référence pour un calcul rationnel) et à l’héritage so-cioculturel (habitus) peuvent intervenir sur l’élaboration des aspirations scolaires dites réalistes et la variation des aspirations. Les analyses ont été effectuées en deux temps. La première consiste en une régression logistique pour l’analyse transversale selon les données de l’enquête au-près des jeunes en transition (EJET). Analyse qui avait pour intention de faire ressor-tir les principaux facteurs qui interviennent lors de l’élaboration d’une aspiration sco-laire chez les élèves canadiens qui sont à la fin de leurs études secondaires. Par la suite, une seconde analyse a été faite, toujours avec les données d’EJET, afin de poser un regard longitudinal sur ce phénomène afin de prendre connaissance des facteurs qui interviennent tout au long de leur parcours; pour ce faire une régression d’estimation d’équation généralisée a été effectuée. Les résultats tendent à suggérer que l’élève exécute bel et bien un calcul ra-tionnel pour l’élaboration et la variation des aspirations scolaires réalistes, mais un calcul qui est, avant tout, influencé par l’habitus, surtout selon le niveau d’études des parents (capital culturel institutionnalisé). Par ailleurs, ce calcul rationnel serait da-vantage influencé par la moyenne générale déclarée lors des études au secondaire et lors des premières années à la suite des études secondaires. Ainsi peut-on dire que l’élaboration et la variation d’une aspiration scolaire réaliste se conçoivent sur la base d’un héritage culturel et d’un parcours scolaire constitués d’un ensemble d’expériences scolaires récentes, qui pourrait se conceptualiser sous « la rationalité en habitus ».
This thesis investigates the social phenomenon of the elaboration and adjustment of realistic educational aspirations for high school graduates during the ten-year period preceding graduation. Its aim is to determine which factors most affect realistic edu-cational aspirations in the light of two major sociological concepts: Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of habitus and Raymond Boudon’s concept of rationality. In short, this thesis explores the manner in which factors linked to educational experience (the baseline for rational calculating) and to sociocultural heritage (habitus) may affect the cons-truction of so-called realistic educational aspirations and their adjustment The analyses are done in two distinct parts. The first part consists of logistic regres-sion analysis using cross-sectional data drawn from the Youth in Transition Survey (YITS). The aim of this analysis is to identify the main factors that enter into consid-eration during the construction of educational aspirations for Canadian students ap-proaching high school graduation. The second part, also using YITS data, examines this phenomenon with a longitudinal perspective in order to identify which factors affect aspirations throughout Canadian students’ educational experience. This is done using generalized estimating equations (GEE) regression. The results show that young students, predictably, use rational calculation when con-structing and adjusting realistic educational aspirations, but also that such a calcula-tion is highly influenced by the habitus, especially by the parents’ education level (institutionalized cultural capital). Moreover, the students’ calculation proves to be significantly constrained, when assessing the risks of following different educational aspirations, by the self-reported overall high school average and additional grades in the first years of a postsecondary studies.