Дисертації з теми "Unjustified"
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Durston, Kirk. "Apparently unjustified evil and the existence of God." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq23293.pdf.
Rittmayer, Ashley D. "The perils of unjustified confidence : an examination of casino blackjack play and performance /." Electronic thesis, 2005. http://etd.wfu.edu/theses/available/etd-05122005-165837/.
Shemtov, Noam. "The legal regulation of decompilation of computer programs : excessive, unjustified and in need of reform." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2012. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/3132.
Maxwell, Catherine J. "Aspects of multi-party unjustified enrichment in South African law : a comparison with German law." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/8916.
In this thesis, aspects of the South African law of multi-party enrichment are compared with the equivalent rules of German law. Against the background of a general comparison of the German and South African law of unjustified enrichment, the following sets of factual circumstances are examined in detail: performance of the obligation of another; performance in accordance with an instruction; and performance in response to a cession. Rather than following a conventional comparative approach (viz where a chapter is devoted to each of the legal systems under consideration, and then comparisons are made in a final, analytical chapter), this thesis is structured as follows: each chapter begins with a comparative treatment of the legal context in which such situations arise. Then various factual permutations are treated, taking into account the German and South African approaches to such practical situations and the underlying policy factors that influence the law. On the basis of this critical evaluation, recommendations are made for the development of South African law.
Glover, Graham. "The doctrine of duress in the law of contract and unjustified enrichment in South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003187.
Meijer, Johan Willem Marius Karel. "Ongerechtvaardigde verrijking : een systematische analyse van het begrip ongerechtvaardigdheid, toegepast op kostenverhaal bij bodemsanering = Unjustified enrichment /." [Den Haag] : Sdu Uitgevers, 2007. http://swbplus.bsz-bw.de/bsz286865211inh.htm.
Montes, de Oca Moreno Marlene Alejandra. "Enfranchisement on the basis of integration : A normative critique against time requirements and bureaucratic burdens as unjustified obstacles to citizenship: the Swedish case." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-371277.
Meyer-Spasche, Rita Antonie. "The recovery of benefits conferred under illegal or immoral transactions : a historical and comparative study with particular emphasis on the law of unjustified enrichment." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2002. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU153297.
Alawneh, Tariq. "A critical analysis of the implied obligation against unjustified deviation : is the rule still relevant to the modern law on carriage of goods by sea?" Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2015. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/26283/.
Lopes, Sandra Denise Meira. "Factores associados ao absentismo: estudo na Câmara Municipal de Évora." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/14733.
Castro, Cubas Edwars Sleiters, and Pisfil Patricia Nelida Cárdenas. "El incremento patrimonial no justificado y su impacto en la fiscalización tributaria a los youtubers peruanos con más de 100,000 suscriptores de lima 2018." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/652586.
At present, technological development allows for a more demanding demand and greater control over tax control. Thus, one of the problems that most afflicts individuals and businesses is the payment of taxes, which can have a significant economic and financial impact on the company, in this sense the current tax scenario is unstable, due to the rapid and constant changes that are introduced in the Tax Rules and in the criteria applied by the Superintendence of Tax Administration - SUNAT, the Tax Court and other bodies related to the matter; Consequently, the taxpayers subject to these taxes in which we find the Youtubers are obliged to obtain a greater amount of resources and tools that will allow them to face this situation. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship of the unjustified capital increase and the tax control of Peruvian Youtubers with more than 100,000 subscribers, Lima 2018. The methodology used was through a mixed approach, descriptive, relational and explanatory, with a Non-experimental design. The sample was made up for the qualitative part one youtuber and of 3 experts and for the quantitative of 23 professionals among accountants, taxpayers and auditors, for which the semi-structured Interview instruments and the questionnaires with dichotomous alternatives were used. The results of the hypothesis test when having a level of significance of less than 0.05, the Alternative Hypothesis is accepted, whereby the unjustified capital increase is related to the tax control.
Tesis
du, Plessis Jacques Etienne. "Compulsion and restitution : a historical and comparative study of the treatment of compulsion in Scottish private law with particular emphasis on its relevance to the law of restitution or unjustified enrichment." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1997. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU099640.
Lileikis, Tomas. "Pažeidėjo gautos naudos išreikalavimo, kaip civilinio teisių gynimo būdo, taikymo ypatumai." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20140623_192521-31833.
The subject matter of the article is to reveal the issues of an account of profits remedy. The substance of aforementioned remedy is considered in the first part of this article. It is asserted that profit made by wrongful conduct must be claimed in accordance to the essential function of civil liability – compensation. Article 6.249 part 2 of Lithuanian Civil code operates to strip a defendant that amount of profit which coincides with the plaintiff‘s indirect damages. The rest profit made by wrongful conduct is reversed by action in unjustified enrichment. The circumstances in which annotated remedy is available is rationalised and explained in the second part of the article. One of the drawn conclusions is that fault can not be a prerequisite for action based on unjustified enrichment. It is submitted that subsidiarity denotes the subordination of action in unjustified enrichment where another claim in fact offers a claimant a basis of recovery. However, the action in unjustified enrichment must not be excluded when the claimant is barred to recover his loss by the primary action. Third part of this article introduces the essential yardsticks which determine the measurement of profit accrued to the defendant. It is preferred that the profit accrued to the defendant should be measured by actual profit made and, then appropriate, by expense saved. It is proved that the benefit conferred on the defendant is measured either by market value or price received. The measurement... [to full text]
Myburgh, Franziska Elizabeth. "Statutory formalities in South African law." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80135.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation examines the approach to statutory formalities in South African law. It focuses primarily on formal requirements which result in nullity in the event of non-compliance, and in particular, on those prescribed for alienations of land (section 2(1) of the Alienation of Land Act 68 of 1981) and suretyships (section 6 of the General Law Amendment Act 50 of 1956). To provide context, the study commences with a general historical overview of the development of formal requirements. It also considers the advantages and disadvantages of formalities. The conclusion is reached that an awareness of both is required if a court is to succeed in dealing with the challenges posed by statutory formalities. The dissertation then considers more specific aspects of the topic of formal requirements, including the difference between material and non-material terms. It also reveals that the current interpretation of statutory formalities is quite flexible and tends towards a conclusion of validity if reasonably possible. However, cases involving unnamed or undisclosed principals present particular challenges in this context, and the possibility of greater consistency, without the loss of theoretical soundness, is investigated. A discussion of what should be in writing, and with what exactitude, necessarily involves a consideration of the extent to which extrinsic evidence is admissible. The interaction between formal requirements and the parol evidence rule is therefore investigated. Special attention is paid to incorporation by reference. After an examination of the common-law approach to this topic, the conclusion is reached that room exists for developing this area of South African law, especially where a sufficient reference to another document is concerned. Rectification also enjoys detailed examination, due to the unique approach adopted in South African law. Where formalities are constitutive, a South African court first satisfies itself that a recordal complies with these requirements ex facie the document, before it will consider whether rectification may be appropriate. An analysis of both civilian and common-law judgments suggests that the South African approach is based on a misconception of the purpose of rectification. This leads to the further conclusion that the requirement of ex facie compliance should be abolished as a separate step and that a court should rather consider whether awarding a claim for rectification would defeat the objects of formalities in general. Finally, the remedies available to a party who performs in terms of an agreement void for formal non-compliance and the effect of full performance in terms of such an agreement, receive attention. An investigation of the remedies available in other legal systems reveals that the South African approach of limiting a party to an enrichment claim is unnecessarily restrictive. It is argued that local courts should reconsider their exclusion of estoppel in this context, particularly in cases where one party’s unconscionable conduct has led the other to rely on the formally defective agreement. In cases of full performance, no remedies are available, but it is argued that a distinction should be drawn between reciprocal and unilateral performances.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie proefskrif ondersoek die benadering tot statutêre formaliteite in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg. Dit fokus hoofsaaklik op die formele vereistes wat lei tot nietigheid in die geval van nie-nakoming, en in die besonder dié wat voorgeskryf word vir die vervreemding van grond (artikel 2 (1) van die Wet op Vervreemding van Grond 68 van 1981) en borgstellings (artikel 6 van die Algemene Regswysigingswet 50 van 1956). Ten einde die nodige konteks te verskaf, begin die studie met ‘n algemene historiese oorsig van die ontwikkeling van formaliteite. Dit oorweeg ook die voor- en nadele van formaliteite. Die gevolgtrekking is dat ‘n bewustheid van beide vereis word indien ‘n hof die uitdagings wat deur statutêre formaliteite gestel word, suksesvol wil hanteer. Die proefskrif oorweeg dan meer spesifieke aspekte van formaliteite, insluitende die verskil tussen wesenlike en nie-wesenlike bedinge. Dit toon ook dat die huidige opvatting van statutêre formaliteite redelik buigsaam is en tot ‘n bevinding van geldigheid lei waar dit redelikerwys moontlik is. Gevalle van onbenoemde of versweë prinsipale bied egter besondere uitdagings in hierdie verband en die moontlikheid word ondersoek om ‘n meer konsekwente, maar tegelyk teoreties-gefundeerde benadering te volg. ‘n Bespreking van wat op skrif moet wees, en met watter mate van sekerheid, behels noodwendig ‘n oorweging van die mate waarin ekstrinsieke getuienis toelaatbaar is. Die interaksie tussen formaliteite en die parol evidence-reël word derhalwe ondersoek. Spesiale aandag word bestee aan inlywing deur verwysing. Na oorweging van die benadering in gemeenregtelike stelsels, word die gevolgtrekking bereik dat ruimte bestaan vir ontwikkeling op hierdie gebied, veral met betrekking tot ‘n voldoende verwysing na ‘n ander dokument. Rektifikasie word ook breedvoerig hanteer, vanweë die eiesoortige benadering in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg. Waar formaliteite konstitutief van aard is, sal ‘n Suid-Afrikaanse hof eers vasstel dat ‘n ooreenkoms ex facie die dokument aan die formaliteite voldoen, voordat dit sal oorweeg of rektifikasie moontlik is. ‘n Ontleding van sivielregtelike en gemeenregtelike beslissings dui daarop dat die Suid-Afrikaanse benadering op ‘n wanbegrip van die doel van rektifikasie gebaseer is. Dit lei tot die verdere gevolgtrekking dat die vereiste van ex facie nakoming as ‘n afsonderlike stap afgeskaf behoort te word en dat ‘n hof eerder moet oorweeg of die toestaan van ‘n eis vir rektifikasie die oogmerke van die formaliteite in die algemeen sou verydel. Laastens word aandag geskenk aan die remedies beskikbaar aan ‘n party wat presteer ingevolge ‘n ooreenkoms wat nietig is weens nie-nakoming van formaliteite, asook die effek van volle prestasie kragtens so ‘n ooreenkoms. In eersgenoemde geval beperk die Suid-Afrikaanse reg daardie party tot ‘n verrykingseis. ‘n Ondersoek van die remedies beskikbaar in ander regstelsels toon dat dit onnodig beperkend is. Dit word aangevoer dat Suid-Afrikaanse howe die uitsluiting van estoppel in hierdie konteks moet heroorweeg, veral in gevalle waar een party se gewetenlose optrede daartoe lei dat die ander party staat maak op die formeel-gebrekkige ooreenkoms. In gevalle van volledige prestasie is daar geen remedies beskikbaar nie, maar dit word aangevoer dat ‘n onderskeid getref moet word tussen wedersydse en eensydige prestasies.
Rainer, Anneli, and Michelle Odiso. "Berättigande av bilddiagnostiska undersökningar : En kvalitativ empirisk intervjustudie med röntgensjuksköterskor och radiologer." Thesis, Jönköping University, HHJ, Avd. för naturvetenskap och biomedicin, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-53221.
Background: The number of image diagnostic examinations is increasing. There is a need to implement guidelines for referrals to the X-ray department. 20% of all DT examinations are deemed not to be justified. In 2017, implementation and translation into local conditions of iGuide in trial was initiated in one of Sweden's regions. The aim: The aim is to study the experiences of radiographers and radiologists from the justification of examinations in the X-ray department. Method: An empirical study with qualitative design. The inductive approach was applied. Semi-structured interviews were applied with licensed radiographers and radiologist. The interview material was analyzed with a manifesto content analysis. Results: The analysis resulted in the following subcategories: The meaning of justification, The shared responsibility in justification, Unjustified referrals and actions, Remittent and patient impact on justification, The organization impact on justification, The accessibility of various modalities affect justification, IGuide is based on the problems of justification, and The results of the iGuide-project. The subcategories form three categories: Justification of examinations, Existence of unjustified examinations, and IGuide as a means of achieving increased justification. Conclusion: X-ray utilization is increasing and thus the problems with justification. The radiologists experience that the lack of time affects justification negatively, also that the remittance often has difficulty in denying patients. Radiographers experience that communication between departments is important for justification. The increased range of modalities is described as affecting. IGuide increases the proportion of justified examinations, and reduces the number of requested imaging examinations, but the system needs to be given a greater user-friendliness.
Lewis, Linton Aron. "The blacklisting of St. Vincent and the Grenadines by the FATF as a non-cooperative country in the fight against money laundering and the categorisation by the OECD as an uncooperative tax haven : justified or unjustified?" Thesis, Durham University, 2004. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1749/.
Butkevičiūtė, Indrė. "Apsauga nuo nepagrįsto atleidimo iš darbo pagal nacionalinę ir tarptautinę teisę." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2007. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20070102_205522-18413.
There are researched questions of protection from unjustified dismissal in this work. This theme is not new, but it is not properly studied. There is given too little attention for analysis of protection from unjustified dismissal in law literature. In pursuance of hypothesis, that Lithuanian law, which regulate protection from unjustified dismissal, are parallel to international standards; there are analyzed international and national law standards for protection from unjustified dismissal. In the first part of work there is analyzed conception of unjustified dismissal, which is consolidated in International Law Organization, Europe Union as international regional organization and national law acts. After accomplishing of law analysis of standard acts it is concluded, that there is not given definition of unjustified dismissal in the researched international and national law acts. Legitimacy of dismissal is related with criteria of important reasons. In the second part of work there is discussed and by comparative aspect analyzed measures of protection from unjustified dismissal, which are consolidated in international and Europe Union member states national law acts. In the third part generalised the practice of Lithuanian Highest Court in cases of unjustified dismissal. There is given the interpretation of Labour Code of Lithuanian law standards by Lithuanian Highest Court, because judiciary practice is promoting application of fair and equal law standards. Also reviewing... [to full text]
Gouëzel, Antoine. "La subsidiarité en droit privé." Thesis, Paris 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA020062.
Subsidiarity of unjustified enrichment claims, subsidiarity of the lex fori, subsidiary pleadings, subsidiary obligation of the members of companies with unlimited liability, etc. : subsidiarity is recurrent in private law. However, its mechanism is not clearly understood. Subsidiarity creates order in law. It is a coordination technique of rival elements, which makes access to the subsidiary element subject to the default of the first element. As long as the first element can produce its effect, the subsidiary element is blocked. The purpose of subsidiarity is to create a hierarchy between those elements: it states the primacy of the first element, seen with favor, on the subsidiary element, which is considered a backup. This mechanism is useful in contract law. An obligation is subsidiary when it is subject to the default of another obligation; it matches the pattern of a conditional obligation. Normal payment is expected from the debtor of the primary obligation; the intervention of the subsidiary debtor is seen as pathological. In order to sue the subsidiary debtor, the creditor must prove that the primary obligation is in default. The former can invoke all the exceptions which prove that this event, which can be defined in a variety of ways, has not occurred. The concept of subsidiary obligations is important in legal operations involving three persons, and encourages to reconsider our understanding of solidary obligations
Glover, Graham. "Methinks he doth protest too much - recovering unjustified payments made under duress and protest." 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/70744.
Glover, Graham Brian. "The doctrine of duress in the law of contract and unjustified enrichment in South Africa." Thesis, 2004. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/45/1/thesis.pdf.
Glover, Graham Brian. "The doctrine of duress in the law of contract and unjustified enrichment in South Africa /." 2003. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/45/.
CHENG, YU-HAN, and 鄭宇涵. "A Study on Claim for Returning Unjustified Enrichment in Public Law — In Case of Nullification of Illegal Administrative Act." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/8k6b4w.
中國文化大學
法律學系
104
First, this paper will discuss the topic about what is the meaning of returning unjustified enrichment in public law. The main occurrence of this topic has three aspects which are “the change of property”, “based on the relationship of public law” and “without legal reasons”. This phenomenon caused by the lack of legal reason and the request of changing property. The purpose of establishing the system of returning unjustified enrichment in public law is to adjust the relationship of various public laws without using any legal reason of changing someone’s property situation, but to follow the appropriate situation of the law. Therefore, returning unjustified enrichment in public law and returning unjustified enrichment in civil code are parallel systems with similar functions. The returning unjustified enrichment in public law can also divided into three categories based on the right of request or the request person. Those three types are "the request from people to administrative agency ", "the administrative agencies request to each other " and "the administrative agency request to people ". Under the legal stability of the public law, the request of the property law claims that it has to obey the limitation period, neither it is administrative agency request to people nor people request to administrative agency. While determine whether the returning unjustified enrichment is valid in the public law cases. The cases must go through all three steps which are “the change of property”, “based on the relationship of public law" and “without legal reasons ".
Kolářová, Eva. "Ochrana dobré pověsti právnické osoby." Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-310721.
Pilík, Václav. "Bezdůvodné obohacení v českém právním řádu." Doctoral thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-322458.
Loukotová, Šárka. "Bezdůvodné obohacení v obchodním právu." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-337190.
Petrov, Jan. "Bezdůvodné obohacení ze srovnávacího pohledu." Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-352285.
Pereira, Joana da Silva. "O confisco: a bem da justiça ou lucro do estado?" Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/83903.
Nos dias que correm, em que o sistema financeiro se encontra debilitado, é fundamental que os Estados encontrem mecanismos de combate ao crime, bem como, que os mesmos sejam capazes de recuperar a riqueza resultante da prática de tais crimes.A reação penal dos Estados têm-se centrado na aplicação de sanções aos arguidos, deixando de lado os lucros.A nível internacional tem sido proposto o Confisco, como um mecanismo imprescindível, preterindo a sua proibição, procurando por sua vez, um maior Confisco, admissível no quadro de um Estado de Direito. O Tribunal Europeu dos Direitos do Homem já se pronunciou, várias vezes, pela conformidade dos mecanismos de Confisco.Face a esta constatação, a presente dissertação tem como objectivo conhecer da possibilidade de Confisco, bem como a sua distinção em relação ao enriquecimento ilícito/injustificado. Tendo como por base a posição do Tribunal Europeu dos Direitos do Homem na condenação dos Estados, ou não, em matéria de Confisco.Nos dias que correm, em que o sistema financeiro se encontra debilitado, é fundamental que os Estados encontrem mecanismos de combate ao crime, bem como, que os mesmos sejam capazes de recuperar a riqueza resultante da prática de tais crimes.A reação penal dos Estados têm-se centrado na aplicação de sanções aos arguidos, deixando de lado os lucros.A nível internacional tem sido proposto o Confisco, como um mecanismo imprescindível, preterindo a sua proibição, procurando por sua vez, um maior Confisco, admissível no quadro de um Estado de Direito. O Tribunal Europeu dos Direitos do Homem já se pronunciou, várias vezes, pela conformidade dos mecanismos de Confisco.Face a esta constatação, a presente dissertação tem como objectivo conhecer da possibilidade de Confisco, bem como a sua distinção em relação ao enriquecimento ilícito/injustificado. Tendo como por base a posição do Tribunal Europeu dos Direitos do Homem na condenação dos Estados, ou não, em matéria de Confisco.
At the present times, in which the financial system is quite damaged and weak it is essential that the sates find out mechanisms to fight against crime, as well as that the same might be able to recover the resulting wealthy that comes from such crime practises. States criminal reaction has been focused in the defendant’s sanctions application leaving aside the profits. At international level confiscation has been purposed as an indispensable mechanism, neglecting its prohibition, and, once more looking for a more appropriate confiscation in the frame of the State of Law. The European Court of Man’s Rights has already pronounced, several times, about the conformity of confiscation mechanisms. Assuming this confirmation, the present essay has as main purpose to know distinction related to unjustified/illicit enrichment. Having as basis the European Court of Man’s Rights conviction, or not in what confiscation is concerned.At the present times, in which the financial system is quite damaged and weak it is essential that the sates find out mechanisms to fight against crime, as well as that the same might be able to recover the resulting wealthy that comes from such crime practises. States criminal reaction has been focused in the defendant’s sanctions application leaving aside the profits. At international level confiscation has been purposed as an indispensable mechanism, neglecting its prohibition, and, once more looking for a more appropriate confiscation in the frame of the State of Law. The European Court of Man’s Rights has already pronounced, several times, about the conformity of confiscation mechanisms. Assuming this confirmation, the present essay has as main purpose to know distinction related to unjustified/illicit enrichment. Having as basis the European Court of Man’s Rights conviction, or not in what confiscation is concerned.
Perlman, Leon Joseph. "Legal and regulatory aspects of mobile financial services." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/13362.
Public, Constitutional and International Law
LLD