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Journal articles on the topic 'Benzodiazepines'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Nsira, Asma, Ahlem Karoui, Rafik Gharbi, and Moncef Msaddek. "Chemoselectivity of the 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Some Diazoalkanes with 1,5-Benzodiazepine Derivatives." Journal of Chemical Research 36, no. 3 (2012): 152–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/174751912x13300109535030.

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Benzodiazepines are pharmaceutically important synthetic materials. Reaction of the 4-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,5-benzodiazepin-2-one with 2-diazopropane (DAP) gave a mixture of the 2-isopropylether of 4-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3H-1,5-benzodiazepine and 1-isopropyl-4-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3H-1,5-benzodiazepin-2-one. Whilst diphenyldiazomethane (DPDM) gave 1-benzhydryl-4-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3H-1,5-benzodiazepin-2-one. Reaction of the corresponding thione with DAP led to the 2-isopropylthioether of 4-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3H-1,5-benzodiazepine and 1-isopropyl-4-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,5-benzodiazepine-2-thione while the

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2

Rotaru, Luciana Teodora, Paul Nedelea, Renata-Maria Varut, et al. "Determining the Influence of Alcohol on the Pharmacological Effect of Benzodiazepines by Molecular Docking Tehnique." Revista de Chimie 70, no. 3 (2019): 814–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.3.7013.

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Benzodiazepines represents a large category of medications that were originally developed to treat anxiety disorders or issues with anxiety, seizures, and issues with sleeping. The most common drugs abused along with benzodiazepines are other benzodiazepines, prescription pain medications and alcohol. Alcohol and benzodiazepine have a synergistic depressant effect on the central nervous system. Combining alcohol with benzodiazepines can be dangerous practice even if it is engaged in only occasionally. In the present study, using molecular docking technique we followed the binding energy of ben

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Kim, Yoseop, та Sung-Gon Kim. "Stereoselective [4+3]-Cycloaddition of 2-Amino-β-Nitrostyrenes with Azaoxyallyl Cations to Access Functionalized 1,4-Benzodiazepin-3-Ones". Molecules 29, № 6 (2024): 1221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29061221.

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The 1,4-benzodiazepine structural framework is a fascinating element commonly found in biologically active and pharmaceutically relevant compounds. A highly efficient method for synthesizing 1,4-benzodiazepin-3-ones is described, involving a [4+3]-cycloaddition reaction between 2-amino-β-nitrostyrenes and α-bromohydroxamate, with Cs2CO3 used as a base. This process yielded the desired 1,4-benzodiazepines in good yields. Furthermore, an organocatalytic asymmetric [4+3]-cycloaddition was successfully accomplished using a bifunctional squaramide-based catalyst. This approach enabled the enantiose

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Okulevičiūtė, Agnė, and Gabija Laubner Sakalauskienė. "Narrative Literature Review of Potential Atrial Fibrillation Mechanism of Action Induced by Discontinuation of Benzodiazepines." Acta medica Lituanica 30, no. 2 (2023): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/amed.2023.30.2.14.

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Introduction: Benzodiazepines are commonly prescribed but often misused, leading to dependence and withdrawal symptoms. Increased worldwide prescriptions raise adverse effects and overdose concerns, especially for the elderly. Caution is needed in prescribing and considering alternative treatments to minimize risks. Aim: Narrative literature review of potential atrial fibrillation mechanism of action induced by discontinuation of benzodiazepines. Materials and methods: Database PubMed was searched using the combination of keywords – “Benzodiazepine AND atrial fibrillation OR peripheral benzodi

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Summers, J., and K. W. Brown. "Benzodiazepine prescribing in a psychiatric hospital." Psychiatric Bulletin 22, no. 8 (1998): 480–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.22.8.480.

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Using a case note study, this paper presents a longitudinal survey of the effect of psychiatric inpatient care on benzodiazepine prescribing. Standards were proposed to assess the quality of this prescribing. Based on these standards, the study shows inappropriate use of benzodiazepines. Following admission, there was an increase in the number of patients prescribed benzodiazepines and in the number of benzodiazepines prescribed. Of the benzodiazepines withdrawn, most were contrary to the proposed standard. The quality of drug history showed little emphasis being placed on rationalising benzod

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Muzaale, Abimereki D., Matthew Daubresse, Sunjae Bae, et al. "Benzodiazepines, Codispensed Opioids, and Mortality among Patients Initiating Long-Term In-Center Hemodialysis." Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 15, no. 6 (2020): 794–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.2215/cjn.13341019.

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Background and objectivesMortality from benzodiazepine/opioid interactions is a growing concern in light of the opioid epidemic. Patients on hemodialysis suffer from a high burden of physical/psychiatric conditions, which are treated with benzodiazepines, and they are three times more likely to be prescribed opioids than the general population. Therefore, we studied mortality risk associated with short- and long-acting benzodiazepines and their interaction with opioids among adults initiating hemodialysis.Design, setting, participants, & measurementsThe cohort of 69,368 adults initiating h

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Reid Finlayson, Alistair J., Jane Macoubrie, Christy Huff, D. E. Foster, and Peter R. Martin. "Experiences with benzodiazepine use, tapering, and discontinuation: an Internet survey." Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology 12 (January 2022): 204512532210823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20451253221082386.

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Background: Over 92 million prescriptions for benzodiazepines are dispensed in the United States annually, yet little is known about the experiences of those taking and discontinuing them. Objective: The aim of this study is to assess the experiences of those taking, tapering, or having discontinued benzodiazepines. Methods: An online survey ( n = 1207) elicited information about benzodiazepine use, including long-term use, tapering, discontinuation, and withdrawal symptoms. Results: Symptoms associated with benzodiazepine use, tapering, and discontinuation were numerous and ranged from sympto

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Raut, Binod, Anjan Khadka, Pradeep Manandhar, and Kamal Kandel. "Study of association between characteristics of patient and likelihood of benzodiazepine use in psychiatry outpatient department at tertiary care hospital of Kathmandu." Journal of Chitwan Medical College 7, no. 3 (2017): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v7i3.23689.

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Introduction: Benzodiazepines exert their pharmacological properties as hypnotics, anxiolytics, anticonvulsants and muscle relaxants. Benzodiazepines are clinically effective for a number of indication including the reduction of anxiety, the induction and maintenance of sleep, muscle relaxation. They have a range of well documented adverse effects that may outweigh the benefits in certain patient population including psychomotor impairment, development of tolerance and dependence, potential for abuse.  Methods: It is a hospital based prospective cross-sectional study conducted in a psych

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Hamed, Othman, Oswa Fares, Shaima Taleeb, et al. "New Insights Towards 1,4-Benzodiazepines from Curcumin. Design, Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activities." Medicinal Chemistry 16, no. 8 (2020): 1112–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573406415666190826160251.

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Background: Curcumin is a safe, versatile natural product with unlimited number of biological activities and a precursor for various heterocyclic compounds. Objective: The present study was aimed to the development of a curcumin based antimicrobial reagent with high potency against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Methods: Herein we report a simple and convenient one step method for synthesizing a series of 1,4-benzodiazepines via condensation cyclization reaction between curcumin and various 1,2- phenylenediamine in refluxed ethanol. Results: A series of new 1,4-benzodiazepins were s

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Bužančić, Iva, Tajana Iva Pejaković, and Maja Ortner Hadžiabdić. "A Need for Benzodiazepine Deprescribing in the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cohort Study." Pharmacy 10, no. 5 (2022): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy10050120.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative impact on patients’ mental health. The aim of this study was to explore whether the pandemic influenced the use and prescription of benzodiazepines and increased the need for community pharmacist involvement in counselling on deprescribing. Electronic prescription-related data from one pharmacy in Croatia were retrospectively collected for the COVID-19 period (April 2020 to March 2021) and compared with pre-COVID-19 (April 2019 to March 2020) data. Data were collected for patients diagnosed with anxiety disorders who filled out more than one prescriptio

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Sim, Faye, Isabel Sweetman, Shitij Kapur, and Maxine X. Patel. "Re-examining the role of benzodiazepines in the treatment of schizophrenia: A systematic review." Journal of Psychopharmacology 29, no. 2 (2014): 212–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881114541013.

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Background Benzodiazepine prescribing for schizophrenia occurs in clinical practice and antipsychotic trials. This review examined the clinical outcomes for benzodiazepines in schizophrenia. Method A systematic search identified randomised controlled trials that evaluated benzodiazepines in comparison with placebo or antipsychotics, and also as adjuncts to antipsychotics. Relevant clinical outcome data was extracted. Results Twenty six studies were included with some reporting multiple comparisons. Seven short-term studies compared benzodiazepines with placebo: benzodiazepine superiority was f

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Lutz, Eric William, and Christopher Hines. "Recurrent clonazepam withdrawal delirium in a postoperative neurosurgical patient: a case report." BMJ Case Reports 14, no. 6 (2021): e240804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2020-240804.

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We present a case of benzodiazepine withdrawal delirium in a middle-aged man undergoing spinal surgery. Benzodiazepines were stopped prior to surgery and on postoperative day 4, the patient exhibited significant paranoia, hyperarousal and ideas of reference. Patient’s symptoms resolved after reintroduction of his benzodiazepines. It is important to include benzodiazepine withdrawal in the differential diagnosis for acute delirium even in those patients taking low or moderate doses. Benzodiazepine withdrawal delirium typically responds rapidly to restarting benzodiazepines. In patients with kno

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Edinoff, Amber N., Catherine A. Nix, Amira S. Odisho, et al. "Novel Designer Benzodiazepines: Comprehensive Review of Evolving Clinical and Adverse Effects." Neurology International 14, no. 3 (2022): 648–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/neurolint14030053.

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As tranquilizers, benzodiazepines have a wide range of clinical uses. Recently, there has been a significant rise in the number of novel psychoactive substances, including designer benzodiazepines. Flubromazolam(8-bromo-6-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-methyl-4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazeZpine) is a triazolo-analogue of flubromazepam. The most common effects noted by recreational users include heavy hypnosis and sedation, long-lasting amnesia, and rapid development of tolerance. Other effects included anxiolysis, muscle-relaxing effects, euphoria, loss of control, and severe withdrawals. Clonaz

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van der Sluiszen, Nick, Annemiek Vermeeren, Stefan Jongen, Frederick Vinckenbosch, and Johannes Ramaekers. "Influence of Long-Term Benzodiazepine use on Neurocognitive Skills Related to Driving Performance in Patient Populations: A Review." Pharmacopsychiatry 50, no. 05 (2017): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-112755.

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AbstractAcute benzodiazepine intoxication produces severe impairment of neurocognitive skills related to driving. It is less clear whether such impairments also occur in patients who use benzodiazepines chronically. The current review evaluated neurocognitive skills of long-term benzodiazepine users and addressed 2 major questions: do long-term users develop tolerance for the impairing effects of benzodiazepines on neurocognitive performance, and if so, does tolerance warrant a change in driver fitness classification systems that currently deem users of benzodiazepines unfit to drive? Neurocog

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15

Warner, A. "Interference of common household chemicals in immunoassay methods for drugs of abuse." Clinical Chemistry 35, no. 4 (1989): 648–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/35.4.648.

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Abstract I report how some adulterants affect results for drugs of abuse in urine as measured by Roche RIA, Syva emit d.a.u., and Abbott TDx fpia (fluorescence polarization immunoassay) for the following drugs: amphetamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, cannabinoids, cocaine, opiates, and phencyclidine (PCP). Sodium chloride interfered negatively with all of these drugs when assayed by emit and caused a slight decrease in measured benzodiazepine concentration by fpia. Drug concentrations were also decreased by added H2O2 (emit: benzodiazepine), Joy detergent (emit: cannabinoid, benzodiazepin

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Kolmar, Amanda R., Daniela Bravo, Ricardo A. Fonseca, et al. "Impact of Benzodiazepines on Outcomes of Mechanically Ventilated Pediatric Intensive Care Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study." Critical Care Explorations 7, no. 5 (2025): e1255. https://doi.org/10.1097/cce.0000000000001255.

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IMPORTANCE: Benzodiazepines are the most frequently used sedatives in PICUs, but they are increasingly associated with negative outcomes. Understanding their impact on patient outcomes is critical to provide better sedative management for patients. Objective: Our objective was to determine the impact of midazolam and lorazepam on clinical outcomes among subjects requiring mechanical ventilation in the PICU. We hypothesized that subjects receiving benzodiazepines for tolerance of mechanical ventilation will demonstrate worse clinical outcomes when compared with those not receiving benzodiazepin

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Grønbæk, Lisbet, Hugh Watson, Hendrik Vilstrup, and Peter Jepsen. "Benzodiazepines and risk for hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis and ascites." United European Gastroenterology Journal 6, no. 3 (2017): 407–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050640617727179.

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Background There is limited evidence to support the belief that benzodiazepines increase cirrhosis patients’ risk of hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Objective We aimed to examine the association between benzodiazepine use and HE development in cirrhosis patients. Methods We used data on 865 cirrhosis patients with ascites from three trials to study the effect of benzodiazepine use on development of first-time HE. For each patient, we classified periods of benzodiazepine use by the number of days since initiation. We used Cox regression to compare the risk of HE in current benzodiazepine users vs.

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Driessen, Jacques J., Jan Van Egmond, Tom B. Vree, Leo H. D. J. Booij, and Jan F. Crul. "The in vitro effects of benzodiazepines on the rat diaphragm. Structure–activity relationships." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 63, no. 5 (1985): 444–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y85-077.

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The effect of three different subgroups of benzodiazepines on the indirectly evoked twitch tension was investigated in the in vitro rat phrenic nerve – hemidiaphragm preparation. Two effects were observed: an initial increase in twitch tension at lower concentrations with some benzodiazepines, and a concentration-dependent depression at higher concentrations with all benzodiazepines. Significant differences for these effects were observed among the three subgroups of benzodiazepines and additionally within the subgroup of the 1,4-benzodiazepine-2-ketones. Structural requirements for both effec

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Williams, Hugh, A. Oyefeso, and AH Ghodse. "Benzodiazepine misuse and dependence among opiate addicts in treatment." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 13, no. 2 (1996): 62–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700002445.

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AbstractObjective: Benzodiazepine misuse among opiate addicts is well described but few studies have reported on the occurrence and management of benzodiazepine dependence within this group. This study reports on the nature and extent of benzodiazepine dependence among a group of opiate addicts and describes the patients' treatment progress and requirement for substitute medication.Method: Over a 12 month period routinely collected data on all admissions of opiate addicts to our inpatient treatment and research unit were searched. Specific details were then extracted for those 61 admissions wh

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Avallone, R., M. L. Zeneroli, I. Venturini, et al. "Endogenous benzodiazepine-like compounds and diazepam binding inhibitor in serum of patients with liver cirrhosis with and without overt encephalopathy." Gut 42, no. 6 (1998): 861–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.42.6.861.

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Background/Aim—Despite some controversy, it has been suggested that endogenous benzodiazepine plays a role in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the concentrations of endogenous benzodiazepines and the peptide, diazepam binding inhibitor, in the blood of patients with liver cirrhosis with and without overt encephalopathy, and to compare these levels with those of consumers of commercial benzodiazepines.Subjects—Normal subjects (90), benzodiazepine consumers (14), and cirrhotic patients (113) were studied.Methods—Endogenous benzodiazepines w

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Lyukshenko, Natalya I., Roman G. Nikitin, and Yury V. Morozhenko. "New technology to obtain 1-methyl-5-pnenyl-7-chloro- 1,3-dihydro-2H-[1,4]-benzodiazepine-2-one." Butlerov Communications 60, no. 10 (2019): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.37952/roi-jbc-01/19-60-10-24.

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At present, benzodiazepine derivatives being used widely, they continue to occupy a leading position among the drugs of the anxiolytic group. Most anxiolytics of the benzodiazepine structure are derivatives of 1,4-benzodiazepine. The basis of the chemical benzodiazepine structure consists of a benzene ring connected to a seven-membered heterocyclic ring containing two nitrogen atoms (diazepine) at positions 1 and 4. All the benzodiazepine derivatives used in the clinic also have a second benzene ring attached to carbon. The presence of a halogen or a nitro group is essential to display its act

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Hsu, Rou-Yee Chen, and Kwong-Yui Tang. "Benzodiazepine Utilization Review for Inpatients at a Tertiary Medical Center in Taiwan." Journal of Pharmacy Technology 12, no. 5 (1996): 231–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/875512259601200510.

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Objectives: To examine benzodiazepine prescribing patterns by physicians for inpatients relative to indications and drug characteristics in a tertiary medical center. Design: Prescription pattern analysis was done by checking computer-based pharmacy records. Benzodiazepine utilization was evaluated through retrospective chart review. Results: A total of 2,195 inpatients were surveyed, of whom 945 were given benzodiazepines. Of these, 827 charts were available for review. The mean number of prescriptions written for benzodiazepines was 1.62 per patient. Of the benzodiazepines available, triazol

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Williams, Hugh, Doug Handyside, Kirsty Bashford, and Adenekan Oyefeso. "Service response to benzodiazepine use in opiate addicts: a national postal survey." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 22, no. 1 (2005): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700008739.

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AbstractObjectives: The study reports on benzodiazepine use among opiate dependent patients attending National Health Service community prescribing services and examines current practice in the clinical management of benzodiazepine dependence.Method: A postal questionnaire survey of 174 NHS substance misuse services in England and Wales.Results: A 71% response rate was achieved. Services estimated the prevalence of benzodiazepine use to be 40% and the prevalence of benzodiazepine dependence to be less than 25% among opiate dependent patients in treatment. Illicit supplies (street) and general

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Alzghoul, Hamza, Mohammed I. Al-Said, Omar Obeidat, et al. "Effectiveness of Gabapentin as a Benzodiazepine-Sparing Agent in Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome." Medicina 60, no. 6 (2024): 1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina60061004.

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Background and Objectives: Gabapentin has shown promise as a potential agent for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of gabapentin as a benzodiazepine-sparing agent in patients undergoing alcohol withdrawal treatment in all the hospitals of a large tertiary healthcare system. Materials and Methods: Medical records of patients admitted to the hospital for alcohol withdrawal management between 1 January 2020 and 31 August 2022 were reviewed. Patients were divided into two cohorts: benzodiazepine-only treatment who received benzodiazepines as the p

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Stefani, Lucrezia, Federico Mineo, Leonardo Romani, et al. "The Prevalence of Benzodiazepine Use among Italian Drivers in 15,988 Cases of Driving License Regranting from 2015 to 2023: Risks and Implications for Driving Fitness." Separations 11, no. 6 (2024): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations11060169.

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The use of benzodiazepines is strongly associated with an increased risk of traffic accidents due to their side effects of sedation and drowsiness, which can significantly impair driving performance. The main aim of our study was to investigate the trend of benzodiazepine use over nine years (2015–2023) in a population of 15,988 subjects who had their license suspended for driving under the influence (DUI) of alcohol or drugs. Among the 15,988 users accessed to our laboratory, 924 tested positive for at least one benzodiazepine. An increase in the number of positive-testing users was observed

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Paredes, Nivia Pinos, Adriana Inocenti Miasso, and Carlos Renato Tirapelli. "Consumption of benzodiazepines without prescription among first-year nursing students at the University of Guayaquil, school of nursing, Ecuador." Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem 16, spe (2008): 634–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-11692008000700021.

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This study aimed to determine the consumption of benzodiazepines without prescription among first-year students from a nursing school of a public University in Ecuador. This is a descriptive, transversal and explanatory study with a quantitative approach. A questionnaire was used for data collection. The population studied was of 181 students. The results showed that 10.5% of the students had consumed benzodiazepine without prescription once in their lives. Of these, 6.1% consumed benzodiazepine in the last year, and 3.9% are currently consuming it. The diazepam was the most consumed BZD witho

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Ritvo, Alexis D., D. E. Foster, Christy Huff, A. J. Reid Finlayson, Bernard Silvernail, and Peter R. Martin. "Long-term consequences of benzodiazepine-induced neurological dysfunction: A survey." PLOS ONE 18, no. 6 (2023): e0285584. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0285584.

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Background Acute benzodiazepine withdrawal has been described, but literature regarding the benzodiazepine-induced neurological injury that may result in enduring symptoms and life consequences is scant. Objective We conducted an internet survey of current and former benzodiazepine users and asked about their symptoms and adverse life events attributed to benzodiazepine use. Methods This is a secondary analysis of the largest survey ever conducted with 1,207 benzodiazepine users from benzodiazepine support groups and health/wellness sites who completed the survey. Respondents included those st

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Farooq, Azra. "Benzodiazepine Prescribing Within a Community Mental Health Team Setting." BJPsych Open 10, S1 (2024): S231—S232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2024.566.

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AimsCurrent guidelines provide for short-term relief of symptoms using benzodiazepines, but patients, including those with complex emotional disorders often seek these medicines for longer. The current audit aims to review clinical practice in respect of benzodiazepine prescribing against national and local guidelines.MethodsRetrospective analysis of all benzodiazepines prescriptions during the study period (March–December 2021 and January–December 2023). Data was assessed against National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, British National Formulary and local Trust guidelines using a p

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Vargas Mena, Eleazar, Eliana R. Herrera Giraldo, and Jovanny A. Gómez Castaño. "Insights into the Silylation of Benzodiazepines Using N,O-Bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA): In Search of Optimal Conditions for Forensic Analysis by GC-MS." Molecules 29, no. 24 (2024): 5884. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29245884.

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Silylation is a widely used derivatization technique for the gas chromatographic analysis of benzodiazepines, a class of psychoactive drugs commonly encountered in forensic and biological samples. This study investigated the optimal experimental conditions for the silylation of benzodiazepines using N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide containing 1% trimethylchlorosilane (BSTFA + 1% TMCS), a widely employed silylating agent. Ten structurally different benzodiazepines, including variations within the classic 1,4-benzodiazepine core and triazolo ring derivatives, were selected to address th

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Cosh, Ayla, and Helen Carslaw. "Managing benzodiazepine dependence." InnovAiT: Education and inspiration for general practice 10, no. 11 (2017): 671–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1755738017715275.

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Benzodiazepines have a variety of clinical indications. Benzodiazepines are used as anxiolytics, hypnotics, anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants and in assisting alcohol withdrawal. This article aims to give a general overview of benzodiazepine use, prescribing issues and approaches to managing dependence.

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Smithers, Alex, Laura Miller, Melanie MacInnis, and Selene Etches. "Benzodiazepine Use Disorder Observed and Diagnosed in a Tertiary Care Pediatric Specialty Clinic: A Descriptive Retrospective Chart Review." BJPsych Open 10, S1 (2024): S64—S65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2024.211.

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AimsObjectives: In youth and young adults, it is common to encounter non-medical use of benzodiazepines, defined as use without a prescription or use for reasons other than that for which the medication is intended. Benzodiazepine use disorder remains understudied and overlooked, especially in youth and young adults. The primary objective of our study was to highlight the proportion of youth and young adults with aberrant use of benzodiazepines and diagnosed with benzodiazepine use disorder in a single centre. The secondary objective was to determine factors associated with aberrant benzodiaze

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Keshavan, M. S., P. Moodley, M. Eales, E. Joyce, and V. K. Yeragani. "Delusional Depression following Benzodiazepine Withdrawal." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 33, no. 7 (1988): 626–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674378803300709.

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Withdrawal from long-term treatment with benzodiazepines was followed in three patients by a severe delusional depression. The delusional depression may be related to the neurotransmitter changes accompanying benzodiazepine withdrawal. Caution should be exercised in long-term use of benzodiazepines in susceptible individuals.

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Cooper, Michael, Marc Safran, and Mark Eberhardt. "Caffeine Consumption among Adults on Benzodiazepine Therapy: United States 1988–1994." Psychological Reports 95, no. 1 (2004): 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.95.1.183-191.

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The concomitant use of benzodiazepines and caffeine was studied to learn if caffeine consumption varied as a function of benzodiazepine use. Caffeine may antagonize the effects of benzodiazepine and even relatively small amounts can aggravate symptoms associated with anxiety disorders. In addition, caffeine can cause or aggravate insomnia, one of the main reasons cited for use by the subjects in this analysis. Given this, there would seem to be sufficient reason for at least some users of benzodiazepines to consider, with their physicians, avoiding or limiting caffeine consumption. Data from t

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De Maricourt, P., P. Gorwood, Th Hergueta, et al. "Balneotherapy Together with a Psychoeducation Program for Benzodiazepine Withdrawal: A Feasibility Study." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8961709.

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Benzodiazepines should be prescribed on a short-term basis, but a significant proportion of patients (%) use them for more than 6 months, constituting a serious public health issue. Indeed, few strategies are effective in helping patients to discontinue long-term benzodiazepine treatments. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility and the impact of a program including cognitive behavioural therapy, psychoeducation, and balneotherapy in a spa resort to facilitate long-term discontinuation of benzodiazepines. We conducted a prospective multicentre cohort study. Patients with long-term

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Zakhary, Kirolos, Sophia Bruno, Caleb Myatt, et al. "Prevalence and Predictors of Non-Benzodiazepine Use in Patients with Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome in United States Emergency Departments – a cross-sectional study." INNOVATIONS in pharmacy 15, no. 3 (2024): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24926/iip.v15i3.6270.

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Purpose: Benzodiazepines are the mainstay treatment in Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome (AWS), though they have the potential for abuse and cognitive side effects. Non-benzodiazepines are of growing interest for treatment of AWS; however, the prevalence of non-benzodiazepine use remains unknown. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the prevalence and predictors of non-benzodiazepine use for AWS in the Emergency Department (ED). Methods: A cross-sectional, retrospective study utilizing data from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS) spanning the years 2014-2020 investigat

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Vitukade, Ganesh Anil. "A Systematic Review on Sedative and Hypnotics." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 12, no. 7 (2024): 671–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.63593.

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Abstract: Sedative and hypnotic drugs are central nervous system depressants primarily used to induce calmness, reduce anxiety, and promote sleep. These medications include benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and various non-benzodiazepine sleep aids, each varying in their mechanism of action, efficacy, and safety profiles. Benzodiazepines, such as diazepam and alprazolam, enhance the effect of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at the GABA-A receptor, resulting in sedative, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant, and anticonvulsant effects. They are commonly prescribed for anxiety disorders,

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LINDEN, M., T. BÄR, and B. GEISELMANN. "Patient treatment insistence and medication craving in long-term low-dosage benzodiazepine prescriptions." Psychological Medicine 28, no. 3 (1998): 721–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291798006734.

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Background. Long-term low-dosage dependence on benzodiazepines is traditionally explained by withdrawal symptoms. Previous research has not given much attention to reports that suggest that many patients oppose stopping benzodiazepines long before withdrawal symptoms have developed. This study investigates the scope of and factors associated with this pre-withdrawal treatment insistence.Methods. Patients receiving long-term low-dosage benzodiazepines in primary care were asked to take a drug-holiday of at least 3 weeks. Sociodemographic, medication, morbidity and attitudinal variables were ass

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DuPont, Robert L., and Keith E. Saylor. "Depressant Substances in Adolescent Medicine." Pediatrics In Review 13, no. 10 (1992): 381–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.13.10.381.

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The benzodiazepines have replaced widespread use of barbiturates and other sedatives. They are effective, safe medicines used to treat a variety of disorders associated with excessive CNS excitability. Although many physicians avoid prescribing benzodiazepines to adolescents, there is little evidence to support this practice. Unless an adolescent has a history of substance abuse/dependence and suicidal ideation, the benzodiazepines are safe. Benzodiazepine toxicity rarely occurs unless another CNS depressant, especially alcohol, is used concurrently.

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Dowling, M. J., Patrick Doyle, and S. P. Kennelly. "282 A Time to Wean: An Audit on Benzodiazepine and Z-drug Use Amongst Patients Attending a Geriatric Ambulatory Care Day Hospital." Age and Ageing 48, Supplement_3 (2019): iii17—iii65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afz103.177.

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Abstract Background Benzodiazepine prescription is common among the Irish patient cohort. 23% of medical card holders have been prescribed a benzodiazepine or Z-drug, with a third of these being for a period longer than three months. This is despite these drugs being associated with addiction, falls, cognitive and psychomotor impairment, mood disorder, sleep automatism and drug interactions. We performed an audit looking at the repeat prescriptions of patients attending a geriatric day hospital. Methods The repeat prescriptions of all patients currently enrolled at a day hospital were analysed

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Franzini, Roberta, Alessia Rosetti, and Claudio Villani. "Low Temperature Dynamic Chromatography for the Separation of the Interconverting Conformational Enantiomers of the Benzodiazepines Clonazolam, Flubromazolam, Diclazepam and Flurazepam." Symmetry 13, no. 6 (2021): 1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13061012.

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Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are an important class of psychoactive drugs with hypnotic-sedative, myorelaxant, anxiolytic and anticonvulsant properties due to interaction with the GABAa receptor in the central nervous system of mammals. BZDs are interesting both in clinical and forensic toxicology for their pharmacological characteristics and potential of abuse. The presence of a non-planar diazepine ring generates chiral conformational stereoisomers, even in the absence of stereogenic centers. A conformational enrichment of BZD at the binding sites has been reported in the literature, thus making i

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Agrawal, Ruchita. "Careful Prescribing of Benzodiazepines during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review." Journal of Mental Health & Clinical Psychology 4, no. 4 (2020): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.29245/2578-2959/2020/4.1214.

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Benzodiazepines have been commonly prescribed for the treatment of anxiety and insomnia in the last few decades. There has been a rising concern regarding safety of benzodiazepines due to overdose related deaths, addictions, and cognitive side effects. COVID- 19 pandemic is expected to cause a mental health crisis. Several studies have shown an increase in anxiety and insomnia. This could mean that prescriptions of benzodiazepine could increase due to increase in anxiety and insomnia. We caution health care providers to use best practices and treat patients with psychotherapy as the first line

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Golombok, Susan, Parimala Moodley, and Malcolm Lader. "Cognitive impairment in long-term benzodiazepine users." Psychological Medicine 18, no. 2 (1988): 365–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700007911.

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SynopsisIn view of the very extensive and often prolonged use of benzodiazepines in therapeutic practice, this study was designed to investigate whether or not cognitive ability is impaired in longterm benzodiazepine users, and to determine the nature and extent of any deficit. Fifty patients currently taking benzodiazepines for at least one year, thirty-four who had stopped taking benzodiazepines, and a matched control group of subjects who had never taken benzodiazepines or who had taken benzodiazepines in the past for less than one year were administered a battery of neuropsychological test

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Jann, Michael, William Klugh Kennedy, and Gaylord Lopez. "Benzodiazepines." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 27, no. 1 (2014): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190013515001.

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The misuse and abuse of prescription medications in the United States continues to increase despite interventions by health care professionals, regulatory, and law enforcement agencies. Opioid analgesics are the leading class of prescription drugs that have caused unintentional overdose deaths. Benzodiazepines when taken alone are relatively safe agents in overdose. However, a 5-fold increase in deaths attributed to benzodiazepines occurred from 1999 to 2009. Emergency department visits related to opioid analgesics increased by 111% followed by benzodiazepines 89%. During 2003 to 2009, the 2 p

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Beracochea, Daniel. "Anterograde and Retrograde Effects of Benzodiazepines on Memory." Scientific World JOURNAL 6 (2006): 1460–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2006.243.

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Benzodiazepines are known as acquisition-impairing molecules, and their effects on anterograde memory processes are well described. In contrast, the impact of benzodiazepines on retrograde memory and, more particularly, on retrieval processes, is only marginally studied. This mini-review provides an overlook of the main studies evidencing an effect of benzodiazepines on retrograde memory, both in humans and animals, with special emphasis on retrieval processes. The conditions for the emergence of the benzodiazepine-induced retrieval impairments are also discussed.

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Schallemberger, Janaína Barden, and Christiane de Fátima Colet. "Assessment of dependence and anxiety among benzodiazepine users in a provincial municipality in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil." Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy 38, no. 2 (2016): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2015-0041.

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Abstract Introduction: Benzodiazepines are among the most prescribed drugs for anxiety and one of the most used drug classes in the world and have a high potential for addiction. The objective of this study was to assess levels of dependence and anxiety among users of these drugs in the public health system. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive and quantitative study. Benzodiazepine users treated on the public health system were selected. Anxiety levels were assessed with the Hamilton Anxiety Scale and dependency with the Benzodiazepine Dependence Self-Report Questionnaire. Results

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Fisher, T. E., D. D. Johnson, J. M. Tuchek, and R. D. Crawford. "Evidence for the pharmacological relevance of benzodiazepine receptors to anticonvulsant activity." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 63, no. 11 (1985): 1477–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y85-243.

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Each of a series of benzodiazepines was found to be effective in preventing convulsions evoked by intermittent photic stimulation of epileptic chickens. There was a high correlation between the anticonvulsant potencies (mean effective dosages) and the affinity of the agents for the putative benzodiazepine receptor as measured by displacement of [3H]diazepam from binding sites on chicken synaptosomal membranes. This correlation in a genetic model of epilepsy provides further evidence that benzodiazepines exert their anticonvulsant effects by interacting with the benzodiazepine receptor.

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Apantaku-Olajide, Tunde, Kevin Ducray, Patricia Byrne, and Bobby P. Smyth. "Perception of unmet needs and association with benzodiazepine misuse among patients on a methadone maintenance treatment programme." Psychiatrist 36, no. 5 (2012): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.bp.111.036616.

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Aims and methodTo examine patients' perceptions of unmet needs during methadone maintenance treatment (MMT), and to explore the relationship between co-occurring benzodiazepine misuse and severity of needs. A cross-sectional survey was carried out at an MMT programme in Dublin, Ireland. All patients were invited to participate on a voluntary basis. Of the 191 eligible patients, 107 agreed to participate and completed the Camberwell Assessment of Need questionnaire.ResultsUnmet needs for substance misuse treatments, daytime activities, socialisation, money management and psychological distress

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Nichols, Taylor A., Sophie Robert, David J. Taber, and Jeffrey Cluver. "Alcohol withdrawal-related outcomes associated with gabapentin use in an inpatient psychiatric facility." Mental Health Clinician 9, no. 1 (2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.9740/mhc.2019.01.001.

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Abstract Introduction Limited evidence exists evaluating the impact of gabapentin in conjunction with benzodiazepines for the management of alcohol withdrawal. A review of outcomes associated with combination gabapentin and benzodiazepine therapy may illuminate new therapeutic uses in clinical practice. Methods This retrospective study evaluated the impact of gabapentin on as-needed use of benzodiazepines in inpatients being treated for acute alcohol withdrawal. The treatment cohort consisted of patients prescribed gabapentin while on a symptom-triggered alcohol withdrawal protocol. The contro

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Jones, C. E., F. H. Wians, L. A. Martinez, and G. J. Merritt. "Benzodiazepines identified by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, with specific ion screening used to detect benzophenone derivatives." Clinical Chemistry 35, no. 7 (1989): 1394–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/35.7.1394.

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Abstract We developed algorithms for confirmation and identification of benzodiazepines and their metabolites, initially detected in urine samples by enzyme-multiplied immunoassay (EMIT). These algorithms are based on the pattern of benzophenone derivatives of benzodiazepines obtained by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with use of a modified specific ion selection mode. Benzophenone derivatives were produced by acid hydrolysis of urine samples containing benzodiazepines and (or) their metabolites. We present mass spectra of the newer benzodiazepines--alprazolam, midazolam, and tri

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Shiwaku, Hiroki, Masako Fujita, and Hidehiko Takahashi. "Benzodiazepines Reduce Relapse and Recurrence Rates in Patients with Psychotic Depression." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 6 (2020): 1938. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9061938.

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The long-term use of benzodiazepines is not recommended for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) due to the risk of adverse effects, including dependence, falls, dementia, mortality and the lack of evidence of effectiveness for symptoms other than anxiety. However, there are many patients with MDD for whom antidepressants are co-administrated with benzodiazepines. This study aimed to identify whether the use of benzodiazepines is associated with a lower risk of relapse or recurrence of MDD in some patients, and the characteristics of these patients. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis w

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