Relevant bibliographies by topics / Canopy layer

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Canopy layer'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 2 June 2025
Last updated: 31 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Canopy layer"

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Wang, Yanyan, Hiroki Oue, Zhijun Luo, et al. "Estimating Rice Panicle Temperature with Three-Layer Model." Advances in Meteorology 2020 (March 20, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6468909.

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Rice panicle temperature (Tp) is a key factor for studying high temperature impacts on spikelet sterility. Comparing with measuring Tp by hand, a Tp simulation model could obtain Tp data readily. The two-layer energy budget model which divides the soil layer and canopy layer was widely used to predict rice canopy temperature (Tc), but panicle existed mostly in the upper layer canopy, and we have proved that Tc was different from the upper layer canopy temperature (Tc1), and the upper layer must be separated from the whole canopy for the purpose of estimating Tp. Thus, we developed the three-la
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Bartha, Dénes, Péter Ódor, Tibor Horváth, et al. "Relationship of Tree Stand Heterogeneity and Forest Naturalness." Acta Silvatica et Lignaria Hungarica 2, no. 1 (2006): 7–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.37045/aslh-2006-0001.

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The aim of our study was to investigate if compositional (tree species richness) and structural (vertical structure, age-structure, patterns of canopy closure) heterogeneity of the canopy layer is related to individual naturalness criteria and to overall forest naturalness at the stand scale. The naturalness values of the assessed criteria (tree species composition, tree stand structure, species composition and structure of shrub layer and forest floor vegetation, dead wood, effects of game, site characteristics) showed similar behaviour when groups of stands with different heterogeneity were
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Xia, Chengcheng, Guodong Liu, and Jian Luo. "Stable Isotopes Reveal the Effect of Canopy and Litter Layer Interception on Water Recharge in a Subtropical Manmade Forest of Southwest China." Forests 14, no. 1 (2023): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14010129.

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In areas completely covered by vegetation, the rainwater that passes through the canopy layer and litter layer is the source supplying surface runoff and seeping into the soil layer. To reveal the influence mechanisms of the canopy and litter layer on water supply in forest areas, this study conducted event-scale water sampling and hydrogen and oxygen isotopic comparison for the rainfall, canopy throughfall and litter layer throughfall in a manmade forest. The results show that canopy interception will lead to a more concentrated distribution and lower isotopic variability. The d-excess and th
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Chen, Yiying, James Ryder, Vladislav Bastrikov, et al. "Evaluating the performance of land surface model ORCHIDEE-CAN v1.0 on water and energy flux estimation with a single- and multi-layer energy budget scheme." Geoscientific Model Development 9, no. 9 (2016): 2951–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-2951-2016.

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Abstract. Canopy structure is one of the most important vegetation characteristics for land–atmosphere interactions, as it determines the energy and scalar exchanges between the land surface and the overlying air mass. In this study we evaluated the performance of a newly developed multi-layer energy budget in the ORCHIDEE-CAN v1.0 land surface model (Organising Carbon and Hydrology In Dynamic Ecosystems – CANopy), which simulates canopy structure and can be coupled to an atmospheric model using an implicit coupling procedure. We aim to provide a set of acceptable parameter values for a range
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Xu, X., C. Yi, and E. Kutter. "Stably stratified canopy flow in complex terrain." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 21 (2014): 28483–522. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-28483-2014.

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Abstract. The characteristics of stably stratified canopy flows in complex terrain are investigated by employing the Renormalized Group (RNG) k-ε turbulence model. In this two-dimensional simulation, we imposed persistent constant heat flux at ground surface and linearly increasing cooling rate in the upper canopy layer, vertically varying dissipative force from canopy drag elements, buoyancy forcing induced from thermal stratification and the hill terrain. These strong boundary effects keep nonlinearity in the two-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations high enough to generate turbulent behavior.
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Tian, Jinyan, Le Wang, Xiaojuan Li, et al. "Canopy Height Layering Biomass Estimation Model (CHL-BEM) with Full-Waveform LiDAR." Remote Sensing 11, no. 12 (2019): 1446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11121446.

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Forest biomass is an important descriptor for studying carbon storage, carbon cycles, and global change science. The full-waveform spaceborne Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) provides great possibilities for large-scale and long-term biomass estimation. To the best of our knowledge, most of the existing research has utilized average tree height (or height metrics) within a GLAS footprint as the key parameter for biomass estimation. However, the vertical distribution of tree height is usually not as homogeneous as we would expect within such a large f
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Ye, Huichun, Wenjiang Huang, Shanyu Huang, Bin Wu, Yingying Dong, and Bei Cui. "Remote Estimation of Nitrogen Vertical Distribution by Consideration of Maize Geometry Characteristics." Remote Sensing 10, no. 12 (2018): 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10121995.

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The vertical leaf nitrogen (N) distribution in the crop canopy is considered to be an important adaptive response of crop growth and production. Remote sensing has been widely applied for the determination of a crop’s N status. Some studies have also focused on estimating the vertical leaf N distribution in the crop canopy, but these analyses have rarely considered the plant geometry and its influences on the remote estimation of the N vertical distribution in the crop canopy. In this study, field experiments with three types of maize (Zea mays L.) plant geometry (i.e., horizontal type, interm
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Jacobs, A. F. G., J. H. van Boxel, and R. H. Shaw. "The dependence of canopy layer turbulence on within-canopy thermal stratification." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 58, no. 3-4 (1992): 247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(92)90064-b.

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Kuusk, Andres. "A two-layer canopy reflectance model." Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer 71, no. 1 (2001): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-4073(01)00007-3.

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Mills, G. "An urban canopy-layer climate model." Theoretical and Applied Climatology 57, no. 3-4 (1997): 229–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00863615.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Canopy layer"

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Krayenhoff, Eric Scott. "A multi-layer urban canopy model for neighbourhoods with trees." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/51674.

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Over 50% of the world’s population lives in cities, many of which are hot, polluted, and expanding. The design of cities impacts local meteorology and climate, which affect building energy use and the comfort and health of urban residents. Numerical models that incorporate the relevant urban elements and physical processes can predict these effects and guide management strategies. Addition of vegetation is a key design strategy for moderation of local urban climate, and many cities already boast extensive vegetation. Relative to shorter vegetation, urban trees have unique effects on local clim
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Ware, John (John Welling). "An analysis of quadrotor flight in the urban canopy layer." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/107056.

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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2016.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 105-113).<br>This thesis presents two distinct bodies of work concerning quadrotor flight in urban wind fields. The first attempts to characterize a quadrotor's ability to exploit urban wind fields for improved flight performance. A computational fluid dynamics model is used to obtain a wind field estimate given a 3D model of the environment and a prevailing wind estimate. Minimum-energy trajectories are th
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Gavrilov, Konstantin. "Numerical modeling of atmospheric boundary layer flow over forest canopy." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX22007/document.

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Ce travail de recherche concerne l’interaction entre une couche limite atmosphérique et une canopée (représentant un couvert forestier). J’ai étudié le problème complexe de production et d’évolution de grosses structures turbulentes au dessus de couverts homogènes et hétérogènes, moyennement denses. J’ai abordé ce problème en mettant en œuvre les outils de la simulation numérique des grosses structures (LES) et du calcul haute performance (HPC). Les résultats numériques obtenus, reproduisent correctement les principales caractéristiques de cet écoulement, telles qu’elles sont rapportées dans l
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FRANCONE, CATERINA. "Study of the atmospheric boundary layer processes over sloping terrain covered by sparse canopy." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2496734.

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The aim of this thesis is the study of the exchange processes at atmosphere/biosphere interface, with a particular focus on momentum and heat transport over complex terrain morphology, varying surface roughness, and a wide range of atmospheric thermal conditions. The surface roughness object of the research is a sparse canopy layer evolving in time along the vegetative season, and characterized by a multiplicity of temporal and spatial scales influencing the properties of the turbulent fluxes. Both experimental and modelling approaches characterize the study methodology. Measurements are first
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Stevens, Emma. "The feasibility of introducing canopy species and field layer species concurrently in woodland creation schemes." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.437762.

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Tian, Geng. "Analysis of the unsteady boundary-layer flow over urban-like canopy using large eddy simulation." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ECDN0062/document.

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L’urbanisation croissante fait émerger des enjeux sociétaux et environnementaux relatifs à la pollution atmosphérique et au microclimat urbain. La compréhension des phénomènes physiques de transport de quantité de mouvement, de chaleur et de masse entre la canopée urbaine et la couche limite atmosphérique est primordiale pour évaluer et anticiper les impacts négatifs de l’urbanisation. Les processus turbulents spécifiques à la couche limite urbaine sont étudiés par une approche de simulation des grandes échelles, dans une configuration urbaine représentée par un arrangement de cubes en quincon
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Grawe, David [Verfasser], and K. Heinke [Akademischer Betreuer] Schlünzen. "High resolution assessment of concentrations in the urban canopy layer / David Grawe ; Betreuer: K. Heinke Schlünzen." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1190819139/34.

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Arnqvist, Johan. "Strömningen i och över en skog : utvärdering av en 'mixing-layer' hypotes." Thesis, Uppsala University, LUVAL, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-105408.

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<p>A new theory for predicting the windprofile over a canopy has been evaluated. The theory was first presented by Harman and Finnigan (2007). The theory relies on the forming of a mixing-layer above the canopy, due to different mean wind in and above the canopy. Characteristics from both mixing-layer and Monin Obukhov similarity theory have been used to develop the governingequations that give the wind profile. The theory has been used to calculate wind profiles for sixdifferent atmospheric stabilities. In order to evaluate the theory, profiles from the theory have beencompared to measurement
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Styles, Julie Maree, and julie styles@oregonstate edu. "Inverse Modelling of Trace Gas Exchange at Canopy and Regional Scales." The Australian National University. Research School of Biological Sciences, 2003. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20030905.040030.

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This thesis deals with the estimation of plant-atmosphere trace gas exchange and isotopic discrimination from atmospheric concentration measurements. Two space scales were investigated: canopy and regional. The canopy-scale study combined a Lagrangian model of turbulent dispersal with ecophysiological principles to infer vertical profiles of fluxes of CO2, H2O and heat as well as carbon and oxygen isotope discrimination during CO2 assimilation, from concentration measurements within a forest. The regional-scale model used a convective boundary layer budget approach to infer average regional is
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McClelland, Rebecca Elizabeth Mooneyhan. "Ground Layer Response to Disturbance in the Pine-Dominated Eastern Foothill Region of West-Central Alberta, Canada." OpenSIUC, 2011. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/436.

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The canopy cover of the Pinus contorta forests of west-central Alberta, dictates colonization of the forest floor ground layer. This dynamic ground layer is a mosaic of feather mosses and reindeer lichens in a system driven by disturbance. In this project, anthropogenic was used to control canopy cover change and study its effects on the ground layer. Timber companies selectively mechanically thinned sections producing three experimental areas with uncut controls. Data were collected from 182, 6.5 m2 plots located in the four thinning areas. Six general areas of inquiry were posed around deter
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Books on the topic "Canopy layer"

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J, Harding D., and Goddard Space Flight Center, eds. SLICER airborne laser altimeter characterization of canopy structure and sub-canopy topography for the BOREAS northern and southern study regions: Instrument and data product description. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center, 2000.

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J, Harding D., and Goddard Space Flight Center, eds. SLICER airborne laser altimeter characterization of canopy structure and sub-canopy topography for the BOREAS northern and southern study regions: Instrument and data product description. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center, 2000.

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Donahue, Charles. Law, marriage, and society in the later Middle Ages. Cambridge University Press, 2007.

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Marshall, Grossman, ed. Aemilia Lanyer: Gender, genre, and the canon. University Press of Kentucky, 1998.

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Good Wives and Warriors (Partnership) Staff. Up in the Canopy: Explore the Rainforest, Layer by Layer. Templar Publishing, 2023.

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National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Staff. Slicer Airborne Laser Altimeter Characterization of Canopy Structure and Sub-Canopy Topography for the Boreas Northern and Southern Study Regions: Instrument and Data Product Description. Independently Published, 2018.

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Clarke, Peter. Western Canon Law in the Central and Later Middle Ages. Edited by Heikki Pihlajamäki, Markus D. Dubber, and Mark Godfrey. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198785521.013.14.

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This chapter explores a significant period in the formation, teaching, and application of canon law. Firstly, it marked the emergence of a universal body of Western canon law which remained in force among Catholics down to 1917; and the chapter will survey recent scholarly debate about the development of this corpus of canon law. Secondly, universities appeared and established the systematic teaching and study of canon (and civil) law. Canon law collections were often compiled in this milieu, and university teachers produced commentaries and other literature on this law, which influenced how i
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Apostate Nuns in the Later Middle Ages. Boydell & Brewer, Incorporated, 2019.

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Makowski, Elizabeth. Apostate Nuns in the Later Middle Ages. Boydell & Brewer, Incorporated, 2019.

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Lepine, David N. Brotherhood of Canons Serving God: English Secular Cathedrals in the Later Middle Ages. Boydell & Brewer, Incorporated, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Canopy layer"

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Stupak, Howard D. "Complementary Procedures to the Framework Strategy (The Canopy Layer)." In Rethinking Rhinoplasty and Facial Surgery. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44674-1_8.

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Gao, W., R. H. Shaw, and K. T. Paw U. "Observation of Organized Structure in Turbulent Flow within and above a Forest Canopy." In Boundary Layer Studies and Applications. Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0975-5_22.

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Lüttschwager, D., M. Wulf, S. Rust, J. Forkert, and R. F. Hüttl. "Tree canopy and field layer transpiration in Scots pine stands." In Nutrients in Ecosystems. Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9022-8_6.

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Basley, Jérémy, and Laurent Perret. "Signature of a Cubical Canopy on the Spatial Dynamics of an Atmospheric Boundary Layer." In Springer Proceedings in Physics. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57934-4_29.

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Cleugh, H. A. "Predicting evaporation at the catchment scale using a coupled canopy and mixed layer model." In Vegetation and climate interactions in semi-arid regions. Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3264-0_11.

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St-Onge, Benoît, Udayalakshmi Vepakomma, Jean-François Sénécal, Daniel Kneeshaw, and Frédérik Doyon. "Canopy Gap Detection and Analysis with Airborne Laser Scanning." In Forestry Applications of Airborne Laser Scanning. Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8663-8_21.

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Roncat, Andreas, Felix Morsdorf, Christian Briese, Wolfgang Wagner, and Norbert Pfeifer. "Laser Pulse Interaction with Forest Canopy: Geometric and Radiometric Issues." In Forestry Applications of Airborne Laser Scanning. Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8663-8_2.

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Martzloff, Jean-Claude. "Later Astronomical Canons (1281–1644)." In Astronomy and Calendars – The Other Chinese Mathematics. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49718-0_6.

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Espinoza-Ruiz, Alejandro, Julia E. Colombini, Emily K. Everton, Pierre Dérian, and Shane D. Mayor. "Temporal Evolution of Wavelength and Orientation of Atmospheric Canopy Waves." In Proceedings of the 30th International Laser Radar Conference. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37818-8_61.

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Adams, E. W., and B. Ruck. "The Effect of the Forest Canopy on the Separated Flow over Hills." In Applications of Laser Anemometry to Fluid Mechanics. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83844-6_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Canopy layer"

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Straupe, Inga, Patriks Kikusts, Diana Jansone, and Aris Jansons. "VEGETATION OF SMALL-LEAVED LIME TILIA CORDATA MILL. FOREST STANDS IN LATVIA." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2024. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024v/3.2/s13.43.

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Broadleaved forest distribution in Europe and in Latvia is relatively small. Small-leaved lime Tilia cordata Mill. stands are even rarer, so it is important to study and protect them, as well as to assess their biodiversity and future potential. The aim of research is to investigate and assess the vegetation in lime forest stands. In total, 12 plots have been established for long-term monitoring of lime stands. In the sample plots, the survey of growing trees, dead wood, the inventory of vegetation species and the determination of the projective cover were carried out. The natural regeneration
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Tong, Yuxing, Ziwei Wang, Ben Liu, et al. "An Improved Canny Algorithm for Edge Detection in the Thickness Measurement of Reconstituted Tobacco by Modulated Line Laser." In 2024 4th International Conference on Electronic Information Engineering and Computer Science (EIECS). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/eiecs63941.2024.10800357.

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Bonafoni, S., R. Anniballe, and M. Pichierri. "Comparison between surface and canopy layer urban heat island using MODIS data." In 2015 Joint Urban Remote Sensing Event (JURSE). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jurse.2015.7120457.

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Lele, Anna, Inga Straupe, and Solveiga Luguza. "The vitality of Taxus Baccata L. in forest stands in Slitere National Park, Latvia." In Research for Rural Development 2023 : annual 29th international scientific conference proceedings. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/rrd.29.2023.003.

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Taxus baccata L., a relic of the Atlantic flora, is fourth of Latvia’s coniferous tree species, and it is endangered with a limited utilization because of its rare distribution. Evaluation of species condition, tree vitality and unfavourable factors influencing tree growth is crucial to improve species status. Measurements of forest stands with T. baccata autochthon and anthropogenic populations were collected, crown condition was rated, damages of trees were assessed, and projective cover of vegetation (canopy closure, shrub and herbaceous layer) was evaluated to determine the effect on T. ba
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Gutie´rrez, Estatio, Jorge E. Gonza´lez, Robert Bornstein, Mark Arend, and Alberto Martilli. "A New Modeling Approach to Forecast Building Energy Demands During Extreme Heat Events in Complex Cities." In ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54844.

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The thermal response of a large city including the energy production aspects of it are explored for a large and complex city using urbanized atmospheric mesoscale modeling. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) mesocale model is coupled to a multi-layer urban canopy model that considers thermal and mechanical effects of the urban environment including a building scale energy model to account for anthropogenic heat contributions due to indoor-outdoor temperature differences. This new urban parameterization is used to evaluate the evolution and the resulting urban heat island formation asso
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Miura, Munenori, Kenta Obata, and Hiroki Yoshioka. "Vegetation isoline equations for atmosphere-canopy-soil system of layer with second order interaction term." In SPIE Optical Engineering + Applications, edited by Wei Gao, Thomas J. Jackson, and Jinnian Wang. SPIE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.860432.

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Ware, John, and Nicholas Roy. "An analysis of wind field estimation and exploitation for quadrotor flight in the urban canopy layer." In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icra.2016.7487287.

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Liu, Jianming, Shunyu Liu, Peng Chen, Yongqin Yang, and Ting Su. "Analysis of the Influence of Canopy Layer of Forest Trees on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Signal Transmission." In 2023 International Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Symposium (ACES-China). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/aces-china60289.2023.10249666.

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Fan, Y., Y. Li, J. Hang, and K. Wang. "Estimate the flow rate caused by high-rise building walls natural convection in urban canopy layer." In THMT-15. Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium On Turbulence Heat and Mass Transfer. Begellhouse, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/ichmt.2015.thmt-15.1520.

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Du, Sihong, Xiaoming Kuang, Jun Chen, and Xing Shi. "Identification and assessment of urban ventilation corridors in the urban canopy layer under dynamic wind directions." In 2023 Building Simulation Conference. IBPSA, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.26868/25222708.2023.1543.

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Reports on the topic "Canopy layer"

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Weil, Jeffrey C., Edward G. Patton, and Peter P. Sullivan. Collaborative Research: Lagrangian Modeling of Dispersion in the Stable Boundary Layer and Canopy Environments. Defense Technical Information Center, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada499339.

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Short, Mary, та Sherry Leis. Vegetation monitoring in the Manley Woods unit at Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield: 1998–2020. Редактор Tani Hubbard. National Park Service, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293615.

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Natural resource management at Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield (NB) is guided by our understanding of the woodlands and prairies at the time of the Civil War battle in 1861. This report is focused on the Manley Woods unit of the park. This unit is an oak-hickory woodland in the Springfield Plain subsection of the Ozarks. Canopy closure for Missouri oak woodlands can be highly variable and ranges from 30–100% across the spectrum of savanna, open woodland, and closed woodland types. In 1861, the woodland was likely a savanna community. Changes in land use (e.g., fire exclusion) caused an increa
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Leis, Sherry. Vegetation community monitoring at Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial: 2011–2019. National Park Service, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2284711.

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Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial celebrates the lives of the Lincoln family including the final resting place of Abraham’s mother, Nancy Hanks Lincoln. Lincoln’s childhood in Indiana was a formative time in the life our 16th president. When the Lincoln family arrived in Indiana, the property was covered in the oak-hickory forest type. They cleared land to create their homestead and farm. Later, designers of the memorial felt that it was important to restore woodlands to the site. The woodlands would help visitors visualize the challenges the Lincoln family faced in establishing and maintainin
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Laxmi Prasanna, Porandla, B. Anil kumar, and Macha Sahithi. A STUDY TO EVALUATE THE TEAR FILM CHANGES IN PATIENTS WITH PTERYGIUM. World Wide Journals, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36106/ijar/3408221.

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Introduction: Pterygium is a degenerative condition of the subconjunctival tissues which proliferate as vascularized granulation tissue to invade the cornea, destroying the supercial layers of the stroma and bowmans membrane, the whole being covered by conjunctival epithelium.The tear lm consists of three layers, the most supercial layer of tear lm is lipid layer produced by meibomian glands. The middle layer is the aqueous layer produced by the main lacrimal gland as well as accessory lacrimal glands of Krause and Wolfring. Aqueous layer constitutes over 90% of the tear lm. The layer clo
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Zimmerman, Ephraim, and Staphanie Perles. Vegetation monitoring in relation to white-tailed deer browsing in First State National Historical Park: 2021 summary report. National Park Service, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2299655.

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Baseline information on canopy regeneration and plant community composition is needed in order to better understand white-tailed deer browsing impacts at First State National Historical Park (FRST). In 2021, the Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program (PNHP) established 20 permanent vegetation monitoring plots following methods developed by the NPS Eastern Rivers and Mountains Network (ERMN) to assess and monitor trends in vegetation (Perles et al. 2014b; Perles et al. 2017). These protocols provided an efficient method of assessing the current status of native and non-native vegetation and deer
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Blundell, S. Micro-terrain and canopy feature extraction by breakline and differencing analysis of gridded elevation models : identifying terrain model discontinuities with application to off-road mobility modeling. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40185.

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Elevation models derived from high-resolution airborne lidar scanners provide an added dimension for identification and extraction of micro-terrain features characterized by topographic discontinuities or breaklines. Gridded digital surface models created from first-return lidar pulses are often combined with lidar-derived bare-earth models to extract vegetation features by model differencing. However, vegetative canopy can also be extracted from the digital surface model alone through breakline analysis by taking advantage of the fine-scale changes in slope that are detectable in high-resolut
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Manninen, Terhikki, and Pauline Stenberg. Influence of forest floor vegetation on the total forest reflectance and its implications for LAI estimation using vegetation indices. Finnish Meteorological Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361379.

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Recently a simple analytic canopy bidirectional reflectance factor (BRF) model based on the spectral invariants theory was presented. The model takes into account that the recollision probability in the forest canopy is different for the first scattering than the later ones. Here this model is extended to include the forest floor contribution to the total forest BRF. The effect of the understory vegetation on the total forest BRF as well as on the simple ratio (SR) and the normalized difference (NDVI) vegetation indices is demonstrated for typical cases of boreal forest. The relative contribut
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Rosse, Anine. Stream channel monitoring for Wind Cave National Park 2021 Data report. National Park Service, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2296623.

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The Northern Great Plains Inventory and Monitoring Network (NGPN) began stream channel monitoring in Highland Creek at Wind Cave National Park (WICA) in 2021. This data report summarizes the data collected during the 2021 season pertaining to watershed, reach, and physical habitat. After data are collected for at least four cycles, trends may be reported. This report covers three main areas: 1) Reporting on upland channel characteristics data that may affect habitat such as: land cover, drainage area, and total stream length; 2) Reporting of geomorphic dimensions such as: channel widths, bank
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Godenau, Dirk. Migration and the economy. Observatorio de la Inmigración de Tenerife. Departamento de Geografía e Historia. Universidad de La Laguna. Tenerife, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.25145/r.obitfact.2020.02.

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Economic reasons are among the basic explanatory factors of migration, whether international or internally within a country. In turn, migratory movements have effects on the economy in terms of economic growth in general, but also in the different markets (work, housing, consumer goods, etc.) and public services (education, health, social services, etc.). The purpose of this document is to offer an overview of these interactions between migration and the economy in the case of the Canary Islands. To do this, certain conceptual clarifications will be made initially involving the mutual determin
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Epiphan, Jean, and Steven Handel. Trajectory of forest vegetation under contrasting stressors over a 26-year period, at Morristown National Historical Park: Focused condition assessment report. National Park Service, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2297281.

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The Jockey Hollow section and the New Jersey Brigade Area of Morristown National Historical Park (MORR) are predominantly comprised of upland oak-hickory forests that have regrown over the past 200 years from previous land uses. The forest is being damaged by two major stressors, a large population of white-tailed deer and an abundance of non-native, invasive shrubs and herbaceous species. This study explores changes to the forest over 26 years and suggests management techniques to avoid future degradation. The forest is typical of many upland stands in the region, and studies here would be ap
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