Journal articles: 'Capacitor testing'

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Bhargava, Cherry, Vijay Kumar Banga, and Yaduvir Singh. "Condition monitoring of aluminium electrolytic capacitors using accelerated life testing." International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management 35, no. 8 (September 3, 2018): 1671–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijqrm-06-2017-0115.

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Purpose An electrolytic capacitor is extensively used as filtering devices in various power supplies and audio amplifiers. Low cost and higher value of capacitance make it more well known. As environmental stress and electrical parameters increase, capacitors degrade on accelerated pace. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach This paper focusses on the impact of thermal stress on electrolytic capacitors using accelerated life testing technique. The failure time was calculated based on the change in capacitance, equivalent series resistance and weight loss. The experimental results are compared with the outcome of already available life monitoring methods, and the accuracy level of these methods is accessed. Findings The results of all the three methods are having maximum 55 per cent accuracy. To enhance the accuracy level of theoretical methods, modifications have been suggested. A new method has been proposed, whose outcome is 92 per cent accurate with respect to experimentally obtained outcomes. Practical implications To assess the capacitor’s reliability using an experimental and modified theoretical method, failure prediction can be done before it actually fails. Originality/value A new method has been proposed to access the lifetime of capacitor.

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Bolufawi, Omonayo, Annadanesh Shellikeri, and Jim P. Zheng. "Lithium-Ion Capacitor Safety Testing for Commercial Application." Batteries 5, no. 4 (December 7, 2019): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries5040074.

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The lithium-ion capacitor (LIC) is a recent innovation in the area of electrochemical energy storage that hybridizes lithium-ion battery anode material and an electrochemical double layer capacitor cathode material as its electrodes. The high power compared to batteries and higher energy compared to capacitors has made it a promising energy-storage device for powering hand-held and portable electronic systems/consumer electronics, hybrid electric vehicles, and electric vehicles. The swelling and gassing of the LIC when subjected to abuse conditions is still a critical issue concerning the safe application in power electronics and commercial devices. However, it is imperative to carry out a thorough investigation that characterizes the safe operation of LICs. We investigated and studied the safety of LIC for commercial applications, by conducting a comprehensive abuse tests on LIC 200 F pouch cells with voltage range from 3.8 V to 2.2 V manufactured by General Capacitors LLC. The abuse tests include overcharge, external short circuit, crush (flat metal plate and blunt indentation), nail penetration test, and external heat test.

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Badi, N., C. Boney, and A. Bensaoula. "Self-packaged Boron Nitride Capacitor for High Temperature Applications." Journal of Microelectronics and Electronic Packaging 1, no. 4 (October 1, 2004): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/1551-4897-1.4.217.

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In this work, we investigated applicability of boron nitride (BN) and boron oxynitride (BNO) thin films to fabricate multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) for high temperature and high frequency applications. Advantages of BN include high temperature and chemical resistance, which should result in more compact and reliable devices. Deposited BN layers by a filamentless ion source assisted physical vapor deposition technique show a high thermal stability up to 1000 °C and a very high breakdown voltage of about 600 V/μm. A 15 mm × 15 mm capacitor geometry was picked to create a simpler packaging scheme. Rectangular electrodes are offset and layered to build up the capacitor and a metallization technique is used to produce high temperature oxidation resistant Au/Ti tab electrodes. We have seen consistent results in terms of: stable capacitance values versus frequency from 10 kHz to 2 MHz; near ideal phase angle (low parasitic inductance); and high quality factors values. Laboratory prototype capacitors with operating temperatures (350 °C - 700 °C) far superior to the leading sintering technologies (< 200 °C) were demonstrated. The dissipation factor and the capacitance change within a temperature range of 700 °C are ~ 2% total and ~10 ppm/ °C, respectively. Results on thermal and frequency behavior of single and multilayers self-packaged BN capacitors are presented. We have begun testing the capacitor's performance under actual operating conditions, together with other (R and L) components in a working RLC circuit at elevated temperature, and our preliminary results are reported.

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Dziarski, Krzysztof, Arkadiusz Hulewicz, and Grzegorz Dombek. "Thermographic Measurement of the Temperature of Reactive Power Compensation Capacitors." Energies 14, no. 18 (September 12, 2021): 5736. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185736.

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An excessive increase in reactive power consumption is unfavorable from the point of view of a power system. For this reason, devices compensating reactive power consumption are used. The capacitor is one such device. Capacitors must be tested regularly during their exploitation. One of the activities that should be performed is testing the degree of heating of the cells of a capacitor bank. Thermography can be used to perform such tests. This non-contact method has its limitations. Due to the angular emissivity and the change in the distance between the lens and the object under observation, the temperature measured with a thermographic camera may differ from the actual temperature. This phenomenon is visible on cylindrical capacitor cases. Consequently, depending on the location of the observation point on the capacitor case, the result of the thermographic temperature measurement may be different. To investigate this phenomenon, experimental work has been undertaken.

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Zednicek, T., M. Biler, J. Petrzilek, I. Pinwill, and R. Faltus. "230C Hermetically Sealed SMD Tantalum Capacitors." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2013, HITEN (January 1, 2013): 000001–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/hiten-ma11.

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Certain electronic applications, such as oil and gas exploration drilling, are continuously demanding ever higher operating temperatures. Recently operating temperature requirements have increased from 200°C to 230°C with an increased operating life from hours to one thousand hours and beyond. This need is linked with the continuous development of oil drilling heads and sensors and their use for deeper drilling or drilling in more difficult geological conditions. Capacitors with high capacitance value are a common part of the electronic boards used in these applications, but over 125°C/175°C, available capacitor choice is very limited. Tantalum SMD capacitor technology has proved its reliability in operation up to 175°C and there is a limited choice of special designs up to 200°C. Long life wet tantalum capacitors up to 200°C are available from multiple sources, or up to 230°C with reduced operational life from a single source. Hermetically sealed MnO2 tantalum capacitors have demonstrated their ability to offer unique long life stability at 230C combined with solid, stable and robust design. [1]. The next testing and development presented in this paper discusses the basic behavior of the solid hermetically sealed MnO2 tantalum capacitor above 200°C. A certain type of “wear out” has been observed in a longer exposure at 230°C depending on applied voltage. Nevertheless, the basic capability of the capacitor meets the “best in class” requirement for 230°C 1000hours continuous operating life with 50% voltage derating. The paper discusses and summarizes the “wear out” phenomenon observed at temperatures above 200°C on these capacitors and impact of different voltage derating to operational life at 230°C .

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Jamison, Keith D., and Bill Balliette. "High Temperature Performance of Oxide Film Capacitors." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2011, HITEN (January 1, 2011): 000021–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/hiten-paper4-kjamison.

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Film capacitors that perform well at temperatures exceeding 150°C and have energy densities in excess of 1 J/cm3 are an enabling technology for many applications in automotive, geophysical exploration, aerospace, and the military. To address this need Faradox Energy Storage, Inc. has produced and is testing high temperature film capacitors fabricated using amorphous oxides (OxFilm™) as the dielectric material. The capacitors are made by depositing thin films of an oxide dielectric on both sides of a double metalized polyimide substrate to form dielectric-coated electrodes. Currently Faradox is producing 2″ long, 1/4″ diameter 2 uF, 100 VDC capacitors using silicon dioxide as the dielectric material. In this paper we present test data demonstrating that OxFilm capacitors have relatively stable properties over a wide temperature range. Measurements include capacitor testing at different 3rd Party test facilities and internal testing using a variety of test conditions including:Life testing at 200 and 250°C for over 1000 hours with measurements of capacitance, leakage, dF and ESR.Capacitance versus voltage, temperature and frequencyImpedance, ESR, and dF versus frequency and temperature and voltageData will also be presented that show these capacitors can be cycled between 0°C and 200°C without degrading their performance. Work is ongoing to obtain additional test data with more statistically significant numbers of capacitors.

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Beal, Aubrey, T. Baginski, R. Dean, and M. Hamilton. "Micromachined High Density Embedded Capacitor Technologies for Silicon Interposers." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2012, DPC (January 1, 2012): 001192–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2012dpc-tp42.

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We describe our work on micromachined, large surface area, thin and high-density capacitor technologies targeted at the growing interest and applications for embedded passive devices in thin silicon interposers. As integrated circuit I/O number, speed and density increase, chip current requirements grow and margins shrink leading to the requirement of large, distributed decoupling capacitance as close to the load as possible. The simple fabrication methods used to form our embedded capacitors can be used to alleviate the increasing demand for low impedance power distribution networks in high-density integrated electronic systems while maintaining required signal integrity through the interposer. We have investigated silicon dioxide-based capacitors of varying oxide thickness, with and without integrated parallel metal Schottky barrier capacitors or pn junction capacitors. These device structures have been fabricated using standard MEMS processing techniques such as DRIE and thermal oxidation to enhance the available surface area and increase capacitance per chip foot-print. We have characterized the performance of the various capacitor structures using both time and frequency response measurements. Time response measurements are performed using a capacitive charge and discharge ringdown test. High frequency (> 1GHz) performance characterization and modeling of these devices has also been performed. In general, measurement results correlate with simulation. We will describe the challenges associated with fabricating, testing and integrating these passive devices. On-going measurement and simulation work that will be reported includes modification of device structures to evaluate the range of achievable capacitance density, minimize leakage current, minimize effective series inductance / resistance, and achieve thinned capacitor structures integrated into our Si interposer technology that incorporates electroplated through-Si vias (TSVs) of varying sizes and densities. The results of these efforts will be presented.

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Naikan, V. N. A., and Arvind Rathore. "Accelerated temperature and voltage life tests on aluminium electrolytic capacitors." International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management 33, no. 1 (December 31, 2015): 120–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijqrm-12-2014-0201.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to focus on conducting accelerated life tests on aluminium electrolytic capacitors under accelerated temperature and voltage stress to study the effect of applied voltage and ambient temperature on the capacitor, its degradation over time, failure data collection, analysis and then modelling the failure times. Principles of DOE are used for studying the effect of temperature and voltage. Design/methodology/approach – Life tests are conducted at three levels of temperature and applied voltage and the life of capacitor is ascertained at each treatment level. Life variation with voltage and temperature is studied to gain an insight as to how these factors affect the lifetime of the capacitor. The interaction effect of temperature and voltage on capacitor life is also established. Findings – The life of the capacitor decreases exponentially with temperature and voltage at all the three factor levels. Ambient temperature, applied voltage and their interaction effect significantly affects the life of the capacitor. Applied voltage has the greatest effect followed by ambient temperature and then their interaction effect. Life of the capacitor has been estimated as 4,206 hrs when only voltage is taken as the accelerated stress using Inverse Power Law and as 4,003 hrs when both temperature and voltage are taken as accelerating stress using combination model. Research limitations/implications – This work consider only decrease in capacitance as the failure criterion. However, as a future scope, it is proposed that test may be conducted by taking into consideration not only the decrease in capacitance as the failure criteria but by monitoring all the performance parameters of the capacitor. This would give a more realistic assessment of life as it is possible that capacitor may have failed much before it reached the lower threshold capacitance value. Practical implications – This work has lots of practical implications. It shows how DOE approach can be used for ALT data analysis and identification and effect of critical stresses acting on capacitors in real practice. Most critical types of stresses affecting the reliability can thus be controlled to ensure better performance. Product manufactures as well as users will be benefited by such findings. The paper has also illustrated how failure data can generated by degradation analysis using life test data collection at discrete intervals. Originality/value – The methodology presents an alternative non traditional approach of accelerated life testing, which does not require continuous monitoring of test items. This only requires intermittent monitoring which reduces the need of test resources. Though the degradation study itself is not new but using degradation study for ALT data generation is new. This approach may considerably reduce the test duration and resources used for ALT. DOE approach gives more tangible result to study the effect of various variables on the dependent variable. As DOE approach uses a fractional factorial design, it can be very helpful to conduct life tests with minimum number of test units (only a fraction of full factorial test units). This will considerably reduce the test duration, resources requirement for testing, easier but accurate data analysis, and faster product development, especially when ALT is to be conducted at several stresses simultaneously.

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O'Brien, D. J., D. M. Baechle, and E. D. Wetzel. "Design and performance of multifunctional structural composite capacitors." Journal of Composite Materials 45, no. 26 (October 17, 2011): 2797–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998311412207.

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Dielectric capacitors with mechanical load-bearing capability have been constructed by laminating glass-epoxy prepregs with metalized film electrodes. Mechanical characterization and high-voltage testing are used to quantify the elastic modulus, mechanical strength, and dielectric energy density of these structural devices. An approach for predicting mass savings in systems utilizing multifunctional material structures is also presented. The experimental results show that, in spite of increases in void content with fiber volume fraction, overall structural capacitor performance is greatest at maximum fiber volume fraction. At these high-fiber volume fractions, the overall multifunctional performance of the structural capacitors is predicted to provide mass and volume savings over conventional designs.

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Gulbrandsen, Stephani, Joelle Arnold, Greg Caswell, and Ken Cartmill. "Comparison of Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitor Lifetimes Using Accelerated Life Testing." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2014, no. 1 (October 1, 2014): 000662–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-wp25.

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This research compared the lifetime of similar aluminum electrolytic capacitors from different manufacturers using an accelerated life test, which consisted of critical weight loss testing and rate of weight loss testing. In critical weight loss testing, capacitors are perforated to speed up electrolyte evaporation and the equivalent series resistance (ESR) and weight are measured periodically to determine their relationship. In rate of weight loss testing, capacitors are subjected to final operating conditions (i.e. voltage and ripple current are applied) and the weight is periodically measured over the course of 500 hours. After test completion the relationship between ESR and weight loss is used to calculate the critical weight loss that occurs at datasheet-defined failure, which is typically a 200% increase in ESR. The rate of weight loss is extrapolated to the critical weight to estimate a time to failure that can be compared to other capacitors tested using the same accelerated approach. In this research, testing compared 450 V, 68 μF capacitors from Manufacturer A and Manufacturer B, and results indicated Manufacturer A had a significantly longer lifetime. Therefore, capacitors from Manufacturer A are more reliable than capacitors from Manufacturer B.

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Krishnamoorthy, R., A. Mathialagan, and D. Vidya. "μ-Processor based capacitor testing and sorting." Computers in Industry 10, no. 2 (July 1988): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-3615(88)90019-x.

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Sato, Soshi, Kikuo Yamabe, Tetsuo Endoh, and Masaaki Niwa. "Failure Analysis of a SiC MOS Capacitor with a Poly-Si Gate Electrode." Materials Science Forum 858 (May 2016): 485–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.858.485.

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The failure mechanism of a SiC metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitor with a poly-Si gate electrode was investigated by time-dependent dielectric breakdown testing under a 200-nA constant current stress. The capacitor exhibited both hard and soft breakdowns. After dielectric breakdown in both cases, adjacent concaves were observed on the capacitor with a field-emission scanning electron microscope. Additional optical beam-induced resistance changes and photo-emission analysis of a capacitor after hard-breakdown located a failure point on the periphery of a group of adjacent concaves. Cross-sectional scanning transmission electron microscope observation revealed that a narrow, vertical defect had formed at this point on the SiC substrate.

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Abo-Khalil, Ahmed G., Abdel-Rahman Al-Qawasmi, Ali M. Eltamaly, and B. G. Yu. "Condition Monitoring of DC-Link Electrolytic Capacitors in PWM Power Converters Using OBL Method." Sustainability 12, no. 9 (May 4, 2020): 3719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12093719.

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Since the lifespan of an electrolytic capacitor is relatively short compared to other power semiconductor devices, the failure rate accounts for 60% and, thus, it is the most vulnerable component of the power conversion device. Therefore, the accurate measurement of the lifetime of an electrolytic capacitor is very important in ensuring the reliability of the entire system, including the capacitor. In this paper, an online failure detection method for a DC-link electrolytic capacitor in a back-to-back Pulse width Modulation (PWM) converter using the opposition-based learning particle swarm optimization-based Support Vector Regression (OPSO-SVR) technique is proposed. In this method, the capacitance and the DC-link capacitor power have been used in offline mode for SVR training and testing. During the offline mode, the SVR parameters have been optimized with the OPSO algorithm to use online to estimate the real value of the DC-link capacitor. The experimental results prove the superiority of the proposed technique over the SVR.

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Kalaiselvan, C., and Lokavarapu Bhaskara Rao. "Highly Accelerated Life Testing of Ceramic Capacitors Using Capacitor Test Board by Lognormal Method and Integrated with PLM Solutions." Advanced Science Letters 24, no. 8 (August 1, 2018): 5859–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asl.2018.12210.

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Compare to previous decay, now days consumer expectation is very high about the electronic product what they are going to purchase. The consumer analyzes the quality of the product with the product competitors. The electronic component manufacturer is under immersive pressure to show their reliability of their product and maintain their place in the market. Reliability engineering helps to announce the guaranty period of the electronic product. Highly Accelerated Life Testing (HALT) is the latest technology in the reliability field for testing the electronic components. The highly accelerated life testing is conducted at accelerated stress level to generate more failure data in a short span of time. The Capacitor test board is used to test the most commonly used X5R Ceramic Capacitor to identify the time to failure data (TTF). The time to failure data follows a statistical distribution to find out the mean time to failure data (MTTF) at accelerated conditions. The time to failure data of capacitor at accelerated condition is converted to actual conditions and integrated with PLM solution using SQL Query, Java and HTML. The integration helps to reduce product time to market and increase the profitability of the manufacturer.

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Umemura, T., and K. Akiyama. "Accelerated-Life Testing of Power Capacitor Dielectric Systems." IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation EI-22, no. 3 (June 1987): 309–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tei.1987.298996.

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Declet-Vega, Amarilis, Nelson Sepúlveda-Ramos, Javier Martínez-Santos, and Oscar Marcelo Suárez. "Study of electrical properties of biocomposites containing ferroelectric nanoparticles." Journal of Composite Materials 51, no. 14 (August 26, 2016): 1979–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998316665454.

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Bio-ferroelectric composites represent an inexpensive and environmentally friendly electronic alternative for electrical applications such as capacitors, transistors, and actuators. The present research relates to the development of a biocomposite made of a chitosan–cellulose polymeric layer and bearing ferroelectric nanoparticles. The variables considered included the volume percentage of cellulose (15 v% and 25 v%) in the matrix and the amount of ferroelectric nanoparticles (0 wt.%, 10 wt.%, and 20 wt.%). Upon electrical characterization, the results indicated that the addition of the nanoparticles raised the capacitance and resistivity of the composite while the addition of cellulose lessened both electrical properties. The measured capacitance of the composites diminished as the applied voltage increased when contrasted with commercial capacitors where under similar testing conditions, as expected, the said capacity remained constant. Additionally, higher current flows were obtained for those capacitors than for a capacitor made with the nanocomposite. In general, it is proposed that capacitors made of this biopolymer reinforced with ferroelectric particles be suitable for radio frequency and microwave applications in which high electrical tunability and low dielectric loss are required.

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Huh, Yong Hak, Dong Iel Kim, Dong Jin Kim, Kyung Ho Lee, and Dong Jin Kim. "Measurement of Adhesion Strength for Patterned Single Layer Ceramic Capacitor Sheet." Key Engineering Materials 345-346 (August 2007): 1181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.345-346.1181.

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Adhesion strength for single layer ceramic capacitor sheet, used in MLCC(Multilayer Ceramic Capacitor), was measured by peel tests. The peel strength was measured during the separation of the ceramic sheet from the PET film using the peel testing system developed in this study. The sheet specimen was adhered on the glass jig floating on the liquid media, which was designed to minimize the friction, and the specimen was pulled up by micro-actuator. In this study, the dependency of the specimen width, peel angle and testing speed on the adhesive strength was experimentally investigated. It was found that the adhesive strength for the ceramic sheet is nearly identical, irrespective of the specimen width ranged from 5 to 20 mm, and the adhesive strength was increased with increasing testing speed. Furthermore, the strength was shown to be dependent on the peel angle.

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Inamdar, Anvesh, and G. S. Mundada. "Design and Fabrication of Magnetic Loop Antenna for 5MHz." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 10, no. 4 (February 28, 2021): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.d8448.0210421.

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In the short-wave range, size of the antenna become large and therefore is a major constraint. Magnetic Loop Antenna provides an advantage over other antennas in terms of a smaller size, higher quality factor and better signal to noise ratio. It works on the principle of resonance with the inductor provided by loop and external tuning capacitor operating like a tank circuit. The tunable magnetic loop antenna is designed to work in the high frequency range. The antenna consists of a circular hollow copper pipe, an inductive loop feed and a variable tuning capacitor. The antenna is tuned using variable 9-140pF capacitor paralleled with 150pF capacitor. The designed antenna is simulated using 4NEC2 software. The simulated antenna has high efficiency and quality factor of more than 1000. The real time testing show great result at 5.45MHz with bandwidth of 8KHz.

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Tang, Enling, Li Wang, Ruizhi Wang, Yafei Han, Xiaochu Lin, Guowen Gao, Liping He, Shenghai Xiang, and Meng Wang. "Influence of the Storage Energy Capacitance on Their Electrical Output Characteristics of Piezoelectric Ceramic during the Process of High-Velocity Impact." Xibei Gongye Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Northwestern Polytechnical University 36, no. 5 (October 2018): 949–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jnwpu/20183650949.

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In order to reveal influence of external capacitance on the voltage input and input energy provided by the PZT-5H piezoelectric ceramic composite structure under high-speed impact loading, experiments have been performed by using one-stage light gas gun loading system combining with a power supplier circuit and power output testing system, which the aspect ratio of 1:1 column projectile impact monolithic and multi-piece piezoelectric ceramic composite structure at the near impact velocity and different storage capacity. The experimental results show that the more larger storage capacitance is, the smaller the piezoelectric ceramic output voltage is. However, the smaller of the capacitor voltage is, the smaller the value of energy storage is; with the energy storage capacitance increasing, the piezoelectric capacitance ratio and the energy conversion rate of piezoelectric ceramics decreases; In addition, the storage energy capacitor increases with the increasing of the piezoelectric ceramic layers; the relationships of storage energy capacitor and piezoelectric ceramic capacitor has a great influence on the input voltage and storage energy for storage energy capacitor.

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Svoboda, Noah P., and Abas Sabouni. "Biocompatible Implanted Dielectric Sensors for Breast Cancer Detection." International Journal of Handheld Computing Research 5, no. 4 (October 2014): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijhcr.2014100101.

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This article describes the development of a method for a biocompatible sensor device for the intent of in-vivo breast tissue dielectric properties measurements. This article focuses on a specific type of sensor that utilizes an LC circuit with an inter-digital capacitor (IDC) with small size and high sensitivity for early stage breast cancer detection. To meet this objective an IDC was optimized in terms of contrast and miniaturized size via simulation techniques. For experimental testing, a scaled-up prototype inter-digital capacitor and spiral square inductor sensor was fabricated, and tested with known media, such as distilled water and glycerol. The results suggest that there is a need for further development, such as fabrication and testing for the biocompatible, miniaturized sensor for breast tissue application.

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Voshall, R. E., and A. Lee. "Capacitor Energy Storage Synthetic Testing of H.V.D.C. Circuit Breakers." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 1, no. 1 (1986): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.1986.4307906.

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Laknaur, Amit, Sai Raghuram Durbha, and Haibo Wang. "Built-In-Self-Testing Techniques for Programmable Capacitor Arrays." Journal of Electronic Testing 22, no. 4-6 (November 23, 2006): 449–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10836-006-9459-9.

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Widjonarko, Widjonarko, Cries Avian, Andi Setiawan, Moch Rusli, and Eka Iskandar. "Capacitor bank controller using artificial neural network with closed-loop system." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 9, no. 4 (August 1, 2020): 1379–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v9i4.2411.

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The problem of power factor in the industry is critical. This is due to the issue of low power factor that can make the vulnerability of industrial equipment damaged. This problem has been resolved in various ways, one of which is the Automatic Power Factor Correction, with the most popular device called capacitor bank. There are also many methods used, but several methods require certain calculations so the system can adapt to the new plant. In this study, researchers proposed a capacitor bank control system that can adapt to plants with different capacitor values without using any calculations by using an Artificial Neural Network with a closed-loop controller. The system is simulated using Simulink Matlab to know the performance with two testing scenarios. The first is changing the value of the power factor on the system and changing the value of the capacitor power at each bank, the second comparing it with the conventional methods. The results show that the system has been able to adapt to different capacitor power values and has a better performance than the conventional method in power factor oscillation due to the extreme power factor interference

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Gournay, P., O. Thévenot, L. Dupont, J. M. David, and F. Piquemal. "Toward a determination of the fine structure constant at LNE by means of a new Thompson–Lampard calculable capacitorThis paper was presented at the International Conference on Precision Physics of Simple Atomic Systems, held at École de Physique, les Houches, France, 30 May – 4 June, 2010." Canadian Journal of Physics 89, no. 1 (January 2011): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p10-066.

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This paper reports on the current development of a new Thompson–Lampard calculable capacitor at LNE. The goal is to determine the von Klitzing constant RK at a significant level of uncertainty of about one part in 108. The comparison with other accurate measurements of h/e2 serves as a relevant test of validity of the theory predicting RK = h/e2, a decisive issue within the context of the new SI. Conversely, assuming that this relation is exact, the measurement of RK and thus that of the fine structure constant α can be used for testing quantum electrodynamics theory. The mechanical structure of the new LNE calculable cross capacitor has been designed and a new set of electrodes has been fabricated. The assembling of the calculable capacitor is in progress.

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Kalaiselvan, C., and Lokavarapu Bhaskara Rao. "Accelerated life testing of nano ceramic capacitors and capacitor test boards using non-parametric method." Measurement 88 (June 2016): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2016.03.035.

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Diab, Ahmed A. Zaki, Terad Ebraheem, Raseel Aljendy, Hamdy M. Sultan, and Ziad M. Ali. "Optimal Design and Control of MMC STATCOM for Improving Power Quality Indicators." Applied Sciences 10, no. 7 (April 4, 2020): 2490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10072490.

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In recent years, modular multilevel converters (MMC) are becoming popular in the distribution and transmission of electrical systems. The multilevel converter suffers from circulating current within the converter that increases the conduction loss of switches and increases the thermal stress on the capacitors and switches’ IGBTs. One of the main solutions to control the circulating current is to keep the capacitor voltage balanced in the MMC. In this paper, a new hybrid control algorithm for the cascaded modular multilevel converter is presented. The Harris hawk’s optimization (HHO) and Atom search optimization (ASO) are used to optimally design the controller of the hybrid MMC. The proposed structure of modular multilevel inverters allows effective operation, a low level of harmonic distortion in the absence of output voltage filters, a low switching frequency, and excellent flexibility to achieve the requirements of any voltage level. The effectiveness of the proposed controller and the multilevel converter has been verified through testing with the application of the MMC-static synchronous compensator (STATCOM). The stability of the voltage capacitors was monitored with balanced and unbalanced loads on the studied network.

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Li, Yang, Zhao Yao, Wenjing Yue, Chunwei Zhang, Song Gao, and Cong Wang. "Reusable, Non-Invasive, and Ultrafast Radio Frequency Biosensor Based on Optimized Integrated Passive Device Fabrication Process for Quantitative Detection of Glucose Levels." Sensors 20, no. 6 (March 11, 2020): 1565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20061565.

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The increase in the number of people suffering diabetes has been the driving force behind the development of glucose sensors to overcome the current testing shortcomings. In this work, a reusable, non-invasive and ultrafast radio frequency biosensor based on optimized integrated passive device fabrication process for quantitative detection of glucose level was developed. With the aid of the novel biosensor design with hammer-shaped capacitors for carrying out detection, both the resonance frequency and magnitude of reflection coefficient can be applied to map the different glucose levels. Meanwhile, the corresponding fabrication process was developed, providing an approach for achieving quantitative detection and a structure without metal-insulator-metal type capacitor that realizes low cost and high reliability. To enhance the sensitivity of biosensor, a 3-min dry etching treatment based on chlorine/argon-based plasma was implemented for realizing hydrophilicity of capacitor surface to ensure that the biosensor can be touched rapidly with glucose. Based on above implementation, a non-invasive biosensor having an ultrafast response time of superior to 0.85 s, ultralow LOD of 8.01 mg/dL and excellent reusability verified through five sets of measurements are realized. The proposed approaches are not limited the development of a stable and accurate platform for the detection of glucose levels but also presents a scheme toward the detection of glucose levels in human serum.

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Bai, Yang, Carl Meggs, and Tim W. Button. "Investigation of Using Free-Standing Thick-Film Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters to Develop Wideband Devices." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 14, no. 08 (November 25, 2014): 1440016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455414400161.

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This paper is concerned with the wideband behavior of single-frequency and multi-frequency free-standing thick-film piezoelectric energy harvesters. The energy harvesting devices have been fabricated and brief fabrication information is provided. The individual harvesters have been combined with either symmetric or asymmetric tip masses, with some being connected together to form a harvester array. Testing has been undertaken using harmonic vibrations with a wide range of frequencies and accelerations, and also using a random machinery vibration, and data have been recorded in terms of un-rectified and rectified open-circuit voltage, output power with matched resistive loads, peak-to-peak tip displacement, and even charging rates of capacitors. As a general result, the individual harvesters with asymmetric tip masses have vibrated nonlinearly below and in the vicinity of the resonant frequencies. An individual harvester vibrating at the resonant frequency with 0.5 g acceleration has been able to charge a 1000 μF capacitor to 1 V within 12 min and to 1.5 V within 30 min. Also, the harvester array has exhibited a wideband response, where an open-circuit voltage of above 0.8 V has been provided within a certain range of frequencies. Finally, the harvester array has successfully charged a capacitor on a vibrating test sieve shaker, proving the feasibility of the proposed device in real applications.

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Nur Laili, Rizki Putri, Farida Arinie Soelistianto Arinie Soelistianto, Nanak Zakaria, and Nurul Hidayati. "Monitoring Kekenyalan Tahu Kedelai dengan Sensor Kapasitif Menggunakan Mikrokontroller Berbasis Android." E-JOINT (Electronica and Electrical Journal Of Innovation Technology) 2, no. 1 (June 27, 2021): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.35970/e-joint.v2i1.752.

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Tofu has the best quality vegetable protein because it has the most complete amino acid composition and is believed to have high digestibility (85% -98%). According to SNI 01-3142-1998 and SII No. 0270-1990 testing criteria for soy tofu based on smell, taste, color, appearance, or texture. Tofu soybeans are prone to physical or texture damage due to factors such as inappropriate pH levels and insufficient storage which results in damaged tofu. Therefore in this study, it is proposed to determine the elasticity of soy tofu with the parameters tested are the pH level in the manufacture of soy tofu, the storage temperature, and the capacitance value to see how thick the tofu is with a capacitive sensor using the capacitor principle. Where the parallel plate capacitor is a capacitor consisting of two parallel metal plates. The test results of all sensors are sent to the database and will be displayed on the page on the Android application which will provide real-time sensor output information to the user. Based on the results of testing on this system using a pH sensor, the pH value is around 3-4 which indicates that the pH level used is very good for use in tofu processing, at pH 4.56 with storage at 29 ° C the highest elastic capacitance value is 3.58. In testing data delivery, the throughput value is 4336,217 b / s and the smallest delay value is 0.017ms because the smaller the delay value, the better the quality of data transmission because there will be no delay in sending data.

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Dang, H. Q. S., M. R. Corfield, A. Castellazzi, C. M. Johnson, and P. Wheeler. "Repetitive high peak current pulsed discharge film-capacitor reliability testing." Microelectronics Reliability 52, no. 9-10 (September 2012): 2301–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2012.07.006.

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Virkki, J., A. Koskenkorva, and L. Frisk. "Development of a matrix test board for capacitor reliability testing." Microelectronics Reliability 50, no. 9-11 (September 2010): 1711–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2010.07.023.

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Haigh, D. G., C. Toumazou, S. J. Harrold, K. Steptoe, J. I. Sewell, and R. Bayruns. "Design optimization and testing of a GaAs switched-capacitor filter." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems 38, no. 8 (1991): 825–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/31.85625.

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Munikoti, R., and P. Dhar. "Highly accelerated life testing (HALT) for multilayer ceramic capacitor qualification." IEEE Transactions on Components, Hybrids, and Manufacturing Technology 11, no. 4 (December 1988): 342–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/33.16665.

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Munikoti, R., and P. Dhar. "Highly Accelerated Life Testing (HALT) for Multilayer Ceramic Capacitor Qualification." IEEE Transactions on Components, Hybrids, and Manufacturing Technology 11, no. 4 (December 1988): 342–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tchmt.1988.1134944.

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Bhargava, Cherry, Vijay Kumar Banga, and Yaduvir Singh. "An intelligent prognostic model for electrolytic capacitors health monitoring: A design of experiments approach." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 10, no. 10 (October 2018): 168781401878117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814018781170.

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In the world of fast-growing technology, the electronic gadgets become obsolete with the invention of advanced technology. Reuse of electronic components is a philosophy now being applied to all manufacturing industries to achieve the goal of reuse technology. The accurate assessment of residual life is of great significance for reuse as well as the successful operation of the application. The prediction of failure before it occurs will, in turn, reduce the repairing cost and strengthen the reputation of the manufacturer in real-time market. This article reports a novel technique to explore the residual life of electrolytic capacitor and validates it, using accelerated life testing. The optimization and evaluation of proposed technology are accomplished using design of experiments methodology, that is, Taguchi’s approach to designing the experiments. Prediction of residual life of capacitor is done using regression and artificial neural networks technique. A decision support system is prepared using fuzzy logic, which monitors the current health status of the capacitor and directs the user accordingly. Using six environmental stress and electrical parameters, the actual lifetime of the electrolytic capacitor is accessed, which has been proven as a valid and accurate technique, exhibiting error rate of 2.99%.

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Ha, Heng Xu, Xiao Liu, and Xi Tong Hu. "The Calculation of Earth Capacitance Based on Least Square Method." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 6028–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.6028.

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The grounding capacitive current is one of the most important parameters of ungrounded neutral system. Usually this parameter is obtained with the method of additional capacitor or metal grounding. However, the former is complicated and the additional capacitor has negative effects on measurement results, and the later is dangerous when used in testing. In view of that, the paper proposes a new method to calculate grounding capacitance current based on the data of single-phase-grounding faults in power system with indirectly earthed neutral. This method reduces the error by using the least-square method .The ATP simulation results show that this method is accurate basically.

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Zhou, Jian Hao, Jia Yi Du, Yin Nan Yuan, and Deng Pan Zhang. "Analysis on Low Temperature Cold Starting Performance of Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle with Ultra-Capacitor." Applied Mechanics and Materials 43 (December 2010): 119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.43.119.

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Assessment test on low temperature cold starting performance of Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) with ultra-capacitor was carried out in the testing environmental warehouse which can provide constant temperature from -20°C to 0°C. The study focused on: hardware performance of multi-energy management system (MEMS), output torque of Integrated Starter and Generator (ISG) when it was in electric or power generation state, the voltage and current characteristic of its bus bar and the voltage dropping characteristics of ultra-capacitor during charging and discharging process. The experimental results showed that impact starting mode can improve the starting performance of PHEV at low temperature.

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Xu, Min Hua, Fa Rong Gao, Lu Lu Chen, Juan Hong Shen, and Shan Shan Ren. "Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting and Testing Based on Forced Vibration." Applied Mechanics and Materials 687-691 (November 2014): 3342–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.687-691.3342.

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The methods of piezoelectric energy harvest and detection based on forced vibration are introduced in this paper. Firstly, the mechanical energy of the forced vibration is converted into alternating current energy by using the piezoelectric harvester, and then the AC currents are rectified through the full bridge rectifier circuits, and finally the capacitor filter circuits are adopted to obtain the stable DC output. It also implements the voltage waveform detection during above energy harvesting process. The experimental results show that piezoelectric oscillator has the characteristics of simple structure and support stability, and its forced vibration frequency is independent of the structural natural frequency. The piezoelectric harvester forced with the vibration source can obtain an effective energy-harvested electric output.

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Grella, K., S. Dreiner, H. Vogt, and U. Paschen. "High Temperature Reliability Investigations up to 350 °C of Gate Oxide Capacitors realized in a Silicon-on-Insulator CMOS-Technology." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2013, HITEN (January 1, 2013): 000116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/hiten-ta13.

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Standard Bulk-CMOS-technology targets use-temperatures of not more than 175 °C. With Silicon-on-Insulator-technologies (SOI), digital and analog circuitry is possible up to 250 °C and even more, but performance and reliability are strongly affected at these high temperatures. One of the main critical factors is the gate oxide quality and its reliability. In this paper, we present a study of gate oxide capacitor time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) measurements at temperatures up to 350 °C. The experiments were carried out on gate oxide capacitor structures which were realized in the Fraunhofer 1.0 μm SOI-CMOS process. This technology is based on 200 mm wafers and features, among others, three layers of tungsten metallization with excellent reliability concerning electromigration, voltage independent capacitors, high resistance resistors, and single-poly-EEPROM cells. The gate oxide thickness is 40 nm. Using the data of the TDDB-measurements, the behavior of field and temperature acceleration parameters at temperatures up to 350 °C was evaluated. For a more detailed investigation, the current evolution in time was also studied. An analysis of the oxide breakdown conditions, in particular the field and temperature dependence of the charge to breakdown and the current just before breakdown, completes the study. The presented data provide important information about accelerated oxide reliability testing beyond 250 °C, and make it possible to quickly evaluate the reliability of high temperature CMOS-technologies at use-temperature.

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Maruyama, Kouki, Illiana Marinova, and Yoshifuru Saito. "Enhance the Sensibility of the Resonance Type Eddy Current Testing." Materials Science Forum 792 (August 2014): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.792.72.

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Eddy current testing (ECT) is one of the most representative nondestructive testing methods for metallic materials, parts, structures and so on. This paper proposes improvement of sensibility of the impedance sensing type ECT. Sensibility of the ECT is improved by means of three steps. One is an optimum exciting frequency selection. We employ the natural parallel resonant frequency of ECT coil. The second is to increase the sharpness of the resonance curve on impedance versus frequency characteristic by changing the coil connection. Finally, we attach externally capacitor to reduce the resonance frequency into low. This makes it possible to enhance the sensibility of the impedance sensing type ECT operating at the resonant frequency.

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Fuada, Syifaul, Hakkun Elmunsyah, and Suwasono Suwasono. "Design and Fabrication of LC-Oscillator Tool Kits Based Op-Amp for Engineering Education Purpose." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v1.i1.pp88-100.

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<p>In this paper, a proposed design, fabrication and testing of sine wave oscillator “LC” type (Hartley and Colpitts oscillator) has been performed using five approaches. The first approach proposed design is done theoretically using the basic theorems used to generate oscillations, such as the condition of oscillation criteria and determine the values of capacitor (C) and inductor (L) component, Secondly it is done using simulation technique (LTSpice IV), Thirdly the simulated design is implemented practically using IC OP-AMP 741 with passive elements such as resistors, capacitors and inductors by oscilloscope and frequency generator. Fourthly design the Hartley and colpitts tool kit by 2-D and 3-D, layouting the circuit by Eagle PCB design software then package into tool box which integrated each other. Finaly, the LC-oscillator tool kit was tested such as resistor, capasitor and inductor module and write the result into tables (for jobsheet data).</p>

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Beal, Aubrey N., John Tatarchuk, Colin Stevens, Thomas Baginski, Michael Hamilton, and Robert N. Dean. "Design Considerations and Ring-down Characteristics of Micromachined, High Current Density Capacitors." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2014, DPC (January 1, 2014): 001380–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2014dpc-wa32.

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The need for integrated passive components which meet the stringent power system requirements imposed by increased data rates, signal path density and challenging power distribution network topologies in integrated systems yield diverse motivations for high density, miniaturized capacitors capable of quickly sourcing large quantities of current. These diverse motivations have led to the realization of high density capacitor structures through the means of several technologies. These structures have been evaluated as high-speed, energy storage devices and their respective fabrication technologies have been closely compared for matching integrated circuit speed and density increase, chip current requirements, low resistance, low leakage current, high capacitance and compatibility with relatively high frequencies of operation (~1GHz). These technologies include devices that utilize pn junctions, Schottky barriers, optimized surface area techniques and the utilization of high dielectric constant (high-K) materials, such as hafnium oxide, as a dielectric layer through the means of atomic layer deposition (ALD). The resulting devices were micro-machined, large surface area, thin, high-density capacitor technologies optimized as embedded passive devices for thin silicon interposers. This work outlines the design, fabrication, simulation and testing of each device revision using standard silicon microfabrication processes and silicon interposer technologies. Consequently, capacitive storage devices were micro-machined with geometries which maximize surface area and exhibit the capability of sourcing 100A of current with a response time greater than 100 A/nsec through the use of thin layered, ALD high-K materials. The simulation and testing of these devices show general agreement when subjected to a standard ring-down procedure. This paper provides descriptions and design challenges encountered during fabrication, testing and integration of these passive devices. In addition, potential device integration and implementation strategies for use in silicon interposers are also provided. The modification and revision of several device generations is documented showing increased device capacitance density, maximized current capabilities and minimized effects of series inductance and resistance. The resulting structures are thin, capacitive devices that may be micro-machined using industry standard Si MEMS processes and are compatible with Si interposer 3D technologies. The subsequent design processes allow integrated passive components to be attached beneath chips in order to maximize system area and minimize the chip real estate required for capacitive energy storage devices.

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Samarakoon, Disna P., and Raj N. Singh. "Influence of Alumina Dopant and Environment on the Electrical Properties of Calcium Copper Titanate Ceramics." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 21, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 2148–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2021.19039.

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Calcium copper titanate (CaCu3Ti4O12; CCTO) ceramics are useful as capacitor dielectrics for many applications. In this study the effect of doping with alumina and testing atmospheres in air and dry N2 on the stability and reproducibility of electrical and dielectric properties of CCTO-xAl2O3 system, where x = 0, 0.5, and 4 wt.% as a function of temperature are investigated. Solid-state synthesis route is used to fabricate the pure and doped CCTO samples sintered at 1080 °C and 1100 °C for 5 h in air. Stable and reproducible dielectric properties are obtained only by switching the measuring atmosphere from air to dry N2. Increased space charge accumulation at the grain boundaries leading to large dielectric constant (ε′) and tan δ are measured in air. Much lower tan δ values of 0.021–0.020 are obtained with a large ε′ (8,815–11,090) at low frequencies (500–800 Hz) in N2 at 23 °C for 0.5 wt.% alumina in both samples sintered at 1080 °C and 1100 °C. These results clearly demonstrate that testing environment can dominate the dielectric properties of pure and alumina-doped CCTO at low frequencies unless measured in dry nitrogen atmosphere to achieve intrinsic behavior useful for applications as capacitors.

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Gour, Rajul Lal, Mangesh Borage, Alok Singh, and Sunil Tiwari. "Estimation of Parasitic Resistance of Electrolytic Capacitor and Filter Inductor and Prediction of Input Filter Induced Oscillations in a Switch-Mode Magnet Power Supply." Advances in Power Electronics 2016 (December 7, 2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7609103.

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In switch-mode power converters with large ratings, it is important to be able to predict the parasitic resistances associated with circuit elements such as electrolytic capacitor and filter inductor in the initial converter design stage itself to avoid the cost and time associated with actual design, prototype fabrication, and testing of these components. Knowing the values of parasitic elements is also important as they decide the possibility of closed-loop instability, besides affecting the other circuit parameters. In this paper, a way to estimate the equivalent series resistance of electrolytic capacitor and the winding resistance of filter inductor is proposed leading to their closed form expressions in terms of system parameters. Using these, procedure to predict the closed-loop instability induced due to the input filter is exemplified with illustrative calculations.

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Liang, Jun, Lian Ying Zhao, and Bo Jun Xu. "Measurement Slub Yarn Parameter by Parallel-Plate Capacitor." Applied Mechanics and Materials 52-54 (March 2011): 1964–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.52-54.1964.

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Process Parameter of slub yarn determine style of its fabric. A new method of measuring process parameter of slub yarn was put forward to improve precision and efficient . The basic principal of parallel-plate capacitor was introduced in this paper. And sample yarns were tested with test system of slubby yarn developed by ourselves. Time sequence for slub length and slub space of slubby yarn can be gotten. And distribution of slub length , slub space and slub scaling factor can also be obtained. The agreement can be attained compared with those original setting. Some error was analyzed also. Consequently this testing system is effectively, and can be adopted in practice.

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Meeder, Michael G., Leslie Marchut, Michael J. Antonell, Michael T. Fresina, Christopher E. Novak, and Terry C. Darche. "Application of Machine Model ESD tester to high volume capacitor reliability testing." Microelectronics Reliability 51, no. 2 (February 2011): 246–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2010.09.026.

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Voshall, R. E., and A. Lee. "Capacitor Energy Storage Synthetic Testing of H. V. D. C. Circuit Breakers." IEEE Power Engineering Review PER-6, no. 1 (January 1986): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mper.1986.5528243.

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Suizu, Robbert I., and Scott P. Chapman. "The effects of ferroelectric capacitor testing methods on predicted imprint failure points." Integrated Ferroelectrics 16, no. 1-4 (April 1997): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10584589708013032.

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Monea, Bogdan Florian, Eusebiu Ilarian Ionete, and Stefan Ionut Spiridon. "Experimental Investigation and CFD Modeling of Slush Cryogen Flow Measurement Using Circular Shape Capacitors." Sensors 20, no. 7 (April 9, 2020): 2117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20072117.

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The measurement of two-phase cryogenic fluid mixtures flow, also known as slush cryogen flow, with its most attractive form (liquid and solid) is of great interest for various applications, due to its thermodynamic advantages. This paper presents a newly developed device, under the form of a circular capacitor prototype, together with an experimental stand for slush formation. Slush nitrogen was used as testing fluid during the experimental work. Then, the experimental data for slush cryogen flow measurement using the proposed circular shape capacitor were compared with theoretical results obtained by simulation. A three-dimensional flow field model was built and solved for the innovative design slush flowmeter using a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model. Nitrogen slush density of 874 kg/m3, representing approximately 30% solid fraction, was reported for both the modeling and experimental testing, although the numerical investigation is not limited to these values. By comparing experimental vs. simulation results, a deeper view on the designed configuration can be achieved, thus improving the progress in producing high-performance next generation devices for two-phase flow measurement in terms of physical dimensions, length and space between armatures. Even so, the mathematical model has limitations when mixtures with higher percentages of solid phase and particle sizes are encountered.

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Kim, Jong Woong, Hyun Suk Chun, Sang Su Ha, Jong Hyuck Chae, Jin Ho Joo, Young Eui Shin, and Seung Boo Jung. "Board-Level Reliability of Pb-Free Surface Mounted Assemblies during Thermal Shock Testing." Advanced Materials Research 15-17 (February 2006): 633–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.15-17.633.

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Board-level reliability of conventional Sn-37Pb and Pb-free Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu solder joints was evaluated using thermal shock testing. In the microstructural investigation of the solder joints, the formation of Cu6Sn5 intermetallic compound (IMC) layer was observed between both solders and Cu lead frame, but any crack or newly introduced defect cannot be found even after 2000 cycles of thermal shocks. Shear test of the multi layer ceramic capacitor (MLCC) joints were also conducted to investigate the effect of microstructural variations on the bonding strength of the solder joints. Shear forces of the both solder joints decreased with increasing thermal shock cycles. The reason to the decrease in shear force was discussed with fracture surfaces of the shear tested solder joints.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Capacitor testing'

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