Книги: "Comparable study"

1

Washington (State). Legislature. Legislative Budget Committee. Comparable worth implementation study. Olympia, WA (P.O. Box 40910, Olympia 98504-0910): The Committee, 1992.

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2

Maryland. Commission on Compensation and Personnel Policies. The state of Maryland comparable worth study. [New York, N.Y.]: Booz-Allen & Hamilton, 1986.

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3

Duindam, David. Fragments of the Holocaust. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462986886.

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Why do we attach so much value to sites of Holocaust memory, if all we ever encounter are fragments of a past that can never be fully comprehended? David Duindam examines how the Hollandsche Schouwburg, a former theater in Amsterdam used for the registration and deportation of nearly 50,000 Jews, fell into disrepair after World War II before it became the first Holocaust memorial museum of the Netherlands. Fragments of the Holocaust: The Amsterdam Hollandsche Schouwburg as a Site of Memory combines a detailed historical study of the postwar period of this site with a critical analysis of its contemporary presentation by placing it within international debates concerning memory, emotionally fraught heritage and museum studies. A case is made for the continued importance of the Hollandsche Schouwburg and other comparable sites, arguing that these will remain important in the future as indexical fragments where new generations can engage with the memory of the Holocaust on a personal and affective level.

4

Massachusetts. General Court. Special Committee on Comparable Worth. Second interim report of the joint special committee established for the purpose of making an investigation and study relative to comparable worth in employment and the extent to which sex segregation exists in employment in the Commonwealth: (under House Order No. 6547 of 1983 and revived and continued by House Order No. 5854 of 1985), January 12, 1987. [Boston]: Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 1987.

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5

Graziani, Michela, ed. Trasparenze ed epifanie. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-473-2.

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Il volume Trasparenze ed epifanie. Quando la luce diventa letteratura, arte, storia, scienza riunisce trenta contributi presentati al convegno interdisciplinare organizzato all’Università degli Studi di Firenze in occasione dell’International Year of Light 2015. Studiosi delle scienze, della storia, storia dell’arte e del cinema, della filosofia, della filologia e della teoria della letteratura e delle letterature italiana, straniere e comparate, provenienti da sette dipartimenti dell'ateneo fiorentino, introducono alle varie accezioni e rappresentazioni simboliche della luce in epoca antica, medievale, moderna e contemporanea, e insieme propongono un “viaggio luminoso” nella civiltà del dialogo scientifico e culturale aperto.

6

J, Waddington D., Nentwig Peter, and Schanze Sascha, eds. Making it comparable: Standards in science education. Münster: New York, 2007.

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7

1947-, Steinberg Ronnie, ed. The New York State comparable worth study: Final report. Albany, N.Y: Center for Women in Government, State University of New York at Albany, 1985.

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8

Kiriakidis, George. A study of the comparable characteristics between a young and an established science park. 1996.

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9

National Committee on Pay Equity. Opm comparable Worth - Pay Equity Study Overstates Women's Progress in Federal Workforce [C-309]. Inst for Women's Policy, 1987.

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10

Westra, Laura. The question of "comparable worth" and the "standard setters": A comparative study of professional guidelines, bylaws and codes of ethics in relation to the Green Paper on Pay Equity. [Toronto : Ontario Women's Directorate, 1986.

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11

Kuy, SreyRam, Kai J. Yang, and Anahita Dua. Outcomes Following Endovascular versus Open Repair of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. Edited by SreyRam Kuy, Wayne Zhang, and Tze-Woei Tan. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199384075.003.0001.

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This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study in vascular surgery assessing whether endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) improves short-term outcomes compared to traditional open repair. The OVER trial demonstrated comparable results at 2-year follow-up between the two groups. This chapter describes the basics of the study, including funding, year study began, year study was published, study location, who was studied, who was excluded, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary and discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.

12

Krisztina, Kehl-Bodrogi, Kellner-Heinkele Barbara, and Otter-Beaujean Anke, eds. Syncretistic religious communities in the Near East: Collected papers of the International Symposium "Alevism in Turkey and comparable sycretistic religious communities in the Near East in the past and present" : Berlin, 14-17 April 1995. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1997.

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13

United States. National Park Service. Denver Service Center. Professional Support Division. Concessions Branch, ed. Concessions comparables study: Big Bend National Park, Texas. [Denver, Colo.?]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, National Park Service, Denver Service Center, Professional Support Division, Concessions Branch, 1989.

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14

Johnson, Kevin, Erica Robinson, and Sarah Fineberg. Ten-Year Course of Borderline Personality Disorder. Edited by Ish P. Bhalla, Rajesh R. Tampi, Vinod H. Srihari, and Michael E. Hochman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190625085.003.0033.

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This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study on borderline personality disorder. What is the long-term prognosis of those with borderline personality disorder (BPD) compared to those with major depressive disorder or other personality disorders? Starting with that question, it describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, who was studied, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The findings show a favorable long-term prognosis that is comparable to that of other psychiatric disorders; 85% of those with BPS show at least 12-months of continuous remission after ten years. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.

15

Lee, Christoph I. Performance of Digital versus Screen-Film Mammography. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190223700.003.0040.

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This chapter, found in the cancer screening and management section of the book, provides a succinct synopsis of a key study examining the efficacy of digital mammography versus screen-film mammography for breast cancer screening. This summary outlines the study methodology and design, major results, limitations and criticisms, related studies and additional information, and clinical implications. Digital mammography was found to have comparable diagnostic accuracy to screen-film mammography overall, but was more accurate than screen-film mammography among women over 50 years of age, women with dense breasts, and premenopausal or perimenopausal women. In addition to outlining the most salient features of the study, a clinical vignette and imaging example are included in order to provide relevant clinical context.

16

Hofman, Paul, Erwin Bulte, and Maarten Voors. Trust in African Villages. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190630782.003.0014.

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This chapter studies the correlates of trust and trustworthiness for a population of African smallholder farmers. Using experimental and survey data from 1,289 subjects in 86 communities in Sierra Leone, the study finds that the number of tokens sent in a trust game is smaller than amounts typically sent in other contexts. Levels of trustworthiness, as measured by the number of tokens sent back in the trust game, are comparable. The chapter also shows that trust and trustworthiness are correlated with certain social preferences, beliefs, and village context variables. This calls into question what is exactly measured by the trust game.

17

Carty, Anthony, and Janne Nijman, eds. Morality and Responsibility of Rulers. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199670055.001.0001.

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A comparative study of the history of ideas on rule of law. This book examines Eastern and Western traditions to reveal ‘rule of law as justice’ conceptions with differ from the positivist conceptions of the liberal internationalist rule of law today. From an examination of Northern Humanism and natural law it considers whether comparable concepts existed in Chinese thought of the same era. It focuses on the possibilities of traditional Chinese and European ethical thinking in the context of current world affairs, and examines the obstacles to integration of these concepts in modern day international law.

18

Cruces, Guillermo, Gary S. Fields, David Jaume, and Mariana Viollaz. Data and Methodology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801085.003.0002.

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This study is based on microeconomic data from more than 150 household surveys, five million households, and eighteen million persons contained in the SEDLAC—Socio-Economic Database for Latin America and the Caribbean. These data cover the following sixteen Latin American countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela. Based on these household surveys and the SEDLAC harmonization methodology, the study constructs comparable time series for a wide range of labour market, poverty, and income inequality indicators. It also employs aggregate macroeconomic indicators from two sources: the World Bank’s World Development Indicators and the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean’s database on social expenditure.

19

Dalton, Russell J. Political Cleavages across Nations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830986.003.0004.

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This chapter focuses on the variations in cleavage politics across the European Union member states. The analyses compare the structure of issue positions across nations to see if the set of issues defining the economic and cultural cleavages are comparable. While there is some cross-national variation, both cleavages are evident across the European Union. The social group positions on both cleavages are also broadly similar across nations. The chapter then examines the social correlates of cleavage positions to see if factors such as the economic structure or the religious composition of societies affect group alignments. The results emphasize the commonality of the basic patterns for the EU overall to the pattern in specific member states. The analyses are primarily based on the 2009 European Election Study.

20

Berniell, Inés, Lucila Berniell, Dolores de la Mata, María Edo, and Mariana Marchionni. Motherhood and flexible jobs: Evidence from Latin American countries. 33rd ed. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2021/971-6.

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We study the causal effect of motherhood on labour market outcomes in Latin America by adopting an event study approach around the birth of the first child based on panel data from national household surveys for Chile, Mexico, Peru, and Uruguay. Our main contributions are: (i) providing new and comparable evidence on the effects of motherhood on labour outcomes in developing countries; (ii) exploring the possible mechanisms driving these outcomes; (iii) discussing the potential links between child penalty and the prevailing gender norms and family policies in the region. We find that motherhood reduces women’s labour supply in the extensive and intensive margins and influences female occupational structure towards flexible occupations—part-time work, self-employment, and labour informality—needed for family–work balance. Furthermore, countries with more conservative gender norms and less generous family policies are associated with larger differences between mothers’ and non-mothers’ labour market outcomes.

21

Land, Jeremy, and Jari Eloranta. Wartime Economies, 1939–1945. Edited by Nicholas Doumanis. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199695669.013.25.

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This chapter provides an overview of European economies during the Second World War, showing that total war affected all economies, yet in different ways. Mobilization presented massive challenges, and often led to labour shortages in other sectors. Resources proved to be a decisive factor in determining the outcome of the war, since richer nations were able to get more out of their economies and populations for the war effort. This chapter first considers Great Britain and Germany as comparable great powers dealing with the exigencies of total war, and then puts the spotlight on Switzerland, as a case study of a neutral nation during wartime, and Finland, a small state that was forced into the war. The comparison of different states during this conflict highlights the connections between large and small states, a perspective that has not been emphasized in earlier literature.

22

Pontin, Ben. Nuisance Law, Regulation, and the Invention of Prototypical Pollution Abatement Technology. Edited by Roger Brownsword, Eloise Scotford, and Karen Yeung. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199680832.013.73.

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The emerging idea that the private enforcement of nuisance injunctions can facilitate investment in pollution abatement technology raises important questions of the wider regulatory context of this area of tort. This chapter examines the role of the Alkali Inspectorate historically in facilitating progressive improvements in industrial production process standards to an extent comparable with nuisance law. It is argued that regulation in this field has demonstrably shaped the development of pollution abatement technology, but exceptionally so. The notion of ‘voluntarism’, which tort scholars have used to explain the scope and limits of nuisance law’s inventiveness, can be helpfully generalized. Voluntarism accounts for the success with which government inspectors set out to clean up industry through pushing the frontiers of clean technology, and the difficulties of sustaining this success with the passage of time. This is illustrated by a case study concerning cement industry pollution.

23

Studi di letterature comparate in onore di Remo Ceserani. Manziana (Roma): Vecchiarelli editore, 2003.

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24

Balazs, Adam Bence, and Christina Griessler, eds. The Visegrad Four and the Western Balkans. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748901136.

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The Western Balkans and the Visegrad Group are two macro-regions within the larger Eastern European area. Geographically and historically close, both regions share comparable characteristics on a macro-regional level as well as among the region's individual countries on a national level. However, when it comes to identities, the national level seems unavoidable: politically speaking, identity means national identity first and foremost. The authors of this book, who come from both regions, examine the ways in which the very sense of regional belonging might—or might not—override the shortcomings of and the obstacles erected by national identity. The varied case studies in the book focus on aspects of identity and their political (mis)use by actors in the regions under study. With contributions by Adam Bence Balazs, Adam Balcer, Ladislav Cabada, Ondřej Daniel, Kinga Anna Gajda, Kamil Glinka, Christina Griessler, Adis Maksic, Jovana Mihajlović Trbovc, Ešref Kenan Rašidagić, Andrea Schmidt, Tamara Trošt, Robert Wiszniowski, Nikola Zečević.

25

Sharples, R. W. Cicero: On Fate. Liverpool University Press, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9780856684760.001.0001.

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Cicero and Boethius did more than anyone else to transmit the insights of Greek philosophy to the Latin culture of Western Europe, which has played so influential a part in our civilisation to this day. Cicero's treatise On Fate (De Fato), though surviving only in a fragmentary and mutilated state, records contributions to the discussion of a central philosophical issue, that of free will and determinism, which are comparable in importance to those of twentieth-century philosophers and indeed sometimes anticipate them. Study of the treatise has been hindered by the lack of a combined Latin text and English translation based on a clear understanding of the arguments; this edition is intended to meet this need. The last book of Boethius' Consolation of Philosophy (Philosophiae Consolationis) is linked with Cicero's treatise by its theme, the relation of divine foreknowledge to human freedom. The book presents Latin text with facing-page English translation, introduction and commentary.

26

Harris, Richard, and Ron Johnston. Ethnic Segregation Between Schools. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529204780.001.0001.

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This book provides a new study of ethnic segregation across English state schools in the period from 2011 to 2017. It examines whether patterns of school-level segregation decreased or increased over the period, how those patterns compare with patterns of residential segregation, whether particular types of schools are associated with greater ethnic separations, and whether socio-economic differences add to the geographies of ethnic segregation. We find that high levels of ethnic segregation do exist between the majority White British and some other ethnic groups such as the Bangladeshi and Pakistani, more so at the primary than secondary level of schooling, and increased also for the more affluent of the White British. However, there is no compelling evidence that ethnic segregation is increasing – instead, the general trend is towards desegregation and greater ethnic diversity within local authority areas and their schools. Nor is there persuasive evidence that ethnic segregation is exacerbated greatly (at least, not directly) by the present system of school choice because school intakes appear comparable to the characteristics of their surrounding neighbourhoods in their ethnic composition.

27

Silenos: Erasmus in Elizabethan literature (Studi di letterature moderne e comparate). Pacini, 1998.

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28

Ezio, Compagnoni, ed. Insegnando la lingua italiana: Esperienze comparate di programmazione secondo gli approcci grammaticale, strutturale e comunicativo. Bologna: Cappelli, 1987.

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29

Hallam, Tony. Catastrophes and Lesser Calamities. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198524977.001.0001.

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In Catastrophes and Lesser Calamities, renowned geologist Tony Hallam takes us on a tour of the Earth's history, and of the cataclysmic events, as well as the more gradual extinctions, that have punctuated life on Earth throughout the past 500 million years. While comparable books in this field of study tend to promote only one likely cause of mass extinctions, such as extraterrestrial impact, volcanism, and or climatic cooling, Catastrophes and Lesser Calamities breaks new ground, as the first book to attempt an objective coverage of all likely causes, including sea-level and climatic changes, oxygen deficiency in the oceans, volcanic activity, and extraterrestrial impact. Hallam focuses on the so-called 'big five' mass extinctions, at the end of the Ordovician, Permian, Triassic, and Cretaceous periods, and the later Devonian, and he also includes less well-known examples where relevant. He devotes attention especially to the attempts by geologists to distinguish true catastrophes from more gradual extinction events, and he concludes with a discussion of the evolutionary significance of mass extinctions, and on the influence of Homo sapiens in causing extinctions within the last few thousand years, both on land and in the seas.

30

Morosanu, Gabriela Adina. La dynamique hydro-sédimentaire du bassin de la rivière Jiu : approche systémique et multi-échelle. Editura Universitara, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5682/9786062812034.

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The present book, titled “The Hydro-sedimentary dynamics of the Jiu River Watershed. A systemic and multi-scale approach” sets about to investigate the dynamics of liquid and solid flows in a challenging watershed represented by the Jiu River Basin. The Jiu River (with a length of 339 km) is one of the main tributaries of the Danube in its Romanian sector, and its watershed stretches over an area of 10,080 km2, in SW Romania. Jiu River Basin is defined by complex geographical features, determined by a variety of natural and socio-economic factors. From an economic standpoint, the element that makes Jiu’s watershed stand out among other comparable rivers is the presence and exploitation of coal in its upper sector (bituminous coal) and middle sector (lignite), as these activities have left their mark on the quality of the water and the quantity and origins of fine sediments. In this study, we relied upon the existence of coal resources in order to investigate the hydro-sedimentary dynamics in the Jiu River Basin and identify the fine sediment sources, by performing an analysis of coal particles found in the fine sediments, which was carried out through different laboratory methods.

31

Brontë, Charlotte, and Tim Dolin. Villette. Edited by Margaret Smith. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199536658.001.0001.

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‘I am only just returned to a sense of the real world about me, for I have been reading Villette, a still more wonderful book than Jane Eyre.’ George Eliot Lucy Snowe, in flight from an unhappy past, leaves England and finds work as a teacher in Madame Beck's school in 'Villette'. Strongly drawn to the fiery autocratic schoolmaster Monsieur Paul Emanuel, Lucy is compelled by Madame Beck's jealous interference to assert her right to love and be loved. Based in part on Charlotte Brontë's experience in Brussels ten years earlier, Villette (1853) is a cogent and dramatic exploration of a woman's response to the challenge of a constricting social environment. Its deployment of imagery comparable in power to that of Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights, and its use of comedy-ironic or exuberant-in the service of an ultimately sombre vision, make Villette especially appealing to the modern reader. ABOUT THE SERIES: For over 100 years Oxford World's Classics has made available the widest range of literature from around the globe. Each affordable volume reflects Oxford's commitment to scholarship, providing the most accurate text plus a wealth of other valuable features, including expert introductions by leading authorities, helpful notes to clarify the text, up-to-date bibliographies for further study, and much more.

32

Poguntke, Thomas, Susan E. Scarrow, and Paul D. Webb. Political Party Organizations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.227.

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How political parties organize directly affects who is represented and which policies are prioritized. Political parties structure political choice, which is one of the main functions generally ascribed to them. Their roles as gatekeepers for policies and political careers are closely linked to their nature as membership-based organizations, and to the extent to which they empower members to directly or indirectly influence these crucial choices. Parties also play a crucial role as campaign organizations, whose organizational strength influences their electoral success. The literature often summarizes differences in how parties organize and campaign by identifying major party types, which can be regarded as “classic models” of party organization. Yet, actual parties must adapt to changing environments or risk being supplanted by newer parties or by other political actors. For instance, in recent years one popular adaptation has involved parties opening their decision-making processes by introducing party-wide ballots to settle important questions. Changes like these alter how parties act as intermediaries in representation and political participation. Thanks to the increasing availability of comparable data on party organizations in established and new democracies, and in parliamentary and presidential systems, today’s scholars are better equipped to study the origins and impacts of parties’ organizational differences.

33

Yu, Timothy. Diasporic Poetics. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198867654.001.0001.

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This book advances a new concept of the “Asian diaspora” that creates links between Asian American, Asian Canadian, and Asian Australian identities. Drawing from comparable studies of the black diaspora, it traces the histories of colonialism, immigration, and exclusion shared by these three populations. The work of Asian poets in each of these three countries offers a rich terrain for understanding how Asian identities emerge at the intersection of national and transnational flows, with the poets’ thematic and formal choices reflecting the varied pressures of social and cultural histories, as well as the influence of Asian writers in other national locations. Diasporic Poetics argues that racialized and nationally bounded “Asian” identities often emerge from transnational political solidarities, from Third World struggles against colonialism to the global influence of the American civil rights movement. Indeed, I show that Asian writers disclaim national belonging as often as they claim it, placing Asian diasporic writers at a critical distance from the national spaces within which they write. As the first full-length study to compare Asian American, Asian Canadian, and Asian Australian writers, the book offers the historical and cultural contexts necessary to understand the distinctive development of Asian writing in each country, while also offering close analysis of the work of writers such as Janice Mirikitani, Fred Wah, Ouyang Yu, Myung Mi Kim, and Cathy Park Hong.

34

Skorupski, John. Being and Freedom. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198716761.001.0001.

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Being and Freedom is an account of ethics in Europe from the French Revolution: a phase of philosophical ethics whose influence ran far beyond philosophy, eventually dominating politics and religion in the West. Developments came from France, Germany, and Britain. This book is currently the only study that treats them together as a Europe-wide phenomenon. The first chapter covers the philosophical conflict at the heart of the French Revolution, between the individualism of the Enlightenment and two very different forms of holistic ethics: the old regime’s ethic of service and the radical-democracy of the Rousseauian left. Responses analysing modern freedom and democracy came from a series of French liberal thinkers. In Germany the reaction was to two revolutions seen as inaugurating modernity—the political revolution in France and the philosophical revolution of Kant. Here the fate of religion was critical; with it the metaphysics of being and freedom. The story is traced from Kant to Hegel’s idealist version of ethical holism. In Britain, Enlightenment naturalism remained the prevailing framework. It took different forms: ‘common sense’ and the theory of the sentiments in Scotland, utilitarianism in England. From these elements came a synthesis of European themes by John Stuart Mill—comparable in range but opposed to that of Hegel. This period’s ethical ideas remain the core of late modern ethics and the contested ground on which ethical disagreements take place today. The final chapter is a retrospective and assessment.

35

Adler, Matthew D. Measuring Social Welfare. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190643027.001.0001.

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The social welfare function (SWF) framework is a powerful tool for evaluating governmental policies in light of human well-being. The framework originates in theoretical welfare economics and is widely used in contemporary economic scholarship, although not (yet) in governmental practice. This book is intended to provide an accessible, yet reasonably rigorous overview of the SWF approach. The framework has three components: an interpersonally comparable measure of well-being, which functions to translate outcomes into lists (“vectors”) of well-being numbers, one for each person in the population; a rule (the SWF) for ranking well-being vectors, such as the utilitarian SWF (which simply adds up well-being numbers), a continuous-prioritarian SWF (which gives greater weight to the worse off), or some other; and a procedure for ranking policies, understood as probability distributions across outcomes. Each component of the SWF framework is reviewed in detail; in doing so, the book engages both the economic literature on SWFs and philosophical scholarship regarding individual well-being, ethics, and distributive justice. The book also clarifies the difference between the SWF approach and cost-benefit analysis (CBA), which uses money rather than an interpersonally well-being measure as the scale for quantifying policy impacts. The book includes a detailed case study of risk regulation—illustrating how the SWF framework can be used in practice and how it contrasts with CBA. The book is written to be accessible to readers without much mathematical training, but is backed up by an extensive mathematical appendix.

36

Makatjane, Katleho, and Roscoe van Wyk. Identifying structural changes in the exchange rates of South Africa as a regime-switching process. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/919-8.

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Exchange rate volatility is said to exemplify the economic health of a country. Exchange rate break points (known as structural breaks) have a momentous impact on the macroeconomy of a country. Nonetheless, this country study makes use of both unsupervised and supervised machine learning algorithms to classify structural changes as regime shifts in real exchange rates in South Africa. Weekly data for the period January 2003–June 2020 are used. To these data we apply both non-linear principal component analysis and Markov-switching generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity. The former approach is used to reduce the dimensionality of the data using an orthogonal linear transformation by preserving the statistical variance of the data, with the proviso that a new trait is non-linearly independent, and it identifies the number of regime switches that are to be used in the Markov-switching model. The latter is used to partition the variance in each regime by allowing an estimation of multiple break transitions. The transition breakpoints estimates derived from this machine learning approach produce results that are comparable to other methods on similar system sizes. Application of these methods shows that the machine learning approach can also be employed to identify structural changes as a regime-switching process. During times of financial crisis, the growing concern over exchange rate volatility, including its adverse effects on employment and growth, broadens the debates on exchange rate policies. Our results should help the South African monetary policy committee to anticipate when exchange rates will pick up and be prepared for the effects of periods of high exchange rates.

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Ruokanen, Miikka. Trinitarian Grace in Martin Luther's The Bondage of the Will. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192895837.001.0001.

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Professor Miikka Ruokanen reveals the powerfully Trinitarian and participatory nature of Martin Luther’s conception of divine grace in his magnum opus The Bondage of the Will, largely ignored in the previous research. The study establishes a genuinely new understanding of Luther’s major treatise opening up its ecumenical potential. Luther’s debate with Erasmus signifies not only a disagreement concerning free will, but the dispute reveals two contrasting understandings of the very core idea of the Christian faith. For Erasmus, the relationship of the human being with God is based on the rationally and morally acceptable principles of fair play. For Luther, the human being is captivated by the overwhelming power of unfaith and transcendental evil, Satan; only the monergistic grace of the Triune God and the power of the Holy Spirit can liberate him/her. Ruokanen verifies the Trinitarian vision of salvation “by grace alone” as the center of Luther’s theology. This doctrine has three dimensions: (1) The conversion of the sinner and the birth of faith in Christ are effected by prevenient divine grace; justification “through faith alone,” is the sole work of God’s Spirit, comparable to creation ex nihilo. (2) Participation in the person, life, and divine properties of Christ, as well as participation in his salvific work, his cross, and resurrection, are possible solely because of the presence of the Holy Spirit in the believer. Justification means simultaneously the forensic declaration of the guilty non-guilty on the basis of the atonement by Jesus’ cross, as well as a union with Christ in the Holy Spirit. (3) Sanctification means the gradual growth of love for God and neighbor enabled by the believer’s participation in divine love in the Holy Spirit. Ruokanen’s work offers a crucial modification and advance to the world-renowned Finnish school of Luther interpretation: Luther’s classic use of Pneumatological language avoids the problems caused by using an ontological language.

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Franco, Buffoni, ed. Ritmologia: Atti del Convegno Il ritmo del linguaggio, poesia e traduzione, Università degli studi di Cassino, Dipartimento di linguistica e letterature comparate, 22-24 marzo 2001. Milano: Marcos y Marcos, 2002.

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Teresa, Prat Zagrebelsky Maria, British Council Nord Italia, and Universitá di Torino. Dipartimento di scienze del linguaggio e letterature moderne e comparate., eds. The Study of English language in Italian universities: Papers of a national conference entitled "The study of English language in Italian universities" held in Turin (Italy), 17-20 January 1990, run jointly by the British Council and the Dipartimento di scienze del linguaggio e letterature moderne e comparate, University of Turin with the patronage of Regione Piemonte, Commune di Torino, Provincia di Torino. Alessandria: Edizioni dell'orso, 1991.

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