Дисертації з теми "Compund nouns"
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Banze, Birgitta. "Einen Ausreiseantrag, den es gibt, gibt es nicht auf Schwedisch : Eine vergleichende Studie einer kultursemantisch und -pragmatisch treubleibenden Übersetzung von deutschen Nominalkomposita ins Schwedische." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-104527.
Cranmer, Laila. "Terminology and Compound nouns in a translation of a financial text." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk och litteratur, SOL, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-23752.
Taylor, Maureen Deirdre. "Word grammar and the semantics of compound nouns." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1987. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/28840/.
Ó, Séaghdha Diarmuid Donncha. "Learning compound noun semantics." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.611452.
Davidson, Oliver Geoffrey. "The interpretation of noun noun compounds." Thesis, Durham University, 1996. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5301/.
Mheta, Gift. "A contextual analysis of compound nouns in Shona lexicography." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_2459_1320660934.
Mphasha, Lekau Eleazar. "The compound noun in Northern Sotho." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1343.
DINIZ, PAULA SANTOS. "THE SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATION OF TECHNICAL COMPOUND NOUNS AND THEIR TRANSLATION TO PORTUGUESE." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2010. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=30060@1.
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO
Este trabalho propõe uma classificação semântica dos compostos nominais técnicos em língua inglesa e a análise sintática e semântica das traduções para o português. Para tanto, faz-se um panorama da literatura sobre as relações semânticas dos compostos nominais em língua inglesa. A tipologia aqui proposta é, portanto, baseada em estudos clássicos sobre a semântica dos compostos nominais (Levi, 1978; Warren, 1978) e em pesquisas mais recentes — inseridas no escopo da Linguística Computacional e ou influenciadas pela Teoria do Léxico Gerativo, de Pustejovsky (1995) —, e adaptada para a natureza dos compostos nominais selecionados. A presente dissertação também analisa as traduções dos compostos nominais técnicos para o português, bem como a função das preposições nas estruturas com sintagmas preposicionados. O corpus foi retirado de um livro técnico da área de engenharia elétrica/eletrônica traduzido pela autora. Além da classificação semântica dos compostos nominais técnicos, propõe-se a criação de ontologias que contemplem os compostos com os mesmos núcleos ou modificadores, de modo a observar se núcleos ou modificadores iguais implicam a mesma categorização, e se é respeitada a relação de hiperonímia e hiponímia entre os compostos nominais inseridos na mesma ontologia.
The major purpose of this thesis is to suggest a semantic categorization of English technical noun compounds, as well as to analyze the semantics and syntax of the Portuguese renderings. First, the literature on semantic relations in English compound nouns is reviewed. The classification here suggested is therefore based on classic studies on the semantics of compound nouns (Levi, 1978; Warren, 1978) and on more recent research within the scope of Computational Linguistics, which are influenced by the Generative Lexicon Theory (Pustejovsky, 1995). The semantic categorization is also adapted to the data collected in this work. This thesis also analyzes the Portuguese translation of the English compound nouns, as well as the role of the prepositions in prepositional phrases. The data was taken from an electrical/electronics engineering book which was translated by the author. In addition to the semantic classification, the technical compound nouns are grouped together according to the head or modifiers of the structure, and assembled into ontologies. Compound nouns sharing a common head or modifier are grouped together, so as to investigate if there is a hypernym-hyponym relation among the compounds assembled in the same ontology.
Solling, Daniel. "Zur Getrennt‑, Zusammen‑ und Bindestrichschreibung von Substantivkomposita im Deutschen (1550–1710)." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Tyska, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-179270.
Stefansson, Ida. "“Översätt den här sidan” : The advancement of Google Translate and how it performs in the online translation of compound and proper nouns from Swedish into English." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Estetisk-filosofiska fakulteten, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-8241.
Arenas, Juan José, Cristina Carrasco, Jihyun Kim, Jose Ramírez, Maria José Salas, Francisca Valdés, and Valentina Varela. "Frankenwords: a cognitive perspective on the interpretation of NOUN-NOUN compounds in English." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2017. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/143386.
NOUN - NOUN compounds have been extensively studied in the past, not only for the reason that they possess a remarkable degree of diversity regarding semantic relationships between their constituents but also because of their complexity as composite structures (Benczes, 2006). In the following study, we intend to delve into English NOUN - NOUN compounds from a cognitive constructional perspective, specifically regarding their form and the emergent structure they create. Previous cognitive linguistic attempts at addressing compounding have yielded a typology based on the occurrence of metaphoric and metonymic extension. Nevertheless, this typology could be improved by addressing heretofore unaddressed vexing matters regarding the complexity of the inner workings of compounding. Hence, we will inquire into NOUN - NOUN compounds as an interpretative result of a blending process, decomposing creativity into observable factors, such as the prototypicality of the components of the compound, their grammatical arrangement, the semantic distance between them, as well as the schematicity of their blending’s generic space. Hence, we will analyse NOUN - NOUN compounds exploring factors such as prototypicality, blending processes, syntactic structure, semantic distance and schematicity of generic space, to see how these factors affect the creation of compounds, the generic space, and the interpretation of the resulting compound. To do this, we selected nouns drawn from 7 superordinate semantic categories, each one with 3 basic level members that were run through the NOW corpus and the online dictionary WordSpy in order to obtain compounds at the subordinate level of a semantic hierarchy. The compounds of each category were then analysed regarding the aforementioned factors in order to reach an intra-categorical and inter-categorical analysis of NOUN - NOUN creative compounding that re-addresses creativity in terms of these factors.
Lindmark, Carolina. "Nouns on fire in Mainland Scandinavian : A lexico-typological study of selected nouns referring to FIRE in Danish, Norwegian (Bokmål) and Swedish." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för lingvistik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-148449.
Al-Muhannah, Amin. "Scientific and technological terms transfer into Arabic : a corpus-based study of Arabic Noun+Noun and Noun+Adjective compounds." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2003. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.498617.
Lovén, Åsa. "IP, KI und Robo 3D : Zur Übersetzung von Akronymen − eine deutsch-schwedische Übersetzungsanalyse." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-98036.
Mealing, Cathy. "German noun compounds and their role in text cohesion." Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=64084.
Zarrouki, Karen M. (Karen Marie) Carleton University Dissertation German. "On word-formation : linguistic structure of compound nouns in late 20th century German vocabulary and its didactic use." Ottawa, 1990.
Allansson, Jimmy. "When grundskoleklass becomes mainstream classroom : An investigation of the translation of Swedish compound nouns into English using Google Translate." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för språk, litteratur och interkultur, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-34500.
Syftet med denna undersökning var att undersöka hur sammansättningar på svenska behandlas av maskinöversättningsprogrammet Google Translate. För att bedöma vilka som var de vanligaste typerna av felöversättningar översattes först olika texter med programmet. Sammansättningarna listades sedan och analyserades, och felöversatta sammansättningar kategoriserades efter typ av felöversättning. Undersökningen utgick vidare från hypotesen att frekvensen av ett sammansatt ord skulle påverka sannolikheten för en korrekt översättning. För att testa denna hypotes gjordes sökningar på orden i en svensk korpus för att få en uppfattning om hur vanligt förekommande sammansättningarna är. Resultaten visar att felöversättningarna kunde kategoriseras som fyra olika typer, och att de vanligaste typerna var att ett led i sammansättningen utelämnades samt att återkommande sammansättningar var inkonsekvent översatta. Hypotesen att sammansättningar med hög frekvens i korpusen skulle bli korrekt översatta och sammansättningar med låg frekvens inkorrekt översatta, kunde inte entydigt bekräftas eller vederläggas. Det fanns vissa indikationer på en koppling mellan frekvens och översättning, dock var dessa inte tydliga nog för att hävda att ett klart samband existerar.
Martinez, Jorge Matadamas. "AXEL : a framework to deal with ambiguity in three-noun compounds." Thesis, Brunel University, 2010. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/4774.
Walle, Spencer Benjamin. "Traduction des titres de brevets en français : Étude contrastive de substantifs composés en japonais, anglais et français." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Franska, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-35167.
This study addresses the translation of compound nouns from Japanese and English into French. The former two languages allow for the production of concatenated compositions of the types "NN", "NNN" etc. whereas this form of composition is much less productive in French, which often prefers to use a preposition to link multiple nouns. In the translation of patent titles, often consisting entirely of compound nouns in Japanese and English, how do French-speaking translators tackle the problem of this difference between the source language and the target language? Previous research has produced various, sometimes interlingual, classifications for the analysis of compound nouns. From a corpus of more than a hundred patent titles comprising several hundred compound nouns translated by professional translators, these classifications are used to analyze the strategies used by translators in this very constrained context. The results show, among other things, a marked preference for compositions of the "N de N" type in French and reveal the existence of certain very well established or even fixed translations.
Kharytonava, Olga. "The morphology of affix sharing in Turkish." University of Arizona Linguistics Circle, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/139410.
Wolter, Eike. "Plätscherbrunnen und Fernwehglitzern : Zur Übersetzung von Nominalkomposita aus einem deutschen Reisebericht ins Schwedische." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-65077.
Lozano, Mena David. "Síntesi de nous compostos policíclics com a possibles precursors d’alquens piramidalitzats." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/404663.
A fast and simple synthetic methodology to prepare complex polycyclic compounds as potential precursors of a hindered pyramidalized alkene, has been developed. The key steps are: (1) the preparation of cyclopenta-2,4-diene-1,1-diyl(bismethylene) diacetate, (2) Diels-Alder reaction of the above diene with different acetylenic dienophiles [dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate, (2- trimethylsilylethynyl)phenyliodonium triflate and ethine-1,2-diylbis(phenyliodonium) ditrifalte] leading to norbornadienes that contain two acetoxymethyl groups at position 7 and two vicinal methoxycarbonyl, two vicinal iodine atoms or vicinal iodine and trimethylsilil functionalization at positions 2 and 3. The acetoxymethyl groups of the resulting norbornadienes were transformed into iodomethyl, and were reacted with the potassium salt of cyclopentadiene to give octacyclic compounds derived from a double domino nucleophilic substitution / Diels-Alder reaction, which contain the octacyclo[10.6.1.01,10,03,7.04,9.08,19.011,16.013,17]nonadecane skeleton. The octacyclic compound containing an iodine and a trimethylsilyl group in vicinal bridgehead position, could not be transformed into the desired pyramidalized alkene on reaction with different fluoride anion sources, and under different reaction conditions. Only reactions on the less hindered C=C bond of this compound were observed as well as the substitution of the iodide by a fluoride in several derivatives. The octacyclic compound containing two iodine atoms gave the pyramidalized alkene on reaction with molten sodium in boiling 1,4-dioxane, sodium amalgam, or t-BuLi. However, when these reactions were carried out in the presence of dienes such as 1,3- diphenylisobenzofuran, anthracene or 11,12-dimethylene-9,10-ethanoanthracene, no Diels- Alder adducts were ever observed. When t-BuLi was the organolithium reagent used to generate the pyramidalized alkene, only the product of t-butyl and hydrogen addition was obtained. Under molten sodium or sodium amalgam, the main adduct detected was the product of reduction of the strained alkene. Only a dimer of the pyramidalized alkene was isolated and fully characterized on reaction with sodium amalgam, and under refluxing dioxane, the product of insertion of the solvent could be isolated as a diastereomeric mixture. These results differ from those previously reported with related pyramidalized alkenes, due to the steric hindrance experienced by the pyramidalized alkene generated in the octacyclo[10.6.1.01,10,03,7.04,9.08,19.011,16.013,17]nonadecane skeleton
Gromova, Nelli V. "Mara tena juu ya usarufishaji (suala la mwana)." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-98181.
Kronvall, Maria. "Translating emergency medicine from English to Swedish : A translation study on noun compounds in medical terminology." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-65511.
Green, Brita Elisabet. "Noun compounds in the language of Harry Martinson : a study in creative word-formation and usage." Thesis, University of Hull, 1989. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:13030.
Soucek, Richard. "Synthesis of new heteropolycyclic compounds with potential antitumor activity = Preparació de nous compostos fenólics i derivats amb potencial activitat antitumoral." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/133830.
El estudio trata de la síntesis y la actividad biológica de 4 antitumorales diferentes: Análogos de tetrahidro-[1,4]-dioxanisoquinolinas, de combretastatina A-4, de dioxancarbazol y del resveratrol. El estudio describe la estrategia sintética y la síntesis multietapas de esos compuestos potencialmente antitumorales. Varias tetrahidroisoquinolinas fueron sintetizadas, cinco de ellas fueron probadas biológicamente y presentan una actividad de inhibición de la proteína K-Ras prometedora. Dos de esos compuestos presentan una actividad anti antiangiogénica elevada y uno presenta actividades de antiosteoporosis. Dos derivados de pirazolona fueron sintetizados y probados biológicamente, uno de ellos muestra una inhibición muy elevada de la K-Ras, de antiangiogénesis y de antiosteoporosis e inhibe la fase G2 del ciclo celular y sus subfases. Se han preparado dos derivados de azolediona combretastatina A-4 que se evaluarán biológicamente. Se sintetizaron dos derivados de dioxancarbazol, uno de ellos presenta una actividad alta de la K-Ras y de antiangiogénesis. Finalmente, se prepararon y evaluaron biológicamente cuatros análogos del resveratrol. Los resultados biológicos muestran una inhibición moderada y selectiva de la K-ras en las líneas celulares estudiadas. Próximamente, el resto de los compuestos sintetizados se evaluarán biológicamente. Ensayos adicionales de inhibición de CDKs, de topoisomerasa II y de toxicidad serán llevados a cabo.
Duran, i. Carpintero Josep. "Síntesi, caracterització i avaluació com a catalitzadors de nous complexos quirals de platí." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/8024.
The complexes are square-planar and the aminothiolate or phosphinothiolate ligands are chelated to platinum (II). The hydrido ligand is trans to the sulfur and the other coordination position is occuped by a triphenylphosphine ligand. The complexes are mononuclear and they show low symmetry. The only symmetry element, the plan is broke if the ligand is branched, obtaining asymmetric complexes C1.
If the ligand has electronic or esteric impediments the reaction doesn't run and the starting products are recovered. This was observed with N,N-dimethylcysteamine and penicylamine methyl esther ligands. In the special case of orthoaminotiophenol the hydridotiolate was obtained but the ligand was not chelated.
The aminothiolate complexes don't show solution equilibrium. Otherwise, the complexe with 2-(diphenylphosphino)ethanetiol show an isomerisation equilibrium which forms cis isomer as a minor component. The complexe with 2-(diphenylphosphino)-propanetiol shows a conformational equilibrium between chair and twist forms.
The complexes have been tested as catalyst precursors in hydroformylation and hydrosilylation reactions.
The hydroformylation reaction runs only in presence of SnCl2 as cocatalyst. Catalytic activity depends on the presence of triphenylphosphine and, with less magnitude, CO and H2 pressure. We also studied the enantioselectivity using a chiral complexe.
In the hydrosililation reaction, catalysts run with good results (<90%) using triethylsilane as silicon hydride. Dehydrogenative addition product has been also found in this reaction.
Sadoudi, Hanane. "Traitement des expressions figées dans la traduction humaine. : Analyse de corpus bilingue français-arabe." Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05H036.
This study is an approach to various problems raised bu the translations of frozen expressions. It is founded on the specific case of the french-arabic translation by analyzing a bilingual corpus composed of idioms in French (source language) and their Arabic translation (targuet language). Our work is organized in two parts ; in the first we study the notion of rigidification and the various structures that it covers, and olso the notion of translation with related concepts through 20th century linguistic and translational theories. In the second part we analyze our corpus : first to make sure it really represents frozen expressions, then to know the strategies adopted by the translator to translate idioms. The corpus is extracted from the articles appeared in the French edition of the le Monde diplomatique and their translations into Arabic in the same newspaper
Capdevila, Urbaneja Enric. "Desenvolupament de nous compostos amb activitat brassinoesteroide mitjançant modelització molecular i síntesi." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/83899.
Los brasinoesteroides son fitohormonas naturales que presentan un potencial muy prometedor para ser aplicados en la agricultura. El elevado coste de obtención de estos compuestos ha estimulado la búsqueda de análogos que ofrezcan una buena relación entre su actividad y su coste. En este sentido, se cree interesante abordar la búsqueda de compuestos de estructura no esteroidal con actividad brasinoesteroide mediante técnicas computacionales. Para lograr este objetivo se han planteado dos enfoques: por un lado, buscar estructuras totalmente nuevas y, por el otro, buscar estructuras que puedan mimetizar solo el esqueleto esteroidal de análogos brasinoesteroides androstánicos activos para, posteriormente, anclar la cadena adecuada. Con la primera aproximación se han realizado procesos de virtual screening sobre bases de datos de screening compounds comerciales mediante dos estrategias: un modelo de QSAR, desarrollado con descriptores independientes del alineamiento con el programa ALMOND, y la aplicación de la metodología FLAP. Después de un proceso de filtrado, a partir de los dos métodos se han propuesto una serie de candidatos, la actividad de los cuales ha sido evaluada con el test de inclinación de la lámina de arroz (RLIT). En total, se han encontrado 7 hits, 4 de los cuales forman una serie que comparte la estructura de N (2 hidroxietil)piperazina. Estos compuestos se plantean como nuevos referentes para obtener estructuras no esteroidales con actividad brasinoesteroide. Por otro lado, con la segunda aproximación, se ha aplicado la metodología de scaffold hopping con el programa SHOP para encontrar estructuras que puedan mimetizar esqueletos androstánicos brasinoesteroides. Esta metodología se ha aplicado sobre dos bases de datos: una de building blocks comerciales y otra diseñada ad hoc tomando como referencia estructuras basadas en conocimientos previos. Después de una etapa de selección mediante alineamientos flexibles realizada con el programa MOE, 11 estructuras han sido propuestas para la síntesis de análogos. Se ha intentado la síntesis de 3 nuevos compuestos a partir de estructuras análogas del esqueleto androstánico escogidas preliminarmente. Los grupos protectores escogidos i las condiciones de reacción ensayadas no han rendido los compuestos deseados pero han proporcionado información para afrontar la síntesis de futuros análogos brasinoesteroides con estructuras no esteroidales.
Brassinosteroids are natural phytohormones that present a promising potential in agricultural applications. The high cost to obtain these compounds has promoted the research of analogues that offer a good relationship between their biological activity and their cost. Keeping this idea in mind, the search of compounds with non-steroidal structure with brassinosteroid activity using computational methods was considered an interesting goal. To achieve this objective two approaches has been proposed: on one side, to search completely new structures and, on the other, to search structures mimetic to the steroidal skeleton of active androstane brassinosteroid analogues, where the adequate side chain has to be anchored. With the first approach, virtual screening processes over commercial screening compound databases have been performed using two strategies: a QSAR model developed with alignment-free descriptors with the program ALMOND, and the application of FLAP methodology. After a filtering process, some structures have been proposed as candidates, whose biological activity in the Rice Lamina Inclination Test (RLIT) has been measured. Totally, 7 hits have been found, from which 4 form a series sharing the N (2 hidroxiethyl)piperazine. These compounds are proposed as new referents to find non steroidal structures with brassinosteroid activity. With the second approach, the scaffold hopping methodology has been applied with SHOP program to find structures mimetic to androstane brassinosteroid skeletons. This methodology has been applied over two databases: a commercial building blocks one and an ad hoc designed one, taking as reference structures based on previous knowledge. After a filtering step with flexible alignments performed with the program MOE, 11 structures have been proposed for the synthesis of new compounds. The synthesis of 3 new compounds has been tried starting from preliminary selected structures analogous to the androstane skeleton. The chosen protecting groups and the tested reaction conditions have not yielded the desired compounds but have given information to face the future synthesis of brassinosteroid analogues with non-steroidal structures.
Nylin, Johan. "Is e- the new cyber? : A corpus study on fashion cycles in vocabulary." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Engelska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-121219.
Rosenberg, Maria. "La formation agentive en français : les composés [VN/A/Adv/P]N/A et les dérivés V-ant, V-eur et V-oir(e)." Phd thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för franska, italienska och klassiska språk, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00486981.
Mickelsson, Sparv Susanne. "From the midst of darkness to a nugget of hope : Post-nominal of-phrases in translation." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-98238.
Orgué, Gassol Sílvia. "Síntesi de nous lligands P-estereogènics. Aplicacions a la reacció de Pauson-Khand i a la hidrogenació asimètriques." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/300428.
Phosphorus compounds have demonstrated unique properties as ligands for asymmetric catalysis. Our group has been devoted to the synthesis of P-stereogenic ligands in the last 5 years. The present doctoral thesis is devoted to the design and synthesis of new P-stereogenic ligands and its application in asymmetric catalysis. We synthesized a new family of P-stereogenic diphosphines called ThaxPHOS. These ligands were complexed to cobalt and the resulting catalysts have been studied for the catalytic and asymmetric Pauson-Khand reaction between norbornadiene and different terminal alkynes. As a result of this study the corresponding enones were obtained with unprecedented results so far. Next, we have developed a versatile method for the synthesis of new P-stereogenic ligands from optically pure aminophosphines. The acidic hydrolisis of aminophosphines was performed giving rise to phosphinous acid boranes. This compounds were used as electrophiles for nucleophilic substitutions at the P centre. Using this methodology it was synthesized a new family of P estereogenic ligands. In order to show the usefulness of the new methodology developed, it was synthesized a new family of phosphine-oxazoline ligands, 5, which have been used for iridium catalysed asymmetric hydrogenation. The catalysts obtained showed high activity for this type of reaction, giving rise to the hydrogenated products with high selectivity in some cases. Publications ; - S. Orgué, T. León, A. Riera, X. Verdaguer, Org. Lett. 2015, 17, 250–253. - A. Flores-Gaspar, S. Orgué, A. Grabulosa, A. Riera, X. Verdaguer, Chem. Commun. 2015, 51, 1941–1944.
Moradell, Rabert Sílvia. "Síntesi, caracterització química i estudi de l'activitat biològica de nous complexos de Pt(II) amb lligands de tipus diaminocarboxílic i els respectius ésters i derivats peptídics." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2002. http://www.tdx.cat/TDX-0427104-144554.
En aquest sentit, el treball desenvolupat en aquesta tesi doctoral ha estat la síntesi i caracterització de tretze complexos de Pt(II) amb la finalitat d'estudiar llur activitat antitumoral. Aquests complexos presenten unes característiques estructurals comunes: geometria cis, dos lligands làbils de tipus clorur i un lligand diaminoquelatant derivat dels àcids d,l-2,3-diaminopropiònic (Hdap) i d,l-2,4-diaminobutíric (Hdab). S'han dissenyat unes estratègies sintètiques a partir de les quals els lligands han estat funcionalitzats amb diferents grups de tipus éster, aminoàcid i peptídic: Etdap·2HCl, Etdab·2HCl, [(dap-Metala)·2CF3COOH], [(dab-Metala)·2CF3COOH], [(dap-phe)·2CF3COOH], [(dab-phe)·2CF3COOH], [(dap-Mettrp)·2CF3COOH], [(dab-Mettrp)·2CF3COOH], [(dap-ASTTTNYT-NH2)·2CF3COOH], essent Metala= éster metílic de L-alanina, phe= L-fenilalanina, Mettrp= éster metílic del L-triptofà. Aquests lligands diaminoquelatants s'han utilitzat per sintetitzar els corresponents complexos de Pt(II): PtCl2(Hdap), PtCl2(Hdab), PtCl2(Etdap), PtCl2(Etdab), PtCl2(dap-Metala), PtCl2(dab-Metala), PtCl2(dap-ala), PtCl2(dab-ala), PtCl2(dap-phe), PtCl2(dab-phe), PtCl2(dap-Mettrp), PtCl2(dab-Mettrp), PtCl2(dap-ASTTTNYT-NH2).
A través de diferents tècniques i assaigs biològics (dicroisme circular, electroforesi en gel d'agarosa, microscopia de forces atòmiques, citometria de flux, assaigs de proliferació cel·lular) s'ha pogut demostrar l'activitat antitumoral d'aquests compostos.
A través de la tècnica de dicroisme circular (DC) s'ha pogut demostrar que els lligands lliures no interaccionen covalentment amb el DNA de Calf Thymus i no modifiquen l'estructura secundària de la doble hèlix. En canvi, els respectius complexos han demostrat tenir capacitat per interaccionar amb el DNA i modificar la seva estructura secundària. Els complexos PtCl2(Hdap), PtCl2(Hdab) i PtCl2(dab-phe) mostren un comportament similar al cisplatí, generant adductes cis-bifuncionals que distorcionen la doble hèlix de forma no desnaturalitzant amb obertura de la doble cadena. Els complexos PtCl2(Etdap), PtCl2(Etdab), PtCl2(dap-ala), PtCl2(dab-ala), PtCl2(dap-Metala), PtCl2(dab-Metala), PtCl2(dap-phe), PtCl2(dap-ASTTTNYT-NH2) quan interaccionen amb el DNA generen un canvi en la conformació del DNA de la forma B a la forma C, produint-se un augment de la curvatura de l'hèlix per rotació de les bases nitrogenades. En aquests estudis s'ha comprovat que l'estructura del complex influeix en l'efecte generat sobre l'estructura secundària de l'àcid nucleic. En primer lloc, existeix una diferència en el comportament en funció del tamany del lligand diaminoquelatant, de manera que els complexos amb el lligand (dab) provoquen un efecte més remarcable. També s'observa aquest canvi de comportament al passar dels complexos que tenen el grup funcional esterificat als que el tenen protonat. D'aquesta manera, s'observa un major efecte sobre l'estructura secundària del DNA en aquells complexos que tenen el lligand diaminoquelatant de tres metilens (dab) i amb el grup carboxilat terminal protonat.
Per tal de modelitzar la interacció d'aquests complexos amb el DNA, s'ha estudiat la interacció d'aquests compostos de Pt(II) amb 5'-GMP a través de RMN-1H, observant la variació dels senyals corresponents al H8 de 5'-GMP. Així s'ha pogut demostrar que aquests compostos interaccionen amb la 5'-GMP a través d'un enllaç covalent Pt-N7, de la mateixa manera a com interacciona el cisplatí.
A través d'electroforesi en gel d'agarosa i microscopia de forces atòmiques (AFM) s'ha pogut determinar l'efecte que generen els lligands lliures i els respectius complexos de Pt(II) sobre l'estructura terciària del plasmidi pBR322. Els lligands provoquen un augment de l'agregació de les molècules de DNA i un lleuger augment de la compactació de l'estructura terciària. Aquests resultats s'atribueixen a la capacitat d'aquests compostos a interaccionar per pont d'hidrogen amb el DNA. Els corresponents complexos de Pt(II) provoquen un augment de l'agregació i una important compactació, degut per una banda a la capacitat de l'àtom de Pt a interaccionar covalentment amb el DNA, i per altra banda, a la capacitat del lligand a interaccionar per pont d'hidrogen amb l'àcid nucleic.
Finalment s'ha estudiat l'activitat citotòxica d'aquests complexos de Pt(II) en diferents línies cel·lulars: A431 (línia de carcinoma epidermoide), HeLa (línia de carcinoma de coll d'úter) i HL-60 (línia promielocítica de leucèmia).
Els complexos moderadament solubles en aigua, PtCl2(Hdap), PtCl2(Hdab), PtCl2(dap-ala), PtCl2(dab-ala), PtCl2(dap-phe) i PtCl2(dab-phe), han demostrat ser actius. L'activitat depèn de la concentració de complex, del temps d'incubació i de la línia cel·lular. Per temps d'incubació alts i concentracions de complex elevades s'observa la màxima activitat. Els complexos de l'alanina, PtCl2(dap-ala) i PtCl2(dab-ala), són els que mostren més activitat, mentre que els compostos de la fenilalanina són els menys actius, degut probablement a la voluminositat del lligand, la qual pot impedir o dificultar el transport del compost a través de la membrana cel·lular.
L'activitat citotòxica dels complexos insolubles en aigua, PtCl2(Etdap) i PtCl2(Etdab), queda bloquejada per l'elevada concentració de DMSO (12%) necessària per solubilitzar els compostos. Aquests resultats permeten deduir que la presència d'un 12% de DMSO anul·la l'activitat d'aquests complexos, ja que el DMSO pot coordinar-se amb el Pt ocupant les posicions làbils del complex i evitant que es pugui coordinar amb el DNA.
Els assaigs de proliferació cel·lular del complex PtCl2(dap-ASTTTNYT-NH2) i del pèptid lliure ASTTTNYT-NH2 han demostrat que ambdós compostos són actius. Tot i això, l'activitat del complex és superior a la del pèptid lliure, ja que el Pt pot interaccionar covalentment amb el DNA i augmentar l'efecte citotòxic. Per tant, el complex presenta un lligand portador biològicament actiu que pot transportar el metall a través de la membrana cel·lular i facilitar així la seva interacció amb el DNA.
A través de la tècnica de citometria de flux s'ha comprovat que en tots els casos la mort cel·lular produïda pels complexos ha estat per apoptosi.
Per últim, s'ha sintetitzat i caracteritzat un complex trinuclear de Pt(II), {[Pt(Me2Bpy)2][PtCl2(Me2Bpy)]2}, essent Me2Bpy= 4,4'-dimetil-2,2'-dipiridil. La resolució de la seva estructura per difracció de Raig-X ha permès determinar l'existència d'una interacció intramolecular Pt-Pt de 3.474 Å.
Cisplatin, PtCl2(NH3)2, has been one of the most used drugs for the cancer chemotherapy. However, due to its high toxicity and important side effects, new complexes have been synthesized in order to reduce these disadvantages.
In that way, the work presented in this thesis is the synthesis and characterization of 13 Pt(II) complexes in order to study their antitumor activity. These complexes present some common traits: cis geometry, two labile chloride ligands, and one diamine chelating ligand derived from d,l-2,3-diaminopropionic acid (Hdap) and d,l-2,4-diaminobutyric acid (Hdab). These ligands have been derived using new synthetic strategies with different functional groups as ester, aminoacid and peptide type: Etdap·2HCl, Etdab·2HCl, [(dap-Metala)·2CF3COOH], [(dab-Metala)·2CF3COOH], [(dap-phe)·2CF3COOH], [(dab-phe)·2CF3COOH], [(dap-Mettrp)·2CF3COOH], [(dab-Mettrp)·2CF3COOH], [(dap-ASTTTNYT-NH2)·2CF3COOH], being Metala= methyl ester of L-alanine, phe= L-phenylalanine and Mettrp= methyl ester of L-triptophan. These ligands have been used for preparing the following Pt(II) complexes: PtCl2(Hdap), PtCl2(Hdab), PtCl2(Etdap), PtCl2(Etdab), PtCl2(dap-Metala), PtCl2(dab-Metala), PtCl2(dap-ala), PtCl2(dab-ala), PtCl2(dap-phe), PtCl2(dab-phe), PtCl2(dap-Mettrp), PtCl2(dab-Mettrp), PtCl2(dap-ASTTTNYT-NH2).
Using different techniques and biologic assays (circular dichroism, agarose gel electrophoresis, atomic force microscopy, flow cytometry, cell proliferation assays) the antitumor activity of these complexes has been demonstrated.
With circular dichroism it has been demonstrated that free ligands do not covalently bind Calf Thymus-DNA and do not modify its secondary structure. In constrast, the corresponding Pt(II) complexes are able to interact with DNA and modify its secondary structure. Complexes PtCl2(Hdap), PtCl2(Hdab) and PtCl2(dab-phe) behave in the same direction as cisplatin, forming cis-bifunctional intrastrand adducts that probably open the double helix. The other complexes, PtCl2(Etdap), PtCl2(Etdab), PtCl2(dap-ala), PtCl2(dab-ala), PtCl2(dap-Metala), PtCl2(dab-Metala), PtCl2(dap-phe), PtCl2(dap-ASTTTNYT-NH2), interact with DNA generating a BC transformation with increasing winding of the double helix by rotation of the bases. The influence of the complex structure in the effect on the secondary structure of DNA has been proved. Firstly, a difference in the behaviour exists depending on the ring size, so complexes with (dab) ligand cause bigger modifications. This kind of behaviour is also seen between complexes with ester groups at the C-terminus and complexes with carboxylic group. Thus, there is a greater effect in the secondary structure of the DNA in those complexes that have the (dab) ligand and a protonated carboxylate group.
The interaction between the platinum complexes and 5'-GMP has been studied by 1H-NMR, following the variation of H8 signals from 5'-GMP. It has been demonstrated that all complexes covalently interact with 5'-GMP through the N7 of the base, as cisplatin do.
The effect generated by free ligands and their Pt(II) complexes in the tertiary structure of pBR322 DNA has been determined by agarose gel electrophoresis and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Generally, the free ligands studied generate an increase of DNA aggregation and a slight coiling of the double helix, due to their possibility of forming hydrogen bonds with the DNA bases through different functional groups of their structure. The Pt(II) complexes generate an important coiling and aggregation of DNA, probably due to the covalent binding Pt-DNA and hydrogen bond interactions through their ligands.
The cytotoxic activity of the Pt(II) complexes has been evaluated through cell proliferation assays in A431, HeLa and HL-60 cell lines using different incubation times (24h, 48h, 72h). The water-soluble complexes, PtCl2(Hdap), PtCl2(Hdab), PtCl2(dap-ala), PtCl2(dab-ala), PtCl2(dap-phe) i PtCl2(dab-phe), show antitumor activity in a dose- and time- dependent manner, gradually decreasing the cell survival percentage when the complex concentration increase, in the same direction as carboplatin. All these complexes present the highest activity at long incubation times and high complex concentration. The alanine complexes, PtCl2(dap-ala) and PtCl2(dab-ala) are the most active and those of phenylalanine are the less active, probably due to the ligand size, which can make its transport through cell membrane more difficult.
The water-insoluble complexes, PtCl2(Etdap) and PtCl2(Etdab), apparently do not show antitumor activity due to the presence of 12% DMSO necessary por solving these complexes. In these conditions they do not cause a decrease in cell survival. The DMSO could interact with platinum, displacing the labile ligands of the complex and not allowing it to interact with DNA. Complex PtCl2(dap-ASTTTNYT-NH2) is also insoluble in water, but can be dissolved in 2% DMSO solution. Cell proliferation assays show that the free peptide, ASTTTNYT-NH2, and the platinum complex are both active. The activity of the complex is higher than the free peptide, probably because platinum can covalently interact with DNA and increase the cytotoxic effect. This result suggest that the ligand can act as a carrier ligand and make the interaction metal-DNA be easier.
Flow cytometry assays have demonstrated that cell death generated by the complexes synthesized is apoptosis. Agarose gel electrophoresis of extracted DNA show a classical 200-base pair integer oligonucleosome ladder.
A new trinuclear Pt(II) complex, {[Pt(Me2Bpy)2][PtCl2(Me2Bpy)]2} being Me2Bpy= 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-dipyridyl, has been synthesized and characterized. The X-ray diffraction of its structure shows the existence of an intramolecular Pt-Pt interaction of 3.474 Å.
Asian, Jelita, and jelitayang@gmail com. "Effective Techniques for Indonesian Text Retrieval." RMIT University. Computer Science and Information Technology, 2007. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080110.084651.
Frandsen, Martina. "Rechercheintensive Werbemittelerstellung und sozialversicherungspflichtige Onlinemarketingagenturen : Eine deutsch-schwedische Übersetzungsanalyse von Substantiv- und Adjektivkomposita." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-89569.
Rábago, Panduro Lourdes Melisa. "Evaluation of compositional changes in pecan nuts during storage and the use of pulsed electric fields as an aid to enhance oil extraction yield." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671793.
La almendra de nuez pecanera es una fuente importante de ácidos grasos mono- y poliinsaturados, fitoesteroles, tocoferoles y compuestos fenólicos. Una alternativa para mejorar el rendimiento de extracción de aceite total (REATOTAL) del aceite de nuez es la tecnología de campos eléctricos pulsados (CEP). En esta tesis doctoral se evidenció que tanto el contenido de compuestos fenólicos como la capacidad antioxidante de la nuez pecanera son alterados por el proceso de secado y el tiempo de almacenamiento lo que podría repercutir en las propiedades funcionales de este alimento. Respecto a la aplicación de CEP, es necesario considerar la recuperación del aceite extraído en el agua de remojo. Además, la efectividad de la tecnología de CEP fue dependiente de la nuez pecanera utilizada incrementando el REATOTAL en nuez fresca pero no en nuez seca.
Pecan nut kernels have been identified as an important source of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids, phytosterols, tocopherols, and phenolic compounds. Pulsed electric fields (PEF) are being applied as a pretreatment to improve oil extraction from different seeds increasing the oil extraction yield (OEY). This dissertation proved that phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of kernels are highly susceptible to drying and storage time, evidencing their impact on the functional properties of pecan nuts. Concerning pretreatment with PEF, it was demonstrated that it is necessary to take into consideration the recovery of the oil retained into the soaking water. Furthermore, the effectiveness of PEF to improve OEYTOTAL depended on whether the pretreatment was applied to fresh or dry pecan nuts, improving OEYTOTAL of fresh kernels but with no effect on OEYTOTAL of dry kernels.
Teixeira, Lílian Figueiró. "A semântica dos compostos nominais – um estudo de corpus paralelo inglês/português." Universidade do Vale do Rio do Sinos, 2009. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/2574.
Nenhuma
Os compostos nominais são construções produtivas em diversos idiomas, ou seja, novas combinações são facilmente criadas em contextos de uso da língua. No entanto, esse fenômeno linguístico é idiossincrático, fato que torna o seu estudo um desafio para a linguística e para as investigações que se ocupam do Processamento da Linguagem Natural. Neste trabalho, é feita uma investigação sobre a forma como os elementos constituintes dos compostos nominais em inglês formados por dois substantivos (compostos NN) se relacionam semanticamente e quais as características dos seus correspondentes de tradução em língua portuguesa encontrados em dez edições da revista National Geographic. O objetivo desta investigação é identificar as relações mais frequentes no corpus a fim de que se possa propor uma tipologia que expresse a composicionalidade semântica dessas construções. Para alcançar esse fim, o trabalho está dividido em três etapas. A primeira etapa consiste em apresentar os pressupostos teóricos adotados no trabalho. P
Noun compounds are productive constructions in many languages. However, they are idiosyncratic, fact that makes the study of this linguistic phenomenon a challenge for the linguistics and for the Natural Language researches. The purpose of this paper is to study the semantics of the noun compounds formed by two nouns (NN compounds). It is also intended to identify the translation equivalents in Portuguese found in ten editions of the National Geographic Magazine. The final product is a proposal of typology which expresses the compositionality of the NN compounds according to the data found in the corpus. This paper has three distinctive parts, where the following subjects are introduced: the theoretical bases for this paper; the methodological resources from Corpus Linguistics that were adopted; the analysis and discussion about the data. Concepts about the semantics of nominal compounds as productivity, semantic transparency, headness, lexicalization and nominalization are commented. Two theories were used f
Leipnitz, Luciane. "Da descrição dos usos da língua ao ensino da tradução : combinatórias textuais em língua alemã e implementação do ambiente VirtuaLern." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/27493.
This study describes word combinations that co-occur with nominal compounds in German by exploring COSMAS (Corpus Search, Management and Analysis System), a database with a large collection of corpora from the University of Manheim. Our investigation is divided into two parts. At first we identified nominal compounds in Medical and Legal texts, and among these we selected only those containing verbs. The verbs were then taken as the search words for the identification of other nominal compounds in the same knowledge areas previously selected. Based on the observation of verbal forms we built categories for the action modes associated to verb prefixes, which allowed us to make associations between word combinations and textual genre. During this first part of our research, therefore, we focused on the identification and categorization of phraseologies, composed of collocations between nominal compounds and co-occurring verbs. In the second part of the study we introduce the development of a virtual learning environment for translation students. It features a learning environment and a tool for the search of combinations, based on the categorization and descriptions made in the first part of the thesis. The learning environment and the tool will be available for online search by translation students, both for their own use and under the supervision of their tutors. We believe in the knowledge construction through an autonomous learning, based on the process of awareness of certain patterns of language and reflection about the translation practice, both by learner and tutor.
Kyriakopoulou, Anthoula. "Elaboration de ressources électroniques pour les noms composés de type N (E+DET=G) N=G du grec moderne." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00666189.
Camarasa, Navarro Marta. "Disseny, síntesi i activitat biològica de sistemes pirido [2,3-d] pirimidínics com a inhibidors del virus de l’hepatitis C." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/145485.
En el presente trabajo se ha desarrollado una familia de 7-oxopirido[2,3-d]pirimidinas como inhibidores potenciales frente al virus de la Hepatitis C (VHC). Para acceder a estos sistemas se han desarrollado dos metodologías sintéticas para la obtención de 2-amino-6-aril-5,6-dihidropirido[2,3-d]pirimidin-4,7(3H,8H)-dionas y de 6-aril-2-metiltio-5,6- dihidropirido[2,3-d]pirimidin-4,7(3H,8H)-dionas. Posteriormente, se ha puesto a punto una estrategia sintética para la derivatización de estos sistemas pirido[2,3-d]pirimidínicos en las posiciones C2, C4, C6 y N8 y la deshidrogenación del enlace entre las posiciones C5 y C6 del sistema. Una vez se ha desarrollado satisfactoriamente esta ruta de síntesis que permite la obtención de pirido[2,3-d]pirimidinas con hasta cuatro puntos de diversidad, se ha procedido a acceder a una quimioteca amplia de estos tipos de sistemas los cuales se han evaluado la actividad biológica frente al VHC. Los valores de EC50 y CC50 determinados han permitido modular la estructura de los compuestos con el fin de mejorar el valor de actividad y disminuir, a la vez, la toxicidad de los compuestos. Así se ha obtenido la 2-(fenilamino)-6-(4-fluorofenil)pirido[2,3-d]pirimidin- 4,7(3H,8H)-diona con una EC50 = 23 nM y un índice de selectividad de 393.
In the present work a family of 7-oxopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines has been developed as potential inhibitors against the Hepatitis C Virus (HCV). To achieve such systems, two synthetic methodologies were developed for the synthesis of 2- amino-6-aryl-5,6-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-4,7(3H,8H)-diones and 6-aryl-2-(methylthio)- 5,6-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-4,7(3H,8H)-diones. Subsequently, a synthetic strategy was developed to derivatize these pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines at C2, C4, C6, and N8 positions and carry out the dehydrogenation of the C5-C6 bond. After the successful development of such synthetic route allowing the preparation of pyrido[2,3- d]pyrimidines with up to four diversity centers, a wide library of these compounds was prepared and, subsequently, their biological activity against HCV was evaluated. The EC50 and CC50 values determined have allowed the modulation of the structure of these compounds in order to improve the activity value and lower the toxicity. Thus, the 6-(4-fluorophenyl)-2- (phenylamino)pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-4,7(3H,8H)-dione was obtained presenting a EC50 = 23 nM and a selectivity index of 393.
Schwarz, Anne. "Aspekte der Morphosyntax und Tonologie im Buli." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philosophische Fakultät III, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15715.
This work deals with different aspects of the morphosyntax and tonology in Buli, a Gur language of the Niger-Congo-Phylum, which is spoken in Ghana (Upper East Region near the border to Burkina Faso) and has so far been described insufficiently. The grammatical description provides an extensive insight into the linguistic system of Buli and contains chapters concerning the following topics: phonology, noun class system, pronominal system, complex noun phrases and nominal syntagmata, and verb system. It is primarily based on the Buli variant spoken in Wiaga and supplemented by reference to other dialects as well as to related Gur languages, for instance with regard to tonal divergencies in noun class suffixes and in associative constructions. Following an autosegmental model, the tonal study does not aim at theoretic enhancement, but results directly from the need of an adequate description of the synchronic language in which tone plays an important role in lexicon and grammar. Besides regular Tone-Sandhi (Low tone spreading), interesting phenomena at the phonology/syntax interface as well as at the phonology/semantics-pragmatics interface were observed – e.g. some verb forms displaying tonal agreement with the discourse role of the subject (+/- discourse participant, i.e. 1st / 2nd vs. 3rd person) or the appearance of a boundary tone on utterance-final morphemes, including the noun class suffixes of indefinite nouns and the enclitic object pronouns at the verb. In the course of the morphosyntactic analysis, a typologically remarkable nominal compound type was identified that is distinguished by structural features as well as by specific possessive semantics and can be assumed to be involved in the development of attributive (qualifying) adjectives and one of two numerals with the meaning ‘one’.
Kiattibutra-Anantalapochai, Raksi. "Analyse lexicale, morphologique et syntaxique du Thaï en vue de la traduction automatique appliquée au domaine de l'administration publique." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01020748.
Shih, Ju-yuan, and 施儒淵. "The construction of document concept based on compound nouns." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/20810066825312429254.
國立中央大學
資訊管理研究所
97
With the growth of information technology, a large volume of digital documents and materials has appeared. Without information technology, searching of information would require a great human effort. To decrease the users’ effort, documents discrimination system has been developed and applied. In this kind of system, documents usually are discriminated by similarities automatically. In Information Retrieval, researches mainly use TF-IDF to present terms from documents, exploit those terms to form Vector Space Model, and then compute documents similarity based on the formed Vector Space Model. This approach could be improved. First, in addition to single terms, compound nouns are used in documents also. Second, different terms are used in the presentation of the same concept. This paper has proposed a method which forms the Vector Space Model with concepts that are exacted from documents. The steps include, first, extracting concept from terms and compound nouns of the documents, and second, building a Vector Space Model with these concepts as dimensions. Experimental results show that the approach of concept extraction outperforms TF-IDF in accuracy of document similarity computing.
Yeh, Rong-ting, and 葉容廷. "The Prosodic Domain of Syllable Contraction of Mandarin Compound Nouns." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/60975951298545628947.
國立中山大學
外國語文學系研究所
103
This study aims to investigate the syllable contraction of Mandarin compound nouns under the framework of Prosodic Phonology. Syllable contraction refers to a shortening of syllables by omitting or weakening a sound, sounds, or syllable boundaries (e.g., in English, the pronoun I and the auxiliary have can be contracted as I’ve and in Mandarin, zhe4yang4zi “in this way” can be contracted as jiang4zi). Several studies have been conducted on Mandarin syllable contraction. For instance, Chung (1997) proposes a CVX template, extended from Yip’s (1988) edge-in association, to account for how disyllabic words are mapped onto a mono-syllabic structure. Hsu (2003) follows Chung, further proposing a sonority model to explain the process of two syllables merging into one in Taiwanese Southern Min. On the other hand, Wong (2006) investigates the domain of syllable contraction (i.e., where syllable contraction will occur) in Cantonese from the perspective of Prosodic Phonology. Based on these studies, this paper discusses the domain of syllable contraction in Mandarin compound nouns. As Chung (2006) points out, when nouns are trisyllabic or tetrasyllabic, the syllable contraction tends to occur. In addition, it is the first two syllables that undergo contraction (e.g., huo3che1 in huo3che1zhan4 “train station” becoming huo3e1), rather than the last two syllables (i.e., che1zhan4). Thus, the domain of syllable contraction is argued to be a prosodic foot. The formation of the proposed foot domain is analyzed in two ways, using natural-foot-based and stress-based analyses. The former follows Mandarin footing in previous studies, in which stress is not explicitly incorporated into discussion, and the domain formation is proposed in terms of rules (i.e., rule-based approach). The latter takes stress into consideration when a foot is formed, and reanalyzes the domain formation of syllable contraction. The footing in these two analyses are very similar in the interpretation of the syllable contraction of trisyllabic compound nouns, but differ to that for disyllabic and tetrasyllabic compound nouns. The results indicate that the natural-foot-based analysis offers a slightly odd and unnatural analysis, while the stress-based analysis makes up for the shortcoming of the natural-foot-based analysis, thus providing a more solid and consistent analysis of domain formation. In addition, the proposed prosodic domain can explain not only the syllable contraction of trisyllabic compound nouns but also that of translated nouns that lack internal syntactic structures such as jia1na2da4 “Canada”.
Hui-ju, Hsiung, and 熊慧如. "A Semantic Study of Material Noun-Noun Compounds in Mandarin Chinese." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/09643591071219744951.
輔仁大學
語言學研究所
87
This thesis is intended to semantically analyze the material noun-noun compounds in Mandarin Chinese. There are two objectives to be achieved in this study: one is to analyze the semantic relationships between the modifiers and heads in noun-noun compounds. Second, to discover what strategies a language user uses to create and to interpret a novel noun-noun compound. Noun-noun compounding exhibits not only a highly productive process but also an unlimited range of semantic interpretations. However, from a theoretical perspective, it is argued that there is a certain prevalent semantic relationship between the constituents of noun-noun compounds. Otherwise, language users will not create and understand so many noun-noun compounds. To achieve these objectives, two theories are applied to this paper: Pustejovsky's (1995) qualia structures and Ryder's (1994) semantic information schemas. Qualia structures are a set of properties or events associated with a lexical item which elucidate the meanings and semantic constraints of a word. And semantic information schemas refer to what people know about the real world, which look into how people use their knowledge about the world and about the language to create and to interpret noun-noun compounds. Both of them can be a means to reevaluate the very nature of semantic composition in language. The analysis is divided into two parts: one is the analysis of established noun-nouns which denote twelve groups of physical concept, the other is the investigation of listeners' strategies in interpreting novel noun-noun compounds by means of an experiment. It is demonstrated when creating and interpreting a new compound, the speaker and listener are strongly influenced by varieties of the prevalent relationships between modifying nouns and head nouns. These semantic relationships are abstracted into a language pattern that is called linguistic template, which serves as an analogy basis to create and to interpret noun-noun compounds. The important results are summarized as follows: I. The semantic relationships between the constituents of noun-noun compounds can be categorized into a number of linguistic templates. The most common relationship a language user may want to pick out in a referent fall into two groups: (A) Functional characteristics (B) Descriptive characteristics II. The strategies used in creating and interpreting noun-noun compounds. (A) The conformity between linguistic template and semanticinformation schema (B) The use of accommodation (C) The use of metaphor (D) Inference of existing objects
Yu, Joseph Chun-hsien, and 游俊賢. "Mandarin-speaking Children’s Comprehension and Production of Novel Noun-noun Compounds." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/61375035594152107877.
國立臺灣師範大學
英語學系
101
The present study aims to analyze the developmental patterns of Chinese children’s noun-noun compound uses by investigating their production and comprehension of novel noun-noun compounds under the manipulations of the animacy/inanimacy and modifier/head. A production task and a comprehension task were assigned to 100 Chinese children (aged 4-8) and a control group of 20 Chinese-speaking adults. The 100 children subjects were further divided into five age groups, each of which consisted of 20 subjects. The results showed that Chinese children as young as five were able to choose the N1-preference reading, which was adult-like. With regard to the animacy effect, all the children were found to perform similarly to the adult controls when either the modifier or the head was [+animate]. In contrast, when either the modifier or the head was [-animate], no clear trend was found. With regard to the task effect, it was found that only when the modifier was [-animate] would all the group results be consistent: the production tended to receive the N1-preference readings while the comprehension task tended to trigger the N2-preference reading. In contrast, when the modifier was [+animate], there was no such consistency. Finally, there was a three-stage development pattern of our children’s uses of noun-noun compounds: the four-year-olds were at the first stage, the five-and six-year-olds at the second stage, and the seven- and eight-year-olds at the third stage, the use of the sub-strategies at the last stage being almost similar to the adults’ pattern.
Tsai, Po-Hsun, and 蔡博薰. "A Study on the Re-verbalization of Renyo-form Nouns Derived from Compound Verbs." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/89667943509749498732.
國立臺灣大學
日本語文學研究所
99
In Japanese, verbal noun is a noun which can be verbalized by combining with the irregular verb ”suru” and the form ”verbal noun + suru” is called “sahen verb.” Generally, a noun with activity but has no verbal form can be verbalized by combining with “suru.” However, part of renyo-form nouns derived from compound verbs are also observed to have the identical way of term-transformation. The purpose of this study is to survey the similarities and differences between the compound verb and “renyo-form noun + suru”; moreover, I will consider and summarize which kind of compound verb can be transformed into “renyo-form noun + suru.” Though the phenomenon of renyo-form noun’s re-verbalization was mentioned in the previous literature, systematic and statistical research hasn’t been done for the present. Certainly, it’s unnecessary to verbalize the noun which is derived from verb, but there are more than 40 percent of compound verbs can be transformed into “renyo-form noun + suru” actually. Our findings are as follows: 1.Compared with compound verbs, the meaning of “renyo-form noun + suru” could be narrower. It appears that they are distinguished according to the range of usage. 2.Stative verbs, punctive verbs, non-volitional verbs and verbs represent the individual action cannot transform into “renyo-form noun + suru.” 3.The compound verbs which is able to transform into “renyo-form noun + suru” can also conform to the sentence pattern “renyo-form noun + wo + suru.” In other words, it may be inferred that “renyo-form noun + suru” is the form which is derived from “renyo-form noun + wo + suru” by syntactic incorporation.
Huang, Hsiu-jan, and 黃綉然. "Strategies in Comprehending Mandarin Chinese Noun-Noun Compounds with Animals, Plants, and Artifacts as Constituents." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/29416412333417659977.
國立成功大學
外國語文學系專班
96
This thesis aims to find out the major strategy in comprehending Mandarin Chinese noun-noun compounds. Two theories, the Competition Among Relations in Nominals (CARIN) Theory and the Dual-process Theory, which have been mainly applied to the research on the comprehension of English noun-noun compounds, are examined. We invited participants to make interpretations for test items composed of counterfeit noun-noun compounds containing animals, plants, and artifacts as constituents. The research goals were (i) to analyze the plausibility of the CARIN Theory and the Dual-process Theory through the observation of the preferable comprehending strategy for those compounds with different categories as constituents; (ii) to investigate the preferable strategy in figuring out Mandarin Chinese compounds with the same category as constituents; (iii) to explore the preferable strategy in interpreting left-headed compounds; (iv) to examine whether there is a correlation between the preferable comprehending strategy and the structure of compounds. On the basis of the research goals, the thesis attempts to answer the four research questions as listed below: (i) Is the CARIN Theory or the Dual-Process Theory more plausible in the comprehension of Mandarin Chinese noun-noun compounds? (ii) Do compounds with the same category as constituents tend to be comprehended based on comparison of constituents or property mapping? (iii) Do focus-reverse compounds tend to be comprehended based on property mapping? (iv) Does the preferable comprehending strategy depend on the structure of noun-noun compounds? The data was collected through noun-noun compound interpretation tasks. We recruited 232 high school students from the same school as participants. Compounds with the following nine structures serve as test items: animal-animal, animal-artifact, animal-plant, plant-animal, plant-artifact, plant-plant, artifact-animal, artifact-artifact, and artifact-plant. 12 test items were designed for each compounding structure. Overall, there were 108 test items. These test items were evenly distributed in four questionnaires. Eventually every questionnaire was distributed to 58 participants. The results were examined by comparing the proportion of the application of the comprehending strategies to find out the major one(s). To verify whether there was a significant difference in the frequency of use of comprehending strategies among compounds with different structures, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to further compare the variation. The findings of the thesis are as follows: (i) Both relation linking and property mapping are of importance in the comprehension of Mandarin Chinese noun-noun compounds. (ii) Compounds with the same category as constituents tend to be comprehended based on property mapping instead of comparison of constituents. (iii) Focus-reverse compounds are more likely to be perceived by property-mapping strategies rather than relation-linking strategies. (iv) There is no correlation between the application of property-mapping strategies and the structure of compounds. However, there is a correlation between the application of relation-linking strategies and the structure of compounds. All of the examinations support the Dual-process Theory and reject the CARIN Theory. That is, relation linking is not the only major strategy in comprehending compounds. Instead, both relation linking and property mapping are of significance in the perception of Mandarin Chinese noun-noun compounds.
Voskovskaia, Elena. "La productivité des noms composés en français du XVIIe au début du XXe siècle." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/43746.