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Books on the topic 'Axe HPA'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

See, Lisa. Tuyết Hoa và cây quạt bí mật. NXB Hội nhà văn, 2008.

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2

Erbstösser, Martin. Les hérétiques au Moyen-Age. Presses du Languedoc, 1988.

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3

Arnold, Henry Harley. American airpower comes of age: General Henry H. "Hap" Arnold's World War II diaries. Air University Press, 2002.

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4

W, Huston John, ed. American airpower comes of age: General Henry H. "Hap" Arnold's World War II diaries. Air University Press, 2002.

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5

Arnold, Henry Harley. American airpower comes of age: General Henry H. "Hap" Arnold's World War II diaries. Air University Press, 2001.

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6

McFarland, R. T. The effects of donor blood age on T-lymphocyte subsets and HLA-DR expression on surgical patients requiring blood transfusions. The Author], 1988.

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7

Barkai, Ron. Les infortunes de Dinah: Le livre de la génération : la gynécologie juive au Moyen Age. Cerf, 1991.

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8

Đin, Nav Đah Plisk. Big-bang ERP implementation at a global company. Idea Group Pub., 2000.

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9

Manning, Rubin, ed. Keep your brain alive: 83 neurobic exercises to help prevent memory loss and increase mental fitness. Workman Pub., 1999.

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10

Brogan, Patrick. World Conflicts Why and Where They Are Hap. Trafalgar Square, 1989.

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11

Patisaul, Heather B., and Scott M. Belcher. The Neuroendocrine System and General Mechanisms of Endocrine Disruption. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199935734.003.0004.

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The neuroendocrine system is the interface between the endocrine and nervous systems. This chapter presents an overview of the neuroendocrine system and endogenous hormones, with a primary focus on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis (HPT). The importance of impacts of exogenous compounds, both natural and man-made, on the neuroendocrine system is discussed, with a focus on endocrine-disruptive actions of plant-derived phytoestrogens and the role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor as an environme
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12

Merel, Jean Maurice, and Jr Gregory Posey. HP ASE Network Infrastructure Official Certification HP0-Y32 Exam Guide. HP Press, 2011.

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13

DeSanders, Diane. Hap and Hazard and the End of the World. Bellevue Literary Press, 2018.

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14

Colbert, Robert A., and Paul Bowness. Immune mechanisms: HLA-B27. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198734444.003.0006.

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HLA-B27 is present in the majority of patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Although we have learned a considerable amount about the natural immunologic function of HLA class I proteins, this has not provided a definitive mechanism of AS pathogenesis. While HLA-B27 is adept at presenting antigenic peptides to CD8+ T cells, ‘arthritogenic’ peptides targeted by a cross-reactive T or natural killer cell response have not been described, nor have autoreactive T cells been found. Newer concepts have evolved based on the propensity of HLA-B27 to ‘misbehave’, both inside cells and on the cell su
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15

Agarwal, Anil, Neil Borley, and Greg McLatchie. Hepato-pancreato-biliary (HPB) surgery. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199608911.003.0003.

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This chapter on hepato-pancreato-biliary surgery covers the endoscopic retrograde cholangio pancreatogram (ERCP), liver resection, pancreatico-duodenectomy (Whipple’s procedure), and necrosectomy. Steps of surgery for chronic pancreatitis are mentioned, as are the procedures that are carried out for this condition.
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16

Steiger, Axel. Sleep in endocrine disorders. Edited by Sudhansu Chokroverty, Luigi Ferini-Strambi, and Christopher Kennard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682003.003.0044.

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Related to bidirectional interaction between electrophysiological and endocrine activity during sleep, which are assessed by sleep electroencephalography (EEG) and hormone profiles, respectively, sleep changes occur frequently in endocrine disorders. In most of these disorders, sleep is impaired. Only in patients with prolactinoma is slow-wave sleep elevated. This chapter summarizes the current knowledge on sleep in disorders of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) and hypothalamic–pituitary–somatotropic (HPS) systems, in hypo- and hyperthyroidism, in diabetes mellitus, in prolactin
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17

Arnold, Henry Harley. American Airpower Comes Of Age: General Henry H. Hap Arnold's World War Ii Diaries. University Press of the Pacific, 2004.

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18

Herrero, Rolando, and Raul Murillo. Cervical Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0048.

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Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women worldwide, with more than 500,000 cases and 250,000 deaths per year. The disease is characterized by marked regional differences, with more than 80% of the cases and deaths occurring in developing countries. The etiology and natural history of the disease are very well studied, with persistent infection with one of thirteen human papillomavirus (HPV) types now considered to be a necessary cause. The molecular mechanisms have also been elucidated and are mediated mainly by the expression of viral oncogenes that interfere with cellular pa
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19

We are dancing for you: Native feminisms and the revitalization of women's coming-of-age ceremonies. University of Washington Press, 2018.

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20

Patisaul, Heather B., and Scott M. Belcher. Receptor and Enzyme Mechanisms as Targets for Endocrine Disruptors. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199935734.003.0005.

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In this chapter, the current understanding of the mechanisms of endocrine disruption on the brain and nervous system are presented. Because the overwhelming majority of mechanistic studies on EDCs have focused on the actions mediated by nuclear hormone receptors, this mechanisms is described in detail. The chapter also discusses the classic transcriptional mechanisms of steroid action and the impact of EDCs on rapid signaling (non-genomic) mechanisms. It presents an overview of the enzymes and pathways involved in the biosynthesis of steroid hormones, which are critical to proper functioning o
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21

Young, Allan H., and Mario F. Juruena. Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198789284.003.0006.

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Increased adrenocortical secretion of hormones, primarily cortisol in depression, is one of the most consistent findings in neuropsychiatry. The maintenance of the internal homeostatic state of an individual is facilitated by the ability to circulate glucocorticoids to exert negative feedback on the secretion of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) hormones through binding to mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors, thus limiting the vulnerability to diseases related to psychological stress in genetically predisposed individuals. The HPA axis response to stress can be thought of as a cr
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22

Schulkin, Jay. Conservation of CRF in Brains and its Regulation by Adrenal Steroids. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198793694.003.0003.

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The regulation of the HPA axis has been categorized as the classical mechanism of slow-acting genomic regulation of gene products, but this has given way to both slow and fast regulation of the HPA axis. We do not know how cortisol restrains the production of CRF in the paraventricular nucleus, thereby directly decreasing ACTH and, subsequently, cortisol; we know the classical negative-feedback regulatory system, which provides a mechanism, but how it works, well, that is another thing. Glucocorticoids restrain the HPA axis, but not other regions of the brain, such as the central nucleus of th
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23

Lemel, Schwartz, ред. Maḥzor Rosh ha-Shanah: ʻim perush Me-Asher shemenah : ale tfiles̀ un piyuṭim ibergeṭayṭshṭ oyf Idish. A.L. Shṿarṭts, 1986.

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24

Yehuda, Rachel. Neuroendocrinology of PTSD. Edited by Charles B. Nemeroff and Charles R. Marmar. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259440.003.0020.

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Initial studies on the neuroendocrine basis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) showed a biological dysregulation of stress response systems that appeared to be incompatible with the stress response theories that had prevailed when PTSD was first established as a diagnosis. Cortisol levels were found to be lower and catecholamine higher in patients with PTSD than in those with major depression and other psychiatric disorders. There was no explanation for why levels of two stress hormones that are generally correlated—cortisol and norepinephrine—would be different, and it was also not clea
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25

Lightman, Stafford. Can neurobiology explain the relationship between stress and disease? Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780198530343.003.0006.

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This chapter explores if neurobiology can explain the relationship between stress and disease. It considers if events that occurred early in life, perhaps during a period of prolonged stress, may affect biological processes, sometimes permanently, through changes in the midbrain neurotransmitter concentrations, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and the central nervous system (CNS). Animal models of stress are used to demonstrate these changes.
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26

O'Mullane, Monica, ed. Integrating Health Impact Assessment with the Policy Process. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199639960.001.0001.

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Health Impact Assessment (HIA) is a policy-support instrument and approach that seeks to assess the health impacts of projects, programmes and policies on population health. The ultimate goal of HIA is to systematically predict health impacts and subsequently inform the intersectoral decision- and policy-making processes of these impacts. This resource examines how the process of integrating HIA with policy can take place. Introductory chapters outline the HIA process and provide a conceptual foundation for the book. Then, drawing from experiences of HIA practice and research globally, country
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27

Rider, Jennifer R., Paul Brennan, and Pagona Lagiou. Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676827.003.0007.

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This chapter covers cancer of the oral cavity and the oropharynx, which includes the base of the tongue, soft palate, tonsils, and back and side walls of the throat. Many important risk factors for oral and oropharyngeal cancer have been identified, and in 2007 the World Health Organization determined there was sufficient evidence to include human papilloma virus (HPV) type 16 as a cause of these cancers. Tobacco and alcohol remain important modifiable risk factors, but the increasing incidence of HPV-associated tumors is now evident. While these tumors are more amenable to treatment than HPV-
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28

Martin, Jeffrey J. Theory of Planned Behavior and Stages of Change Models. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190638054.003.0035.

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The theory of planned behavior (TPB) and stages of change (SOC) models have been used to predict physical activity (PA) in people with disabilities. The purpose of this chapter is to give an overview of the TPB and SOC models and the research findings stemming from testing them in people with impairments. The health action process approach (HAPA), designed with individuals with disabilities, is also introduced, along with suggested future research using the HAPA. The HAPA is in many ways a meta-theory, as it incorporates many constructs from theories discussed here and in other chapters. For i
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29

Lal, Mira. Women’s psychosomatic health promotion and the biopsychosociocultural nexus. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198749547.003.0008.

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Chapter 8 discusses the promotion of women's psychosomatic health by prevention or early treatment of cancer and obesity. Health providers have to consider the biological, psychological, social, and cultural factors that alter psychosomatic interactions to generate these health conditions. Primary/secondary prevention need more emphasis than tertiary prevention or treatment. The transition of normal cervical epithelium to cervical-intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), and the progression of CIN 2/3 to cancer is preventable. Two-thirds of patients with CIN have HPV infection. Cervical screening allo
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30

Grulich, Andrew E., Fengyi Jin, and I. Mary Poynten. Anal Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0037.

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Anal canal cancer is a generally uncommon cancer that has been increasing in incidence for several decades. In most geographic locations, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) accounts for 70% or more of cases, and incidence is slightly higher in women than in men. The remaining cases are mainly adenocarcinoma, but the degree to which this represents misclassified rectal cancer is uncertain. In almost all cases, anal SCC is caused by persistent infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV); HPV-16 accounts for 75% or more of all cases. Survival is highly stage-dependent, and cure is usu
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31

Lupton, Joshua. Hospital Acquired Pneumonia. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0023.

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Pneumonia consists of inflammation of the pulmonary parenchyma, typically resulting from a microbial infection. Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) occurs in (typically elderly) patients in long-term care facilities, with regular IV therapy, with immunosuppression, or with a history of recent treatment at a hospital. It is associated with high mortality. The majority HAP patients present with some constellation of cough, fever, sputum production, and pleuritic chest pain. Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cystic fibrosis are at increased risk for pneumonia. The Infec
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32

Goldstein, Jill M., L. Holsen, S. Cherkerzian, M. Misra, and R. J. Handra. Neuroendocrine Mechanisms of Depression. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0029.

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Studies have demonstrated that major depressive disorder (MDD) is intimately tied to neuroendocrine dysregulation. This arises, in part, from the fact that brain regions that regulate mood also regulate primary neuroendocrine axes and metabolic functions. We and others demonstrated that the origin of MDD-neuroendocrine deficits begins in fetal development, is sex-dependent, emerges just post-puberty, and can be catalyzed by pregnancy (postpartum) and menopause. Here, we critically review clinical and preclinical studies to argue that higher MDD risk in women may arise, in part, from hormone-de
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33

Schweitzer, Stuart O., and Z. John Lu. Economic Evaluation of New Drugs. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190623784.003.0009.

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As a result of new cost-containment incentives found in both public and private healthcare plans, providers and insurers are subjecting new healthcare services, and especially pharmaceuticals, to evaluations in which costs and benefits are explicitly compared. Collectively, this body of work is referred to as health technology assessment. This chapter discusses in detail the three methodologies most frequently utilized in HTA: cost-benefit analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, and cost-utility analysis. The appropriate roles for each of these approaches and examples of their applications in s
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34

Hodgkiss, Andrew. Psychiatric consequences of particular cancers. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198759911.003.0004.

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Certain tumour types can cause psychopathology through direct biological mechanisms such as metastatic spread to the brain, release of onconeuronal antibodies, ectopic hormone secretion, or release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Lung cancers, adenocarcinoma of the pancreas, brain tumours, and ovarian tumours are considered in detail. Confusional states due to brain metastases, syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion, hypercalcaemia of malignancy, and anti-Hu encephalitis are found in lung cancers. Severe depression, due to interleukin-6 release and its actions on the HPA axis and tryptophan me
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35

MacKenzie, Judith-Anne. 3. Land law and human rights. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198748373.003.0003.

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Course-focused and comprehensive, the Textbook on series provide an accessible overview of the key areas on the law curriculum. This chapter explains some provisions of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Freedoms and the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA 1998), both of which are relevant to the study of land law. The significance of the HRA 1998 in land law cases is also discussed.
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36

Hodgkiss, Andrew. Introduction to biological and molecular psychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198759911.003.0002.

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An introduction to biological and molecular psychiatry is offered, intended for oncology and palliative medicine clinicians. A recent historical perspective is used, beginning with a summary of monoaminergic and cholinergic neurotransmission as understood in the 1980s. One endocrine theory of depression, based on HPA axis dysfunction, is described. Recognition of the limits of these models has led to a deeper molecular psychiatry ‘beyond the synapse’ and to an appreciation of the importance of amino acid neurotransmission. Selective expression of proteins, and their covalent and allosteric mod
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37

Schulkin, Jay. Evolution and Diversification of Function of an Information Molecule. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198793694.003.0002.

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Chapter 2 begins with a depiction of the evolutionary origins of CRF in living things. CRF appears to date back hundreds of millions of years. It is found in diverse invertebrates, including flies and bees. Invertebrates’ brains look nothing like those of vertebrates except for the diverse information molecules that underlie both brain systems. There is no clear anatomical organ like the HPA axis in invertebrates, yet information molecules, including CRF, are just as important to invertebrate functioning as they are to vertebrates. CRF in invertebrates is linked to basic regulatory functions s
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38

Rello, Jordi, and Bárbara Borgatta. Pathophysiology of pneumonia. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0115.

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Airway colonization, ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis (VAT), and hospital-acquired (HAP) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) are three manifestations having the presence of micro-organisms in airways in common. Newer definitions have to consider worsening of oxygenation, in addition to purulent respiratory secretions, chest-X rays opacities, and biomarkers of inflammation. Bacteria are the main causes of HAP/VAP. During hospitalization there’s a shift of airway’s colonizing flora from core organisms to enteric and non-fermentative ones. Macro- and micro-aspiration is the most impo
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39

Schulkin, Jay. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198793694.003.0001.

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CRF is well known and studied as a hypothalamic-releasing factor. It, along with ACTH and cortisol, are mobilized under diverse conditions, including adversity, and are often thought of as part of the stress axis. CRF, however, is much more than this. One aim of this book is pushing the conception of CRF beyond the HPA axis, and what most people know about CRF. Since its original discovery, research has shown that this molecule is much broader than a hypothalamic-releasing factor. It took a while to discern CRF and its properties outside of its role as an ACTH-releasing factor. Now, the scient
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40

Smith-Nonini, Sandy. Seeing No Evil. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037665.003.0005.

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Labor relations are a paramount consideration in crop agriculture, a labor-intensive industry that is dependent on land. The U.S. government has long regulated the supply of foreign farm labor on behalf of agribusiness, and that role became more critical as the industry restructured itself in the competitive neoliberal climate since the early 1990s. The H2A program, which permits quasi-private labor brokers to import Mexican “guest workers” for seasonal work on U.S. farms, expanded after 1990 into states in the mid-South, which was also experiencing new flows of undocumented immigrants. North
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41

Naninck, E. F. G., P. J. Lucassen, and Aniko Korosi. Consequences of Early-Life Experiences on Cognition and Emotion. Edited by Turhan Canli. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199753888.013.003.

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Perinatal experiences during a critical developmental period program brain structure and function “for life,” thereby determining vulnerability to psychopathology and cognition in adulthood. Although these functional consequences are associated with alterations in HPA-axis activity and hippocampal structure and function, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The parent-offspring relationship (i.e., sensory and nutritional inputs by the mother) is key in mediating these lasting effects. This chapter discusses how early-life events, for example, the amount of maternal care, stress, and nutri
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42

McFarland, Daniel C., and Jimmie Holland. Depression and Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190603342.003.0006.

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The relationship between depression and cancer has long captured the imagination of clinicians and the lay population. Therefore, the science behind this putative relationship is paramount to determine reality from myth. This chapter begins with a historical and relevant clinical overview from within the context of psycho-oncology and psychoneuroimmunology. An exploration of the association between cancer and depression follows by reviewing cancer initiation and progression data in the context of depression. Biological correlates of the stress response in depression, inflammation, and its effe
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43

Siebert, Stefan, Sengupta Raj, and Alexander Tsoukas. The genetics of axial spondyloarthritis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755296.003.0004.

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Family and twin studies have long suggested a large genetic component in ankylosing spondylitis (AS). The genetic association with HLA-B27 remains one of the strongest single gene variant associations reported in any complex polygenic disease. The exact mechanism by which HLA-B27 contributes to AS remains unknown, with three main theories proposed: the arthritogenic peptide, endoplasmic reticulum stress with unfolded protein response, and homodimerization theories. Genome-wide association studies have identified a number of other important susceptibility genes for AS, several of which overlap
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44

Murphy, Barbara A., Lauren A. Zatarain, Anthony J. Cmelak, et al. Palliative issues in the care of patients with cancer of the head and neck. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0145.

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Head and neck cancer (HNC) refers to tumours arising from the epithelial lining of the upper aerodigestive track, including the oral cavity, larynx, pharynx, paranasal sinuses, and salivary glands. There are 50,000 cases of HNC diagnosed annually within the United States. The majority of tumours (> 90%) are squamous cell carcinomas. Risk factors include tobacco, alcohol, and areca nuts; human papilloma virus (HPV) or Epstein-Barr virus; and mucosal irritation. Previously considered to be a disease of older adults, the epidemic of HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancers has led to a striking in
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45

Hashibe, Mia, Erich M. Sturgis, Jacques Ferlay, and Deborah M. Winn. Oral Cavity, Oropharynx, Lip, and Salivary Glands. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0029.

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Cancers of the oral cavity, oropharynx, lip, and salivary glands are malignancies of the head and neck. Some of these cancer sites share risk factors, although each has distinctive anatomic, epidemiologic, and clinical features. Oral cavity cancers arise on the inner lip and buccal mucosa, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, gum, hard palate, and floor of mouth. These cancers are strongly associated with the use of smoked and smokeless tobacco products, heavy alcohol consumption, and chewing of betel quid or pan, but only minimally associated with prior infection with human papillomavirus (HPV)
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46

Suls, Jerry, and Karina W. Davidson. Depression and Cardiovascular Diseases. Edited by C. Steven Richards and Michael W. O'Hara. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199797004.013.006.

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This chapter provides a selective review of empirical studies concerning the relationship between depression and depressive symptomatology as risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Depression appears to confer a twofold risk for both cardiac disease incidence and cardiac disease progression. Several factors appear to contribute to this risk, including the effects of depression on immune activity, endothelial function, SNS and HPA activity, and medical adherence. However, it remains unclear whether depression is only marking risk of some unmeasured third variable responsible for increased he
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47

Yang, James. Endocrine Disorders: Integrative Treatments of Hypothyroidism, Diabetes, and Adrenal Dysfunction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190466268.003.0014.

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Thyroid function, glucose metabolism, and an adaptive hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis are critical determinants of health and wellness. This chapter highlights the integrative physiology and interactions between these three systems and an integrative medicine approach to these conditions. Integrative medicine expands the evaluation of endocrine dysfunction through a person-centered approach. Patients’ overall symptoms and physiological function should be taken into account in evaluating thyroid function and planning treatment. Our approach to diabetes focuses on the importance of lif
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48

Maza, Mauricio, Karla Alfaro, Julia C. Gage, and Miriam Cremer. Adopting the PREVENTABLE Model. Edited by David A. Chambers, Wynne E. Norton, and Cynthia A. Vinson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190647421.003.0030.

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The Cervical Cancer Prevention in El Salvador (CAPE) program completed a series of human papillomavirus (HPV)-based screening demonstration projects that resulted in modification of screening guidelines and set the stage for national implementation of HPV primary screening. This chapter outlines the elements that contributed to the success of CAPE within a process of change model called PREVENTABLE. The model rests on two pillars, political will and evidence, which feed and complement one another. Recognizing political windows of opportunity and obtaining government commitment are crucial to s
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49

Brown, Matthew A., and John Reveille. Genetics of spondyloarthritis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198734444.003.0005.

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In addition to sharing clinical, histopathological, and immunological features, spondyloarthritis (SpA) encompasses a group of diseases that are genetically linked through shared associations with HLA-B27, as well as other genes of the IL-23R and aminopeptidase groups. Great progress has been made since the development of the genome-wide association study approach, with better dissection of the HLA associations of this group of diseases, as well as the discovery of multiple genetic loci found outside of the major histocompatibility complex, in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) in particular. These g
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50

Noordenbos, Troy, and Dominique Baeten. Immune mechanisms: innate immunity. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198734444.003.0007.

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Innate immune mechanisms are strongly implied in the pathophysiology of spondyloarthritis (SpA). This chapter discusses available data on the role of the innate immune system in relation to HLA-B27, genetic associations, and the cellular and molecular characteristics of disease target tissue. Regarding the linkage with MCH-class I molecule HLA-B27, the chapter discusses the arthritogenic peptide hypothesis and three popular antigen-independent theories. The genetic architecture of the disease argues against a role for the adaptive immune system and identifies cytokine pathways, such as IL-1, T
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