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Journal articles on the topic 'Addisons disease'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

Bathula, Akanksha, Sanjana Nagulapally, Vaishnavi Nelikanti, Vairale Ashwini, Ankireddy Neha, and Devi Yasa Gayatri. "Addisons Disease: A Brief Review." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology (IJISRT) 9, no. 2 (2024): 7. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10691605.

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Addison’s disease is a rare condition which occurs due to improper function or damage of the adrenal glands. The two outer layers of cells of the adrenal glands i.e. adrenal cortex are responsible for the production of several steroid hormones. Addison’s disease, also known as primary adrenal insufficiency, result from the insufficient production of these two hormones, cortisol and aldosterone. These hormones help regulate metabolism, blood pressure and stress response. The absence of cortisol and aldosterone can affect almost every organ and tissue in the body. The symptoms of Add

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2

Sak, H., I. Adali, and F. Manoudi. "TROUBLE PSYCHOTIQUE BREF REVELANT UNE DECOMPENSATION DE LA MALADIE DADDISON : A PROPOS DUN CAS." International Journal of Advanced Research 11, no. 04 (2023): 414–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/16674.

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Addisons disease is a relatively rare endocrine disorder thatgenerally results from a slow progresss deficiency in the adrenal cortex. The psychiatric symptoms at the onset of the disease are typically represented by a depressive state and instinctive disorders, which may be confused with a psychiatric etiology, delay diagnosis, and/or constitute a circumstance for the discovery of this disease. Furthermore, the occurrence of psychotic disorders is rarely described in cases of adrenal insufficiency, and can sometimes occur during an acute decompensation of the disease. The link between these t

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3

Jones, David E. J. "Addisons' other disease: primary biliary cirrhosis as a model autoimmune disease." Clinical Medicine 3, no. 4 (2003): 351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7861/clinmedicine.3-4-351.

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4

OE, KENJI. "A case of Addisons' disease complicated by low gonadotropin hypogonadism." Nihon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 82, no. 6 (1993): 911–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2169/naika.82.911.

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Rouimi, Leila, Sana Abourazzak, Sanae Chaouki, and Moustapha Hida. "APECED SYNDROME (FAMILY OBSERVATION)." International Journal of Advanced Research 11, no. 03 (2023): 693–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/16483.

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Introduction: APECED (Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy Candidiasis Ectodermal Dystrophy) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by the association of autoimmune endocrine involvement, mucocutaneous candidiasis and ectodermal tissue involvement. Observation: We report the case of 2 brothers from a 2nd degree consanguineous marriage with a history of 2 deaths in the siblings for whom the diagnosis of APECED syndrome was retained on clinical and biological criteria (genetic study in progress).The eldest had candidous onychomycosis of the hands and feet, generalized mucocutaneous candidiasis

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6

Muralinath, E., Devi Pooja, Chbukdhara Prasanta, et al. "Drugs Acting On Adreno Cortico Trophic Hormones." Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews in Virology & Microbiology 1, no. 1 (2024): 13–15. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10837718.

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<em>The production of adreno corticotropic hormone ( ACTH ) occurs by pituitary gland and activates the adrenal glands to release cortisol. The synthetic drugs namely corticosteroids mimic the effects of natural cortisol. Addisons disease is manifested by adrenal I sufficient iency and frequently necessitate corticosteroid replacement therapy to control normal physiological activities. Glucocorticoid receptor modulators (GRMs) influence glucocorticoid receptors and minimize the side effects related broad _ activity corticosteroids. Synthetic ACTH analogs play a role in replicating the hormone

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7

Bhandhavi, V., and A. Rabia. "A Middle-Aged Adult with Persistent Fatigue and Hyperpigmentation." medtigo Journal of Medicine 2, no. 1 (2024): e3032213. https://doi.org/10.63096/medtigo3062213.

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Addison's disease is a rare endocrine illness caused by inadequate adrenal activity resulting from multiple reasons. It frequently presents with weight loss. The patients may seek advice from other experts and may even need to be admitted to the hospital immediately before the problem is diagnosed. Autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes (APS) kinds 1 & 2 sometimes exhibit a high prevalence of coexistence with other autoimmune illnesses. In this case, we report an individual who sought assistance from the medical team subsequent to prior referrals to gastrointestinal services as a result of end

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8

Tverskaya, S. S. "The Literary Description of Addison's Disease (From the Story by I. S. Turgenev "A Living Relic")." Medicina 8, no. 2 (2020): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.29234/2308-9113-2020-8-2-117-126.

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Retrospective diagnosis of disease of Lukerya, female protagonist of the story is Turgenev's "Living relic" from “A Sportsman's Sketches” series. The aim of the study is to clarify the diagnosis. Based on the acute onset of the disease, due to injury, the presence of "bronze" skin pigmentation, pronounced adynamia, exhaustion, Addison's disease is diagnosed. Given the detailed literary characteristics of the disease, it is proposed to name Addison's disease as "Addison–Turgenev's disease" and "Lukerya's disease".

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9

Raman, Srimathy, Prakruthi KP, Vinutha G, and Padmalatha Venkataram. "Management considerations in Addison’s disease complicating pregnancy." Indian Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research 8, no. 2 (2021): 273–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijogr.2021.057.

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Addison’s disease is a rare endocrine disorder. We present the management of a pregnant lady with Addison’s disease. She was managed jointly with the endocrinologists and the titrated dose of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone dosage was regulated. Her antenatal care was uneventful and she had emergency caesarean section at 39 weeks in view of abnormal CTG. Her labour was appropriately covered with rescue steroids. However she went into hypotension immediately after delivery. She was resuscitated and was managed further in ICU where high dose steroids were given. She made an uneventful recover

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10

Fadeev, V. V., I. I. Buziashvili, and I. I. Dedov. "Etiological and clinical structure of primary chronic adrenal insufficiency: retrospective analysis of 426 cases." Problems of Endocrinology 44, no. 6 (1998): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl11664.

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A retrospective analysis of case histories of 426 patients with primary chronic adrenal insufficiency (1-AI), followed up at Endocrinology Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, and/or Endocrinology Clinic of I. M. Setchenov Moscow Medical Academy in 1954-1977, was carried out in order to assess the etiological and clinical structure of this disease. The idiopathic form of Addison 's disease prevailed over its tuberculous form (70 and 30%), respectively); dynamic assessment of morbidity over the above period showed a progressive predominance of the idiopathic form. 1-AI is more

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Ravulapalli, K. C., and N. Sud. "Neuropsychiatric presentations of hypocortisolaemia - a literature review." European Psychiatry 66, S1 (2023): S285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2023.643.

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IntroductionPatient populations in psychiatry can have low cortisol for many reasons such as adrenalitis, secondary adrenal insufficiency and poor compliance with glucocorticoid replacement therapies. A literature review in 2005 highlighted the prevalence of neuropsychiatric features in those with low cortisol. Unfortunately, this has received little to no attention in the wider literature and hypocortisolaemia is often overlooked as a cause of neuropsychiatric presentations in clinical practice.ObjectivesReview the literature to understand what psychiatric features hypocortisolaemic patients

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12

O. Mansour, Mohamed, Shaker A. Majrashi, Ahmed A. Bafaraj, Fatmah A. Alhalawani, Raniya T. Ashi, and Alaa A. Alrashdi. "MISLEADING POST PRANDIAL PAIN: MEDIAN ARCUATE LIGAMENT SYNDROME REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND CASE REPORT." International Journal of Advanced Research 10, no. 12 (2022): 389–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/15852.

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Introduction:Median arcuate ligament syndrome (MALS) is a rare disease with different names. Patients are usually young females, presenting with abdominal pain and weight loss. The symptoms are caused by compression of the celiac artery by the median arcuate ligament. Case report: A 35-year-old male patientwas admitted as a case of COVID, with a chronic history of postprandial abdominal pain. The patient was treated before for a helicobacterpylori infection after presentation with the same complaint. When he resolved his COVID condition, an abdominal computed tomography incidentally showed cel

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13

Troshina, E. A., A. A. Larina, M. S. Sheremeta, and N. M. Malisheva. "The prevalence of newly diagnosed autoimmune diseases among patients with Graves’ disease and autoimmune polyglandular syndrome of adults." Terapevticheskii arkhiv 92, no. 10 (2020): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.26442/00403660.2020.10.000737.

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Gravess disease is a common part of Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome (APS) and among thyroid autoimmune disorders is usually preceded the onset of the syndrome. Aim.The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of occurrence of APS type 2, 3 among patients with Graves disease. Materials and methods.Sera of 94 patients with Gravess disease, 116 patients with APS 24 types and 80 healthy subjects were screened for 21-OH Ab, insulin-Ab (IAA), Islet Cell-Ab (ICA), glutamic acid decarboxylase-Ab (GADA), protein tyrosine phosphatase-Ab (IA2), Zinc Transporter 8-Ab (ZnT8), Anti-gli

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Proença, Rodrigo Telles de, Tamara Balestrin Flores, Ricelli Endrigo Ruppel da Rocha, Vilmair Zancanaro, and Fábio Herget Pitanga. "Diagnosis and treatment of Addison’s Disease: a case report." Concilium 24, no. 11 (2024): 335–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.53660/clm-3524-24l05.

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This case report presents the diagnosis, clinical management, and treatment outcomes of a 29-year-old female GR patient diagnosed with Addison's Disease, a rare endocrine disorder characterized by primary adrenal insufficiency. Over two years, the patient exhibited significant clinical manifestations, including skin hyperpigmentation, severe weight loss, asthenia, nausea, and generalized weakness, which led to her eventual diagnosis. The case emphasizes the challenges of diagnosing Addison’s Disease due to its nonspecific symptoms and the critical importance of comprehensive clinical and bioch

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15

Söderbergh, Annika, Fredrik Rorsman, Maria Halonen, et al. "Autoantibodies against Aromatic l-Amino Acid Decarboxylase Identifies a Subgroup of Patients with Addison’s Disease1." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 85, no. 1 (2000): 460–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem.85.1.6266.

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Autoantibodies against aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) are present in about 50 percent of sera from patients with autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type I (APS I) but absent in sera from patients with different organ-specific autoimmune diseases, such as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, and Graves’ disease. AADC is expressed in the pancreatic β-cells, the liver, and the nervous system; and the presence of AADC antibodies has been shown to correlate to hepatitis and vitiligo in APS I patients. Among 101 investigated patients with autoimmune Addison’s dise

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16

Yadav, Sonam. "A review on Understanding Addison's Disease: From Early Symptoms to Accurate Diagnosis." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 09, no. 01 (2025): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem40468.

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Addison's disease, a rare endocrine disorder affecting approximately 1 in 100,000 individuals, is characterized by adrenal insufficiency due to adrenal cortex dysfunction. Initially described by Thomas Addison in 1855, the disease's etiology has shifted from infectious causes, such as tuberculosis, to autoimmune mechanisms, especially in industrialized countries. In children, congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a common cause, while autoimmune destruction dominates in adults. Autoimmune adrenal insufficiency is associated with various other autoimmune disorders, often manifesting as polygl

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17

Niaz, Furquana, Nadia Shams, Waquarahmed a, et al. "THYROID DISORDERS IN PATIENTS WITH MELASMA." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 5 (2021): 736–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12899.

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Background and objectives: Melasma, a common pigmentary disorder is major cosmetic concernamong patients. The aim of our study was to determine the frequency of thyroid disorders in melasma cases. Methodology: Thisobservational study was conducted at RIHS DermatologyDepartment Islamabad from 20thFebâ€“20thMay 2021. Diagnosed cases of melasma (>18 years) were selected via consecutive sampling technique.Themedically/surgically treated cases of thyroid, melasma secondary to other dermatosis, organ failure, Addisons disease, pregnancy and subclinical thyroid disorders were excluded. After detai

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18

Afroz, Shaikh Shirin, Mohd Farhad Alam, and Sumon Rahman Chowdhury. "Addison’s Disease : An Unusual Case Presentation." Journal of Chittagong Medical College Teachers' Association 29, no. 2 (2019): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jcmcta.v29i2.62538.

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Addison’s disease is a rare condition withan estimated incidence in the developed world of 0.8 cases per 100,000 and a prevalence of 4 to 11 cases per 100,000 population. Never the less, it is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, but once the diagnosis is made it can be easily treated. The symptoms vary in specificity from weakness, tiredness, fatigue, anorexia and gastrointestinal symptoms like nausea, vomiting, constipation, abdominal pain, and diarrhea to non-specific like salt craving, postural dizziness and muscle or joint pain. Biochemical abnormalities include hyponatrem

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19

Pokharel, Sunil, A. Shrestha, D. Maksey, et al. "Addisonian Crisis Precipitated By Thyroxine Therapy In A Patient With Type 2 Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome." Journal of Chitwan Medical College 3, no. 4 (2014): 54–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v3i4.9557.

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Primary hypoadrenalism(Addison’s disease) refers to glucocorticoid deficiency occurring in the setting of adrenal disease(mostly due to autoimmune adrenalitis), whereas secondary hypoadrenalism arises because of deficiency of ACTH(mostly due to pituitary disease) . A major distinction between these two is that mineralocorticoid deficiency invariably accompanies primary hypoadrenalism, but this does not occur in secondary hypoadrenalism because only ACTH is deficient; the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis is intact and in primary hypoadrenalism skin pigmentation is always present due to inc

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20

Papanastasiou, A., A. Roubi, L. Tsitrouli, et al. "Addison crisis related psychosis." European Psychiatry 65, S1 (2022): S474—S475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.1205.

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Introduction Addison’s disease (AD) is a rare disorder of the adrenal glands which causes deficiency of cortisol and aldosterone. It presents with a variety of symptoms, including neuropsychiatric manifestations. We discuss the case of a patient who exhibited psychotic symptoms in clear consciousness and no other clinical sign of AD. Objectives To investigate the association between AD and neuropsychiatric symptoms; to make clinicians aware of psychotic manifestations of AD as first presentation. Methods Case Presentation of a patient with psychosis and AD. A review of the literature was condu

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21

Ellis, Harold. "Thomas Addison: Addisonian (Pernicious) Anaemia, Addison's Disease of the Suprarenal Gland." Journal of Perioperative Practice 23, no. 1-2 (2013): 31–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1750458913023001-205.

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22

Thomsen, Hauke, Xinjun Li, Kristina Sundquist, Jan Sundquist, Asta Försti, and Kari Hemminki. "Familial associations for Addison’s disease and between Addison’s disease and other autoimmune diseases." Endocrine Connections 9, no. 11 (2020): 1114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/ec-20-0328.

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Design Addison’s disease (AD) is a rare autoimmune disease (AID) of the adrenal cortex, present as an isolated AD or part of autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes (APSs) 1 and 2. Although AD patients present with a number of AID co-morbidities, population-based family studies are scarce, and we aimed to carry out an unbiased study on AD and related AIDs. Methods We collected data on patients diagnosed with AIDs in Swedish hospitals and calculated standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) in families for concordant AD and for other AIDs, the latter as discordant relative risks. Results The number of AD

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Thomsen, Hauke, Xinjun Li, Kristina Sundquist, Jan Sundquist, Asta Försti, and Kari Hemminki. "Familial associations for Addison's disease and between Addison's disease and other autoimmune diseases." Endocrine Connections 9, no. 11 (2020): 1114–20. https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-20-0328.

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<strong>Design: </strong>Addison's disease (AD) is a rare autoimmune disease (AID) of the adrenal cortex, present as an isolated AD or part of autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes (APSs) 1 and 2. Although AD patients present with a number of AID co-morbidities, population-based family studies are scarce, and we aimed to carry out an unbiased study on AD and related AIDs. <strong>Methods: </strong>We collected data on patients diagnosed with AIDs in Swedish hospitals and calculated standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) in families for concordant AD and for other AIDs, the latter as d

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24

Uddin, MB, F. Zaman, KI Jahan, MH Tarafder, A. Hossain, and F. Rahman. "Reccurent episodes of vomiting and hyperpigmentation---Addison,s disease, a case report." TAJ: Journal of Teachers Association 29, no. 2 (2018): 66–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/taj.v29i2.39111.

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Addison’s disease can remain unrecognized for a longtime until acute adrenal insufficiency is precipitated by an acute stress. Addison’s disease usually presents with non-specific symptoms like fatigue, nausea, vomiting, hyperpigmentation and generalized weakness. These symptoms are most often ignored or misinterpreted with other more common diseases. This is the major reason that this disease is under-diagnosed. Therefore, to establish a diagnosis high index of suspicion is needed.We are reporting a case of 10 years old boy who presented with recurrent episode of severe vomiting and generaliz

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F. Magitta, Ng'weina, Mikuláš Pura, Anette S Bøe Wolff, et al. "Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type I in Slovakia: relevance of screening patients with autoimmune Addison's disease." European Journal of Endocrinology 158, no. 5 (2008): 705–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-07-0843.

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BackgroundAutoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type I (APS I) is a monogenic disease affecting endocrine glands and other organs due to mutations of the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene. There is a wide variability in clinical phenotypes in patients with APS I, which makes the diagnosis a challenge.ObjectiveTo screen for APS I among Slovakian patients with sporadic Addison's disease and clinical features that raised the suspicion of APS I.MethodsAll 14 exons and exon–intron boundaries of the AIRE gene were sequenced. In addition, autoantibodies specific for Addison's disease and polyendocrine syn

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Wardani Nur ali, Intan, Putu Devara Karunia Esa, and Henry Henry. "Case Report: Tuberculosis Addison’s Disease." Jurnal Multidisiplin Indonesia 1, no. 1 (2022): 167–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.58344/jmi.v1i1.18.

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Penyakit Addison adalah terjadinya insufisiensi adrenokortikal primer karena berbagai etiologi. Morbiditas dan mortalitas yang terkait dengan penyakit Addison biasanya karena kegagalan atau keterlambatan dalam membuat diagnosis atau kegagalan untuk memberikan penggantian/terapi glukokortikoid dan mineralokortikoid yang memadai. Pengetahuan tentang penyakit Addison dapat mengarah pada diagnosis yang cepat dan manajemen yang lebih awal setelah diagnosis dibuat. Kami bertemu dengan seorang pasien wanita berusia 54 tahun dengan keluhan lemas, nafsu makan menurun, gangguan menstruasi dan perubahan

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27

Brandão Neto, Rodrigo Antonio, and Jozélio Freire de Carvalho. "Erythema induratum of Bazin associated with Addison's disease: first description." Sao Paulo Medical Journal 130, no. 6 (2012): 405–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-31802012000600008.

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CONTEXT: Erythema induratum of Bazin (EIB) is considered to be a tuberculid reaction and consists of recurrent painful nodules. The differential diagnosis includes diseases like nodular vasculitis, perniosis, polyarteritis nodosa and erythema nodosum. CASE REPORT: We report the case of a woman with EIB who developed Addison's disease during treatment with anti-tuberculosis drugs with good response to glucocorticoid replacement. The diagnosis was obtained through the clinical picture, positive tuberculin test and positive BCG (bacillus Calmette-Guérin) test on the histological sample. Anti-tube

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AKSHATA T C and N K KAALAPPANAVAR. "Addison’s disease with marfanoid features." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 18, no. 3 (2023): 574–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2023.18.3.0440.

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Addison’s disease is a rare endocrine disease resulting from adrenal insufficiency due to various causes. This is a case report of Addison’s disease in a young boy 13 year old who presented with 2 months History of darkening of the skin, not gaining weight and decreased appetite was combined with subsequent biochemical testing a diagnosis of Addison’s was made and on General Physical examination patient had marfanoid features.

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Papadopoulos, Konstantin I., and Bengt Hallengren. "Polyglandular autoimmune syndrome Type II in patients with idiopathic Addison's disease." Acta Endocrinologica 122, no. 4 (1990): 472–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.1220472.

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Abstract. The frequency of polyglandular autoimmune syndrome Type II, (idiopathic or autoimmune Addison's disease associated with autoimmune thyroid disease, and/or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus), was retrospectively investigated in 44 patients (26 females and 18 males) with idiopathic Addison's disease (median age at onset 32.5 years, range 8–62; median observation time 17 years, range 0.5–41) evaluated between 1966 and 1988 in the Department of Endocrinology, General Hospital, Malmö. Twenty-two patients (16 females and 6 males) fulfilled the criteria for polyglandular autoimmune syndro

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Simpson, Vincent, and Antonia M. Brooke. "Addison's disease." Medicine 49, no. 8 (2021): 498–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2021.05.010.

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Stoffer, Sheldon S. "Addison's disease." Postgraduate Medicine 93, no. 4 (1993): 265–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00325481.1993.11701651.

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Chodosh, Lewis A., та Gilbert H. Daniels. "Addisonʼs Disease". Endocrinologist 3, № 3 (1993): 166–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00019616-199305000-00002.

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BROCH, OLE JACOB. "Addison's Disease." Acta Medica Scandinavica 125, no. 5 (2009): 395–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0954-6820.1946.tb09261.x.

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Baker, S. J. K., and J. A. H. Wass. "Addison's disease." BMJ 339, jul02 1 (2009): b2384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b2384.

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Vaidya, B., A. J. Chakera, and C. Dick. "Addison's disease." BMJ 339, jul02 1 (2009): b2385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b2385.

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Brooke, Antonia M., and John P. Monson. "Addison's disease." Medicine 33, no. 11 (2005): 20–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1383/medc.2005.33.11.20.

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Turner, Jeremy. "Addison's Disease." Medicine 29, no. 11 (2001): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1383/medc.29.11.19.28423.

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Marzotti, Stefania, and Alberto Falorni. "Addison's Disease." Autoimmunity 37, no. 4 (2004): 333–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08916930410001705466.

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Brooke, Antonia M., and John P. Monson. "Addison's disease." Medicine 37, no. 8 (2009): 416–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2009.05.006.

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Brooke, Antonia M., and John P. Monson. "Addison's disease." Medicine 41, no. 9 (2013): 522–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2013.06.006.

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Brooke, Antonia M., and John P. Monson. "Addison's disease." Medicine 45, no. 8 (2017): 492–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2017.05.006.

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Løvås, Kristian, and Eystein S. Husebye. "Addison's disease." Lancet 365, no. 9476 (2005): 2058–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)66700-1.

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Nieman, Lynnette K., and Maria L. Chanco Turner. "Addison's disease." Clinics in Dermatology 24, no. 4 (2006): 276–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2006.04.006.

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Granger, C. "Addison's disease." BMJ 313, no. 7054 (1996): 426–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.313.7054.426c.

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Sridhar, MS, and PPavan Kumar. "Addison's disease." Journal of Clinical and Scientific Research 2, no. 3 (2013): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2277-5706.241268.

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Gambelunghe, Giovanni, Alberto Falorni, Mehran Ghaderi, et al. "Microsatellite Polymorphism of the MHC Class I Chain-Related (MIC-A and MIC-B) Genes Marks the Risk for Autoimmune Addison’s Disease." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 84, no. 10 (1999): 3701–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem.84.10.6069.

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Abstract The major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related MIC-A and MIC-B genes are located on chromosome 6 between the histocompatibility leucocyte antigen (HLA)-B and the B-associated transcript genes. The presence of 21-hydroxylase autoantibodies is a sensitive and specific marker of autoimmune Addison’s disease. We studied the polymorphism of exon 5 of the MIC-A gene, of intron 1 of the MIC-B gene, and of HLA-DRB1, -DQA1, and -DQB1 genes in 28 autoimmune (21-hydroxylase autoantibody positive) Addison’s disease patients and in 75 healthy subjects from central Italy. The MIC-A5.1 a

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Betterle, C., C. Scalici, F. Presotto, et al. "The natural history of adrenal function in autoimmune patients with adrenal autoantibodies." Journal of Endocrinology 117, no. 3 (1988): 467–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1170467.

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ABSTRACT Adrenal autoantibodies (AA) were found in 23 of 2571 (0·9%) patients with organ-specific autoimmune diseases, in one of 632 first-degree relatives of insulin-dependent diabetic patients, and in none of 375 normal controls. In AA-positive subjects the prevalence of human leucocyte antigens (HLA)-A1, -B8 and -DR3 was significantly higher with respect to the general population. Two groups were followed (15 subjects persistently positive for AA and 51 negative subjects) for a mean period of 3·2 years. Yearly tests were made for AA and adrenal function. Of the 15 subjects persistently posi

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AKSHATA, T. C., and K. KAALAPPANAVAR N. "Addison's disease with marfanoid features." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 18, no. 3 (2023): 574–76. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8431134.

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Addison’s disease is a rare endocrine disease resulting from adrenal insufficiency due to various causes. This is a case report of Addison’s disease in a young boy 13 year old who presented with 2 months History of darkening of the skin, not gaining weight and decreased appetite was combined with subsequent biochemical testing a diagnosis of Addison’s was made and on General Physical examination patient had marfanoid features.

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Ficorelli, Carmel T. "Addison disease." Nursing Made Incredibly Easy! 11, no. 2 (2013): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.nme.0000426301.80485.d8.

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Cherqaoui, Rabia, Mehreen Husain, Sujay Madduri, Pamela Okolie, Gail Nunlee-Bland, and James Williams. "A Reversible Cause of Skin Hyperpigmentation and Postural Hypotension." Case Reports in Hematology 2013 (2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/680459.

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Vitamin B12deficiency results in neuropsychiatric, hematologic, gynecologic, cardiovascular, and cutaneous manifestations. It is seen most commonly in the elderly, malabsorption diseases (>60% of all cases), vegans, and vegetarians. Manifestations of pernicious anemia may be similar to Addison disease and may lead to a misdiagnosis. Herein, we report two cases of vitamin B12deficiency in which clinical features shared many similarities with Addison disease. Both patients presented with progressive darkening of hands and postural hypotension that reversed with replenishment of vitamin B12. V

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