Книги: "Regional dependence"

1

Berndt, Christian. Corporate Germany between Globalization and Regional Place Dependence. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230508286.

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2

Abegunrin, Olayiwola. Economic dependence and regional cooperation in southern Africa: SADCC and South Africa in confrontation. Lewiston, N.Y., USA: E. Mellen Press, 1990.

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3

Berend, Iván. Cores, peripheries, and globalization: Essays in honor of Ivan T. Berend. Buapest: Central European University Press, 2011.

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4

Yachir, F. The Mediterranean, between autonomy and dependency. Tokyo: United Nations University, 1989.

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5

Androscoggin Valley Council of Governments. Defense dependency analysis for Androscoggin, Franklin, Oxford Counties, with recommendations for local, regional, multi-regional, and statewide implementation. Auburn, ME: The Council, 1992.

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6

Europe), International Conference on Diagnosis and Classification of Mental Disorders and Alcohol and Drug-Related Problems (1982 WHO Regional Office for. Mental disorders, alcohol- and drug-related problems: International perspectives on their diagnosis and classification : reports and recommendations of the International Conference on Diagnosis and Classification of Mental Disorders and Alcohol- and Drug-Related Problems, held at the WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, 13-17 April 1982. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 1985.

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7

Salstrom, Paul. Appalachia's path to dependency: Rethinking a region's economic history, 1730-1940. Lexington, Ky: University Press of Kentucky, 1994.

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8

Moudoud, E. Modernization, the state, and regional disparity in developing countries: Tunisia in historical perspective, 1881-1982. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press, 1989.

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9

Butts, Kent Hughes. The geopolitics of southern Africa: South Africa as regional superpower. Boulder: Westview Press, 1986.

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10

Laux, Jeanne Kirk. Reform, reintegration and regional security: The role of Western Assistance in overcoming insecurity in Central and Eastern Europe. [Ottawa, Ont: Canadian Institute for International Peace and Security], 1991.

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11

World Psychiatric Association. Regional Symposium. Alcoholism and other dependencies: World Psychiatric Association Regional Symposium proceedings, Warsaw, Poland, 22-25 November 1987. Edited by Piotrowski Andrzej, Leder Stefan, Gawrońska Barbara, and Polskie Towarzystwo Psychiatryczne. [Warsaw]: Polish Psychiatric Association, 1989.

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12

Field, William H. Regional dynamics: The basis of electoral support in Britain. London: Frank Cass, 1997.

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13

Peters, Wolff-Christian. Regionale Kooperation und der Konflikt im südlichen Afrika: Zur Bedeutung der Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC). Hamburg: Institut für Afrika-Kunde, 1987.

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14

Gagné, Marie-Anik. A nation within a nation: Dependency and the Cree. Montréal: Black Rose Books, 1994.

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15

Patiño, Luis Carlos Agudelo. La ciudad sostenible: Dependencia ecológica y relaciones regionales : un estudio de caso en el área metropolitana de Medellín, Colombia. Medellín: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 2010.

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16

Baldwin, Richard E. The core-periphery model and endogenous growth: Stabilising and destabilising integration. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1999.

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17

Shepherd, George W. The trampled grass: Tributary states and self-reliance in the Indian Ocean zone of peace. London: Praeger, 1987.

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18

Shepherd, George W. The trampled grass: Tributary states and self-reliance in the Indian Ocean Zone of Peace. New York: Greenwood Press, 1987.

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19

Taranenko, V. V. Sot͡s︡ialʹnye garantii voennosluzhashchikh--uchastnikov boevykh deĭstviĭ na territorii Severo-Kavkazskogo regiona Rossiĭskoĭ Federat͡s︡ii i chlenov ikh semeĭ: Vooruzhennyĭ konflikt nemezhdunarodnogo kharaktera i kontrterroristicheskie operat͡s︡ii. Moskva: Za prava voennosluzhashchikh, 2005.

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20

Bahrum, Syamsul. Indigenous people in a dependent economy: A case study of the socioeconomic impacts of regional development on the indigenous people in the Islands of Batam, Province of Riau-Indonesia, 1998-2001. Batam, Indonesia: Batam Link Publisher, 2008.

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21

Bahrum, H. Syamsul. Indigenous people in a dependent economy: A case study of the socioeconomic impacts of regional development on the indigenous people in the Islands of Batam, Province of Riau-Indonesia, 1998-2001. Batam, Indonesia: Batam Link Publisher, 2008.

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22

Thābit, Aḥmad. Man yaḥmī ʻurūsh al-Khalīj?!: Al-nafṭ wa-al-tabaʻīyah. [Cairo]: Markaz al-Ḥadārah al-ʻArabīyah lil-Iʻlām wa-al-Nashr, 1991.

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23

Isaksen, Arne, and Stig-Erik Jakobsen. Path Dependence and Regional Economic Renewal. Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.

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24

Isaksen, Arne, and Stig-Erik Jakobsen, eds. Path Dependence and Regional Economic Renewal. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351267809.

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25

Batteau, Allen. Appalachia and America: Autonomy and Regional Dependence. University Press of Kentucky, 2014.

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26

Batteau, Allen. Appalachia and America: Autonomy and Regional Dependence. University Press of Kentucky, 2014.

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27

Poblete, JoAnna. Indefinite Dependence. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038297.003.0004.

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This chapter examines how Puerto Ricans in Hawaiʻi filed labor complaints and protests. It shows that, unlike other labor groups in Hawaiʻi, Puerto Rican intra-colonials never had a dedicated local government representative—a leadership vacuum that resulted in both negative and positive effects on the Puerto Rican community in the islands. It describes the slow, cumbersome, and apathetic bureaucratic colonial communication hierarchy that Puerto Rican laborers had to endure in their home region, Washington, D.C., and the Territory of Hawaiʻi when they filed complaints about life in the islands. This is evident in the case of Pedro Guzman and twenty-five other Puerto Ricans who filed their complaint in 1919. The absence of an effective regional representative, coupled with the hierarchical grievance process, meant that Puerto Rican intracolonial needs were often ignored or disregarded. However, the lack of an official leader in the islands also gave Puerto Rican labor migrants a degree of control and independence over their labor experiences in Hawaiian sugar plantations.

28

Inventive Cityregions Path Dependence And Creative Knowledge Strategies. Ashgate Publishing, 2011.

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29

Berndt, Christian. Corporate Germany Between Globalization and Regional Place Dependence: Business Restructuring in the Ruhr Area. Palgrave Macmillan, 2001.

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30

Pozdnyakov, Konstantin. Тhe impact of regional investment interaction on economic growth potential of the Russian Federation. Znanie-M, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.38006/00187-043-2.2021.1.234.

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The purpose of the monography is to elaborate the concept of the development of inter-regional investment cooperation by identifying the trends and features of its impact on the economic growth potential of the macro-region. The monography consists of the introduction, three chapters, conclusion and applications, as well as a list of references. The first chapter substantiates theoretical approaches to the essence, conditions and factors of regional development and the content of interregional investment cooperation in the current socio-economic conditions, analyzes the features of institutional design and the mechanisms for regulating regional cooperation for economic growth and development purposes, taking into account the Russian and foreign experience on the example of the European Union. The second chapter, basing on the economic analysis, identifies the trends in the development of the regions of the Central Federal District of the Russian Federation in terms of emerging macro-regions. A model has been proposed to assess the extent of the region’s economy’s involvement in inter-regional relations, which would allow to determine the dependence of variables such as interregional exchange, investment and gross regional product. Using mathematical modeling tools, the impact of these factors on the growth of the gross regional product of the Central Federal District of Russia, as well as its two regions — Moscow and Belgorod region — was evaluated. The third chapter identifies the prospects for the development of interregional investment cooperation in the Central Black Earth macro-region of the Central Federal District of the Russian Federation. The concept of developing inter-regional investment cooperation in the macro-region within the framework of the creation of a network of territories ahead of socioeconomic development (PSEDA) has been developed. The mechanism of inter-regional investment cooperation in the framework of the creation and development of the territories ahead of socio-economic development (PSEDA) has been adapted in order to form the points of economic growth in the macro-region. The main text of the monography is laid out on 234 pages and is illustrated with 21 drawings and 40 tables. The monography contains 4 applications. The references list includes 144 units.

31

The Ley Clinic Regional Drug Dependence Unit and the Ley Community: A combined treatment and rehabilitation service for drug abusers. [s.l.]8b[s.n.], 1986.

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32

Christopherson, Susan. Outside Regional Paths: Constructing an Economic Geography of Energy Transitions. Edited by Gordon L. Clark, Maryann P. Feldman, Meric S. Gertler, and Dariusz Wójcik. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198755609.013.52.

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Moving beyond theories of socio-technical adaptation, a new economic geography of energy transitions is developing that contributes to a deeper understanding of adaptation and change in energy systems. This new geography of energy transitions draws on concepts in evolutionary economic geography but moves beyond regional analysis to recognize the nation state as a critical venue for strategic action by firms. The dependence on the nation state for access to the resource; financing of exploration and production; favourable regulatory oversight; and the infrastructure to transport the commodity to profitable markets, make it the essential venue for strategic action. Drawing on the US case of shale gas and oil extraction, this chapter argues that, despite the emergence of global production networks in the oil and gas industry, national-scale governance remains central to understanding energy transitions.

33

Shapira, Philip, and Gerhard Fuchs. Rethinking Regional Innovation and Change : Path Dependency or Regional Breakthrough: Path Dependency or Regional Breakthrough. Springer, 2010.

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34

Hegmon, Michelle. Path Dependence. Edited by Barbara Mills and Severin Fowles. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199978427.013.7.

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Path dependence concepts, thus far, have seen little application in archaeology, but they have great potential. At a general level, these concepts provide tools for theorizing historical sequences, such as patterns of settlement on a landscape and divergent historical traditions. Potential applications include issues of historical contingency in the late Rio Grande, settlement in the Mesa Verde region, and divergent trajectories in the post-Chaco period. Specific concepts from path dependence theory, including lock-in and critical junctures, are illustrated by an analysis of the growth of Hohokam irrigation, which exhibited a path-dependent trajectory. As archaeological study of path dependence builds awareness of the importance of decision-making on the future, it contributes to difficult decision-making in today’s world.

35

Sharples, Jack D. The International Political Economy of Eastern European Energy Security. Edited by Debra J. Davidson and Matthias Gross. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190633851.013.7.

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This chapter assesses whether the concerns over regional energy security in Eastern Europe that have arisen since 2013 are caused by market failure, or by commercial gas trade falling victim to regional political tensions, with reference to the trilateral gas relationship between Russia, Ukraine, and the European Union (EU). In doing so, it highlights the political economy of the more competitive, flexible gas market in the EU and the traditional, non-competitive bilateral gas trade between Gazprom (Russia) and Naftogaz (Ukraine) in Eastern Europe, with the latter remaining open to political influence. The chapter concludes that the absence of market mechanisms led to energy security concerns that were later exacerbated by the crisis in political relations between Russia and Ukraine. It follows that the integration of Ukraine into the European gas market and reduction of Russian-Ukrainian bilateral over-dependence, will ease concerns over regional energy security in Eastern Europe.

36

Peripheralization: The Making of Spatial Dependencies and Social Injustice. Springer VS, 2012.

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37

(Editor), Gerhard Fuchs, and Philip Shapira (Editor), eds. Rethinking Regional Innovation and Change: Path Dependency or Regional Breakthrough (Economics of Science, Technology and Innovation). Springer, 2004.

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38

Report to the Legislature: Regional Treatment Centers Chemical Dependency Treatment Network. St. Paul, Minn. (444 Lafayette Rd., St. Paul 55155-3826): The Dept., 1991.

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39

Friday, Chris. From “Superabundance” to Dependency. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037153.003.0006.

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Agricultural cultivation was an integral cultural and economic feature of Indian peoples' lives in the greater Puget Sound. Exactly when potatoes became deeply embedded in these cultivation practices is unclear, but by the late 1820s they were common fare throughout the region. With the onset of the inland fur trade in the 1820s and the establishment of a European American settler society (circa 1850s), potato production expanded. This chapter shows that Lummi women in northwest Washington state were the primary cultivators of potato agriculture and yet their roles in such production was effectively eclipsed as the heteronormative determinations of Indian agents characterized potato cultivation as exclusively masculine.

40

Vellend, Mark. Are local losses of biodiversity causing degraded ecosystem function? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808978.003.0004.

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This chapter highlights the scale dependence of biodiversity change over time and its consequences for arguments about the instrumental value of biodiversity. While biodiversity is in decline on a global scale, the temporal trends on regional and local scales include cases of biodiversity increase, no change, and decline. Environmental change, anthropogenic or otherwise, causes both local extirpation and colonization of species, and thus turnover in species composition, but not necessarily declines in biodiversity. In some situations, such as plants at the regional scale, human-mediated colonizations have greatly outnumbered extinctions, thus causing a marked increase in species richness. Since the potential influence of biodiversity on ecosystem function and services is mediated to a large degree by local or neighborhood species interactions, these results challenge the generality of the argument that biodiversity loss is putting at risk the ecosystem service benefits people receive from nature.

41

Cook, Kerry H. Climate Change Scenarios and African Climate Change. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.545.

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Accurate projections of climate change under increasing atmospheric greenhouse gas levels are needed to evaluate the environmental cost of anthropogenic emissions, and to guide mitigation efforts. These projections are nowhere more important than Africa, with its high dependence on rain-fed agriculture and, in many regions, limited resources for adaptation. Climate models provide our best method for climate prediction but there are uncertainties in projections, especially on regional space scale. In Africa, limitations of observational networks add to this uncertainty since a crucial step in improving model projections is comparisons with observations. Exceeding uncertainties associated with climate model simulation are uncertainties due to projections of future emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases. Humanity’s choices in emissions pathways will have profound effects on climate, especially after the mid-century.The African Sahel is a transition zone characterized by strong meridional precipitation and temperature gradients. Over West Africa, the Sahel marks the northernmost extent of the West African monsoon system. The region’s climate is known to be sensitive to sea surface temperatures, both regional and global, as well as to land surface conditions. Increasing atmospheric greenhouse gases are already causing amplified warming over the Sahara Desert and, consequently, increased rainfall in parts of the Sahel. Climate model projections indicate that much of this increased rainfall will be delivered in the form of more intense storm systems.The complicated and highly regional precipitation regimes of East Africa present a challenge for climate modeling. Within roughly 5º of latitude of the equator, rainfall is delivered in two seasons—the long rains in the spring, and the short rains in the fall. Regional climate model projections suggest that the long rains will weaken under greenhouse gas forcing, and the short rains season will extend farther into the winter months. Observations indicate that the long rains are already weakening.Changes in seasonal rainfall over parts of subtropical southern Africa are observed, with repercussions and challenges for agriculture and water availability. Some elements of these observed changes are captured in model simulations of greenhouse gas-induced climate change, especially an early demise of the rainy season. The projected changes are quite regional, however, and more high-resolution study is needed. In addition, there has been very limited study of climate change in the Congo Basin and across northern Africa. Continued efforts to understand and predict climate using higher-resolution simulation must be sustained to better understand observed and projected changes in the physical processes that support African precipitation systems as well as the teleconnections that communicate remote forcings into the continent.

42

Wodziński, Marcin. Geography. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190631260.003.0005.

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This chapter discusses the borders of Hasidism, showing its halt on the Polish–German and Lithuanian–German border and factors responsible for this halt. This was unfavorable to Hasidism professional and social structure, language barrier, and, most importantly, the pressure of the autostereotype of anti-Hasidic, German–Jewish culture. The chapter also analyzes the basis of the popular image of Hasidism’s regional divisions, showing their essential dependence on nineteenth-century political divisions. It also traces patterns of interrelation between Hasidic groups’ types of spatial organization as well as their types of spirituality and leadership, demonstrating a correlation between the type of spatial organization of the group and the type of leadership and spirituality of a given group.

43

Yoshifumi, Tanaka. Part V Regional Perspectives on Global Ocean Governance, 12 The Asian Perspective on Global Ocean Governance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198824152.003.0012.

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This chapter discusses issues of global ocean governance from an Asian perspective. The Asian Seas regions face four challenges relating to marine pollution, conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity, adverse impacts of climate change upon the oceans, and maritime security. Before analysing these challenges in detail, the chapter considers two paradigms of ocean governance that the international law of the sea attempts to balance: the traditional paradigm based on co-existence of States; and a new paradigm based on notions of inter-dependency between governments, human communities and the natural environment thus requiring new, more co-operative arrangements. It also examines elements of uncertainty in the Asian Seas regions and notes that there is no regional treaty concerning marine environmental protection in those regions.

44

Salstrom, Paul. Appalachia's Path to Dependency: Rethinking a Region's Economic History, 1730-1940. University Press of Kentucky, 1997.

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45

Yanagihara, Masaharu. “Shioki (Control),” “Fuyo (Dependency),” and Sovereignty. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190697570.003.0007.

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This chapter’s purpose is to investigate the status of the Ryukyu Kingdom in early-modern and modern times, from the perspectives of specific periods rather than a contemporary viewpoint. The goal is to compare the traditional status of the Kingdom, peculiar to the region at that time, namely “shioki” or “fuyo,” to the idea of “sovereignty” or “independence” in modern European international law. Section I deals with the period from 1609 to the 1830s, before Western people rushed suddenly toward Ryukyu, whereas Section II discusses the status of the Ryukyu Kingdom in the 1840s and 1850s, in particular the nature of the Conventions concluded by the Kingdom with the United States (1854), France (1855), and the Netherlands (1859). Section III deals with a series of administrative regulations from 1872 to 1879 by the New Meiji government bearing on the status of Ryukyu, which is known as the “Ryukyu shobun (Ryukyu Disposition).”

46

Liu, Xiaodong, and Libin Yan. Elevation-Dependent Climate Change in the Tibetan Plateau. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.593.

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As a unique and high gigantic plateau, the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is sensitive and vulnerable to global climate change, and its climate change tendencies and the corresponding impact on regional ecosystems and water resources can provide an early alarm for global and mid-latitude climate changes. Growing evidence suggests that the TP has experienced more significant warming than its surrounding areas during past decades, especially at elevations higher than 4 km. Greater warming at higher elevations than at lower elevations has been reported in several major mountainous regions on earth, and this interesting phenomenon is known as elevation-dependent climate change, or elevation-dependent warming (EDW).At the beginning of the 21st century, Chinese scholars first noticed that the TP had experienced significant warming since the mid-1950s, especially in winter, and that the latest warming period in the TP occurred earlier than enhanced global warming since the 1970s. The Chinese also first reported that the warming rates increased with the elevation in the TP and its neighborhood, and the TP was one of the most sensitive areas to global climate change. Later, additional studies, using more and longer observations from meteorological stations and satellites, shed light on the detailed characteristics of EDW in terms of mean, minimum, and maximum temperatures and in different seasons. For example, it was found that the daily minimum temperature showed the most evident EDW in comparison to the mean and daily maximum temperatures, and EDW is more significant in winter than in other seasons. The mean daily minimum and maximum temperatures also maintained increasing trends in the context of EDW. Despite a global warming hiatus since the turn of the 21st century, the TP exhibited persistent warming from 2001 to 2012.Although EDW has been demonstrated by more and more observations and modeling studies, the underlying mechanisms for EDW are not entirely clear owing to sparse, discontinuous, and insufficient observations of climate change processes. Based on limited observations and model simulations, several factors and their combinations have been proposed to be responsible for EDW, including the snow-albedo feedback, cloud-radiation effects, water vapor and radiative fluxes, and aerosols forcing. At present, however, various explanations of the mechanisms for EDW are mainly derived from model-based research, lacking more solid observational evidence. Therefore, to comprehensively understand the mechanisms of EDW, a more extensive and multiple-perspective climate monitoring system is urgently needed in the areas of the TP with high elevations and complex terrains.High-elevation climate change may have resulted in a series of environmental consequences, such as vegetation changes, permafrost melting, and glacier shrinkage, in mountainous areas. In particular, the glacial retreat could alter the headwater environments on the TP and the hydrometeorological characteristics of several major rivers in Asia, threatening the water supply for the people living in the adjacent countries. Taking into account the climate-model projections that the warming trend will continue over the TP in the coming decades, this region’s climate change and the relevant environmental consequences should be of great concern to both scientists and the general public.

47

Buetefisch, Cathrin M., and Leonardo G. Cohen. Use-dependent changes in TMS measures. Edited by Charles M. Epstein, Eric M. Wassermann, and Ulf Ziemann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0018.

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Adult brains maintain the ability to reorganize throughout life. Cortical reorganization or plasticity includes modification of synaptic efficacy as well as neuronal networks that carry behavioural implications. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) allows for the study of primary motor cortex reorganization in humans. Motor-evoked potential (MEP) amplitudes change in response to practice. This article gives information about the effect of practice on TMS measures such as motor-evoked potential amplitudes, motor maps, paired-pulse measures, and behavioural measures. These changes may be accompanied by down-regulation of activity in nearby body part representations within the same hemisphere and in homonymous regions of the opposite hemisphere, mediated by interhemispheric interactions. There is evidence pointing towards the influence of practice on a distributed network of cortical representations within regions of cerebral hemispheres. This has lead to the formulation of intervention strategies to enhance the training effects by cortical or somatosensory stimulation in health and disease.

48

Ocampo, José Antonio. The Provision of Global Liquidity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198718116.003.0002.

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This chapter starts by analysing three major problems of the current international monetary system: the asymmetric-adjustment problem, dependence on the monetary policy of the main reserve-issuing country, and the large demand for self-insurance by developing countries. It then explores two basic alternatives to reform the system: one route would involve a fully-fledged multi-currency reserve system; the alternative route would be to design an architecture based on the IMF’s Special Drawing Rights (SDRs), the world’s only truly global reserve asset. These two alternative routes could be mixed in a number of ways, and in fact their complementary use may be the only possible way forward. Under such a mixed system, SDRs would become a major global reserve asset and the source of financing for IMF lending, but national/regional currencies would continue to be used as international means of payment and stores of value.

49

Bathelt, Harald, and Johannes Glückler. Relational Research Design in Economic Geography. Edited by Gordon L. Clark, Maryann P. Feldman, Meric S. Gertler, and Dariusz Wójcik. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198755609.013.46.

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This chapter discusses the nature of relational research designs that aim to overcome separations between different disciplinary perspectives within economic geography and create linkages to other academic fields. The relational approach is a comprehensive research perspective grounded in three principles of relationality of economic action: contextuality, path dependence, and contingency. Using the cases of manufacturing versus professional services clusters, it is shown that the relational approach does not proclaim a meta-theory of economic organization in space but provides a framework for contextual theorization, adjusted to the specific sectoral and technological contexts under investigation. Relational research designs across academic fields agree (i) that social relations between people and organizations are key to understanding the contemporary economy, (ii) that economic processes rest on the spatial and temporal interplay between regional and global networks, and (iii) that innovation and learning depend on simultaneous inter-firm, intra-organizational and community-based interactions and relations.

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Sicari, Rosa, and Raluca Dulgheru. Stress echocardiography: introduction and pathophysiology. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0011.

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Stress echocardiography is the combination of two-dimensional echocardiography with a physical, pharmacological, or electrical stress. The diagnostic end point for the detection of myocardial ischaemia is the induction of a transient worsening in left ventricular regional function during stress. Among different stress modalities of comparable diagnostic and prognostic accuracy available, semisupine exercise is the most frequently used; dobutamine-the best test for viability assessment; dipyridamole-the safest and simplest pharmacological stress test; and the most suitable for combined wall motion-coronary flow reserve assessment. Identification of viable myocardium and evaluation of severity of valvular heart disease are additional recognized applications of stress echocardiography. In spite of its dependence upon operators’ training, stress echocardiography is today the best (most cost-effective and risk-effective) possible imaging modality to achieve the still elusive target of sustainable cardiac imaging in the field of non-invasive diagnosis of coronary artery disease.

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