Дисертації з теми "Comparable study"
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1
Courtney, Valencia V. "A comparable market study of RFID for manual item-level accountability inventory and tracking systems." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion.exe/07Mar%5FCourtney.pdf.
Анотація:
Thesis (M.S. in Information Technology Management)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2007.Thesis Advisor(s): Glenn Cook. "March 2007." Includes bibliographical references (p. 91-94). Also available in print.
2
Laviosa-Braithwaite, S. "The English Comparable Corpus (ECC) : a resource and a methodology for the empirical study of translation." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.488308.
3
Mongia, Anita Kaur. "Characteristics and attitudes of successful entrepreneurs : A comparable study of Norwegian entrepreneurs in Norway and in the US." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for industriell økonomi og teknologiledelse, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-25644.
Анотація:
As entrepreneurial activity and economical growth are closely connected to each other, it should be desirable for any country to have a high entrepreneurial activity. It becomes important to evaluate the current status of the entrepreneurial situation in order to find areas that require improvement. Norway experienced an all time low measurement of entrepreneurial activity in 2012. The same year, the US experienced the complete opposite, an all time high in measured entrepreneurial activity since 2004. As it seems, Norway and the US have opposite results when it comes to entrepreneurial activity and the development. Due to the lack of research completed on the field of entrepreneurial activity in Norway it becomes a challenge to acquire the required knowledge that would allow the country to actually improve within the field of entrepreneurship. After having gained insight into the current entrepreneurial situation in Norway though the research findings of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) and an initial literature review, it became clear that certain attitudes and characteristics were associated with wanting to become an entrepreneur and that specific attitudes lead to successful startups. As both of these themes can be positively associated with the total entrepreneurial activity in a country, it became desirable to gain insight into potential differences or similarities between Norwegian entrepreneurs in Norway and Norwegian entrepreneurs in the US, in addition to looking at the potential difference between what is defined as successful or discontinued ventures. In this way the research compares the two different entrepreneurial contexts, as well as their impact on a successful outcome. Several hypotheses are composed and tested in order to gain insight into the entrepreneurial attitudes in Norway and their relation to success. The specific hypotheses tested are; H1: An entrepreneurial venture is more likely to not discontinue, in this case referred to as being a success, if the venture has obtained initial sales, received funding and is working with the startup fulltime, H2; Norwegian entrepreneurs display less motivation than entrepreneurs in the US and therefore are less persistent and less successful and H3; Norwegian entrepreneurs in Norway are less successful compared to entrepreneurs in the US due to low risk tolerance. Support was found for hypothesis H1, although no support was found for hypotheses H2 and H3. Although previous entrepreneurial research suggests the entrepreneurial activity being affected by the environment, this research does not confirm that. The variables researched seem to have an impact on success and discontinuance of a startup, but not on the specific country and environment of where it was established. This information is not able to explain why there is a higher level of entrepreneurial activity in the US compared to Norway other than that there is a more supporting culture for entrepreneurs, making it more desirable to become one. The findings suggest that Norwegian entrepreneurs in Norway have the same abilities to succeed as the entrepreneurs in the US. Additional research within the field of entrepreneurial motivation and aspirations in Norway might uncover additional reasons for not wanting to pursue entrepreneurial opportunities and rather be a fulltime employer. By gaining insight into the decision making process and reason comparing non-entrepreneurs to current entrepreneurs in Norway, this might lead to valuable information for potential policy improvement.
4
Strömbäck, Tobias, and Boarder Daniel Neij. "Congestion Taxes in Sweden : A comparable study to examine how congestion taxation affect the usage of public transportation in Gothenburg." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi och statistik (NS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-96477.
Анотація:
This paper examines the effect the Gothenburg congestion tax, which was implemented in 2013, has had on the usage of public transportation. The aim of the policy is to reduce congestion, emissions and to finance public transportation infrastructure. The analysis contains panel data over the years 2010 - 2016 in order to measure the changes for the corresponding period of time. This research will contribute to existing research with a new approach since the instrument for controlling congestion is recently implemented, and the empirics are underdeveloped within this field. The difference in difference analysis is executed to isolate the impact of the introduced congestion tax. Gothenburg act as a treatment region, and Växjö act as a control region. Växjö is used as a control region due to limitations in the collection of data; differences between the selected regions are present and are essential to recognize. Significant differences are found in the population, controlled by a generated ratio between monthly commutes and population. Parallel trends are analyzed to increase the validity of the approach and estimated to be held constant during this period. Results show increased usage of public transportation in Gothenburg by approximately five trips per citizen monthly, due to the implementation of the congestion tax. Citizens in Gothenburg avoid getting additional taxied by correcting their type of transit.
5
Yeats, Jacqueline. "The effective and proper exercise of appraisal rights under the South African Companies Act, 2008 : developing a strategic approach through a study of comparable foreign law." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20301.
Анотація:
This thesis seeks to identify how the appraisal rights remedy, which was introduced into South African company law for the first time by section 164 of the Companies Act 71 of 2008 ('the South African Act'), should be interpreted and applied in order to facilitate its effective and proper exercise. When the draft version of the South African Act was initially published for public comment, critics raised concerns that the inclusion of the appraisal remedy was undesirable and unnecessary. These concerns were largely motivated by the fact that at the time appraisal rights were a novel concept and thus a completely unknown quantity in South African law. As a result there was much uncertainty in the legal and commercial sector as to how these rights would be interpreted, how they would function and how frequently they would be used. However, since the commencement date of the South African Act (being 1 May 2011) to date no appraisal rights matter has come before our courts and it could therefore be argued that the initial concerns of the critics regarding the impact that the inclusion of appraisal rights would have on South African company law were unfounded. This 'lack of use' phenomenon is in line with the general trend experienced in foreign jurisdictions where the appraisal remedy has been on the statute books for decades, such as the United States of America ('USA' or 'US'), Canada and New Zealand. Due to the fact that appraisal rights are notoriously underutilised they have often been dismissed as an ineffective remedy for minority shareholders. Clearly it could not have been the intention of the drafters of the South African Act to include an ineffective or useless remedy. My research indicates that the lack of use of the appraisal remedy in comparable jurisdictions is due to a number of factors but can be broadly attributed to the complexity, uncertainty and expense associated with the exercise of appraisal rights. The thesis therefore seeks to identify the various causes of the lack of effectiveness apparent in the USA, Canada and New Zealand, to examine the relevance of these in the South African context and to consider possible ways of addressing these challenges. The ultimate objective of the thesis is to devise measures which may be taken so that the appraisal remedy can function more effectively, or at least as effectively as possible, in South Africa.
6
Caravati-Jouveanceaux, Agnès. "Les patients guéris d'un cancer colorectal retrouvent-ils à long terme un niveau de qualité de vie et de réinsertion comparable à celui de témoins de population ?" Thesis, Besançon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BESA3001/document.
Анотація:
Avec l'amélioration de la prise en charge du cancer colorectal (CCR), on constate une augmentation croissante du nombre de personnes en longue rémission de ce cancer. Cependant, le CCR et ses traitements peuvent avoir des répercussions physiques et psychologiques à long terme. L'objectif était d'évaluer la QdV et la réinsertion de patients en longue rémission d'un CCR, 5, 10 et 15 ans après le diagnostic, comparées à des témoins de population générale. Etude constituée de cas de CCR tirés au sort à partir des 3 registres des tumeurs et de témoins tirés au sort à partir des listes électorales. Les participants ont complété 5 auto-questionnaires : le SF-36 et le QLQC30, le MFI-20 et le STAI, et un questionnaire de conditions de vie. Au total, 542 cas de CCR et 1181 témoins ont été inclus. Globalement, la QdV des patients était comparable à celle des témoins 15 ans après le diagnostic. Les patients atteints du cancer du rectum ont été plus affectés physiquement et ont ressenti davantage de fatigue. Quant à la réinsertion, les patients ont reporté des changements positifs tels que l'an1élioration de leur relation conjugale. Cependant les patients ont noté plus de difficultés lors de démarches de souscription à un prêt. En terme de QdV, cette étude a démontré qu'elle était globalement satisfaisante chez les patients en longue rémission de leur CCR. Ils ont reporté dans leur vie sociale et familiale plus de changements positifs que les témoins, signe d'une adaptation à la maladie. Mais il persiste encore des difficultés d'ordre professionnel et financier. Il parait nécessaire de maintenir la prise en charge médico-psycho-sociale des personnes en longue rémission d'un CCRGiven enhancing managing of colorectal cancer (CRC), we note an increasing number of long term cancer survivors. However, CRC and its treatment can cause long term physical and psychological effects. The goal was to evaluate quality of life and reintegration in long term CRC survivors, 5, 10, and 15 years after diagnostic, in comparison with population controls. Study consisted of CRC cases, randomly selected from files of three cancer registries and controls randomly selected from electoral rolls. Participants completed five self-administrated questionnaires: SF-36 and QLQC30, MFI-20 and ST Al, and a life conditions questionnaire. Five hundred forty two CRC cases and l, 181 controls were included. Globally, survivors QOL was comparable with that of controls, 15 years after diagnosis. Rectal cancer survivors were more affected in physical field and perceived more fatigue. In reintegration analyses, cancer survivors reported more positive changes than controls, as strengthening in marital relationships. However, survivors met more difficulties in loan and insurance requests. In term of QOL, this study demonstrated it was globally satisfactory in long term CRC survivors. In term of reintegration they reported positive changes and less negative changes in social and marital life, sign of an adaptation to cancer. However, they still met difficulties in professional and financial position. lt seems to be necessary to strength medical and psychosocial follow-up of CRC survivors
7
Ericsson, Thomas. "Systematisk arbetsvärdering : ett lönesättningsinstrument i närbild." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 1991. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-65823.
Анотація:
The subject of the thesis is systematic job evaluation for purposes of local wage determination for blue-collar jobs within the Swedish industry. The method is examined from a general wage-determination as well as from a gender equality perspective. The thesis is based on e.g. documents from the parties, on interviews with representatives of employers and unions at the central and local level, and on interviews with persons participating in job evaluation work in some companies. An analysis is made of one of the most common job evaluation systems, including the changes it has undergone since the 1950s. The use of a job evaluation system implies that a linkage is made between /certain/job demands and wages. It also means that this linkage is made in a systematic way. Systematics might, in its turn, imply consistency, rigidity and explicity. The thesis examines the significance of a linkage demands-wages and of consistency, rigidity and explicity for the parties' attitudes towards the method; as a purpose or as a means to achieve other goals. It demonstrates that the employers' problems to recruit labour and a desire for an increased wage differentiation has constituted a major reason for using the systems. The job evaluation system examined does not consider, or gives low weight to, certain demands which are common in female-dominated jobs. Various circumstances in the evaluation work process which provide it with scope for consideration are identified. This scope for consideration may disfavour female-dominated jobs. The thesis claims that the scope for consideration yet is less than in an unsystematic overall assessment of différencies in job demands between various jobs. A completed systematic job evaluation offers a basis for speaking of "work of equal value" in the sense of the Swedish Equal Opportunities Act, and forces the employer to explain possible différencies in the terms of employment when the points allotted are equal. It is unclear whether the court has to accept the application of the system made by the parties, or whether it could make its own evaluation with the same system. So far, no case concerning work of equal value has been settled in court.Diss. Umeå : Univ., 1991
digitalisering@umu
8
Baranyiová, Lucie. "Návrh reklamních strategie v pohostinství - komparativní studie pro ČR a Irsko." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-449774.
Анотація:
This diploma thesis entitled "Design of Promotion Strategie in the Hospitality Industry - a Comparable Study for the Czech Republic and Ireland" addresses strategic practices in different countries and further applies them. The aim was to assess whether it is possible to apply the same advertising procedures as in Ireland at domestic country. The evaluation was carried out on the basis of a semi-structured interview with a Irish resident working in the hospitality industry and a questionnaire survey which took place in the Czech Republic. In the conclusion the are formulated specific steps inspired by Ireland which can be applied in the Czech Republic.
9
DINISI, MARIA GRAZIA. "Studi per una ridefinizione del concetto di Classico." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/1291.
Анотація:
Il termine Classico ha accumulato molte valenze; certamente moltissimi studiosi hanno affrontato la questione, ma si è rivelata opportuna una revisione del tema.
La risposta alla domanda "Che cosa è un classico?" è cercata attraverso un'analisi terminologica che indaghi la nascita della categoria e del termine e le diverse accezioni di questo. Segue un'indagine cronologica dei contributi letterari alla questione nel corso della storia della cultura occidentale
Il Classico, classificato come "di fondazione" o "di consolidamento", emerge come summa delle categorie di Bello, Buono, Vero e Uno. Ha inoltre delle limitazioni in termini di tempo, genere e grado. La più importante implicazione di questa tesi riguarda la responsabilità del mondo delle lettere nella conservazione o nella trasformazione della civiltà e cultura occidentale al contatto con
altre civiltà o all'emergere degli effetti della globalizzazione.The term Classic has accumulated different meanings. Surely many scholars have tackled over this matter, and yet it is right to review this notion. I have tried to answer the question “what is a Classic?” by analyzing the term and by tracing it back to its birth and uses over the centuries. Then I have also made inquires about the literary contributions to the debate in the history of western culture. Classified as the “foundation” and the “canonization”, the Classic emerges as the “summa” of the categories of the Beautiful, the Good, the True and the Sole. Furthermore this notion is limited in terms of time, literary genre and degree. The most important implication of my dissertation is the responsibility that the literary world holds in keeping and transforming the western civilization and culture when they get in touch with others and when globalization emerges.
10
LANDINI, CHIARA. "HUMANITÉS CLASSIQUES E ENSEIGNEMENT SECONDAIRE IN FRANCIA (1802-1902): ASPETTI CUTURALI, STORICI ED ECONOMICI DELLA QUESTIONE DEL SECOLO." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/10812.
Анотація:
Nel corso dell’Ottocento, in Francia, il principio di formazione, attraverso gli studi classici, delle élite destinate a ricoprire le più alte funzioni professionali assunse una connotazione sempre più anacronistica e il sistema scolastico fu al centro di una serie di accesi dibattiti e tentativi più o meno riusciti di riforma dei metodi di insegnamento e dei contenuti degli studi, che si acuirono soprattutto in seguito alla battaglia di Sedan.
Il permanere di una cultura e di un sistema di istruzione immobile e legato alla tradizione umanistica si scontrò violentemente a fine secolo con la democratizzazione della società, il progresso scientifico e lo sviluppo economico e con la corsa alla modernizzazione della cultura.
Questo elaborato si propone di ripercorrere i principali aspetti culturali, storici ed economici che scandirono la storia della pedagogia francese, analizzando il lungo ed altalenante percorso di cambiamento delle humanités classiques durante la costituzione dell’istituzione più conservatrice della Francia del XIX secolo: l’enseignement secondaire.During the nineteenth century in France, the education through classical studies of the elite meant to play the highest professional roles became increasingly anachronistic and the school system was the main target of many debates and reforming processes. These attempts of changing teaching methods and subjects increased even further after the battle of Sedan. At the end of the century, the persistence of a stationary culture and of an educational system linked to the humanistic tradition clashed with the democratisation of the society, the scientific progress and the economic development and also with the rush to modernise this culture. The aim of this research is to trace the main cultural, historical and economic factors that distinguished the history of French education, while analysing the long and various changes of classical humanities during the establishment of French secondary school, which was the more conservative institution of the nineteenth century.
11
Lee, I.-Chien, and 李易謙. "The study of CMOS Technology Comparable Gate-Controlled Lateral Bipolar Transistor." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/57675337089499344898.
Анотація:
碩士國立成功大學
微電子工程研究所碩博士班
94
Bipolar technology was the only available technology in early IC production. With better understanding and improvements in the oxide-silicon interface, bipolar technology was surpassed by PMOS and NMOS technology. Subsequently, CMOS has become the mainstream technology since the early 1970s. Even, CMOS technology has tremendous progress and extensive application in ICs, Bipolar ICs still offer unique advantages; they have faster speed and higher current-driving capability than CMOS ICs. In order to keep up with the rapid deployment of high-speed networks, more and more high-speed devices (SiGe HBT,GaAs HBT, InP HBT……etc.) were designed to realize the high-speed circuits. Though these devices have many good advantages, there are two cruel drawbacks—expensive cost and complex process. On the other hand, CMOS process is not only mature but also cheaper. If we can design the high-speed device with CMOS process, it will become the important role in high-speed ICs. The Gate-controlled Lateral BJT can be made with CMOS process and it has very good DC performance. The current gain of NPN and PNP is more than 200 and 150 respectively. And the cut-off frequency and max oscillation frequency is more than 20GHz. These performances are good enough to substitute for other high-speed devices. We will discuss all structures and characteristics in this thesis.
12
Lin, Shang-Wen, and 林尚文. "A Comparable Study on Performance Evaluation of Retailing Store with Using DEA-neural Network Approach." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/09782889447990148207.
Анотація:
碩士國立高雄第一科技大學
行銷與流通管理所
95
In recent years, retailers confront with high competitive market environment and have been under great pressure to operate business efficiently. With the coming of the era of the low gross profit, retailers pay more attention to their business performance. This research evaluates the efficiency of a Living Mart retailer in Taiwan by using Data Envelopment Analysis and Neural Network approach. The research result reveal that 11 retailing stores reach efficiency, 9 retailing stores reach purely technological efficiency but not scale efficiency. We also find that personnel cost and employee turnover rate are two key components of retailing stores performance. In DEA-NN analysis, only 6 retailing stores reach efficiency. Our results indicate that DEA-NN model has better explanatory power than DEA in the result of retailing store performance rank. Managerial implications arising form the study are considered.
13
Chen, Yu-Nuan, and 陳育暖. "The Study of Treatment for the Substitute Teacher Comparable Worth with Equal Pay for Equal Value." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/e6mqr3.
Анотація:
碩士國立中正大學
勞工關係學系碩士在職專班
106
This study explores the working conditions in education. It focus on the phenomenon of equal pay for work and equal pay for equal value in education between the teachers and the substitute teachers. The main contents of the work are according to the teachers’ professional guidelines. Base on the experiences of the United kingdom, Canada, the United States and Hongkong in equal pay for work and equal pay for equal value, the questionnaires were distributed by snowballs sampling to investigate 157 primary school teachers. According to the findings of this study, the full-time teachers (formal teachers) and substitute teachers in the same work value get different pay. In the same work value, the salary is received by substitute teachers is only 50% to 90% of full-time teachers (formal teachers). And there are differences in pensions, the right in the job and the other welfare conditions, too. The suggestions are as follow. First, Teachers with the same work value should receive the same remuneration; second, under the condition of equal pay for the same value, the regional disparity in the treatment of teacher’s work should be balanced; third, achieve equal educational procedural justice in the overall educational environment. Teachers are careers rather than volunteers. Schools are one of the origins of cultivating the nation's talents. When paying attention to the teachers’ profession and educational reforms, the justice of the treament to the substitute teachers should be worked on, too.
14
Yim, Megan. "Allocentric and egocentric navigational strategies are adopted at comparable rates in a virtual MWM: an eye-tracking study." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/4129.
Анотація:
Considerable research has examined strategies involved in spatial navigation, and what factors determine which strategy an individual will use. The little research that has examined strategy adoption has produced conflicting results. The present study investigated the relative rate of adoption of allocentric and egocentric strategies in an environment that allowed individuals to adopt one or the other, or switch between them. Results indicated that by the end of testing nearly all participants had adopted one strategy or the other. Also, more participants were using an allocentric strategy than an egocentric strategy. However, strategy selection was not related to gender, or the relative efficiency of the two strategies. Analysis of gaze position at the start of trials showed that those who adopted an allocentric strategy tended to focus their attention on the distal (landscape) features of the environment whereas those who adopted an egocentric strategy tended to focus their attention on the proximal object features. However, vertical gaze position could not be used to reveal the rate of adoption of an egocentric strategy, because this did not vary over trials. Analysis of gaze position using “regions of interest” overcame this problem and showed that both strategies are adopted at a similar rate early in trials. Comparison of strategy by gaze position and strategy by navigation probe indicated that these two metrics were measuring two different stages of navigation. Finally, analysis of the navigational efficiency of different strategies indicated that the best navigators were those who used both strategies. These findings indicate allocentric and egocentric strategies are adopted at a similar rate and that within the space of a few seconds, individuals may use different strategies for orientation and navigation.Graduate
15
游松輝. "A study on examination of tax authorities on transfer prices-take companies which adopt comparable profit method as examples." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/53491991073236617733.
Анотація:
碩士國立政治大學
經營管理碩士學程(EMBA)
97
The purpose of our transfer pricing investigation system is to prevent a profit-seeking enterprise and its related parties avoid or reduce its income tax liabilities by means of arranging non-arm’s length transactions. For past few years, more and more countries had already planned and set up a transfer pricing investigation system. In order to make our tax regulations more correspondent with international trends, the MOF promulgated “The Regulations Governing Assessment of Profit-Seeking Enterprise Income Tax on Non-Arm’s Length Transfer Pricing” on 28th December, 2004. The established identifying standards and corresponding adjusting methods of non-arm’s length transactions provide taxpayers and tax authorities a common basis, so this is an quite important system. Transfer pricing shall mean the price or profit in controlled transactions conducted by profit-seeking enterprises. The regulation provides a common basis to assess whether the result of controlled transactions corresponds with the arm’s length principle while filing and assessing an income tax return. Except imposing obligations on enterprises, the regulation also adds values and decreases tax risks of enterprises. Furthermore, since it seems to be able to enhance the altitude and breadth by making good use of these analytical data, it can be a good tool to measure management performance. As an indicator of transfer pricing analytical reliability and auditing depth of tax authorities, this essay chooses enterprises that adopt Comparable Profit Method as exploring samples to analyze the consecutive-three-year consistency of their comparable objects . The suggestions are as follows： 1.We can add columns in tax returns for taxpayers to fill in arm’s length methods, comparable transactions, tested parties and tested activities, the arm’s length range, and total profits distribution among group companies. 2.Where the results of controlled transactions are higher than the standards of income, tax authorities can directly assess the transfer prices according to taxpayers’ filing data. 3.Where the results of controlled transactions are higher than the profit standard of the same trade and qualified for standards of safe harbor, the transfer pricing report can be replaced with other evidentiary documents. 4.We can take the consistency of the comparable objects and the range between the 25th to the 75th percentile of the results of controlled transactions as an indicator to judge the reliability of transfer pricing analysis. 5.When auditing enterprises that adopted Comparable Profit Method, we should notice the miscalculation of profit level indicators, misusage of time period, and the wrong ways of capital adjustment. Key words：transfer pricing, associated enterprises, arm’s length method
16
Chen, Pearl, and 陳碧珠. "Using comparable specialized corpora with machine translation for extracting N-gram translation equivalents: A case study of Chinese and English contracts." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/79892033866654757926.
Анотація:
博士國立臺灣師範大學
翻譯研究所
100
This study is motivated by the need of contract translation. Business contracts belong to a highly specialized genre, characterized by specific vocabularies, domain terms, formulaic expressions and repetitive standard clauses. These features make contract texts an ideal candidate for applying a Translation Memory System, or TM, which searches and retrieves past translations from a database of source texts and their equivalents in the target language in aligned segments. A TM system thus requires a large database of past translations (known as a parallel corpus) in order to get the best result. And there lies the difficulty in using a TM system for English-Chinese contract translation, as parallel corpora of English and Chinese contracts are scarcely available. To overcome the limitations of parallel corpora, this study turns to comparable corpora, i.e. monolingual corpora of similar design in two or more languages. Comparable corpora of a specialized domain, though not direct translations of each other, contain domain terms, concepts and fixed expressions that are mutual translations. This study aims to explore a simple yet effective method for extracting such translation equivalents from a comparable corpus of Chinese and English contracts by employing statistical machine translation and string similarity comparison. First, a comparable corpus of Chinese and English contracts is built from texts mined from the Internet. Second, keyword and key keyword lists are built with concordancer tools, on which Chinese and English N-grams are then built. Third, the N-grams are translated into English and Chinese respectively with Google Translator Toolkit. And finally, the English N-grams are compared with the Google-translated English, using the built-in similarity comparison function of a TM system. English N-grams that meet or exceed a pre-defined match value are automatically mapped to the corresponding Chinese N-grams to establish a list of English-Chinese N-gram pairs. Chinese N-grams are also mapped to possible English N-gram translation equivalents following the same procedures. These N-gram pairs are evaluated by experienced contract translators, and the results show that 3-word to 6-word N-grams with a match value of 95% and above have a mapping accuracy of 82%. The results show that the method employed is technically simple yet effective. For contract translators, the correctly mapped N-gram pairs can be imported to a TM system as a translation resource, or they can be used as concordance search keywords to retrieve from the comparable corpus needed terms, concepts, collocations, adequate sentence patterns and contexts. The same resources can apply to translator training. Students will benefit from authentic parallel texts, and using the Chinese-English N-gram pairs will improve search results and shorten the learning curve. For computational linguistics, the findings in this paper may suggest further study into extraction of contract terms or even sentence-level translation equivalents from comparable corpora.
17
Tseng, Ming-Hau, and 曾明豪. "A study and Analysis of the Impacts on the DC and RF characteristics of 0.18 mm SiGe HBT Resulting from the Collector Associated Processes and Doping Profiles and Copper Comparable Technology Development for Improving the Performance of the Low-K Material." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/26316746055063707608.
Анотація:
博士國立交通大學
電子工程系所
92
Abstract In this research, the impacts and corresponding physical origins on the DC and RF characteristics of modern silicon germanium hetero-junction bipolar transistor related to the collector processes and doping profile have been studied. First, a new and efficient transit time estimation approach has been developed and identified. By using this approach, the components which consisted the transit time of the transistor and could be difficultly decoupled in the simulation way could be obtained based on the doping profiles of the device. Such approach did great help during the device development steps because of its simple, fairly accurate and efficient. Besides, the device designer could optimize the doping profile according to pre-estimation of the transit time components for improving the capability of the devices. Furthermore, after analyzing, it was discovered that the collector doping profile could be more important as the vertical dimension of the device continuously shrinking. Second, the physics associated with the modulation behavior of the current flux distribution in the pinch base region has been studied. It was found that Such current distribution modulation was directly related to the doping concentration level in the collector region. Besides, it was also found that such behavior could also alter the bias dependency of the base resistance rB-IC. Furthermore, such altered rB-IC behavior has also been proven in this research that it should attribute to the inconsistence of the current density levels on which the peak cutoff frequency and maximum oscillation frequency took place. Third, the associated physical origins and impacts from the deep trench process on the DC and RF characteristics of the SiGe HBT was investigated. For identifying the physical mechanism, several work have been done including the process simulation and practical measurement. It was proven that the key indexes of the HBT devices for circuit design including the RF noise characteristics and two-tone performance could be impacted. Such impact could be suppressed by increasing the collector doping level. Furthermore, a new-developed technology for improving the electric and physical performance of low-K material by NH3 plasma pre-treatment has been reported. Finally, the DC and RF characteristics of the junction varactor respective to the geometry effect have been described which could be very valuable for the circuit designers in signal generation networks.
18
Yan, Jyun-Wei, and 顏俊煒. "Comparahve study of honorific we in work Place japanese by young generation." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/88802205849029638191.
Анотація:
碩士義守大學
應用日語學系
103
In recent years Japanese language has significant modification,the catchword appears that make a variety of language rules especially in young generation. A group of people get together which language they speak to each other is called group language. Moreover, young people developed their own language and influence the sociolinguistics.This situation,as known as word formation make language rules become more confused. The honorific caka reneding fanruare is one of language whid misuse very often. In Japanese society, it is a stress to use honorific in proper situation. Using correct honorific in business negotiation is crucial point because it is related to give each other respect, if anegotiator did not use proper words,it might lose the other person’s sense of trust. Honorific is too complicated to learn that causr young persons do not master it well. Unfamiliar with them in working place, they will misuse respecting language. Misuse language will make boss misunderstand the meaning or destroy the relationship. Previous case studies have shown that young generation misused honorific by huge proportion, therefore this research focuses on honorific expressin method, by emplouing data analysis to compare correct honorific language with misuse language. Through literature review, this study found that more than 90 percentage of Japanese who misuse honorific language.The main problem can be categoriced in two concepts use method, and use behaviour. This to the study can tell difference.