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Cassidy, M. "Noise Reduction of an Enclosed Diesel Generator Set." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.527667.
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Zieve, Michael M., and Jared P. Monnin. "Hardware simulation of diesel generator and microgrid stability." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/77456.
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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2012.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. Also includes: Reference manual for microgrid hardware simulation system / by Jared P. Monnin and Michael M. Zieve. (c2012. (71 p. : ill.). Includes bibliographical references (p. 71)).
Includes bibliographical references (p. 27).
Over the last few years, people have begun to depend less on large power plants with extensive distribution systems, and more on local distributed generation sources. A microgrid, a local collection of distributed generators, has the potential to offer a more flexible and customizable power generation system, while significantly improving its effect on the environment. In order to properly deploy and scale microgrids to meet diverse energy needs, there must be more study on their stability. This paper details the process and design of the modeling of a diesel generator. With the constructed diesel generator as a component of the microgrid project, the voltage and power stability of the modeled microgrid can be tested under various load conditions and faulted islanded conditions to help design the future of the electrical grid.
by Michael M. Zieve.
M.Eng.
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Wheeler, Kaitlyn Rose. "Efficient Operation of Diesel Generator Sets in Remote Conditions." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/78374.
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Diesel engine and generator sets (gensets) have been extensively used for standby and remote power generation over the past hundred years. Due to their use for standby power, these diesel gensets are designed to operate in conjunction with the grid, which relates to a fixed speed operation with a 60 Hz AC output. For operation in remote conditions, such as military and disaster relief applications, this fixed speed operation results in limiting the power output available from the engine, as well as the overall efficiency of the system.
The removal of this grid connectivity requirement could result in an increase in system efficiency. At a given load, the engine operates more efficiently at lower speeds, which corresponds to an increase in the system efficiency. This low speed operation also results in lower power output. Knowledge of the load is important in order to determine the most efficient operating point for fixed speed operations.
Operating at a higher power output for a given speed also results in higher system efficiency. The addition of a battery pack will allow for a higher apparent load, resulting in higher operating efficiency. The addition of a battery pack will also allow for energy storage, which allows for a higher operating efficiency, as well as "engine off time". A controlled series capacitor converter should be used to ensure that the maximum power is transferred from the genset to the battery/load. Knowledge of the load and equipment available should be used in order to determine the ideal dispatch strategy.
Overall, operation at the grid frequency limits the efficiency of the overall system for remote operations where grid frequency is not required. The simulated genset had an efficiency of 24% for a 3 kW when operated at 1800 RPM, and increase from the 17% efficiency at it normal operating speed of 3600 RPM. This corresponded to a fuel savings of 3 gallons over 24 hours of continuous operation. When a battery is incorporated into the system, the efficiency of the system will increase for a given output load. For example, the simulated genset has an efficiency of 15% for a 1 kW load, which increases to 24% when a battery is added and charged at 2 kW.Master of Science
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Thipthorp, Jeremy. "Integrating photovoltaic systems into remote diesel generator powered networks." Thesis, Thipthorp, Jeremy (2016) Integrating photovoltaic systems into remote diesel generator powered networks. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2016. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/33962/.
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This thesis aims to research the effects of multiple ascending levels of photovoltaic (PV) power penetration on a prototype diesel generator powered network that has a PV power system integrated into it. First the effects of this additional photovoltaic penetration were documented then some ways to mitigate the effects of solar intermittency were investigated. This project relates to the Power and Water Corporation’s (PWC) proposed roll out of 10 megawatt of solar throughout more than 30 of the remote communities they service in the Northern Territory. This thesis is concerned with instantaneous PV power penetration and studying the effects levels of instantaneous penetration higher than 30 per cent may have on an individual network.
To conduct this study, literature about solar irradiance data and previous trials in the Northern Territory was studied to make sensible simulation event estimates for a mock network. A network model was created and used in simulations to approximate the network’s response to cloud shading during various levels of penetration. The simulations confirmed that photovoltaic penetration of 30 per cent and even 45 per cent could easily be implemented without the need for upgrading the existing infrastructure. Both 60 and 70 per cent penetration level simulations suggested that there would likely be a need to raise the nominal generated voltage and or apply shunt capacitor banks to the load buses. The significance of these results is that they confirm the Power and Water Corporations premise that 30 per cent penetration is a safe starting point and also suggest that higher levels of photovoltaic penetration can be achieved with little to no costly infrastructure upgrades, depending on the level of penetration implemented.
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LIANG, FUYAN. "COMPOSITION AND FORMATION MECHANISM OF DIESEL PARTICULATE MATTER ASSOCIATED WITH VARIOUS FACTORS FROM A NON-ROAD DIESEL GENERATOR." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1161712822.
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Boone, Andrew J. "Active Minimization of Acoustic Energy Density to Attenuate Radiated Noise from a Diesel Generator." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2006. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/1037.
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The focus of this thesis was to use active noise control (ANC) to globally minimize the tonal and broadband noise radiating from a diesel generator enclosure. The major goal of this research was to show that minimizing the noise within the enclosure can lead to an overall sound pressure level (SPL) reduction of radiated noise. The target levels for overall SPL reduction were at least 2 dBA. The control algorithms used in this research were based on a filtered-x LMS adaptive algorithm, which minimizes energy density (ED). Both feedforward and feedback control approaches were investigated. The noise spectrum produced by the diesel generator enclosure includes tonal and broadband components. The target range for control was from 0 to 300 Hz. Tonal frequencies at exterior locations were often reduced by 20 to 30 dB using feedforward control. With feedback control, tones were reduced 5 to 10 dB. Broadband control results were obtained at an exterior location using a feedforward control configuration. This control was achieved for frequencies between 100 and 600 Hz and levels were reduced by up to 5 dB. Some broadband control was achieved using feedback control, but this was limited to regions at the error sensor. An overall SPL reduction of 1.9 dBA outside the enclosure was achieved near the power terminal side of the enclosure. This was accomplished using tonal and broadband feedforward control. Experimental results show that control source placement, as well as error and reference sensor location, is key to global noise reduction.
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Utton, Shantel M. (Shantel Mistilynn) 1974. "Risk-informed, performance-based regulatory implications of improved emergency diesel generator reliability." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/50490.
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Hu, Yanting. "Advanced control system for stand-alone diesel engine driven-permanent magnet generator sets." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366632.
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Goh, Keng Boon. "Fault diagnosis and control of a diesel power generator using sliding mode techniques." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/30217.
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The sliding mode concept, which is based on the notion of a variable structure system, has inherent advantages of robustness and performance specification and is here applied to the problems of fault diagnosis and control of the diesel engine. A real-time condition monitoring and fault diagnosis system and also control system using sliding mode techniques are described. The designs are assessed through tests on a particular Perkins diesel-electric power generator. A model-based approach incorporating a non-linear sliding mode observer scheme is proposed for fault monitoring. The diesel engine coolant system is considered. The system parameters are monitored using the concept of the equivalent injection signal which is required to maintain the sliding mode. The proposed diagnostic scheme is shown to be robust in estimating component parameters. The approach is applicable to many automotive engine approach problems and is cost effective as only low cost temperature sensors are involved in the implementation. The engine control strategy investigates both model-based and model-free sliding mode control techniques. The development of an engine model appropriate for speed control has been considered using closing-loop event-based system identification. Several control algorithms are proposed. Real-time speed control systems have been designed and implemented using Matlab/Simulink/dSPACE. The proposed model-based and model-free controllers show good tracking performance and disturbance rejection properties. The proposed model-free controller is shown to be an appropriate candidate for industrial control of the diesel engine system. The established gain-tuning algorithms allow non-experts to maintain and tune the resulting control schemes.
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LIU, ZIFEI. "THE CARBON AND SULFUR SPECIATION OF DIESEL EMISSIONS FROM A NON-ROAD GENERATOR." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1122998424.
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Rosa, Olívia Carolina da. "Designing a thermoelectric energy generator for waste heat recovery in heavy-duty diesel engines." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2017. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/182599.
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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Mecânica, Florianópolis, 2017.Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-09T03:22:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 348531.pdf: 4713684 bytes, checksum: 34bc24fd45de049c399b6872963cdfdf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017
A quantidade de energia térmica rejeitada nos gases de exaustão durante a operação de um motor diesel é aproximadamente 30 % da energia fornecida a partir do combustível. Uma alternativa para recuperar essa energia é a utilização de um gerador termoelétrico, o qual pode ser usado como energia para os sistemas auxiliares ou como energia suplementar, no caso de veículos elétricos híbridos. Este estudo tem como objetivo conceber um gerador termoelétrico e um trocador de calor acoplado à exaustão de um motor diesel, limitados por critérios de mínima eficiência térmica e máxima perda de carga no tubo de escape. O motor, o trocador de calor, e o gerador termoelétrico foram simulados em regimes permanente e transiente, usando um modelo zero dimensional para o motor e um modelo de uma dimensão para o trocador de calor/ gerador termoelétrico com propriedades em função da temperatura. O modelo de regime permanente e propriedades constantes foi usado para otimização através de duas estratégias, uma buscando a máxima potência e outra a máxima eficiência de conversão. A configuração otimizada consiste de um trocador de calor de 9 tubos, com diâmetro de 0,022 m e comprimento 0,414 m, operando com o fluido de arrefecimento do motor como fluido frio, utilizando silício-germânio como material das células termoelétricas. Quando em regime transiente, a configuração para máxima potência com 562 células termoelétricas por tubo atingiu um pico de 3500 W no início da operação e potência média de 811 W durante o transiente periódico, com eficiência termoelétrica igual a 4.27 % . A configuração para máxima eficiência de conversão contou com 150 células termoelétricas por tubo e foi capaz de gerar 1100 W no início de operação e obter potência média igual a 550 W durante o transiente periódico, com eficiência termoelétrica igual a 10.4 % . O modelo em regime transiente e com propriedades variáveis revelou o potencial de obter maior potência durante transientes curtos. Quando comparados com as realizações atuais, os resultados indicam a viabilidade do projeto para veículos de tamanho médio e pesados.
Abstract : The amount of heat energy wasted in the exhaust gas flow during operation of a diesel engine is grossly 30 % of the input energy from the fuel. An alternative to recover the heat lost through the exhaust in diesel engines is the use of thermoelectric generators, which could be used as source of power to propel auxiliary systems or as a supplement power source in case of hybrid electric vehicles. This study aims at developing and optimizing a thermoelectric generator and a heat exchanger adapted to the exhaust system, close-coupled to a diesel engine, restricted by criteria of minimum overall efficiency and maximum exhaust back-pressure. The engine, heat exchanger, and thermoelectric generator were evaluated in the steady-state and transient regime using a zero dimensional model for the engine and a one-dimensional model for the heat exchanger/thermoelectric generator with temperature dependent properties. The steady-state, constant property model was used for the optimization using two strategies, one aiming at maximum power and the other at maximum efficiency. The optimized configuration consisted of a heat exchanger with 9 tubes, with diameter of 0.022 m and length of 0.414 m, operating with engine coolant as cold fluid, using silicon germanium thermoelectric junctions. When simulated in transient regime, the configuration for maximum power with 562 thermoelectric junctions per tube was able to generate peak power at start-up of 3500 W, average power at periodic steady-state of 811 W, with 4.27 % thermoelectric efficiency. The configuration for maximum conversion efficiency had 150 thermoelectric junctions per tube, achieved peak power of 1100 W at start-up, average power at periodic steady-state of 550 W, and 10.4 % thermoelectric efficiency. The transient, variable properties simulation revealed the potential for higher power during short transients. When compared to current realizations, the results indicate the feasibility of the design for medium size and heavy-duty vehicles.
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Boone, Andrew Johnson. "Active minimization of acoustic energy density to attenuate radiated noise from a diesel generator /." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2006. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1595.pdf.
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Tufte, Espen Dalsøren. "Impacts of Low Load Operation of Modern Four-Stroke Diesel Engines in Generator Configuration." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for marin teknikk, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-26080.
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Diesel engines in generator configuration are normally optimized for operations at medium to high engine loads. It is suspected that operations at low loads may increase operational problems and thus the damage frequency. It is also suspected that negative effects off low load operations are aggravated by recent exhaust emission regulations issued by IMO. This thesis describes an investigation of the impacts of low load operations on modern four-stroke diesel engines in generator configuration. The problem has been approached by reviewing existing literature, studying damage cases, analysis of existing finding data and by assessing engine manufacturers’ experiences with low load operations.Low load operations of diesel engines are defined as engine operations below 40% of maximum continuous rating. Low load operations are typical for, but not limited to, offshore vessels with dynamic positioning systems. Low load operations of diesel engines cause lower cylinder pressure and thus lower temperature. Low temperature can lead to ignition problems and poor combustion which causes increased soot formation and aggregation of unburned fuel in the cylinder. Low cylinder pressure, soot and unburned fuel deteriorate the piston ring sealing efficiency allowing hot combustion gases, soot particles and unburned fuel to leak past the piston rings. This results in increased lubricating oil consumption and dilution. Fuel dilution of the lubricating oil reduces the viscosity which can collapse critical oil film thicknesses. This can cause premature wear of pistons, rings, liners and crank case bearings. The mechanisms of low load lead to a cycle of degradation which means that diesel engines that run at low loads for longer periods of time can become irreversibly damaged. This is illustrated in this paper by an engine damage case. The damage case presents an engine crankcase breakage initially caused by piston scuffing from lubrication oil breakdown after excessive low load operations. Most modern diesel engines operate at lower cylinder pressure and thus lower temperatures to comply with stringent IMO NOX emission requirements. The IMO Tier I and II standards are met by primary measures which aim at reducing the amount of NOX formed during combustion by optimizing certain engine parameters. Modern NOX optimized engines are more exposed to low load operations than their predecessors due to initially lower cylinder pressures and temperatures. However, recent developments such as common rail, variable injection timing and variable valve control permit engine operations at lower loads than earlier. Existing finding data from DNV GL’s database have been analysed to determine whether one can substantiate the impacts of low load operations quantitatively. The finding data have been analysed by simple frequency measurements. The results show higher finding frequencies for DP-vessels than non-DP vessels, which could indicate that low load operations may have a negative impact on the operational problems and thus the damage frequency. The finding data have also been evaluated with respect to time to determine whether NOX optimization aggravates the negative impacts of low load operations. The result showed generally higher finding frequencies for engines installed after 2000 than the ones installed prior to 2000. This could indicate that the introduction of Tier I compliant engines have increased operational problems. However, it could not be determined whether NOX optimized engines have aggravated the negative impacts of low load operations. Engine manufacturers that have been interviewed agree that low load operations affect the engine operation negatively, but they do not want confirm that low load operation increases the engine damage frequency. It is consensus among the engine manufacturers that the engines must be loaded to at least 50% of rated power regularly during low load operations to prevent operational problems. The time interval and load requirements can vary from one engine to another and depending on the engine design.
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Yin, Changjie. "Impact of diesel generator operating modes on standalone DC microgrid and control strategies implying supercapacitor." Thesis, Compiègne, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018COMP2411/document.
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La nature intermittente et aléatoire des sources renouvelables, telles que le photovoltaïque et l’éolien, nécessite un complément de stockage, tel une batterie et un système de secours énergétique, tel un générateur diesel, en particulier dans un système autonome. En ce qui concerne le générateur diesel, il a besoin d'un certain temps pour démarrer et il ne peut pas donner immédiatement la puissance nécessaire, en raison de son comportement dynamique. Alors, la qualité de l'énergie est abaissée pendant cette période en raison du manque de puissance. Par conséquent, pendant la période de démarrage du générateur diesel, un supercondensateur est suggéré pour équilibrer la puissance en raison de sa réponse rapide et de sa densité de puissance élevée. Une stratégie de contrôle de puissance est proposée pour réaliser la coordination entre le générateur diesel et le supercondensateur. La simulation et les résultats expérimentaux montrent que la stratégie de contrôle proposée est capable de réguler la tension du bus continu dans des limites acceptables et d’alimenter la charge pendant la sous production d'énergie renouvelable ou lors d'augmentation de la demande de la charge. De plus, le supercondensateur peut également être utilisé pour surmonter les limites de stockage électrochimique telles que son état de charge et son courant maximal. Ainsi, cette thèse propose le contrôle de puissance en temps réel pour un micro réseau continu avec un système hybride photovoltaïque-batterie-supercondensateur-diesel, visant à répondre à la demande de puissance de charge avec fiabilité et à stabiliser de la tension du bus continu. La simulation et les résultats expérimentaux montrent également que la stratégie de contrôle améliore les performances dynamiques et statiques du micro réseau continu pour différentes conditions de fonctionnement. De plus, afin de minimiser le coût énergétique du groupe diesel, le coût du carburant et la consommation de carburant sont analysés à travers plusieurs tests expérimentaux. Par conséquent, la valeur optimale de sa production d'énergie est déduite et appliquée dans une nouvelle stratégie de gestion de la puissance est proposée. Cette stratégie peut atteindre l'objectif de maximiser l'utilisation de l'énergie photovoltaïque et de prendre en compte la caractéristique de démarrage lent et le coût énergétique du générateur diesel. Les simulations et expérimentations sont réalisées en utilisant des données photovoltaïques réelles pour illustrer les performances et le comportement du système hybride. Les résultats obtenus vérifient l'efficacité de cette stratégie. De plus la comparaison avec la stratégie de gestion de la puissance précédente, dans laquelle le coût d’énergie du générateur diesel n'est pas pris en compte, démontre que la nouvelle stratégie de gestion peut réduire le coût total du système de puissance à courant continu hybrideThe intermittent and random nature of renewable sources, such as photovoltaic and wind turbine, asks for the complement of storage, such as battery and back-up energy, such as diesel generator, especially in a standalone power system. Concerning the diesel generator, it needs some time to start up and cannot immediately offer the needed power, due to its dynamic behavior. Hence, the power quality is lowered down during this period because of the shortage of power. Therefore, during the period of the diesel generator starting up, a supercapacitor is suggested to compensate the power balance because of its fast response and high power density. A power control strategy is proposed to achieve the coordination between diesel generator and supercapacitor. Both simulation and experimental results show that the proposed control strategy is able to regulate the DC bus voltage within the acceptable limits and supplying the load during the renewable power under generation or load step-increase situations. In addition, the supercapacitor can be also used to overcome the electrochemical storage limits like its state of charge and maximum current. So, this thesis proposes the real time power control for a hybrid photovoltaic-battery-supercapacitor-diesel generator DC microgrid system, aiming to meet the load power demand with reliability and stabilizing the DC bus voltage. Both simulation and experimental results show that the designed control strategy improves the DC microgrid dynamic and static performances under different operating conditions. Furthermore, in order to minimize the diesel generator energy cost, the fuel cost and fuel consumption are analysed through several experimental tests. Therefore, the optimal value of its power generation is deduced and applied in a newly proposed energy management strategy. This strategy can achieve the goal of maximizing the utilization of photovoltaic energy and taking into account the slow start-up characteristic and energy cost of diesel generator. Both simulation and experimental studies are carried out by using the real photovoltaic data to illustrate the performance and the behavior of the hybrid system. The obtained results verify the effectiveness of this strategy. Furthermore, the comparison with the previous energy management strategy, in which the diesel generator energy cost is not considered, demonstrates that the newly proposed energy management strategy can reduce the total cost of the hybrid DC power system
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Klajn, Felipe Fernandes. "Avaliação Comparativa de Diferentes Proporções das Misturas Diesel-Biodiesel-Etanol e Diesel-Biodiesel frente ao Diesel Tipo A :Análises Físico-Químicas e de Desempenho de um Conjunto Motor-Gerador." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2016. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/807.
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Previous issue date: 2016-03-18Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The search for alternatives to reduce diesel within the national energy matrix, particularly within the transport sector, has been studied and carried out in a gradual manner with partial insertions of biodiesel to diesel. This binary mixture, however, can be improved by the addition of ethyl alcohol (ethanol), which contain oxygen atoms in its structure and may be able to promote more efficient burning and to reduce exhaust emissions, both sulfur and non-sulfur. This work aimed to evaluate the energy performance of an engine-generator set working with diesel-biodiesel blends and diesel-biodiesel-ethanol, compared with the diesel type "A", i.e, diesel without the addition of biodiesel, as well as physicochemical characteristics of each treatment. The diesel-biodiesel mixtures were based on the currently marketed formulation (B7) and projections provided by the Senate Bill 613/2015 and Resolution No. 3/2015 CNPE for captive consumers or road fleets, ie, B10, B15 and B20. Each binary mixture this has undergone additions of anhydrous ethanol (99.6% p / p) to 1%, 5%, 10% and 15%. The treatments were subjected to 5 resistive loads of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 kW in triplicate. The set of data collected, analyzed the density, viscosity, calorific value, specific consumption (CE), energy efficiency (EE) and SO2 emissions. The density and viscosity of the mixtures were close to the diesel and within the specifications of the National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels (ANP). The calorific value decreased as the biofuel incorporated into the diesel grew. The best specific fuel consumption was observed in absolute terms at a load of 5 kW for B15E1 with 327.1 g kW-1 h-1followed by B10E1 (330.1 g kW-1 h-1) and diesel (g kW-1 h-1). The ternary mixture composed by adding 1% ethanol did not differ statistically from diesel-biodiesel blends for all applied loads. The greatest EE of 27.15% was observed at the load of 4 kW, to B10E15 mixture. The B15E1 mixtures, B20E1 and B20E0 were more efficient than diesel for all applied loads. The lowest emission of SO2 was 5 kW for the load B10E0 with 397.66 ppm, while the highest was in load of 1 kW for B15E15 with 3391.67 ppm.
A busca de alternativas para a diminuição do uso de diesel dentro da matriz energética nacional, principalmente dentro do setor de transportes, tem sido estudada e realizada de modo gradativo com inserções parciais de biodiesel ao diesel. Esta mistura binária, entretanto, pode ser melhorada com a adição de álcool etílico (etanol), que por conter átomos de oxigênio em sua estrutura pode ser capaz de promover uma queima mais eficiente e reduzir as emissões gasosas, tanto sulfuradas quanto não sulfuradas. Assim, este trabalho buscou avaliar o desempenho energético de um conjunto motor-gerador trabalhando com misturas diesel-biodiesel e diesel-biodiesel-etanol, comparando com o diesel tipo A , isto é, diesel sem a adição de biodiesel, bem como características físico-químicas de cada tratamento. As misturas diesel-biodiesel tiveram como base a formulação atualmente comercializada (B7) e projeções previstas pelo Projeto de Lei do Senado 613/2015 e Resolução CNPE nº 3/2015 para frotas cativas ou consumidores rodoviários, isto é, B10, B15 e B20. Cada mistura binária desta sofreu adições de etanol anidro (99,6% p/p) a 1%, 5%, 10% e 15%. Os tratamentos foram submetidos a 5 cargas resistivas de 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5 kW, em triplicata. Do conjunto de dados colhidos, foram analisados a densidade, viscosidade, poder calorífico superior e inferior, consumo específico (CE), eficiência energética (EE) e as emissões de SO2. A densidade e viscosidade das misturas ficaram próximas ao diesel e dentro das especificações da Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis (ANP). O poder calorífico inferior diminuiu a medida que o teor de biocombustíveis incorporados ao diesel cresceu. O melhor consumo específico em termos absolutos foi verificado na carga de 5 kW, para B15E1, com 327,1 g kW-1 h-1 seguido de B10E1 (330,1 g kW-1 h-1) e do diesel (334,7 g kW-1 h-1). As misturas ternárias compostas pela adição de 1% de etanol não diferiram estatisticamente das misturas diesel-biodiesel para todas as cargas aplicadas. A maior EE verificada foi de 27,15%, na carga de 4 kW, para a mistura B10E15. As misturas B15E1, B20E1 e B20E0 foram mais eficientes que o diesel para todas as cargas aplicadas. A menor emissão de SO2 foi verificada na carga de 5 kW para a mistura B10E0, com 397,66 ppm, enquanto a maior foi na carga de 1 kW, para B15E15, com 3391,67 ppm.
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SANTOS, Kamylla Alexandre Leite dos. "Adição de nanopartículas em um refrigerante secundário e sua influência no consumo específico de combustível em um grupo gerador diesel." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2016. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/17566.
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A redução da disponibilidade de combustíveis e o aumento das restrições ambientais à emissão de poluentes, inerente à geração de energia, têm justificado o investimento em projetos industriais que minimizem seu consumo energético. A Petrobras é um dos maiores consumidores de energia do país e, dados os custos decorrentes das tarifas de energia, a geração própria sempre foi uma preocupação da Companhia. Nesse contexto os fluidos refrigerantes secundários, que possuem propriedades de transmitir calor a longas distâncias, são de especial interesse para unidades nessa área de desenvolvimento tecnológico. Os sistemas de refrigeração são empregados em diversos setores industriais, como nas petroquímicas, e em termelétricas utilizadas como unidades de cogeração em refinarias. Esses sistemas são constituídos, comumente, por compressores, trocadores de calor, torres de resfriamento, tubulações, bombas, ventiladores e instrumentação para controle. Uma “Unidade de Refrigeração” utiliza refrigerantes primários para armazenamento e transporte de calor ou frio a curtas distâncias em sistemas à compressão de vapor ou por absorção. Para o transporte de energia calorífica a longas distâncias são geralmente utilizados os refrigerantes secundários compostos de água e glicóis (anti-congelantes) ou salmouras e aditivos. Contudo, essas substâncias anticongelantes reduzem a capacidade calorífica e a condutividade térmica da água. Por outro lado, nanopartículas metálicas têm a propriedade de aumentar a condutividade térmica do meio onde são adicionadas. O presente trabalho investigou, através de experimentos em um arranjo experimental de bancada de testes de um grupo gerador diesel, a influência da adição de nanopartículas em uma solução de etilenoglicol utilizada como refrigerante secundário. Para isso utilizou-se injeções de água gelada, produzida por um chiller de compressão de vapor (R22), na linha de alta temperatura (HT) do motor do grupo gerador. Para armazenamento e registros dos dados foi utilizado um equipamento do tipo datalogger. Foram testadas diferentes set-points de temperatura de entrada da água da linha de HT no motor (64oC, 67 oC, 70 oC, 73 oC e 76 oC). Essas temperaturas foram testadas com água pura e com solução aquosa de etilenoglicol a 30%, sem e com a adição de nanopartículas (2%, 4% e 6%). Em todas as condições foram realizadas medidas do consumo específico de combustível e avaliadas as velocidades de resposta no sistema. Um percentual de 2,0% de nanopartículas, em volume, apresentou-se como ideal para o desempenho do nanofluido. Em função da ausência, no mercado brasileiro, de unidades de refrigeração por absorção com potência menor que 64 TR, foi elaborado um modelo dinâmico e simulado um chiller de absorção (H2O-LiBr), visando uma construção futura e utilização desse tipo de equipamento em escala piloto.
The reduced availability of fuel and increasing environmental restrictions on emissions, inherent in the power generation, have justified the investment in industrial projects that minimize their energy consumption. Petrobras is one of the country's largest energy consumers and, given the costs of the tariffs, the very generation has always been a concern of the Company. In this context the secondary refrigerants, which have properties of transmitting the heat over long distances, are of particular interest for technological development units in this area. Cooling systems are employed in various industrial sectors such as the petrochemical, and power plants used as cogeneration units in refineries. These systems are made, usually for compressors, heat exchangers, cooling towers, pipes, pumps, fans and instrumentation control. A "cooling unit" uses primary refrigerant for storage and transport of heat or cold at close range systems in the vapor compression or absorption. For the heat energy transport over long distances are usually used secondary refrigerants composed of water and alcohols (anti-freeze) or pickles and additives. However, such antifreeze substances reduce the heat capacity and thermal conductivity of water. Moreover, metal nanoparticles have the property of increasing the thermal conductivity of the medium in which they are added. This study investigated through experiments in an experimental test bench arrangement of a diesel generator set, the influence of the addition of nanoparticles in a solution of ethylene glycol used as secondary coolant. For this used ice water injections, produced by a vapor compression chiller (R22), in the high temperature line (HT) of the engine generator set. For storage and records of the data was used an equipment type datalogger. They tested different set-points for the HT line of the engine inlet water temperature (64 °C, 67 °C, 70 °C, 73 °C and 76 °C). These temperatures were tested with pure water and ethylene glycol 30% aqueous solution, with and without the addition of nanoparticles (2%, 4% and 6%). In all conditions were performed measurements of specific fuel consumption and evaluated the response speeds in the system. A percentage of 2.0% nanoparticles by volume was presented as ideal for the performance of nanofluid. Due to the absence, in the Brazilian market of refrigeration units by absorbing less power than 64 TR, it designed a dynamic model and a simulated absorption chiller (H2O-LiBr), aimed at future construction and use of such equipment in pilot scale.
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Hawks, Matthew Arthur. "Maintenance practices for emergency diesel generator engines onboard United States Navy Los Angeles class nuclear submarines." Thesis, (183 KB), 2006. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA471788.
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Thesis (Degrees of Naval Engineer and M.S. in Mechanical Engineering)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006."June 2006." Description based on title screen as viewed on June 1, 2010. DTIC Descriptor(s): Maintenance, Diesel Engines, Nuclear Reactors, Generators, Nuclear Powered Submarines, Commerce, Emergencies, Submarines, Standby Generators, Backup Systems, Auxiliary Power Plants, Naval Vessels, Navy, Propulsion Systems, Electric Power, Supplies. Includes bibliographical references (p. 41). Also available in print.
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Agnoletto, Elian João. "Análise dos tempos máximos de chaveamento dos modos de operação de um grupo gerador diesel após ilhamento." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18153/tde-03092015-095042/.
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A produção de energia elétrica por fontes de geração distribuída (GD) vem se tornando cada vez mais presente no sistema elétrico de potência. De modo geral, os sistemas de GD conectados à rede de distribuição operam controlando potências ativa e reativa, enquanto que no modo isolado, a frequência e a tensão. Sendo assim, após a ocorrência de um ilhamento deve haver alteração no modo de operação da GD para garantir a estabilidade da frequência e da tensão no subsistema ilhado. Ainda, se o modo de operação não for alterado após o ilhamento, os dispositivos de proteção podem atuar desligando a GD. Portanto, o tempo decorrido até a alteração do modo de operação desempenha um papel importante na indicação se a GD permanecerá ou não em funcionamento após a ocorrência do ilhamento. Neste trabalho, são determinados os tempos máximos para chaveamento dos modos de operação de um grupo motor gerador diesel (GMG) operando como GD, utilizando controladores clássicos (CCs) e controladores fuzzy (CFs). Foram analisadas as influências do desbalanço entre as potências geradas e consumidas, do tipo de carga conectada ao subsistema ilhado e do comprimento do alimentador nos tempos máximos. Para evidenciar possíveis vantagens da estratégia de controle não linear, é utilizada uma metodologia na qual o ajuste dos ganhos dos CFs é realizado a partir dos ajustes de referência dos CCs. Devido ao ganho variável que a estratégia não linear adiciona às ações de controle, a utilização de CFs nas malhas do GMG permitiu maiores tempos de chaveamento para determinadas faixas de operação, quando comparado com a utilização de CCs.Distributed generation (DG) is becoming more present in the electrical power system. In general, when a DG is connected to the grid, the DG works with the active and reactive power control loops. Therefore, after an islanding occurrence, the DG must change the operation control mode from power control to voltage and frequency control to maintain the system stability. If the operation mode is not changed after islanding, the protective devices are sensitized and the DG is disconnected. Therefore, the time elapsed until the operation mode changes has an important role in the indication if the DG remains in operation or not after islanding. In this work, the maximum times for switching the operating control mode of a diesel generator set, working as a DG, are analysed using a classical control strategy (CC) and a fuzzy control strategy (FC). The influence of the power imbalance, load types and the feeder distance on the maximum available time to switch the operation control mode is investigated. To highlight the advantages of a nonlinear control strategy, is used a methodology in which the tuning of the FCs gains is performed from the CCs which are used as reference. Due to the variable gain added by the nonlinear strategy, the FC allowed higher switching times than the CC.
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Alayan, Sophia. "Design of a PV-Diesel Hybrid System with Unreliable Grid Connection in Lebanon." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Energiteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-24465.
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This thesis is a study on integration of photovoltaic generators into an existing diesel-unreliable grid connected system at the Lebanese village of Khiam. The main goal of implementing PV-diesel hybrid system is to reduce diesel consumption and the import of fossil fuel used in electricity power supply. Before designing the system, it is necessary to create a load profile for 120 households and pre-design the size of the PV generator, the capacity of storage system and inverter type/size selection. The load profile data is based on the average of monthly energy consumption gathered from Khiam village households. Detailed simulations and financial analysis are performed with HOMER to compare different systems and their viability. The simulations include four different designs starting from the existing system, diesel generator with unreliable grid, followed by PV generator and unreliable grid, PV and diesel generator and ended with the complete hybrid system. Once the Hybrid system is determined a detailed design is done to optimize the lowest cost PV-diesel hybrid system. The final simulated PV-diesel hybrid system is suggested with a PV capacity of 270 kWp, existing diesel capacity with 200 kVA, an inverter output of 115 kW and battery bank nominal capacity is 1872 kWh. The system renewable fraction is 53% and the project life cycle is 25 years. The PV-diesel hybrid system is projected to produce electricity at a cost of 0.12 USD/kWh. This cost is significantly lower than the 0.26 USD/kWh paid to the diesel operator, as well as lower than 0.13 USD/kWh paid to the utility grid. In addition, and according to the given information from the owner, an estimated diesel consumption of 104000 ltr/year, the simulation result shows diesel consumption at 40000 ltr/year. The reduced carbon dioxide production by 65%, from 776 to 272 tons per year, provides further justification for the PV installation in a commercial PV-diesel hybrid system.
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Reis, Giann Braune. "Estratégia de controle fuzzy para um grupo motor gerador a diesel operando isolado ou conectado à rede de distribuição." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18153/tde-23022015-133705/.
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Esta tese propõe uma estratégia de controle fuzzy para um grupo motor gerador a diesel como uma fonte de geração distribuída, cobrindo a parte mecânica do sistema que é composta por controle de velocidade e de potência ativa, a parte elétrica do sistema composta por controle de tensão e potência reativa, e também o controle de sincronismo com a rede de distribuição. A estratégia de controle foi baseada em lógica fuzzy que usou uma superfície de controle fixa para os controladores fuzzy. Foram investigados os distúrbios causados pelo efeito de conexão com a rede e da conexão de um motor de indução, um retificador não controlado e uma carga RLC. Resultados de simulação para fluxo de potência no modo conectado foram obtidos usando um alimentador padrão IEEE -1547. Os resultados de simulação obtidos para os modos isolado e conectado usando o controlador fuzzy foram superiores comparados aos resultados obtidos com um controlador comercial. Uma bancada experimental também foi usada para analisar a resposta do sistema no modo isolado com o controlador fuzzy proposto e com o controlador comercial para fins de comparação. Nesse contexto, espera-se com este trabalho contribuir para o desenvolvimento de pesquisas na área de controle e processamento de energia, uma vez que, soluções para a produção de energia utilizando a geração distribuída têm importância estratégica e têm sido foco de investimento e discussões por parte de governos, empresas e universidades.This thesis proposes a control strategy for a diesel generating set as a distributed generation source covering the mechanical part of the system which includes speed and active power control, the electrical part of the system which includes voltage and reactive power control, and also the synchronism control with the grid. The control strategy was based on a fuzzy logic which used a fixed controller surface for the fuzzy controllers. The effect of the disturbances caused by the grid connection and the disturbances caused by the activation of a induction motor, non controled rectifier and a RLC load types were investigated. Power flow simulation results for the grid-connected mode was obtained with a IEEE -1547 standard feeder. The simulations results for both stand-alone and gridconnected operations using fuzzy controllers were superior when compared to commercial methods. An experimental setup was also used to analyze the system responses under isolated mode with the proposed fuzzy controller and with the commercial controllers for comparison proposes. In this context, it is expected that this work contributes to the development of control and energy processing research area, since solutions for energy production using distributed generation have strategic importance and have been the focus of investment and discussions from governments, companies and universities.
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Jernlund, Anna, and Niklas Pedersen. "Environmental adjustments of the mobile preschools in Uppsala." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-323361.
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The mobile preschools of Uppsala are buses that are provided as a complement for stationary preschools. The buses are connected to one stationary preschool that provides the necessities such as food and a place for the children to be before and after the daily trips. In Uppsala, there are five mobile preschool buses and they have been operated since 2009. For the bus to provide heat, warm food and energy for activities on the bus, there is a generator installed that runs on biodiesel. The emissions from the generator, in combination with the loud noises that it emits, are of concern for both the children and educators on the bus as well as the people around it. This has caused for alternative ways to deliver electricity to the bus. This study examines three scenarios for delivering electricity and tries to evaluate what the best option could be from different Points of view. The three scenarios are replacing the generator with either a battery, replacing the generator with electricity poles and to replace the generator with a more efficient and quieter one. When evaluating the different scenarios from an economical point of view, the study found that the electricity poles would be the best option. When evaluating the best option with respect to the children and educators, the study found that the battery would be the best option. The negative consequences for continuing to use a generator to supply electricity would be a health hazard for the children and a limitation for the educators in the freedom of choosing location for the bus to visit.
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Andersson, Martin, and Martin Hägerström. "Sammanställning av utbildningsmaterial om reservkraft med inriktning dieselaggregat." Thesis, Högskolan Väst, Avdelningen för data-, elektro- och lantmäteriteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-8046.
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Dagens samhälle är uppbyggt av ett konstant energiberoende för att få samhällets alla funktioner att fungera. Ett strömavbrott kan därför bli förödande där kontinuerlig tillgång till elektricitet behövs, trots att Sverige har starka elnät har kravet att alltid ha tillgång till elektricitet öppnat upp en marknad för reservkraft. Syftet med det här arbetet var att ta fram kursmaterial för att läsaren ska få en övergripande kunskap om reservkraft med inriktning på dieselkraft. Det framtagna kursmaterialet består av rekommendationer i form av sidhänvisningar ur källor som kan användas vid sammanställning av undervisningsmaterial. Kompendiematerialet kompletteras med en PowerPoint-struktur som kan användas i undervisningssyfte. Genom att studera relevanta källor har vi fördjupat oss i ämnet dieselaggregat och har plockat ut sidhänvisningar enligt kopieringsavtalet, som gäller för högskolan, som vi anser passa bra vid skapandet av ett kompendium. Vi har även strukturerat en grund till en PowerPoint som kan underlätta vid skapandet av föreläsningsmaterial.Denna rapport förklarar ett dieselaggregats tekniska uppbyggnad och vad som är viktigt att tänka på vid dimensionering av ett aggregat. Rapporten tar även upp rekommenderat underhåll samt de miljö- och säkerhetskrav som ställs på att aggregat.Today's society is composed of a constant energy dependency to get all functions of the modern society to function, a power failure can be devastating. Even though Sweden has a strong power grid, the requirement to always have access to electricity has opened up a market for back-up power. The aim of this work was to create material that could be used in educational purpose and for the reader to get a basic understanding of back-up power with focus on diesel generated power. The course material consists of recommendation of content in the form of page references from sources that fit well in the compilation ofeducation material in the form of a compendium. The compendium is supplemented with a layout of a PowerPoint presentation that can be used for educational purposes. By studying the relevant sources, we have deepened in our topic diesel generated power and have picked out page references, in accordance with the agreement regarding the school copy law, which we consider to be a good fit for the creation of a compendium. We have also created a foundation to a PowerPoint that can facilitate the creation of lecture material. This report explains the structure of a diesel power generator and what is important to consider when sizing a power system. The report also discusses recommended maintenance as well as the requirements placed on a diesel power generator.
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LUCENA, Luiz Roberto Rocha de. "Análise das emissões, eficiência e condições de operação de um motor do ciclo diesel de 206 kW, operando em modo dual com diesel/biodiesel e gás natural." Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2015. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/471.
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LUIZ ROBERTO ROCHA DE LUCENA - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEM) 2015.pdf: 2629611 bytes, checksum: 9d4b92496c709e6181c7746ee3d76d6d (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-24T14:36:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LUIZ ROBERTO ROCHA DE LUCENA - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEM) 2015.pdf: 2629611 bytes, checksum: 9d4b92496c709e6181c7746ee3d76d6d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015
Este trabalho foi desenvolvido experimentalmente com o intuito de analisar o comportamento das emissões, da potência e do consumo do motor diesel, operando em “modo dual” com diesel/biodiesel e gás a uma taxa de substituição do diesel por gás natural da ordem de aproximadamente 85 %. Foram ensaiadas misturas de B20 a B80 com intervalos de 20%, além dos dois limites, inferior e superior (B5 e B100), do diesel comercial e do biodiesel puro respectivamente, onde foram realizados para cada condição de mistura, ensaios com rotação constante de 1800 RPM controlada eletronicamente e potências elétrica de 40, 60, 80, 100 e 120 kW, respectivamente. Todo o sistema foi monitorado por sensores de temperatura, pressão, vazão, velocidade e as emissões de NOx , NO, CO2, CO, O2, Excesso de Ar etc. foram registradas em um analisador de gases de combustão. Os dados dos ensaios foram adquiridos por meio de um sistema de aquisição de dados instalado em um PC e armazenados em mídia própria, para posterior tratamento e análise através de Tabelas e gráficos e comparação com o ensaio B5, denominado neste trabalho de padrão diesel, bem como confrontado com outros trabalhos. Ao término deste estudo podemos concluir a viabilidade do uso do gás natural em motores diesel operando no modo dual com vantagens econômicas e ambientais.
This work was developed experimentally in order to examine the performance of emissions, power and consumption of the diesel engine, operating in "dual mode" with diesel and natural gas at a fixed rate of replacement of diesel by natural gas of approximately 85%. Mixtures from B20 to B80 were tested with intervals of 20%, plus the two limits, upper and lower (B5 and B100) of commercial diesel and biodiesel respectively, which were performed for each mixture condition with constant test speed of 1,800 RPM, electronically controlled, and electric powers at 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 kW respectively. The entire system was monitored by temperature and pressure sensors and test data were acquired by means of a data system installed on a PC and stored in adequate media, for further processing and analysis in tables and graphs and comparison with B5 test, which is called standard diesel and confronted with other studies. At the end of this research we can perceive the viability of the use of natural gas in diesel engines in dual mode with a range of economic and environmental advantages.
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Olsen, Erik, Jens Larsson, and Dennis Stjernström. "Nyinstallation av Larmsystem Till NOHAB-Diesel : Denna rapport innefattar förfarande från att konstruera och installera ett helt nytt larmsystem." Thesis, University of Kalmar, Kalmar Maritime Academy, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hik:diva-1655.
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Skolfartyget M/S Calmare Nyckel, som ägs och opereras av Sjöfartshögskolan i Kalmar används i utbildningssyfte av både blivande nautiker och maskinbefäl.
Driften av NOHAB-dieseln, som används som generator, har varit problemfylld med ständiga och oförklarliga stopp. Det larmsystem som installerades av Oskarshamnsvarvet var högst bristfälligt. Larmsystemet var personfarligt då det var byggd på 230volt, dessutom var larmpunkterna byggda i serie med endast en stoppindikering. Avsaknaden av elritningar över systemet gjorde att bristerna i larmsystemet inte kunde felsökas. Dessutom fanns ingen indikering i kontrollrummet utan endast lokalt vid NOHAB-dieseln.
Vi har gjort en nyinstallation av larmsystemet på mer personsäkra 24VDC, med samtliga larmpunkter parallella och med tillhörande indikering på panel, både lokalt vid NOHAB-dieseln samt i pulpeten för god översyn av systemet. Vidare har vi gjort kompletta ritningar över systemet för en god överblick och möjlighet att felsöka.
I rapporten beskriver vi tillvägagångssättet för problemlösningar som uppstått under arbetet med att skapa ett fungerande larmsystem.
School ship M/S Calmare Nyckel, owned and operated by the Maritime University of Kalmar is used for training by both prospective merchant marine officer as well as engineers. The operation of NOHAB-diesel, used as a generator, has been problematic with frequent and unexplained stop. The alarm system installed by the Oskarshamn Shipyard was highly dysfunctional. The alarm system was dangerous to personnel when it was built on 230volt, furthermore were the alarm points constructed in series with only a stop indication. The lack of electrical drawings of the system made it impossible to trouble shot the deficiencies in the alarm system. Moreover, there was no alarm indication in the control room but only locally at the NOHAB-diesel.
We have made a new installation of the alarm system with the higher personal safety 24VDC, with all the alarms parallel with the corresponding indication on the panel, both locally at the NOHAB-diesel and on the control table for good review of the system. Furthermore, we have made complete drawings of the system enabling a good overview and the ability to troubleshoot.In this report we describe the approach to the problem solutions that have emerged in the process of creating a functioning alarm system.
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Espinosa, Nicolas. "Contribution to the study of waste heat recovery systems on commercial truck diesel engines." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPL064N.
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L'augmentation du prix du pétrole ainsi qu'une possible future réglementation des émissions de CO2 encourage les fabricants de véhicules industriels à trouver de nouvelles solutions pour améliorer encore la performance de la chaine cinématique. Dans ce cadre, deux solutions de récupérations d'énergie prometteuses sont très souvent rapportées dans la littérature: le système de récupération d'énergie par cycle de Rankine et le générateur thermoélectrique. Après un rappel des conditions limites du fonctionnement d'un camion long routier, cette thèse démontre tout d’abord la modélisation 0-D et 1-D (logiciels commerciaux utilisés) de ces deux systèmes de récupération d’énergie. Pour le générateur thermoélectrique, des études paramétriques (hauteur de jambe thermoélectrique, prix, puissance électrique produite) sont effectuées se basant principalement sur l'utilisation de deux matériaux prometteurs. Une conception du système Rankine est présentée et modélisée avec le solveur 1-D. Des validations partielles sont réalisées sur les composants (turbine). Ce modèle a ensuite permis d'étudier les transitoires du système ainsi que la charge en réfrigérant et un système de contrôle possible. Cette étude montre que le générateur thermoélectrique n’est pas encore mature pour son utilisation dans un camion long routier. Le système Rankine doit quant à lui être testé sur un camion prototype pour pouvoir véritablement estimer son potentiel finalFuel price increase as well as future fuel consumption regulations lead truck manufacturers to further enhance the current powertrain. In such a context, two waste heat recovery technologies appear as promising: the Rankine system as well as the thermoelectric generator. After a reminding of truck boundary conditions, this thesis work defines 0-D and 1-D modeling (commercial tool used) for both systems.For the thermoelectric generator , parametric 1-D studies are done on the integration/design (number of thermoelements, price, electrical power) of a thermoelecric generator upstream the existing engine exhaust gas recirculation cooler. Main studies are done with thermoelectric materials but other materials are also considered. A Rankine system design is presented and modeled under a 1-D solver. Preliminary validations are presented. Transient aspects are evaluated to better understand the behavior of the system and its bottlenecks. The amount of refrigerant in the circuit and the control schematic are also addressed.From these studies, it appears that the thermoelectric generator technology is not yet mature for a long haul truck due to the low performance of thermoelectric materials. The Rankine system technology should handle a complete truck prototype testing to estimate its potential
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Slack, G. "The integration of a wind turbine and hydraulic accumulator energy store with a diesel generator to supply electricity in a remote location." Thesis, University of Reading, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.356063.
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Černý, Martin. "Úprava naftové elektrocentrály pro paralelní chod se sítí." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-442793.
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This works applies the idea of adjustment an engine-generator, so it is possible to connect an engine-generator, or other type of a generator, to the electricity. Consequently, the machine can transform the power supply without an outage. This work concerns the complex approach, provides the descriptions of particular parts, sensors and active components of a motor-generator and includes the explanation of their function. Further research is focused on designing and drawing a plan with a choice of a control unit for the whole system. Finally, the work deals with the complex implementation and testing the machine in real operation.
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Dóša, Vladimír. "Výstavba datových center." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-223046.
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This thesis presents and describes new global trends among build and operation of datacenters. Further it contains practical application of particular examples, and the theory is supplemented by new findings from given field.
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Hamza, Hamza Ali Adel. "Selection and justification the parameters of diesel power plant with heat recovery system." Thesis, NTU "KhPI", 2017. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/31664.
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Dissertation for the degree of candidate of technical sciences in specialty 05.05.03 – engines and power plants. – National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute". – Kharkiv, 2017. The dissertation is devoted to the choice and substantiation of parameters of a diesel power plant with heat recovery system of recycling the secondary heat from diesel engine using the Rankin cycle, which uses the heat of exhaust gases and cooling water systems. As a result of the analysis of the features of a promising power plant with a Hyundai 25/33 engine for the production of electric power at a plant in Iraq, a technological scheme of a comprehensive system for recycling diesel fuel from an electric power station with the additional generation of electricity, heat for heating heavy fuel, condensing technical water from exhaust gases. As a working fluid in the Rankin cycle, it is advisable to use the hot water from the engine cooling system. Using the developed mathematical model of the distillation circuit of the diesel power plant, the design-experimental study of the influence of the ambient temperature on the indicators of the efficiency of heat recovery was performed. When the ambient temperature changes from 0 ° C to 40 ° C, the amount of electric energy generated by the Rankin cycle for the Hyundai H25 / 33 engine increases to 10%. With a single cogeneration unit with a Hyundai H25 / 33 engine and a recycling complex developed, it is possible to get up to 2300 kg of water vapor condensate per day, which is very valuable in Iraq. Based on the results of the study, two variants of the technological scheme (projects A and B) were developed for the modernization of Hyundai diesel power plants. The feasibility study for the NPV method has shown that after the full recovery equipment is put into operation, the maximum achievable profit will be about 1 406 219 $ /year.Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.05.03 – двигуни та енергетичні установки. – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут". – Харків, 2017. Дисертація присвячена вибору і обґрунтуванню параметрів дизель-електричної станції з системою утилізації вторинної теплоти дизеля з використанням циклу Ренкіна, що використовує теплоту відпрацьованих газів та системи охолодження. В результаті аналізу особливостей перспективної енергетичної установки з двигуном Hyundai 25/33 для виробництва електричної енергії на заводі в Іраку розроблена технологічна схема комплексної системи утилізації вторинної теплоти дизель-електричної станції з додатковим отриманням електроенергії, теплоти для підігріву важкого палива, конденсації технічної води з відпрацьованих газів двигуна. Для утилізації вторинної теплоти двигуна Hyundai H25/33 запропоновано утилізаційний контур установки, який працює за органічним циклом Ренкіна (ОЦР). В якості робочого тіла в циклі Ренкіна доцільно використовувати воду системи охолодження двигуна. З використанням розробленої математичної моделі утилізаційного контуру дизель-електростанції виконане розрахунково-експериментальне дослідження впливу температури навколишнього середовища на показники ефективності утилізаційного контуру. При зміні температури навколишнього середовища від 0 ° С до 40 ° С кількість електроенергії, виробленої за циклом Ренкіна для двигуна Hyundai H25/33 збільшується до 10%. При роботі однієї когенераційної установки з двигуном Hyundai H25/33 та розробленим утилізаційним комплексом можна отримати на добу до 2300 кг конденсату водяної пари, що є дуже цінною в Іраку. На основі результатів дослідження було розроблено два варіанта технологічної схеми (проекти "А" та "Б") модернізації дизельних електростанцій компанії Hyundai Heavy Industries. Виконана техніко-економічна оцінка проектів за метод NPV показала, що після того, як обладнання утилізаційного контуру в повному обсязі буде введено у експлуатацію, максимально досяжний прибуток складе близько 1 406 219 дол. США/рік.
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Cavazzana, Francesco. "Impedance-Based Stability Analysis in Smart Grids with Large Penetration of Renewable Energy." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3422785.
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The wide diffusion of distributed energy resources (DERs) has led to a scenario where the penetration of renewables is very high and can significantly affect the grid stability. The increasing complexity of these systems requires a suitable stability approach: the impedance-based analysis has one of its main advantages in the possibility to characterize the components separately, e.g. source and load, and to estimate the stability at a certain interface applying the Nyquist criterion to the impedance ratio. This method has been widely used in DC systems, to investigate the converters interactions and anticipating the stability of the final scenario also in case of multiple paralleled converters, often using criteria to limit the interactions and guarantee a stable configuration. Then, the method has been extended to three-phase system, where the multi-input multi-output configuration needs the generalized Nyquist criterion (GNC) for the stability assessment.
The first case presented in this work is a grid-connected large photovoltaic (PV) farm, where the inverter control is provided in abc-frame, and considering a balanced and symmetrical system the equivalent single-phase inverter is used in this analysis. The stability is addressed according to the aforementioned impedance-based approach, including also the equivalent generator contributions. The impedance multiplication effect is here formalized also for the case of different parallel inverters. The influence of the line impedance and of the power rating of the inverter are considered. The outcome of the study is an approach featuring both accurate stability analysis, as in multi-input multi-output based approaches, and modularity, as in impedance-based approaches. Moreover, the grid sensitivity is investigated for the case of multiple paralleled inverters, in order to analyze how it changes with an increasing number of connections.
Recently, the interest on the hybrid-grids with diesel generators and battery energy storage systems (BESSs) are gaining higher attention because nearly one in five people in the world live without access to electricity. This off-grid solution is then able to provide a continuous generation and also integrate the renewables in the same system. The second part focuses on the modeling of a three-phase hybrid-grid, where the diesel generator is controlled in isochronous mode, and the inverters interfacing the BESSs are droop-controlled with an additional external loop to provide the exact tracking of the power references when the generator is connected. The experimental results of a system with a 400kVA diesel generator and up to 300kVA coming from the BESSs are included. The analysis has led to the full reproduction of the interaction between the diesel generator and an increasing number of connected inverters, where the total inertia of the system changes. However, in literature there is no stability analysis accurate enough to analyze such a complex system and predict instabilities. The modularity of the impedance-based stability analysis can then provide a subdivision of this complexity, and so represents a suitable approach. In this work, the output impedance of a droop-controlled inverter is determined, in order to characterize this element widely used in off-grid applications. After determining the operating point, the analytical model of the output impedance is derived in both controller and system frame, including the effect of the decoupling impedance and the inverter inner dynamics. Finally, this work presents a mathematical tool to convert impedance between different dq-frames. The application of this conversion tool to the aforementioned droop-controlled inverter case will be provided, in order to prove the correctness of the transformation.L'ampia diffusione delle risorse di energia distribuite ha portato ad uno scenario dove la penetrazione di fonti rinnovabili è molto elevata e può significativamente influenzare la rete. La crescente complessità di questi sistemi richiede un adeguato studio della stabilità: l'approccio basato sulle impedenze ha come uno dei maggiori vantaggi la possibilità di caratterizzare i componenti separatamente, ad esempio sorgente e carico, e di stimare la stabilità ad una determinata interfaccia applicando il criterio di Nyquist al rapporto di impedenze. Questo metodo è stato largamente utilizzato nei sistemi DC, per analizzare le interazioni tra convertitori e prevedere la stabilità del sistema finale anche in caso di più convertitori parallelo, spesso utilizzando criteri per limitare le interazioni e garantire una configurazione stabile. Successivamente il metodo è stato esteso a sistemi trifase, dove la configurazione con ingressi ed uscite multiple richiede l'utilizzo del criterio generalizzato di Nyquist per analizzare la stabilità. Il primo caso presentato in questo lavoro è un grande impianto fotovoltaico connesso alla rete, dove il controllo degli inverter è fornito nel sistema di riferimento abc e, considerando un sistema bilanciato e simmetrico, l'inverter equivalente monofase è stato utilizzato in questa analisi. La stabilità è determinata seguendo il metodo basato sulle impedenze precedentemente citato, includendo anche il contributo del generatore equivalente. L'effetto di moltiplicazione di impedenza è qui formalizzato anche nel caso di inverter paralleli non uguali. L'influenza dell'impedenza di linea e della taglia dell'inverter sono considerate. Il risultato dello studio è un approccio che include un'accurata analisi di stabilità, come negli approcci basati su sistemi multi-input e multi-output, e la modularità, come negli approcci basati sulle impedenze. Inoltre, la sensibilità rispetto alla rete è stata studiata per il caso di inverter paralleli multipli, con lo scopo di analizzare come questa si modifica con un crescente numero di connessioni. Recentemente, l'interesse sulle reti ibride con generatori diesel e sistemi di accumulo di energia tramite batterie stanno ricevendo maggiore attenzione perché una ogni cinque persone vive senza accesso all'elettricità. Questa soluzione non connessa alla rete principale è quindi in grado di fornire una generazione continua ed integrare le energie rinnovabili nel sistema. La seconda parte si concentra nella modellizzazione di una rete ibrida trifase, dove il generatore diesel è controllato con controllo isocrono e gli inverter, utilizzati come interfaccia per le batterie, sono gestiti con un controllo droop con dei loop esterni addizionali per fornire l'inseguimento dei riferimenti di potenza quando connessi al generatore. Sono riportati nella tesi i risultati sperimentali del sistema con un generatore diesel a 400kVA e fino a 300kVA dalle batterie. L'analisi ha portato ad una completa riproduzione dell'interazione tra il generatore diesel e un crescente numero di inverter connessi, nel qual caso l'inerzia totale del sistema cambia. Tuttavia, in letteratura non è presente alcuna analisi di stabilità abbastanza accurata per analizzare un sistema di una tale complessità e per predire eventuali instabilità. La modularità dell'analisi di stabilità basata sulle impedenze può quindi fornire una suddivisione di questa complessità, e quindi è un approccio opportuno. In questo lavoro, l'impedenza di uscita di un inverter controllato in droop è determinata, con lo scopo di caratterizzare questo elemento largamente utilizzato in applicazioni non connesse alla rete. Dopo aver determinato il punto operativo, il modello analitico dell'impedenza di uscita è derivato riferendosi sia al controllore interno al convertitore che al sistema, includendo l'effetto dell'impedenza di disaccoppiamento e delle dinamiche interne dell'inverter. Infine, questo lavoro presenta uno strumento matematico per convertire le impedenze da un sistema di riferimento dq ad un altro. È fornito un esempio di applicazione di questo strumento di conversione nel caso dell'inverter controllato in droop, con lo scopo di provare la correttezza della trasformazione.
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Cecone, Eduardo Christiano. "Avaliação tecno-financeira de alternativas para atendimento da demanda de energia elérica de uma IES." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFABC, 2016.
Find full textAbstract:
Orientador: Prof. Dr. Douglas Alves CassianoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Energia, 2016.
Estudos recentes apontam que, diante do crescimento do valor da tarifação de energia elétrica, tem-se considerado o emprego de grupos moto geradores (GMG) diesel como alternativa ao fornecimento de energia elétrica por parte das concessionárias, visando condições financeiras mais competitivas e assegurar o atendimento à demanda e a não interrupção do abastecimento. Para a utilização do GMG se faz necessário considerar os aspectos: técnico, ambiental e financeiro. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo a análise tecno-financeira da utilização de grupo moto gerador diesel, em atendimento à demanda de energia elétrica de uma Instituição de Ensino Superior (IES), bem como os impactos e consequências desta utilização, fazendo uso de simulação computacional. Realizaram-se simulações utilizando o Software Homer Energy envolvendo o emprego do grupo moto gerador operando com diesel, biodiesel e misturas combustível B5, B7, B10 e B20, em horário de ponta e fora dele, em instalação existente no campus Santo André da Fundação Universidade Federal do ABC. Concluiu-se que, do ponto de vista técnico, o GMG existente tem plena capacidade de atendimento à demanda de energia elétrica considerada. Com relação às emissões, a utilização do GMG gerador seria mais agressiva ao meio ambiente que a aquisição de energia elétrica junto à concessionária, independentemente do combustível utilizado. Financeiramente, a operação do GMG se apresenta mais onerosa do que o fornecimento por parte da concessionária, considerando-se os valores praticados atualmente. Mantidas as demais condições e a incidência da bandeira tarifária vermelha, se o preço de compra da mistura combustível atingir valor igual ou inferior a R$ 1,72/l a utilização do GMG seria viável em associação ao fornecimento da rede pública e, se o valor atingir valor igual ou inferior à R$ 0,40/l haveria viabilidade financeira sua utilização como fonte exclusiva de energia elétrica, enquanto considerando-se a não incidência da bandeira tarifária vermelha, se o preço de compra da mistura combustível atingir valor igual ou inferior à R$ 1,55/l a utilização do GMG seria viável em associação ao fornecimento da rede pública e, se o valor atingir valor igual ou inferior à R$ 0,34/l haveria viabilidade financeira sua utilização como fonte exclusiva de energia elétrica.
Recent studies indicate that, before the value of the electricity tariff growth, has considered the use of diesel moto-generator groups (GMG) diesel as an alternative to the supply of electricity by the utilities, targeting more competitive financial conditions and ensure meet demand and no supply interruption. To use the GMG is necessary to consider the aspects: technical, environmental and financial. This study aimed to techno-financial analysis of the diesel moto-generator group, in response to demand for electricity of a Higher Education Institution (HEI) as well as the impacts and consequences of use, making use of computer simulation. Performed simulations using the software Homer Energy involving the use of the diesel moto-generator set operating with diesel, biodiesel and fuel mixtures B5, B7, B10 and B20, in peak hours and off in existing plant in Santo André campus of the University Foundation Federal ABC. It was concluded that, from a technical point of view, the existing GMG has full capacity to meet the electricity demand considered. With respect to emissions, the use of GMG would be more aggressive to the environment that the purchase of electricity by the licensee, regardless of the fuel used. Financially, the operation of GMG presents more costly than the provision by the concessionaire, considering the current values. Kept the other conditions and the incidence of red flag tariff, if the purchase price of the fuel mixture reaches less than or equal to R $ 1.72 / her use of GMG would be feasible in connection with the provision of public services and the value achieving less than or equal to R $ 0.40 / l would be financially viable its use as a sole source of electricity, while considering the non-levy tariff red flag if the purchase price of the fuel mixture reaches equal or lesser value to R $ 1.55 / her use of GMG would be feasible in connection with the provision of public services and the value reaches less than or equal to R $ 0.34 / l would be financially viable its use as a sole source of electricity.
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Gustafsson, Jonatan. "Linearization Based Model Predictive Control of a Diesel Engine with Exhaust Gas Recirculation and Variable-Geometry Turbocharger." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Fordonssystem, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-174829.
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Engine control systems aim to ensure satisfactory output performance whilst adhering to requirements on emissions, drivability and fuel efficiency. Model predictive control (MPC) has shown promising results when applied to multivariable and nonlinear systems with operational constraints, such as diesel engines. This report studies the torque generation from a mean-value heavy duty diesel engine with exhaust gas recirculation and variable-geometry turbocharger using state feedback linearization based MPC (LMPC). This is accomplished by first introducing a fuel optimal reference generator that converts demands on torque and engine speed to references on states and control signals for the MPC controller to follow. Three different MPC controllers are considered: a single linearization point LMPC controller and two different successive LMPC (SLMPC) controllers, where the controllers are implemented using the optimization tool CasADi. The MPC controllers are evaluated with the World Harmonized Transient Cycle and the results show promising torque tracking using a SLMPC controller with linearization about reference values.
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Minaříková, Lucie. "Podnikatelský plán na rozšíření podnikatelské činnosti." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-224481.
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Master`s thesis deals with the economic situation of the company STEL-INVEST, Ltd., which will be basis for the decision to extend the entrepreneurial activity by the new service. The company STEL-IVEST, Ltd. is currently engaged in services and maintenance in the field of telecommunication.
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Rocha, Kamila Peres. "Planejamento de microrredes em sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2018. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/8079.
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O presente trabalho apresenta uma metodologia para o planejamento ótimo de microrredes em redes de distribuição de energia elétrica. Para tanto, é apresentada a formulação dos elementos propostos incluindo sua modelagem técnico-econômica. O objetivo principal é a abordagem das vantagens do sistema de compensação de energia elétrica estipulado pela resolução normativa n◦ 482/2012 da ANEEL, na busca por redução dos custos de energia em um horizonte de planejamento de longo prazo. Para isso, faz-se a utilização da meta-heurística denominada SIA com propósito de obter o dimensionamento otimizado dos elementos da microrrede. A determinação dessa técnica se deve a quantidade de combinações possíveis devido a complexidade do problema apresentado. É traçado, ainda, um comparativo com o método de busca exaustiva para análise das soluções geradas e do tempo computacional requerido para as duas metodologias propostas. O projeto aborda a implantação de fontes de energia renovável eólica e solar e gerador a diesel para análise de estudos de caso para consumidores comercial e residencial. Por último, é realizado um comparativo com resultados provenientes de um software de dimensionamento de microrredes, denominado HOMER Pro R .
The present work presents a methodology for the optimal planning of microgrids in electricitydistributionnetworks. Forthatreason, theformulationoftheproposedelements includingtheirtechnical-economicmodelingispresented. Themainobjectiveistoapproach the advantages of the net metering stipulated by ANEEL normative resolution 482/2012, in the search for reduction of energy costs in a long-term planning horizon. Therefore, the meta-heuristic called SIA is implemented with the purpose of obtaining the optimized sizing of the elements of the microgrid. The determination of this technique come from the amount of possible combinations due to the complexity of the presented problem. A comparison with the exhaustive search method for the analysis of the generated solutions and the computational time required for the two proposed methodologies is also drawn. The project addresses the deployment of wind and solar renewable energy sources and diesel generator for analysis of case studies for commercial and residential consumers. Finally, a comparison is made with results from HOMER Pro R, a microgrid software.
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Ting, Kui Lun. "Simulation of Wind-Diesel systems with differing diesel generators and energy storage." Thesis, Ting, Kui Lun (2015) Simulation of Wind-Diesel systems with differing diesel generators and energy storage. Other thesis, Murdoch University, 2015. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/27079/.
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This project was concerned about simulating wind-diesel systems with differing diesel generators, wind generation and energy storage. The simulating tool that was used in this project was Microsoft EXCEL.
A basic EXCEL ‘one hour’ energy flow model with one type of diesel generator was provided at the start of the project. The ‘one hour’ model contains average wind and load data recorded at each hour of the year.
This basic model was further developed to include:
Three types of diesel generator and,
Energy storage
Other than the basic ‘one hour’ model, different versions of the EXCEL model were also developed, which include:
‘Half hour’ model and,
‘Ten minute’ model
The only difference between the ‘half hour’ model and the ‘one hour’ model is that the average wind and load data are different. Therefore, there were not many changes in programming the ‘half hour’ model from the ‘one hour’ model. However, for the ‘ten minute’ model, the operation time of the diesel generators must be considered. Diesel generators do not turn on and off every 10 minutes and hence, the model must be programmed so that the diesel generators operate every 30 minutes or an hour. However, this was not done in the project due to time constraints. A ‘time step’ model was created instead to allow average wind and load data for any time step i.e. 2 hours data, 45 minutes data, 15 minutes data etc., to be pasted into the model.
The user-friendliness of the program was also improved to give better understanding by including simple instructions for users to use the program more conveniently.
The final enhanced one hour model with one type of diesel generator was then compared with HOMER to see how the results differ. The two programs are very different to each other in terms of both input details and simulation results.
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Chung, Albert. "Uncertainties in the measurement of simulated carbonaceous aerosols (I) Characterization of emissions from a portable diesel generator and development of the extended idealized aggregate theory and (II) the Effect of metal additives on the evolved gas analysis of carbon /." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1779835921&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Brown, Neil Lovell. "Compact electrical generators for diesel driven generating sets." Thesis, Durham University, 2002. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3939/.
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This thesis explores two approaches for converting rotating mechanical power from diesel engines into electrical power of fixed frequency and voltage. Advances in high energy permanent magnets and power electronics are enabling technologies that provide opportunities for electrical machines with increased efficiency and compact size. Two approaches are explored, Variable Speed and Fixed Speed power generation. For variable speed, the concept of Variable Speed Integrated Generating Sets (VSIGs) are discussed and suitable electrical machine types reviewed. Axial and Radial permanent magnet machines are compared in detail. An axial flux machine often referred to as the TORUS is researched, and a 50 kW unit designed to integrate within the flywheel housing of a diesel engine. Manufacturing aspects are considered, and two prototype machines are built and tested, the second machine demonstrates a rating of 60kW at 3000rpm. A machine model based upon a combination of Finite Element Analysis and polynomial curve fitting is developed to provide an insight into the design of such machines. During the course of this research a new form of axial electrical machine known as the Haydock Brown Machine was invented. The fundamental problem of regulating the output voltage for permanent machines has been over come by the addition of an excitation coil. Saturation, significant leakage fields and three excitation sources make the electromagnetic design process for the Haydock Brown Machine complex. The intuitive application of an equivalent circuit model provides satisfactory results and a 10kW prototype machine operating at fixed speed is built and tested. Using the model new observations are made and a new improved version is proposed called the Haydock Brown Hybrid Machine.
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VASQUEZ, CESAR GONZALO VERA. "REDUCTION OF THE EMISSIONS IN GAS DIESEL GENERATORS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2009. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=17166@1.
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CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOO trabalho tem como objetivo a conversão de um grupo gerador, originalmente Diesel, para operar no modo Diesel-Gás, onde estes dois combustíveis são administrados simultaneamente no motor. Para tal foi utilizado um grupo gerador de 120KW, com um motor Perkins 1006 TAG (turbo alimentado com intercooler). Medidas experimentais foram realizadas tanto no modo Diesel quanto no bicombustível Diesel-gás. Foram avaliados: desempenho e, principalmente, emissões de poluentes atmosféricos. A redução das emissões foi realizada mediante a restrição parcial do ar de combustão, regulada por uma válvula tipo borboleta, que funciona eletronicamente, posicionada na entrada do coletor de admissão. A relação Diesel-Gás foi também avaliada, onde o segundo combustível era administrado através de um sistema eletrônico de injeção de gás natural. Os resultados indicam que em cargas baixas as reduções de monóxido de carbono e hidrocarbonatos são significativas (50% de redução de HC e 20% de CO) com máximas taxas de substituição. O mesmo se observa em cargas intermediárias. Em cargas médias e baixas observa-se um leve aumento nas emissões de óxido nitroso. Pode-se observar uma melhora no rendimento global do grupo gerador com o aumento da carga e da taxa de substituição. De forma geral, conseguiu-se reduzir os níveis de emissões em altas cargas, principalmente de hidrocarbonetos e monóxido de carbono.
The objective of this study is converting a generator, originally Diesel, to operate in a Diesel-Gas; two fuels are administered simultaneously to the motor. One diesel generator of 120KW model Perkins 1006 TAG (powered with turbo intercooler), running on the Diesel / natural gas dual fuel mode, was tested. Experimental measurements were performed in both the Diesel and dual fuel diesel-gas. Are evaluated performances and; especially air pollutant emissions. The emission reduction was carried out by partial restriction of the combustion air with the help of an electronic throttle valve, positioned before the intake manifold. The ratio Diesel-Gas was evaluated, where the second fuel (natural gas) was administered with one electronic injection of natural gas. The results indicate that at low loads the reductions in carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons are significant (50% reduction in HC and 20% CO) with maximum replacement rates. Something like is observed at intermediate loads. In medium and low loads there is a slight increase in emissions of nitrous oxides. One can observe a slight increase in overall yield of the generator with the increased workload and the replacement rate; in general it was possible to reduce emissions at high loads, especially in hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide.
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Houdyschell, David. "A diesel two-stroke linear engine." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2000. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1312.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2000.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 64 p. : ill. (some col.) Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 42-43).
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Agahi, Peyman. "Numerical prediction of noise attenuation from an acoustically enclosed diesel power generating set." Thesis, University of Ulster, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325483.
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Peters, Kenneth John. "A reliability program for nuclear power plant emergency diesel generators." Master's thesis, This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-02162010-020015/.
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Coonick, Alun Howard. "Dynamic aspects of a wind/diesel system with flywheel energy storage." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/46726.
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Khor, Jeen Ghee. "An intelligent controller for synchronous generators." Thesis, De Montfort University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/4125.
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Dulik, Jeffrey D. (Jeffrey Daniel). "Use of performance-monitoring to improve reliability of emergency diesel generators." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/47682.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Nuclear Engineering, 1998.Includes bibliographical references (p. 149-151).
Emergency diesel generators are one of the most important contributors to the core damage failure rate of nuclear power plants. Current required testing and maintenance procedures are excessively strict and expensive without any real justification. Probabilistic risk assessment is used to propose a monitoring system and Technical Specification changes to reduce EDG unavailability without jeopardizing safety, and to ease the excessive deterministic requirements. The EDG fault tree is analyzed to identify the critical failure modes of the EDG, the failure of service water pumps, the failure of EDG building ventilation dampers, and the failure of the EDG "supercomponent," which includes the fuel oil, lubricating oil, cooling water, and starting air systems. We use data from the nuclear industry and the U.S. Navy to identify the most significant EDG supercomponent failure modes, including system fluid leakages, instrumentation & controls failures, electrical power output failures, and the fuel system governors. The monitoring system proposed includes instrumentation for twenty-one of the 121 basic events in the fault tree, for a total of 94.9% of EDG failure contributions. The failure modes identified with industry data are monitored, as are diesel engine mechanical failures currently assessed with teardown inspections. With a 50% reduction in these twenty-one basic event failure rates, the EDG system failure rate is reduced by 41.6%, from 0.097 per year to 0.059 per year. With this reduced failure rate, we propose to extend the EDG surveillance interval from one month to twelve months, to lengthen the running tests from one hour to twenty-four hours, and to eliminate the tear-down inspections conducted during refueling outages. To fully assess the benefits of these proposed changes, the monitoring system should be installed on an EDG on a trial basis. The work reported here demonstrates the feasible gains which can be realized, and proposes, a method for evaluating the efficacy of the system as realized through experimentation.
by Jeffrey D. Dulik.
S.M.
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Stott, Paul Anthony. "Renewable variable speed hybrid system." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4781.
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At present many remote and Island communities rely solely on diesel powered generators to provide electricity. Diesel fuel is both expensive and polluting and the constant speed operation of the diesel engine is inefficient. In this thesis the use of renewable energy sources to help offset diesel fuel usage and an alternative way of running the diesel generator with the aim of reducing electrical energy costs is investigated. Diesel generators have to be sized to meet peak demand, in one or two diesel generator island grids, these generators will be running at a fraction of maximum output for most of the time. A new variable speed diesel generator allows for a reduction in fuel consumption at part load compared to constant speed operation. Combining the variable speed diesel generator with renewable generation should maximise the diesel fuel offsetting of the renewable source due to the increased efficiency at low loads. The stability issues of maintaining transient performance in a renewable variable speed hybrid system have been modelled and simulated. A control strategy has been developed and the use of energy storage as a buffer for any remaining stability problems has been explored. The control strategy has then been experimentally tested along with one of the possible energy storage solutions. An economic feasibility study has been performed on a case study community to validate the main aim of this research of reducing the cost of electrical energy in diesel generator grids.
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Pianthong, Kulachate Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Supersonic liquid diesel fuel jets : generation, shock wave characteristics, auto-ignition feasibilities." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, 2002. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/20325.
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It is well known that high-speed liquid jetting is one of the most powerful techniques available to cut or penetrate material. Recently, it has been conjectured that high-speed liquid jets may be beneficial in improving combustion in such applications as SCRAM jets and direct injection diesel engines. Although there are practical limitations on maximum jet velocity, a fundamental study of the characteristics of high-speed liquid fuel jets and their auto-ignition feasibility is necessary. Important benefits could be increased combustion efficiency and enhanced emission control from improved atomisation. The generation of high-speed liquid jets (water and diesel fuel) in the supersonic to hypersonic ranges by use of a vertical single stage powder gun is described. The effect of the projectile velocity and projectile mass on the jet velocity is found experimentally. Jet exit velocities from a range of different nozzle inner profiles and nozzle hardness are thoroughly examined. The characteristics and behaviour of the high-speed liquid jet and its leading bow shock wave have been studied with the aid of a shadowgraph technique. This provides a clearer picture of each stage of the generation of hypersonic liquid jets. It makes possible the study of hypersonic diesel fuel jet characteristics and their potential for auto-ignition. The fundamental processes by which a supersonic liquid jet is generated by projectile impact have been investigated. The momentum transfer from the projectile to the liquid and the shock wave reflection within the nozzle cavity are the key items of interest. A new one-dimensional analysis has been used in order to simplify this complex and difficult problem. The impact pressure obtained from the projectile was firstly derived. Then, an investigation of the intermittent pressure increase in a closed end cavity and a simple stepped, cross-sectional nozzle were carried out. The nozzle pressure and final jet velocity were estimated and compared to a previous method and to experimental results. Some interesting characteristics found in the experiments relate well to those anticipated by the analysis. The characteristics of a hypersonic diesel fuel jet and its leading edge shock wave were assessed for their potential for auto-ignition using fuel with cetane numbers from 50-100. The investigations were performed at normal ambient air and at elevated air (110 ???C) temperature. So far, there is no sign of auto-ignition that may occur because of the temperature rise of the induced shock.
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Talbi, Mosbah Mohamed. "A theoretical study and simulation of the diesel-absorption unit." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313506.
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Kapambwe, Elias. "Economic Feasibility Photovoltaic/Diesel/Battery Hybrid Power Syatems to replace stand-alone diesel generators in off-grid remote areas of Zambia." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-95517.
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Emslie, Lovell Donald. "The effect of turbo-charging and intercoolingon emissionsgeneration [i.e. intercooling on emissions generation] and durability of a diesel engine." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52520.
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Thesis (MScEng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: To reduce exhaust gas emissions in diesel engines and for engine upgrade purposes the major parameters and equipment that should be looked at are boost pressure, intake charge temperature, combustion chamber design and fuel injection equipment. Boost pressure is governed by the turbo-charger; with high-efficiency variable geometry turbochargers, effective control is possible to increase airflow rate at all operating conditions of the engine. Efficient air-to-air inter-cooling results in the engine being filled with a cooler air charge that will influence engine durability and heat rejection to the cooling system. The main objective of the investigation is to look at the influence of boost pressure and intake charge temperature on diesel combustion to better understand the processes where boost pressure is increased and intake charge temperature reduced to increase the brake mean effective pressure of the engine and reduce emissions generation. By running an engine at different intake boost pressures and intake charge temperatures a 25-point matrix was formed at three different operating conditions. On completion of the engine testing, data processing and data evaluation, a number of important conclusions were made about the behaviour of the engine running under different conditions. This enabled the researcher to understand how boost pressure and intake charge temperature influence engine power output, fuel consumption, engine durability and exhaust gas emissions. The opinion is proved when, in most cases, the 75 test points were used to build multiple linear regression models to determine which engine parameters (dependent variables) have a significant effect on emissions generation and durability parameters. From the data it is evident that boost pressure has a positive influence on most engine parameters, as an increase in boost pressure results in an increase in air mass flow through the engine. An increase in air mass flow reduces combustion chamber gas temperature as the result of an increase in excess air ratio during combustion. A further result of the increase in excess air ratio is that less soot is formed during the first part of combustion and more soot and partly decomposed Hydrocarbon (HC) compounds are oxidised during the late combustion phase. Therefore, with an increase in boost pressure, Bosch smoke emissions reduce, but with a change in intake air temperature no difference in smoke concentration is seen except at the very low boost pressure and very high boost temperature test points where low air/fuel ratios exist and the slight increase in air-flow rate as a result of lower air inlet temperature has a big influence. Nitric Oxide (NO) emissions, on the other hand, are more dependent on intake air temperature than on boost pressure, which was proved in the multiple regressions modelling performed on the test data. The flame zone and the post-flame zone temperature play the dominant role in NO formation. As explained in the results discussion on NO formation, intake air temperature influences the ignition mixture temperature and the subsequent flame zone temperature. A lower intake air condition results in longer ignition delay and increases the initial rate of combustion.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die hoofparameters en toerusting wat in ag geneem moet word om uitlaatgasemissies in dieselenjins te verminder en om enjinkraguitset te verhoog, is inlaatdruk, inlaat lugtemperatuur, verbrandingskamerontwerp en brandstofinspuittoerusting. Inlaatdruk word beheer deur die turb-aanjaer. Met hoë effektiwiteit, veranderlike geometrie turboaanjaging, is effektiewe beheer moontlik om lugvloei-tempo deur die enjin te verhoog onder alle enjinwerkstoestande. Effektiewe lug-tot-lug tussenverkoeling laat die enjin met koeler inlaatlug vul, wat 'n uitwerking het op enjinlewensduur en hitte-verlies na die verkoelingsstelsel. Die hoofdoel van die navorsing is om die invloed van inlaatdruk en inlaat lugtemperatuur op dieselverbranding te ondersoek. Sodoende kry die navorser 'n beter begrip omtrent die prosesse waar inlaatdruk verhoog en inlaat lugtemperatuur verlaag word, om rem-gemiddelde effektiewe druk van die enjin te verhoog en uitlaatgas emissies te verlaag. 'n 25-punt matriks is opgestel deur die enjin by verskillende inlaatdrukke en inlaat lugtemperture te opereer, en by drie verskillende wringkragwerkstoestande. 'n Aantal belangrike gevolgtrekkings is gemaak omtrent enjinwerking onder verskillende werkstoestande na voltooiing van die enjintoetse, dataverwerking en data-evaluering. Sodoende het die navorser bepaal hoe inlaatdruk en inlaat lugtemperatuur kraglewering, brandstofverbruik, enjinlewensduur en uitlaatgasemissies beïnvloed. Om bogenoemde begrippe verder te ondersteun is 'n meervoudige, lineëre regressiemodel opgestel om te bepaal watter enjinparameters (afhanklike veranderlikes) 'n wesenlike effek op emissiegenerasie en lewensduur het. Van die data word afgelei dat inlaatdruk 'n positiewe effek op die meeste enjinparameters het, omdat hoër inlaatdruk die lugvloeitempo deur die enjin verhoog. Hoër lugmassavloei verminder verbrandingsgastemperatuur as gevolg van 'n hoër oortollige lugverhouding tydens verbranding. 'n Verdere gevolg van 'n hoër oortollige lugverhouding is dat minder roet gevorm word gedurende die eerste verbrandingsfase en meer roet en gedeeltelik verbrande koolwaterstofverbindings oksideer gedurende die finale verbrandingsfase. Dus, met 'n hoër inlaatdruk word Bosch rookemmissies verlaag. Geen wesenlike verandering in rookkonsentrasies word egter gesien met 'n verandering in inlaatlugtemperatuur nie, behalwe by baie lae inlaatdruk- en hoë inlaat lugtemperatuur-toetskondisies waar lae lug/brandstofverhoudings bestaan en 'n klein toename in lugmassavloei as gevolg van laer inlaat lugtempertuur'n groot invloed het. Stikstofmonoksied (NO) emissies is meer afhanklik van inlaat lugtemperatuur as inlaatdruk. Dit is bewys in die meervoudige regressiemodel. Die vlamsone- en die navlamsone- temperatuur speel 'n groot rol in NO vorming. Inlaat lugtemperatuur beïnvloed die temperatuur van die onstekingsmengsel en die daaropvolgende vlamsonetemperatuur. 'n Laer inlaat lugtemperatuur veroorsaak 'n langer onstekingsvertraging en verhoog die aanvanklike verbrandingstempo.
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Ceccarelli, Riccardo. "Model-based fault detection in diesel engines air-path." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00870762.
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Cette thèse a pour but l'étude de la détection basée sur modèle de défauts pour lesmoteurs Diesel produits en grande série. La nécessité d'une surveillance continue del'état de santé des véhicules est maintenant renforcée par la législation Euro VI sur lesémissions polluantes, qui sera probablement rendue encore plus contraignante dans sesprochaines révisions. Dans ce contexte, le développement de stratégies robustes, faciles àcalibrer et valides pour des systèmes dispersés (car produits en grande série) procureraitun avantage considérable aux constructeurs automobile. L'étude développée ici tentede répondre à ces besoins en proposant une méthodologie générique. On utilise desobservateurs adaptatifs locaux pour des systèmes scalaires non linéaires et affines parrapport à l'état, pour résoudre les problèmes de la détection de défauts, de son isolationet de son estimation d'une façon compacte. De plus, les incertitudes liées aux biais demesure et de modèle et aux dérives temporelles nécessitent d'améliorer les méthodes dedétection par l'utilisation de seuils robustes pour éviter les fausses détections. Dans cettethèse, on propose un seuil variable basé sur la condition d'observabilité du paramètreimpacté par le défaut et sur une étude de sensibilité par rapport aux incertitudes surles entrées ou sur le modèle. Cette méthode permet, entre autres, de fournir un outild'analyse pour la sélection des conditions de fonctionnement du système pour lesquelsle diagnostic est plus fiable et plus robuste par rapport aux incertitudes sur les entrées.L'approche présentée a été appliquée avec succès et validée de façon expérimentale surun moteur Diesel pour le problème de détection de fuite dans le système d'admissiond'air, puis dans un environnement de simulation pour le problème de détection dedérive d'efficacité turbine. On montre ainsi ses avantages en termes de fiabilité dedétection, d'effort de calibration, et pour l'analyse des conditions de fonctionnementmoteur adaptées au diagnostic.