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Nyström, Marcus, and Anna-Viktoria Lind. "Within Real Estate Diversification and Investment Strategies." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-98404.
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The efficient portfolios for the period 1993 – 2010 based on IPD data have a major portfolio weight in residential properties in the three largest regions Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmo. The portfolio with the highest risk adjusted return (measured as the highest Sharpe-ratio) combines a large portfolio weight in residential properties with a small weight in industrial properties. During the time period of 2005 – 2010 a majority of the listed real estate companies held a real estate portfolio far below the efficient frontier based on the corresponding IPD data. These companies can increase their total return without taking on any more risk by using the concept of diversification. When including all available diversification categories two out of seven companies can be said to have an efficient real estate portfolio. When we excluded the outperforming residential asset class, however, none of the companies’ portfolios were in fact efficient. The real estate market is inefficient and thus results in the IPD data being less useful as it is based on transactions occurring in this inefficient market. Investors can, in this market, easily find properties with another risk and return profile than what IPD indicates is the market risk and return for a particular property type in a certain region. The inefficiency of the market, together with the IPD data being less useful, thus makes it difficult for the companies to focus on diversification in their investment strategy. Moreover, there are several reasons that explain the discrepancy between the actually held listed real estate portfolios and the optimal portfolio based on IPD data. Since each property is heterogeneous and possesses unique risks, investors are not able to accurately quantify the risk of each investment and thus rely more on their gut feeling. This also results in investors focusing on single investment opportunities rather than looking at all investments from a portfolio perspective.
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Lind, Anna-Viktoria. "Within Real Estate Diversification and Investment strategies." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-102297.
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The efficient portfolios for the period 1993 – 2010 based on IPD data have a major portfolio weight in residential properties in the three largest regions Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmo. The portfolio with the highest risk adjusted return (measured as the highest Sharpe-ratio) combines a large portfolio weight in residential properties with a small weight in industrial properties. During the time period of 2005 – 2010 a majority of the listed real estate companies held a real estate portfolio far below the efficient frontier based on the corresponding IPD data. These companies can increase their total return without taking on any more risk by using the concept of diversification. When including all available diversification categories two out of seven companies can be said to have an efficient real estate portfolio. When we excluded the outperforming residential asset class, however, none of the companies’ portfolios were in fact efficient. The real estate market is inefficient and thus results in the IPD data being less useful as it is based on transactions occurring in this inefficient market. Investors can, in this market, easily find properties with another risk and return profile than what IPD indicates is the market risk and return for a particular property type in a certain region. The inefficiency of the market, together with the IPD data being less useful, thus makes it difficult for the companies to focus on diversification in their investment strategy. Moreover, there are several reasons that explain the discrepancy between the actually held listed real estate portfolios and the optimal portfolio based on IPD data. Since each property is heterogeneous and possesses unique risks, investors are not able to accurately quantify the risk of each investment and thus rely more on their gut feeling. This also results in investors focusing on single investment opportunities rather than looking at all investments from a portfolio perspective.
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Fricke, Julian. "Diversification Strategies in the German Publishing Industry." St. Gallen, 2007. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/org/biblio/edoc.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/01665660002/$FILE/01665660002.pdf.
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Niswonger, Jennifer R. "Effective Revenue Diversification Strategies in Nonprofit Organizations." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7318.
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Nonprofit organization leaders increasingly encounter social burdens and financial difficulties, jeopardizing ongoing success and organizational sustainability. The purpose of this single-case study was to explore revenue diversification strategies used by 3 leaders of a small nonprofit organization in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States through the conceptual lens of modern portfolio theory. Data were collected via in-depth semistructured interviews, and member checking was used to facilitate accuracy, consistency, and integrity. Methodological triangulation included a document review and analysis of financial statements, tax returns, strategy objectives, the organizational website, social media, and nonprofit data reports. Data from documents and interviews were manually coded, and themes were identified using thematic analysis. Six themes emerged related to process strengths and opportunities for improvement including capitalizing on a mission-driven workforce; using a systematic strategic planning process; building relationships with partners, suppliers, and collaborators; integrating performance measures to areas of importance; and developing and implanting systematic methods to assess customer satisfaction and workforce engagement. The findings from this study might contribute to positive social change by providing revenue diversification strategies and the supporting processes that leaders of small nonprofit organizations can use to enhance existing services, expand community programs, and create ongoing organizational success.
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Viezer, Timothy W. "Statistical strategies for real estate portfolio diversification /." The Ohio State University, 1998. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487952208106375.
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Hession, Paul Thomas. "International diversification strategies in a modern portfolio context." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/67260.
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Tsai, Chih-Che. "Diversification strategies for construction companies in the U.S." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/35430.
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Yoshimura, Toru M. B. A. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "New diversification strategies for the Japanese alcohol industry." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39536.
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Thesis (M.B.A.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2007.Includes bibliographical references (p. 238-241).
Japanese major alcoholic beverage companies, whose businesses are mainly the production and sale of beer products, stand at a strategic crossroads. There are several reasons: a slow decrease in the Japanese population, which leads to a smaller drinking population; diversification of customers' tastes and preferences; a totally saturated beer and low-alcohol beverage market; and a globalization trend that is now entering Asian countries. Therefore it is essential for the alcoholic beverage companies to adopt strategies for future sustainability--one to strengthen its core liquor business and offer a range of beverages other than beer; the other is to expand business opportunities into areas other than the liquor business. These diversified businesses are basically either vertically integrated or founded upon the core competencies, both of which are close to their main business, namely alcohol beverage business. At the same time, other large international beer brewers such as Anheuser-Busch, Heineken, and Lion Nathan, are pursuing a different strategy from the Japanese companies: these competitors are focusing even more on their core beer business. I will explore future strategies for the alcoholic beverage companies.
(cont.) I will compare Japanese companies that have diversified their business including the historical backgrounds of diversification and future strategies of other international players. Subsequently, the thesis narrows down to diversification strategies for a Japanese brewing company, Kirin Brewery, which is trying to nurture another pillar for its future growth after almost 30 years of diversification. To evaluate the long- and mid-term business strategies of this new pillar--health foods and functional foods-as a new joint venture, I will apply in some detail the Delta Model Integrated Business Framework proposed by Arnoldo Hax.
by Toru Yoshimura.
M.B.A.
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Lyne, James Blair. "Strategies for diversification in existing real estate portfolios." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/68274.
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Goldberg, Caroline, and Petter Katz. "Towards a Model for Predicting Related Diversification Outcomes : Merging Views on Synergy." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Business Studies, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-8807.
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Businesses carrying out related diversification moves with the objective to gain synergy effects have been a frequently occurring phenomenon since the midst of the past century. Plenty of models have been constructed, mainly using external data, in order to predict the outcome of these moves, but a high degree of contradictory results in empiric testing shows that current models are insufficient. Our objective is to present a model which also takes into account the internal data presented by the line of research called horizontal strategies, with the aim of moving towards a more accurate explanatory model for related diversification. This is a study of literature which resulted in a model which may be used for approximations as a strategic planning device. Our main conclusions are that further empirical testing, mainly regarding the behaviour of costs for implementing interrelationships, is necessary in order to create an accurate, explanatory model for predicting the outcome of related diversification.
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Lorimer, Brett Alan. "Sustainable construction industry strategies in South Africa: Specialization vs Diversification." Master's thesis, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/11427/31809.
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The construction and Civil Engineering industry is characterized by high risks, but equally high returns. The dynamics and complexities of this industry and its cycles, make it an extremely volatile and difficult industry to operate within. This is evident in the number of construction companies currently struggling to remain solvent, have gone into business rescue, and filed for bankruptcy. This industry has historically struggled to position itself effectively to deal with a down turning macro-economic environment - When it is good, it is very good, but when it is bad, it is very bad. Typically, there have been two differing strategies – Specialisation and Diversification. Specialisation, on the one hand, enables contractors to fine-tune their skill set and gear their businesses accordingly, to enhance their competitive edge. However, the result is concentration risk. Diversification however, enables contractors to become more risk-averse, and thereby less sensitive to the extremes of the cyclical nature that the construction industry is characterised by. The application of portfolio theory to a portfolio of construction projects was investigated, advancing the existing research done by Kangari and Riggs. Whilst most research has been limited to listed construction company performance, this analysis differentiates itself as it focusses on the intrinsic performance of actual construction projects (assets), which together form a portfolio. The theory is motivated by the concept that in order to value the stock, one must value the business. Construction companies should pay more careful attention to the selection of their projects. Critically, they should avoid becoming heavily invested in one type of construction, but rather to find a balance that will provide diversified risk benefits. Becoming more diversified can be achieved by investing in different types of construction projects - reducing specific risk. However, the most diversified position can only be achieved when investing outside the field of construction completely, and thereby reducing not only specific risks, but systematic risks too. This enhances sustainability in a way that the construction industry has not yet experienced.
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Gerek, Caner. "Banks' pricing strategies and income diversification : theoretical and empirical evidence." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/37962.
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This thesis makes three different contributions to the literature on bank income diversification and its effect on bank performance. Firstly, the study makes a theoretical contribution by incorporating non-interest income components into Ho and Saunders (1981) model in the presence of pricing strategies, including bundling and loss-leader strategies, as well as being well-informed and less-informed customers. The model distinguishes fees and commissions income and trade income by proposing the conditions that create the negative relationships with net interest margin. The study also empirically tests the theoretical relationships for the European banking system and the results state that both fees and commissions income and trade income negatively affect interest margin. Secondly, this study examines the relationship between interest and non-interest income sides by considering the switching cost for customers created by loan maturity for non-interest products. Theoretically, the study derives an equation that long-term loans create a switching cost for the sale of non-traditional products. The theoretical contribution is empirically tested for the UK banking system using unique UK banking data over the period 2005 - 2012. The empirical results suggest that by shifting loan maturity from short term to long term creates a switching cost for non-interest product sale. This empirical finding leads to test switching cost created by long-term loan, particularly for trade products. Shifting the maturity from short term to long term creates switching cost for trade products either. Thirdly the study contributes by investigating the aftermath of findings on the relationship between interest and non-interest income sides, and switching cost created by increasing loan maturity. The third study in this thesis contributes to the literature by examining the effect of non-interest income, conditional on deposit and loan maturities, on bank performance using UK banking data as a laboratory from 2005 to 2012. The study finds that fees and commissions income do not explain bank performance. However, when the fees and commissions variables are conditional on longer loan maturity, it alleviates the risk-adjusted bank performance. Trade income increases the bank performance. However when it is dependent on deposits and loans with long maturities, it has an adverse effect on bank performance. The result of direct maturity diversification indicates that, while the UK banks do not benefit from deposit diversification, the maturity diversification of loan is linked to a higher bank performance.
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Vogl, Justin Daniel. "Implementing Product Diversification Strategies for Small and Medium Retail Businesses' Sustainability." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5144.
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Small businesses make up about 90% of all business entities and employ about 60% of the total workforce, yet 50% of small businesses fail within their first 5 years. The purpose of this qualitative multiple case study was to explore how SBOs use the appropriate product diversification strategies to remain sustainable. The sample population were 3 small retail business owners in a large-sized county in the Washington, D. C. metropolitan area who employed fewer than 19 people and have successfully used product diversification strategies to remain sustainable beyond 5 years. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and company document reviews. Data analysis entailed using an alphabetic coding process to identify the frequency and importance of themes. Grounded in the conceptual framework of the model of market orientation, this study revealed 4 themes that could help small business owners use the appropriate product diversification strategies to remain sustainable: customer-centric decision-making, market-trend orientation, resource orientation, and complementary products and services. The implications for positive social change include the potential to give small business owners a decision-making framework to achieve sustainability and growth, which would contribute to healthy economic conditions through consumerism, higher employment rates, and a reduction in poverty. The findings of this study could benefit local, small businesses and communities.
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Brown, Lakesha T. "Sustainability Strategies for Nonprofit Organizations During General Economic Downturns." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7534.
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Many leaders of nonprofit organizations (NPOs) lack strategies to build and maintain a financially sustainable organization to continue providing vital social services. The purpose of this single case study was to explore the financial strategies some NPO leaders used to maintain financial sustainability during general economic downturns. Five purposively selected leaders of an NPO in northwestern Indiana participated in the study. The resource dependency theory and the change management theory were the conceptual frameworks that guided the study. Data were collected from face-to-face and telephone interviews and a review of company documentation. Member checking was conducted with participants and data triangulation occurred with an analysis of organization documents that reinforced the validity of the findings. Data were analyzed using Yin's 5-step process of coding of participants' responses, including examining, categorizing, tabulating, creating a data display, and testing the data. Data analysis of organizational documents, interview transcripts, and the organization's social media sites revealed 3 themes: partnerships, fundraising, and diversification as the strategies used to maintain financial sustainability during periods of economic downturns. The findings of this study might contribute to positive social change by providing information to NPO leaders to help improve financial strategies and sustainability for community service organizations during general economic downturns and maintain social services.
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Crawford, Nicholas K. "The role of technology licensing in the diversification strategies of small firms." Thesis, University of Bath, 1985. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.355654.
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The primary objective of this work has been in testing the global hypothesis that technology licensing (the purchase and sale of technology as an alternative to that of goods), is used as a tool in the diversification strategies of small manufacturing firms. The research suggests that diversification does commonly occur in such firms and that technology licensing can be a factor in this. Diversification emerged as important at the median of the small firm scale (100-200 employees). Such firms were found to diversify substantially more than either very small or medium sized firms, although very large firms also exhibited a high degree of diversification. Technology licensing was shown to be used by a minority of small firms. Of those which had utilised inward licensing to obtain new products or processes, a majority had done so reactively, usually to overcome product line deficiencies. Where outward licensing or both inward and outward licensing had been utilised, it had generally been used more proactively, frequently as part of a longer term strategy of product and market diversification and as a means of conserving scarce resources for more profitable use elsewhere. It is considered that the empirical evidence supports the views of previous workers, that smaller manufacturing firms can be divided into sub-sets of proactive and reactive groups and that the hypothesis upon which the study was based was mainly substantiated in the case of companies which had used outward licensing or both inward and outward licensing. In the case of inward licensing companies it is considered that the hypothesis is incompletely substantiated, in that a large majority of inward licensing appeared to be wholly reactive and could only be encompassed within a 'strategy' of survival.
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Qian, Zhuang. "Dynamic Linkages between Corporate Diversification Strategies and Operational Performance| An Empirical Investigation." Thesis, State University of New York at Buffalo, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10823925.
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The strategic importance of corporate diversification on firm?s competitive advantage and superior financial performance has been extensively studied in the strategic management literature. However, in the field of operations management, there is a lack of research on whether and how corporate diversification strategies would impact a firm?s operational performance, and vice versa. To fill this research gap, in this dissertation, we conduct three empirical studies to investigate (1) how product and international diversification strategies influence a firm?s inventory performance; (2) how a firm?s existing resources and target market uncertainty jointly impact product scope expansion; and (3) how a firm?s utilization of resources impacts product scope expansion. The first essay aims to investigate the impacts of two important corporate diversification strategies on firm?s inventory performance: product diversification (including related and unrelated diversification) and international diversification. Based upon a large firm-level data sample collected from Compustat Fundamental Annual and Compustat Segment, we find that firm?s inventory level increases with the degree of related product diversification but decreases with the degree of unrelated product diversification. There is also strong evidence that highly internationally diversified firms tend to hold more inventory. Current research has investigated the importance of product scope to a firm?s operational performance (e.g., inventory efficiency, operational costs, and service levels). However, what drives a firm?s decision to expand its product scope remains under-studied. Recent real options research points to the role of uncertainty in the target market. The second essay adds to the literature by proposing that a firm?s resources endowments and target market uncertainty jointly influence its product scope. The empirical analysis confirms a curvilinear relationship between target market uncertainty and the likelihood of product scope expansion. More importantly, we find that different categories of resources alter the influence of target market uncertainty on product scope expansion differently. Given the fact that firms are striving for improving operational efficiency and reducing operational slack (i.e., resources in excess of what is required to fulfill expected demand), the third essay focuses on the effects of a firm?s capacity, inventory, and supply chain slacks on product scope decision. Our empirical results reveal that firms with more production and inventory slacks are more likely to expand product scopes. Furthermore, our analysis demonstrates that market relatedness positively moderates the effects of production and supply chain slacks on the likelihood of product scope expansion, but negatively moderates the effect of inventory slack on the likelihood of product scope expansion.
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Raffestin, Louis. "Trading strategies and endogenous asset price movement." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0292/document.
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Nous étudions des stratégies d'investissement dont l'utilisation s'est généralisée sur les marchés financiers, et leur impact sur le prix des actifs et le risque de marché.Dans le premier chapitre nous nous intéressons aux stratégies de diversification de portefeuille. Nous montronsau travers d'un modèle théorique que si la diversification a un effet positif au niveau individuel pour l'investisseur,elle crée également des liens entre les différents investisseurs et titres, qui peuvent se révéler dangereux d'un pointde vue systémique. Nous mesurons les deux effets afin de discuter de la désirabilité globale de la diversification.Le second chapitre considère les stratégies d'investissement basées sur le groupement de titres financierspartageant certaines caractéristiques en différentes classes, ou styles. Nous postulons que ces stratégies créentun co-mouvement excessif entre titres d'un même style, qui seront vendus et achetés ensemble au sein d'une mêmeclasse. Appliquant cette intuition aux notes des agences sur les obligations, nous montrons qu'une obligation quichange de note se met en effet à varier comme sa nouvelle note, même quand les fondamentaux économiques ne lejustifient pas.Dans le troisième chapitre nous étudions trois types d'investisseurs opérant sur le marché des changes : les carry traders, les chartistes et les fondamentalistes. Notre modèle théorique suggère que l'interaction entre cestrois règles d'investissement peut expliquer la déconnexion bien documentée entre le taux de change et sa valeurfondamentale, ainsi que provoquer un effondrement endogène des taux de changeWe study how popular investment rules in financial markets may induce endogenous movements inasset prices, leading to higher market risk.In the first chapter, we focus on portfolio diversification. We show through a theoretical model that this strategyis beneficial at the individual investor level, but also creates endogenous links between assets and investors, whichcan be dangerous from a systemic perspective. We measure both effects in order to discuss the overall desirabilityof diversification.The second chapter considers strategies based on grouping assets that share common characteristics intodifferent classes, or styles. We postulate that these strategies create excess comovement between assets of asimilar style, as they are traded together as part of the same class. Applying this reasoning to bond credit ratings,we show that bonds joining a new rating class indeed start comoving more with the bonds of this rating, evenwhen fundamental factors suggest otherwise.In the third chapter, we study three investors who operate in the foreign exchange market: carry traders,chartists and fundamentalists. We provide a theoretical model which suggests that the interaction between thesetrading rules may explain the well documented exchange rate disconnect from its fundamental value, and lead toendogenous currency crashes
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Luo, Anna S. (Anna Sheng-Wei). "Creating demand through diversification : the evolving strategies of the large Japanese construction firms." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/68260.
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Degl'Innocenti, Marta <1982>. "The implications of diversification strategies in the leasing market: the case of Italy." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2011. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/4166/.
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Kurien, Seenu Anna. "Business development strategies used by general contracting construction companies in Texas for market diversification." Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/50.
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The construction industry in recent times is seen to be highly competitive and dynamic. To remain progressive in such an environment construction companies need to be aggressive in terms of getting business. This is where the importance of marketing and business development comes into play. This thesis addresses the different business development strategies used by general contracting construction companies in Texas for market diversification. Initially, a framework is established for this study through the presentation of brief history and marketing theories. Then, through literature review, four common business development strategies are identified, which are in turn later used to compare the data collected from the industry. Data are collected via surveys of general contractors in Texas. Results show that companies which satisfied majority of the four characteristics identified previously showed better growth. Further conclusions are discussed and future recommendations are also presented.
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Hertéus, Robin, and Simon Hilmgård. "Capital Structure and Diversification Strategies - A Study of Swedish Real Estate Companies Over Time." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-190204.
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This thesis’ aim is to study four Swedish real estate companies between the years 2006-2015 to see whether their capital structure and investment strategies have changed over the years. The data upon which the thesis is based, is gathered from the four companies’ annual reports. These years are of interest due to the changing economic environment, both in Sweden and the world, during this time period. The time period includes one financial crisis and a never before experienced interest rate environment with rates around zero percent. Traditional capital structure- and diversification theories have been overviewed and serves as the base for the discussion regarding the results from the gathered data. Two hypotheses have been constructed to study this topic: The low interest rate environment has provided the real estate sector with access to more capital, which has led to real estate companies increasing their financial leverage, i.e. the capital structure has changed. The accessibility of capital in the market, combined with funds actively seeking return on capital in real estate, increases the competition and decreases yield spreads, which in turn leads to real estate companies investing capital in markets associated with higher risks. The result indicates that the hypotheses are incorrect. The real estate companies have not increased their financial risk through an increase in their long term debt at the end of the studied time period. However, the companies have increased their borrowing but the financial risk has not increased since their equity has increased proportionally. The studied real estate companies have not been mainly investing in markets associated with higher risk. Increased investment volumes have been observed all over Sweden. The investment strategies differ between the companies; some invest mainly in the bigger cities while some invest mainly in smaller cities.Uppsatsen handlar om hur kapitalstrukturen samt fastighetsinnehavet (geografiskt och fastighetstyp) hos fyra svenska fastighetsbolag har förändrats under tidsperioden 2006-2015. Data från de fyra fastighetsbolagens årsredovisningar ligger till grund för studien. Dessa år har studerats på grund av det förändrade ekonomiska läget i både Sverige och världen med gott finansiellt klimat, en finanskris och ett tidigare aldrig upplevt ekonomiskt klimat med räntor kring 0 procent. Traditionella kapitalstruktur- och diversifieringsteorier har behandlats och ligger till grund för diskussionen kring resultatet av den insamlade datan. Två hypoteser har konstruerats för att undersöka detta ämne: Fastighetsbolagens långfristiga skulder har ökat de senare åren av tidsperioden till följd av ränteläget dessa år eftersom kostnaderna för kapital under denna tid har minskat. Detta har ökat företagens finansiella risk i slutet av perioden jämfört tidsperiodens start. Det låga ränteläget i slutet av tidsperioden har medfört att fastighetsbolagen har sökt nya marknader för att kunna få avkastning på sitt kapital, d.v.s. sökt sig till marknader med högre risk utanför Sveriges storstäder. Resultatet pekar på att hypoteserna inte stämmer. Fastighetsbolagen har inte ökat sin finansiella risk till följd av ökad lånefinansiering i slutet av tidsperioden. Däremot stämmer det att bolagen har ökat sina långfristiga skulder mot tidsperiodens slut, dock ökar inte den finansiella risken eftersom det egna kapitalet ökar proportionellt med deras ökade belåning. De studerade fastighetsbolagen har inte endast sökt sig till marknader med högre risk i mindre städer i Sverige, utan en ökning av investeringsvolymer har observerats i hela Sverige. Investeringsstrategierna skiljer sig åt mellan fastighetsbolagen, en del investerar främst i storstäderna medan andra investerar kapital i mindre städer
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Porter, Matthew R. Porter. "Farm Household Motivations and Diversification Strategies of Organic Farmers at the Rural Urban Interface." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1469172871.
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Salama, Mohamed Feras. "Diversification strategies, financial leverage, and excess value the role of information asymmetry and corporate governance /." To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2008. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.
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Gerlicz, Andrew. "Diversification Strategies and Contributions of Coffee Income to Poverty Alleviation Among Smallholders in Northern Huehuetenango and Quiche Departments, Guatemala." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2016. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/605.
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In the past two decades, Mesoamerican smallholder coffee farmers have had to confront several stressors and shocks, such as price crises and natural disasters, with debilitating impacts on the viability of their livelihoods. More recently, many farmers have suffered crop losses in the wake of the spread of coffee leaf rust disease, and researchers are predicting that some areas will become less suitable for coffee growing in the near future as a result of climate change. In response to these conditions and in the context of the withdrawal of the state from provision of agricultural services, development practitioners have mainly pursued a strategy of helping farmers gain access to specialty markets, including those purchasing coffee from farmers with organic and Fair Trade certifications. They have also promoted farmer organization into marketing cooperatives, which have in turn provided various services to their members, including credit and technical assistance. However, there are doubts as to whether these schemes are sufficient in increasing and stabilizing smallholder incomes, and some have predicted declining returns from these strategies in the future.
For these reasons, many have called for the promotion of livelihood diversification as an additional component of rural development programs. This thesis studies both the shortfalls in coffee incomes compared to poverty lines and the current uses and perceptions of different diversification activities. In the first study, the shortfalls are calculated through construction of individual and average enterprise budgets based on grower records and interviews with four organic and organized growers and three conventional growers. It concludes that while some growers have coffee incomes approaching that poverty line, they are all currently below the line. There is wide variation within both groups.
The second study uses content analysis of transcripts from 15 interviews with members of a regional coffee cooperative, Asociación Barillense de Agricultores (ASOBAGRI), based on four different interview guides. It concludes that coffee remains the primary livelihood strategy of the respondents, whereas most other activities offer relatively small contributions to incomes, with the exception of honey and a small sewing shop, and some reflect coping rather than risk management. The study also identified other themes mediating diversification, including income-smoothing, optimization, familiarity, social networks, and influences from external actors.
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Garcez, Marcos Paixão. "A seleção das estratégias de crescimento e entrada em novos negócios : um estudo de casos na indústria petroquímica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12139/tde-09032012-084507/.
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Nas décadas de 50 e 60, muitas empresas norte-americanas iniciaram um processo intensivo de diversificação de negócios, principalmente não relacionada, devido à disponibilidade de capital e forte regulação antitruste, atingindo seu ápice no final da década de 60 e gerando o surgimento de conglomerados corporativos gigantes. Nos anos 70, após muitas diversificações mal sucedidas e desinvestimentos, Rumelt (1974) creditou à diversificação relacionada melhores resultados que a não relacionada. Iniciou-se a tendência de retorno à especialização, no entanto se carecia de um modelo que descrevesse como otimizar as diversificações não relacionadas, muitas vezes importantes do ponto de vista estratégico, o que foi contemplado no modelo de Roberts e Berry (1985). Estes autores desenvolveram a caracterização das diferentes alternativas de crescimento bem como em que situações cada qual é recomendada, propondo a seleção de modalidades estratégicas ótimas de crescimento e entrada em novos negócios segundo o grau de novidade e familiaridade com tecnologias e mercados, contemplando assim as escolhas mais indicadas para as diversificações com diferentes graus de relacionamento, incluindo Desenvolvimentos Internos de Produtos e Mercados, Aquisições, Licenciamentos, Internal Ventures, Joint-Ventures, Venture Capital e Educational acquisitions, cada qual mais indicada em função dos fatores críticos da seleção, ou seja, o nível de recursos disponíveis, competências e conhecimento disponíveis nas dimensões de tecnologia e mercado, retorno e prazo de retorno, risco envolvido, aderência estratégica, grau de diversificação almejado e envolvimento gerencial da empresa mãe. No entanto, embora desde então venha sendo recomendado na literatura, os próprios autores recomendaram que o modelo fosse validado em pesquisas de maior abrangência de episódios e em diferentes contextos industriais, já que realizaram o estudo acessando 14 episódios em uma empresa americana com diversificação de negócios. Assim, o objetivo principal do estudo é analisar a validade do modelo proposto por Roberts&Berry, em um universo mais abrangente de pesquisa, para isso realiza-se uma pesquisa utilizando o estudo de casos da Odebrecht Química, com histórico de grande crescimento e diversificação e pertencente à indústria petroquímica brasileira, que representa 8,0 % do PIB industrial do Brasil. São analisados 30 episódios de crescimento e diversificação em profundidade. Identificam-se e caracterizam-se as modalidades de crescimento e entrada em novos negócios da empresa-caso nos últimos vinte anos; verifica-se a adequação destas ao modelo; identificam-se os fatores determinantes da seleção, e identificam-se os fatores críticos determinantes do desempenho destas escolhas. Foram utilizadas entrevistas em profundidade e questionários semiestruturados para a coleta de dados primários e análise documental para a obtenção de dados secundários. Como resultados da pesquisa, verifica-se que os episódios analisados apresentaram forte aderência à matriz de familiaridade de Roberts & Berry, sendo que 87 % dos bem sucedidos se encontravam na modalidade sugerida pela matriz e 100 % dos mal sucedidos se constituíam em modalidades não recomendáveis em face da familiaridade apresentada no momento da seleção. De forma a validar o modelo, acessaram-se os constructos teóricos implícitos na matriz - fatores motivadores da seleção e fatores determinantes do desempenho - com os dados empíricos dos episódios, com o que se conclui pela validade do modelo no setor industrial. Adicionalmente, como refinamento do modelo, propôs-se o enquadramento de novas modalidades não contempladas no modelo original, como fusões e aquisições com integração vertical para trás. Finalmente, analisa-se o caso de parcerias tecnológicas, sugerindo-se o provável enquadramento no modelo, a ser verificado em pesquisas subsequentes. Contribui-se tanto do ponto de vista teórico, trazendo novas evidências sobre a decisão estratégica em empresas de enfoque tecnológico, como do ponto de vista prático, através da avaliação de um modelo de grande interesse empresarial.In the fifties and the sixties, several American companies started an intensive business diversification process, mainly of the unrelated diversification, in order to face the new environment characterized by capital abundance and strengthen of antitrust regulation issues. This has generated the emerging of giant corporate conglomerates. In the seventies, after a lot of non-profitable diversifications and consequents divestitures episodes, Rumelt (1974) noticed that the companies which had adopted related diversification showed better profit results than those which had adopted the unrelated diversification, and these facts generated a new trend towards the specialization. However, there was a lack of a prescriptive model dealing with the unrelated diversification very important many times for reaching the strategic and long term goals- the one that could describe the best conditions necessary to adopt and optimize the results of these kinds of growth strategies. It was contemplated in the Roberts and Berry (1985) model. These authors presented the characterization of the alternative growth strategies including Internal Product Developments, Internal Market Developments, Acquisitions, Licensings, Internal Ventures, Joint Ventures, Venture Capital and Educational Acquisitions. as well as the optimum situations for selecting each one, according to the relative degree of existing newness and familiarity with technologies and markets, and also depending on the critical selection factors, such as the level of available resources, the abilities and knowledge available in the technology and market dimensions, financial returns over invested capital and break-even time, involved risks, strategic fit, degree of diversification and corporate involvement of the parent company. Although this model has been recommended in the literature since then, its own authors had suggested that it was validated in different industrial contexts and by assessing a wider array of episodes they studied 14 episodes in a diversified American company. Thus, the main aim of the study is to analyze the validity of the Roberts and Berry model in a wider research extension, assessing the empirical data obtained through a case study of a big and diversified Brazilian company, Odebrecht Química, leader in the petrochemical sector, which represents 8% of Brazilian industrial GDP. It analyzes in depth 30 growth and diversification episodes occured in the last 20 years, carrying out the episodes descriptions and characterizations, verifying the adequacy to the model, describing the critical factors for selecting the entry strategies and finally considering the influence of these factors in the performance levels reached. In-depth interviews and a semi-structured questionnaire were used for collecting primary data and document analysis was used for obtaining secondary data. The findings show that empirical data fitted very well to the familiarity matrix, reaching 87 % adherence to the model in the succesful episodes located in regions recommended by the matrix, and 100 % adherence in the incompatible episodes - located in diverse regions recomended by the matrix. In order to validate the theoretical model, the constructs were accessed, as the determinant factors for selecting the strategy and the critical factors of performance. The results allow the conclusion by the validity of the model in the sector analyzed. Additionally, as possible refinements suggested for the model, the inclusion and positioning in the model of the merger strategies and acquisitions with up-stream vertical integration strategies are provided. Finally, a framework to technological partnership strategies is proposed, to be verified in subsequent researches. This study aims to contribute on one hand, from the theoretical point of view, bringing new evidences in the theory of strategic management of technology, as well as from the practical point of view, through the evaluation of a tool for supporting better strategic decisions.
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Mgijima-Msindwana, Mirriam Miranda Nomso. "Implementing Educational Innovations: The case of the Secondary School Curriculum Diversification Programme in Lesotho." University of the Western Cape, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8434.
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Philosophiae Doctor - PhDBetween 1974 and 1982 the MOE introduced in two phases the diversification programme [SSCDP] which sought to establish practical subjects in the secondary school curriculum. This study examines the sustainability of implementation efforts beyond project expiry. It was hypothesised that SSCDP is not working as originally intended. The broad research problem was framed thus: What implementation response arises from an open-ended innovation policy? Subsidiary questions are: 1. How far have the policy-makers communicated the meaning of SSCDP and what factors account for mismatches between policy intentions and innovation practice? 2. What is the response of Project schools and what factors explain variation in response? 3. What is their significance for the sustainability of SSCDP? The analysis draws key concepts from the innovation literature on models and strategies of planned change; relationships in the implementation hierarchy; determinants of and orientations to the implementation process. Centred around qualitative research methods, the investigation utilises data from project documents, semi-structured interviews and from observations during school visits. Findings show an overall low level of implementation that varies among project schools. This is attributed to: Poor interpretation of SSCDP goals; Deficiencies in the implementation management; Idiosyncratic school behaviours. The study concludes that the 'practitioner-policy-maker' discrepancy is significant, hence the gap between policy intents and innovation practice. The gap is not regarded so much as an ultimate failure of the programme but as a necessary condition that allows for mutual adaptation between the innovation and its setting. This is reflected in the varied patterns of implementation response, classified as the: faithful; negotiators; selective adaptors; expansionists; and reductionist. As a policy-oriented study aiming at providing an 'improvement value', the findings lead to a proposal of improvements in the strategies of managing change in three areas: shifting focus from an adoption to an implementation perspective. Recognising implementation as a process dependent on a mutual linkage relationship among participants. Recognising schools as important bearers of change. These three are crucial factors in the implementation-sustainability relationship.
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Нікітенко, В. В. "Диверсифікація діяльності підприємства з метою посилення його конкурентних позицій на ринку в сучасних умовах." Thesis, Чернігів, 2020. http://ir.stu.cn.ua/123456789/20817.
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Нікітенко, В. В. Диверсифікація діяльності підприємства з метою посилення його конкурентних позицій на ринку в сучасних умовах: магістерська робота: 073 Менеджмент / В. В. Нікітенко; керівник роботи Шабардіна Ю. В. ; Національний університет «Чернігівська політехніка», кафедра менеджменту та державної служби – Чернігів, 2020. – 66 с.Об’єктом дослідження є процес диверсифікації діяльності хлібопекарського підприємства ФОП Гришин. Предмет дослідження – сукупність теоретичних та практичних аспектів формування диверсифікаційної стратегії розвитку хлібопекарського підприємства з метою посилення його конкурентних позицій на ринку в сучасних умовах. Метою дипломної роботи є аналіз господарської діяльності підприємства ФОП Гришин Денис Дмитрович і розробка проекту диверсифікації його діяльності з метою посилення конкурентних позицій на ринку. Методи дослідження: аналіз, синтез, систематизація, узагальнення.
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Nguyen, Huong Hue. "Investissements industriels, concurrence et diversification de l'offre alimentaire." Thesis, Paris 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA020052.
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La thèse a pour but d’étudier la possibilité et la faisabilité économique de démarches de diversification des produits et d’amélioration des caractéristiques qualitatives des aliments par les entreprises, dans un contexte dans lequel ces modifications sont soumises à des contraintes techniques induisent des coûts non négligeables, non nécessairement valorisés par le marché. Dans ce cadre, nous cherchons à comprendre dans quelle mesure il est possible pour les autorités publiques d’intervenir pour inciter les entreprises à consentir des efforts suffisants (en termes d’investissement en amont) de façon à favoriser la mise en marché de produits conformes à la qualité voulue par la société. Nous avons appliqué ces perspectives de recherches à deux problématiques sociétales importantes et d’actualité, à savoir la coexistence des filières OGM et non OGM et la question de la santé et de la nutrition à travers l’enjeu de l’entrée de gammes de produits plus acceptables d’un point de vue nutritionnel (moins de sucre, de gras, …). Ces problématiques qui occupent les deux parties de la thèse sont élaborées en mobilisant des outils de la Théorie de l’Organisation Industrielle. Les résultats montrent que les choix spontanés de gammes de produits par les firmes ne sont pas toujours socialement satisfaisant, ce qui implique dans certaines conditions une intervention publique. Dans le cas de la coexistence OGM/non-OGM, le produit non-OGM peut ne pas avoir la caractéristique souhaitée en absence de régulation. Pour ce qui est des enjeux nutritionnels, les firmes présentes sur le marché n’offrent pas systématiquement des aliments favorables sur le plan de la santé en l’absence d’intervention publique. La thèse aboutit à la conclusion générale qu’il est souvent nécessaire de combiner plusieurs instruments publics. Dans le cas de la coexistence OGM/non-OGM, les pouvoirs publics peuvent gérer de manière efficace la coexistence en agissant simultanément sur le seuil d’étiquetage, les conditions de réalisation des tests et contrôles et le niveau de la pénalité. Dans le cas de la question nutritionnelle, l’intervention par le biais d’une subvention à la R&D présente certaines faiblesses telles que le risque d’instrumentalisation de la subvention par la firme ou induit des distorsions au détriment de la santé publique. Ceci suggère de combiner la subvention à la R&D avec un autre instrument tel que la taxationOur research aims at analyzing the economic feasibility of approaches for product diversification and quality characteristics improvement by firms, in a context where these modifications are subject to technical constraints that induce high costs not necessarily valued by the market. In this context, we try to understand how it is possible for public authorities to intervene in order to encourage firms to make sufficient efforts (in terms of upstream investment) and facilitate the marketing of products in response to the needs of society. We apply these research perspectives to two important issues, namely the GM/non-GM coexistence and the health and nutrition issue through the development of product lines which are more acceptable from a nutritional point of view (for example, less sugar, fat, salt…). These two research issues are developed by mobilizing the tools of the Theory of Industrial Organization. The results show that the spontaneous choice of product lines by firms is not always socially satisfactory, which implies that in certain conditions, public intervention is desirable. In the case of GM/non-GM coexistence, non-GM products may not have the desired characteristics in the absence of regulation. In terms of health issues, companies in the market do not offer high nutritional value foods in the absence of public intervention. Overall, this thesis concludes that it is often necessary to combine several public instruments. In the first study, we show that the public authorities can effectively manage the GM/non-GM coexistence by acting simultaneously through the labelling threshold definition, the quality tests and controls, and the level of the penalty cost in case of non compliance. In the second study, we show that an intervention through Research and Development (R&D) subsidies has some weaknesses such as the risk of manipulation of the grant by firms, or the possibility of triggering distortions to the detriment of public health. This suggests combining the R&D subsidies with another instrument such as taxation
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Antunes, Tatyana Yuryevna Koryakina. "Revenue diversification in higher education: the case of Portugal." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/12430.
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Doutoramento em Ciências SociaisSocio-economic changes, alterations in societal expectations and new public policies have put pressures on higher education public funding, bringing the issue of funding diversification to the forefront. Income diversification, namely, generation of funds from private, as well as from competitive public sources, has become increasingly important in European higher education due to a complex financial environment and perceived deficit of innovation transfer. Although there are numerous studies about changes in national funding systems and allocation mechanisms, few have focused on diversification of funding sources, especially in the European context, making Portugal no exception. Thus, this study aims at exploring income diversification at the institutional level and its influence on the internal organisational structures. For this purpose two Portuguese public universities were chosen as case studies. The empirical material was collected through semi-structured interviews with top management and middle management of each university and through documentary analysis. Data analysis demonstrated that both universities are in the process of institutionalizing and formalising practices of income diversification, notably by getting more professional in how they are dealing with external stakeholders, such as businesses, local community, and students. However, the study also revealed that there is no formal, organised strategy to deal with income diversification. In general, the universities are reacting to external demands rather than pro-actively exploring opportunities. In this respect, the analysis determined several factors that promote or inhibit income diversification activities. Quality and favourable organizational culture were named by the interviewees as the most relevant factors for successful income diversification. External factors such as legal arrangements and funding conditions were cited as major constraints. This research has also revealed that revenue diversification activities tend to develop along the continuum towards higher sophistication and systematisation of activities that are supported by a powerful infrastructure. Together with efforts at the institutional level, the role of government policies proves to be crucial in providing tools and incentives to higher education institutions and creating a harmonious higher education system.
As mudanças socioeconómicas, as alterações nas espectativas sociais e novas políticas públicas têm posto uma enorme pressão sobre o financiamento público do ensino superior, trazendo a questão da diversificação do financiamento para o primeiro plano. Diversificação de financiamento, nomeadamente, a geração de receitas próprias de fundos provados, bem como de financiamento competitivo público, tornou-se cada vez mais importante no ensino superior Europeu, devido a um ambiente financeiro complexo e a défice de transferência de inovação. Embora existam numerosos estudos sobre mudanças nos sistemas nacionais de financiamento do ensino superior e mecanismos da distribuição do mesmo, poucos têm-se centrado na questão de diversificação das fontes de financiamento, especialmente no contexto Europeu e também em Portugal. Assim, este estudo pretende explorar a diversificação de financiamento ao nível institucional e sua influência sobre as estruturas organizacionais das universidades. Para este efeito, duas universidades públicas Portuguesas foram escolhidas como estudos de caso. Os dados foram recolhidos através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com membros de Reitoria e Diretores de Departamentos e Faculdades, bem como da análise documental. A análise de dados mostrou que ambas as universidades encontram-se em processo de institualização e formalização de práticas de diversificação de financiamento, nomeadamente ficando mais profissionais em lidar com agentes externos, tais como as empresas, a comunidade local e os estudantes. No entanto, o estudo também revelou que não há uma estratégia formal, organizada para lidar com a diversificação de financiamento. Em geral, as universidades estão a responder a procura externa, em vez de explorar pró-activamente as oportunidades. Em relação a isto, a análise de dados determinou vários fatores que promovem ou inibem atividades de diversificação de financiamento. Qualidade e cultura organizacional favorável foram nomeadas pelos entrevistados como os fatores mais relevantes a diversificação de financiamento bem-sucedido. Fatores externos, como enquadramento jurídico e condições de financiamento foram citados como principais constrangimentos. O estudo também revelou que as atividades de diversificação de fontes de financiamento tendem a desenvolver ao longo do continuum em direção a maior sofisticação e sistematização das atividades suportadas por uma infraestrutura sólida. Juntamente com os esforços a nível institucional, o papel das políticas governamentais prova ser crucial no fornecimento de ferramentas e incentivos para as instituições do ensino superior e a criação de um sistema de ensino superior harmonioso.
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Kiurienė, Jurgita. "Statybos ir remonto paslaugų įmonių diversifikacijos galimybių tyrimas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2006. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20060529_115953-87497.
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This Master thesis analyzes diversification strategies, diversification possibilities establishment and realization theoretical aspects with reference to Lithuanian and foreign sources. Having applied the method of structurized poll in writing, the behaviour of construction and maintenance services consumers was evaluated, the factors which influence it were determined, the level of construction and maintenance services consumers satisfaction was determined, demands and expectations of unsatisfied consumers were ascertained. With a regard to the situation in the market and its changing tendencies and the results of consumers poll, the diversification possibilities of construction and maintenance services enterprises were estimated, the diversification alternatives prospects of construction and maintenance services enterprises were evaluated. The results of empirical research confirmed a hypothesis and allowed a statement that not fully satisfied demands of consumers, existing in the market, show diversification possibilities of construction services enterprises.
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Gunnerson, Alan Lee. "Strategies to Diversify Funding Sources in Nonprofit Organizations." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6329.
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Although nonprofit organization (NPO) leaders play crucial roles in society, financial distress and vulnerability are common for many NPO leaders, with some NPOs closing as a result of these conditions. The purpose of this single-case study was to explore the diversification strategies used by 10 leaders and senior staff of an NPO in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States through the conceptual lens of Markowitz's modern portfolio theory. Data were collected through in-depth semistructured interviews and analysis of organizational documents, internal archival data, social media, literature, and online databases. Through thematic analysis, 7 revenue diversification themes emerged: adding revenue streams; establishing an operating reserve; establishing positive financial performance; achieving financial stability, sustainability, organizational capacity, and organizational resilience; using transparency; achieving efficiency and organizational effectiveness; and using a marketing strategy. Additionally, 7 key themes emerged: documenting and implementing systematic processes, developing an approach to process improvement, implementing cross-department action plans, increasing transparency, reversing the adverse trend in forum participation, building a data-management system, and increasing individual and organizational capacity. These findings have implications for positive social change, in that they may offer NPO executives new insights and strategies to support revenue diversification, thereby helping them to reduce volatility in funding, decrease financial risk, avoid dependence on sole-source revenue, and identify opportunities to increase flexibility in support of organizational goals and objectives to increase services.
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Leiva, Akssell. "THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL STRATEGIES FOR MANAGING IRRIGATION SUPPLIES RISK: THE CASE OF RIO MAYO IRRIGATION DISTRICT IN SONORA, MEXICO." Lexington, Ky. : [University of Kentucky Libraries], 2006. http://lib.uky.edu/ETD/ukyagec2006d00390/Leiva%5FDissertation.pdf.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Kentucky, 2006.Title from document title page (viewed on March 28, 2006). Document formatted into pages; contains x, 150 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 145-149).
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Anne, Clément. "Beyond the resource curse : Macroeconomic strategies in resource dependent economies." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CLFAD024.
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En réponse à la littérature dense concernant les impacts directs et indirects des ressources naturelles sur le développement, cette thèse cherche à analyser les économies dépendantes en ressources naturelles au-delà de la malédiction des ressources naturelles, et analyse 3 problématiques macroéconomiques importantes auxquelles ces pays font face. A l'inverse de la tendance à se focaliser uniquement sur un échantillon de pays selon les ressources produites ou le niveau de développement, cette thèse ne discrimine pas selon ces facteurs afin d'inclure les pays partageant leur exposition à la volatilité des prix des matières premières comme menace importante, tout en analysant les pays ayant eu des fortunes diverses dans la gestion des richesses issues des ressources naturelles.Tout d'abord, elle fournit une analyse empirique des déterminants de la procyclicité de la politique budgétaire qui est une tendance des autorités budgétaires à fournir des réponses budgétaires dans la même direction que le cycle économique, soit restrictive en période de diminution de la croissance économique, et expansionniste en période de croissance soutenue. Basée sur 81 pays pour la période 1992-2012, l'étude évalue un large ensemble de déterminants potentiels et trouve une importance des facteurs de politique économique pour expliquer la limitation de la procyclicité budgétaire dans la partie croissante du cycle économique. Elle appuie également l'idée que les Fonds Souverains sont plus efficaces que les règles budgétaires pour limiter la procyclicité budgétaire, en particulier à travers la limitation de la hausse des dépenses dans les bonnes périodes économiques. Le chapitre suivant fournit une étude empirique sur la relation entre les prix des matières premières et la diversification des exportations, une problématique particulièrement importante afin d'évaluer si les pays dépendants en ressources naturelles ont utilisé les hausses de prix comme opportunité pour diversifier leur économie au-delà du secteur des ressources naturelles. A l'aide d'un panel de 78 pays pour la période 1970-2012, il en ressort une relation empirique positive entre les variations des prix des ressources naturelles et la concentration des exportations, en particulier à travers la concentration de l'ensemble des biens exportés auparavant (marge intensive) durant les périodes de hausse des prix des matières premières. Il met également en évidence une plus forte concentration des exportations à la suite de la hausse du prix des ressources naturelles dans les années 2000 que lors de l'épisode des années 1970, ce qui a pu compliquer la reprise économique dans ces pays depuis le retour des prix des matières premières à un niveau bas.Finalement, cette thèse inclut une analyse critique du concept de Fonds Souverains qui a été une recommandation en vogue pour les pays afin de gérer l'argent issue de leurs ressources naturelles. Après avoir fourni un résumé critique de ce que la notion recouvre, ce dernier chapitre fournit un cadre pour comprendre ces fonds dans un continuum de fonds publiques. Cela permet de déterminer des recommandations quant aux problématiques macroéconomiques pour lesquels ces fonds peuvent être utiles dans le contexte des pays dépendants en ressources naturelles, ainsi que les facteurs qui peuvent diminuer la pertinence ou l'efficacité de tels fonds. Cette thèse met en lumière la pertinence d'étudier les problématiques importantes auxquelles font faces les pays dépendants en ressources au lieu de rester dans le cadre du long débat de la malédiction des ressources naturelles, et incite à de futurs travaux visant à aider les décideurs politiques de ces pays pour mettre en œuvre des stratégies macroéconomiques adaptées à leurs économiesAs a response to the intensive literature regarding the direct or indirect impacts of natural resources on economic development, this thesis intends to analyze resource dependent economies beyond the scope of the resource curse and provide analyses on 3 key macroeconomic challenges faced by those countries. Unlike the trend to focus only on a set of countries depending on their resources produced or their level of economic development, this thesis does not discriminate according to these factors to include countries sharing their exposure to international commodity price volatility as a major threat, while analyzing countries which may have had various successes in their management of resource wealth.First, it empirically analyzes the determinants of fiscal procyclicality which is the tendency of fiscal authorities to give fiscal policy responses in the same direction as the economic cycle, restrictive in case of a decrease of economic growth and expansionary in the periods of sustained economic growth. Based on a sample of 81 countries over 1992-2012, this study assesses a variety of potential candidates and find an importance of political-economy determinants in limiting fiscal procyclicality especially in the higher part of the business cycle. It also provides some support to the idea that Sovereign Wealth Funds are more effective than Fiscal Rules to limit fiscal procyclicality especially through a limitation of expenditure growth in good economic periods.The next chapter provides an empirical study to the relationship between commodity prices and export diversification, a challenge especially important to assess whether resource dependent economies used commodity price booms as opportunities to diversify their economy away from the resource sector. Based on a panel of 78 countries over 1970-2012 it finds a strong empirical support to the impact of commodity price booms on export concentration especially through a concentration of the mix of already exported products (intensive margin) during periods of commodity price booms and an increase of export diversification during periods of commodity price busts. It also highlights the higher concentration of exports during the 2000s commodity price boom than following the 1970s boom, which may have complicated the recovery of those countries since the reversal of commodity prices to a low level.Finally, it provides a critical analysis to the concept of Sovereign Wealth Funds which has been a trendy recommendation for countries to manage their resource wealth. After providing a critical review to what this notion may cover, it provides a framework to understand funds labeled as Sovereign Wealth Funds in a continuum of public funds. This enables to give some recommendations regarding the macroeconomic challenges those funds may help managing in the context of resource dependent economies as well as the factors which could limit a fund's relevance or effectiveness.This thesis highlights the relevance of studying key challenges faced by resource dependent countries instead of focusing to the long-lasting debate of the resource curse and calls for future works to help policymakers in those countries to implement sound macroeconomic strategies for their economies
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Nguyen, Kimthoa Thi. "How resource rich countries attract foreign direct investments: a study of Western Asian countries and strategies of industrialization and diversification." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/15058.
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Fuel is a self-depleting resource and long term dependency on this commodity alone will not suffice. An export trade oriented approach can lead to faster industrialization while diversification leads to economic sustainable growth. This research seeks to understand how countries compete for foreign direct investments, and how certain activities have the most impact in the competitive global marketplace. Research suggests that when companies decide to invest abroad, they seek only to find countries that facilitate their strategic objectives. The results conclude with appropriate levels of government accountability, credibility and visibility with the private sector, foreign direct investment is attracted by policy advocacy and policy reform. By reviewing countries such as United Arab Emirates in direct comparison to Western Asian countries, including Kuwait and Iraq with high levels of fuel exports, along with Qatar with optimistic marketplace indicators and plentitude of skills and capabilities – research seems to suggest that despite high capabilities and attractive GDP, promotional investment activities yield the highest returns using policy advocacy and reform.
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Kaulich, Florian. "Diversification vs. specialization as alternative strategies for economic development: Can we settle a debate by looking at the empirical evidence?" United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), 2012. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5232/1/WP032012_Ebook.pdf.
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Few ideas have been more vocally debated in the economic literature than that of diversification versus specialization as drivers of economic growth and development. Scores of scholars have written numerous articles debating the issue and, more importantly, policymakers across the globe have pioneered profoundly different policy approaches on the basis of such disagreements. As usual in the history of economic ideas, the most promising way to address a discussion with such strong ideological connotations is to assess the empirical evidence. Motivated by the seminal work of Imbs and Wacziarg (2003), this paper attempts to synthesize the vast literature on the pros and cons of diversification vs. specialization, as well as the policy positions that emerge from such literature. It then provides the reader with an introduction of how such characteristics can be measured empirically and on the available evidence in terms of industrial production and exports (with the latter under absolute and relative specialization). The empirical analysis identifies a positive relation between the diversification of an economy and its income at low levels of income per capita. At the same time, the available evidence is inconclusive about the occurrence of a negative relation between the two at higher levels of income per capita. This study provides further insights into policy measures aimed at facilitating the diversification of economies, especially in low-income countries. The study concludes with a few recommendations that warrant further research, which may provide very important qualifications to the above conclusion.
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Elofsson, Bjesse Jonna, and Sara Gräntz. "Sustainable Livelihoods: Household adaptation strategies to climate change and Gender structures : - A case study in two mid-hills agrarian mountain communities of Nepal." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema Miljöförändring, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-137453.
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This study aims to investigate the influence of livelihood strategies and gender structures for climate change adaptation among rural households in two mid-hills agrarian mountain communities in Nepal. The Sustainable Livelihoods (SL) framework has been used to provide a holistic and micro-level perspective of livelihood strategies. The method used was qualitative semi-structured interviews to reach respondents views, opinions and feelings of their reality and experiences. Findings suggest climate change may increase smallholder agriculture households’ vulnerability in rural mid-hills mountain areas of Nepal, where women as a group are disproportionately affected; the success of livelihood diversification as a autonomous adaptation strategy to climate change is dependent on local opportunities and socioeconomic aspects and must be understood in the broader context, not just related to climate change; and livelihood strategies do not necessarily present equal opportunities for sustainable livelihoods for men and women, as it may even increase existing structures of gender inequalities.Den här studien syftar till att undersöka hushålls anpassningsstrategier och genus-strukturers betydelse för klimatförändringar, på landsbygden i två medelhöga bergssamhällen i Nepal. Ramverket hållbara uppehällen (Sustainable Livelihoods, SL) har använts i denna studie för att ge ett holistiskt- och mikronivå perspektiv på anpassningsstrategier för landsbygdshushåll. Kvalitativa semi-strukturerade intervjuer har använts för att nå respondenternas vardag och erfarenheter i form av tankar, känslor och åsikter. Studien visar att klimatförändringar förmodligen ökar småskaliga jordbrukshushålls sårbarhet i medelhöga bergssamhällen på landsbygden, där kvinnor som grupp påverkas oproportionerligt i förhållande till män; att diversifiering av uppehällen som anpassningsstrategi till klimatförändringar är beroende av lokala möjligheter och socioekonomiska aspekter och måste förstås i en bredare kontext utöver enbart klimatförändringar; att olika anpassningsstrategier inte nödvändigtvis skapar lika möjligheter för män och kvinnor, denna studie indikerar istället på att det kan öka redan existerande ojämställda strukturer mellan män och kvinnor i hushållet.
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Munhenga, Daniel. "Determinants of rural households’ diversification of livelihood strategies: a case of Intsika Yethu farmers of the Eastern Cape province, South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1019818.
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Despite the continuing perceived economic centrality of agriculture in Intsika Yethu local municipality, rural households engage and pursue diverse non-farm livelihood activities to cope with diverse challenges and risks such as drought. This study assessed the importance of existing livelihood strategies adopted by the different rural households in Intsika Yethu; the link between households’ ownership and access to different ‘assets’; factors determining households’ ability to adopt certain livelihood strategies in the area. A survey of 120 households in six administrative areas and informal discussions with key informants were used to collect demographic data, data on socio-economic activities and factors determining the choice of livelihood strategies of the households in Intsika Yethu. The research findings indicated that only about 10% of the interviewed households relied solely on on-farm livelihood strategy only. Credit, remittances, market distance, affiliating to cooperatives, education and household size have a potential of influencing households to shift from on-farm livelihood strategy to other livelihood strategies. The government may need to promote programs and awareness on how households can diversify their livelihood strategies as a way of coping with economic constraints in the area.
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Jonsson, Robin, and Jessica Radeschnig. "Momentum Investment Strategies with Portfolio Optimization : A Study on Nasdaq OMX Stockholm Large Cap." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för utbildning, kultur och kommunikation, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-24848.
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This report covers a study testing the possibility of adding portfolio optimization by mean-variance analysis as a tool to extend the concept of momentum strategies in contrast to naive allocation formed by Jegadeesh & Titman (1993). Further these active investment strategies are compared with a passive benchmark as well as a randomly selected portfolio over the entire study-period. The study showed that the naive allocation model outperformed the mean-variance model both economically as well as statistically. No indication where obtained for a lagged return effect when letting a mean-variance model choose weights for a quarterly holding period and the resulting investment recommendation is to follow a naive investment strategy within a momentum framework.
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Mezgebu, Deborah. "Kvalitativ studie: svenska pensionsinstitut : Internationell investeringsstrategi mot fastigheter." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-213131.
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Det finns det goda argument för internationell portföljdiversifiering: marknader rör sig inte synkroniserat och genom att exponera mot olika marknader minskar den totala risken i portföljen. Mogna kapitalmarknader, där stora institutionella investerare har ett strukturellt överutbud av kapital, kan välja att förflytta en del kapitalöverskottet utomlands. Genom att flytta kapital till andra tillväxt- eller utvecklingsstäder, kan lika eller bättre avkastning erhållas samtidigt som risken i portföljen diversifieras. Internationell diversifiering medför även en del hinder och risker, men många av dessa har idag minskat i betydelse. En framgångsrik strategi syftar därför till att maximera fördelarna, samtidigt som man försöker undvika eventuella risker och hinder.I tidningen fastighetsvärden skrevs hösten 2016 att ”Svenska fastighetsbolag förvärvar utomlands i en takt som vi inte upplevt sedan i slutet av 1980-talet. Fastigheter för 250 miljarder i 25 länder kontrolleras av 40 svenska bolag”. Medan svenska pensionsinstitut direkt eller via dotterbolag eller delägda bolag redan är stora aktörer på den svenska fastighetsmarknaden, kan man i efterdyningen av finanskrisen 2008, se mer av diversifiering mot såväl den internationella fastighetsmarknaden. Uppsatsen tar upp frågor kring hur och om man idag gör fastighetsförvärv utomlands med mindre risk och vilka förutsättningarna är för att genomföra en sådan övergång. Resultatet av den kvalitativa studien har därefter berikat till svar för huvudsyftet med den här uppsatsen; att ta reda på orsaken till det växande intresset för internationell diversifiering bland svenska pensionsinstitutioner. Den växande internationella diversifiering, har visat att man hittat en gynnsam strategi för att överkomma många av de hinder och risker en sådan övergång medför. Varför man väljer att investera utomlands kan således förklaras i två steg: den underliggande anledningen och den underliggande orsaken. Anledningen är att man vill diversifiera den totala portföljrisken och finna en stabil långsiktig avkastning. Orsaken är att Sverige har haft en lång och god tillväxt som inte är säkrad för framtiden, att det råder stor konkurens på en liten marknad som Sverige och att pensionsinstituten har ett kapitalöverskott. Alternativet är därför att söka sig utomlands, och då Sverige redan genererar god avkastning, har det mer handlat om att diversifiera genom olika sektorer på liknande ekonomiskt stabila marknader. Det innebär marknader som Finland, Tyskland och England genom att ingå partnerskap med lokala managers, vilket i en sådan internationell övergång verkar riskminimerande.There are good arguments in favor of international portfolio diversification: markets do not move in a synchronized way and thus by exposing to different markets, the overall portfolio risk reduces. In mature capital markets where large institutional investors have a structural surplus of capital, one can choose to move a portion abroad. By moving part of the capital to other emerging or developed markets, equal or better returns can be earned while at the same time the risk in the portfolio is diversifies. However International diversification implies some obstacles and risks, though many of these have today diminished in importance. A successful strategy therefore aims to maximize the benefits while trying to avoid possible risks and obstacles. In autumn of 2016 the Swedish newspaper Fastighetsvärden published an article stating that "Swedish real estate companies acquire abroad in a way we have not experienced since the late 1980s; Real estate for a value of 250 billion is controlled by 40 Swedish companies in 25 countries". While Swedish intuitions direct or through subsidiaries or joint ventures are at present major players in the Swedish real estate market; in the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis, one can see the reappearance of diversification towards the international real estate market. The thesis addresses questions concerning if and how to make real estate acquisition abroad with less risk and what the conditions are for implementing such a transition. The result of the qualitative study enriched the response to the main purpose of this essay; to validate the reason for the growing interest in international diversification among Swedish pension institutions. The increase in international diversification implies that a favorable strategy has been found to overcome many of the obstacles and risks entailed by such transition. Why one chooses to invest abroad can be explained in two steps: the underlying reason and the underlying cause. The reason is to diversify the overall portfolio risk and find a stable long-term return. However, the underlying cause for today’s investments are based on the good long-term growth Sweden has had, which is not secured for the future. Moreover there is capital surplus and big competition on a small market like Sweden. The alternative is therefore to go abroad, and as Sweden already generates good returns, it has been more about trying to diversify through different segments in similar economically stable markets. It means entering in markets such as Finland, Germany and England by joint ventures with local managers, which in such an international transition minimizes risk.
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Engström, Stefan. "Success factors in asset management." Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Finansiell Ekonomi (FI), 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-590.
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This thesis consists of four essays on the topic of asset management. The first essay, Performance and Characteristics of Swedish Mutual Funds studies the relation between fund performance and fund attributes in the Swedish market. The results show, among other things, that good performance is to be found among small equity funds, low-fee funds, funds whose trading activity is high, and in some cases, funds with good past performance. The second essay, Does Active Trading Create Value? An Evaluation of Fund Managers' Decisions decomposes fund performance and examines how it is influenced by fund managers' strategic and tactical decisions. The results support the value of active portfolio management in Sweden. The essay also finds a positive relation between performance and fund managers' voluntary trading decisions. In contrast, there is some evidence of inferior trading decisions when fund managers are forced to trade. The third essay, Investment Strategies, Fund Performance, and Portfolio Characteristics analyzes the relation between fund performance and fund managers' investment strategies. The results show that neither momentum characteristics nor the valuation of stocks in the fund portfolio can explain differences in fund performance. The findings also show a positive relation between performance and the degree of diversification of the fund portfolio. The last essay, Costly Information, Diversification, and International Mutual Fund Performance examines how fund managers' costly search for information affects the performance of mutual funds that invest in Asia and Europe. The essay shows that fund managers who select from a smaller set of Asian stocks perform better than those who select from a larger set. Moreover, the performance of large international mutual fund companies is similar to that of their small competitors. This suggests that there are no economies of scale in the costly search for information.Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2001
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Ouhab-Alathamneh, Nassima. "Les États de la région Moyen-Orient et Afrique du Nord et la rente pétrolière : de la dépendance aux stratégies alternatives." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB185/document.
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Plus de cinquante ans après leur indépendance, la majorité des pays de la région Afrique du Nord et Moyen-Orient (MENA) demeurent tributaire des revenus générés par l'exportation des hydrocarbures. Ces pays peinent à développer leurs économies malgré les grands potentiels (humains et naturels) dont ils disposent. L'indice de développement humain dans beaucoup de pays pétroliers de la région est plus inférieur que dans certains pays de l'Afrique subsaharienne ou de l'Amérique latine. Les gouvernements de ces pays sont confrontés aujourd'hui, plus que jamais, aux problèmes de chômage, de la corruption, de l'économie informelle, etc. L'épuisement certain, dans les quelques années à venir, du pétrole, ainsi que la chute des prix depuis mi 2014, sont les raisons essentielles qui devraient pousser les gouvernements de ces pays à préparer l'après pétrole, à travers la promotion des investissements nationaux et étrangers, le développement des autres secteurs d'activité, hors hydrocarbures, comme l'agriculture, l'industrie et le tourisme. Les mutations que connaît la région MENA, depuis les soulèvements populaires de 2011, ainsi que l'avancée de l'État Islamique, freinent considérablement les réformes économiques entamées dans nombreux pays tels que la Libye, l'Irak (depuis son invasion en 2003) et le Yémen. Les rivalités entre les autres puissances comme l'Iran et l'Arabie Saoudite, ainsi que l'Arabie Saoudite et l'Algérie n'arrangent pas non plus la coopération intra régionale, d'où la nécessité pour les pays arabes de s'allier et de coopérer, en matière économique comme politique, afin de développer l'économie de l'ensemble des pays de la régionMore than fifty years after their independence, most of the countries of Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region are still subject to the revenue generated by the export of hydrocarbons. They have difficulty to develop their economy in spite of their important capacities (natural and human). The IWD in those petroleum countries in this region is lower than some countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America. Nowadays, Governments are facing to unemployment, corruption, informal economy, etc. And, the clear depletion of oil in the future, as the falling oil prices since 2014, are critical reasons to encourage Governments in a reflexion on the post-oil, through the promoting of national and international investments, the diversification of lines of business, non-hydrocarbons, as agriculture, industry or tourism. Mutations in MENA region, not only popular uprising in 2011 but also the advance of Islamic State, are a brake on economical reforms started in Libya, Iraq (since 2003) and Yemen. The rivalries between Iran and Saudi Arabia, and Algeria and Saudi Arabia damage the intra-regional cooperation. That is why those regional countries have to connect and collaborate, on economical and political subjects, in order to develop the economy of the entire region
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Rouget, Nicolas. "LES DYNAMIQUES AGRICOLES DANS LES ESPACES URBAINS ET PERIURBAINS. DIVERSIFICATION ET STRATEGIES D'ADAPTATION DES AGRICULTURES. LES CAS DES PERIPHERIES SUD-EST DE LILLE ET NORD DE LENS." Phd thesis, Université de Nanterre - Paris X, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00477267.
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L'agriculture des espaces périurbains est doublement contrainte (libéralisation économique accrue et effets de la proximité urbaine). Les contextes généraux et locaux lui offrent néanmoins l'opportunité de s'investir dans un renouvellement de ses fonctions (contextes de la durabilité et des programmes agriurbains). La question de l'engagement des exploitations dans le processus de « transition agricole » par la voie de la diversification, notamment par les services, et dans une perspective d'ancrage au territoire de la ville, constitua ainsi notre principale entrée. La typologie des trajectoires et stratégies d'adaptation établie en fonction des dynamiques des systèmes de production et de revenu et de l'intensité des relations de l'agriculture à la ville, distingue des trajectoires « d'occultation », de « spécialisation », d' « engagement dans une logique d'ouverture aux demandes citadines », de « conversion ». La territorialisation de l'agriculture, son inscription dans le territoire de la ville n'est pas la seule voie choisie d'adaptation aux contextes généraux et locaux. La diversification par les services n'est pas non plus la seule stratégie d'adaptation à la ville. La typologie des espaces agricoles souligne que la transition agricole s'opère très inégalement d'une agglomération à une autre et au sein d'une même périphérie urbaine. Les communes de la périphérie Nord de Lens et les cas belges envisagés sont très majoritairement caractérisés par une déterritorialisation des systèmes de production et de revenu. Les trajectoires observées ont été motivées, d'une part par le délitement d'un « modèle agricole minier », d'autre part par la ˝ nécessité ˝ d'assumer de volumineux quotas betteraviers. En revanche, les communes de Loos-en-Gohelle et de la périphérie lilloise sont caractérisées par des dynamiques d'appropriation de l'espace urbain par l'agriculture. A ces dynamiques contribue, au sein de l'espace lillois étudié, la valorisation des discontinuités introduites par la proximité de la frontière. Une dynamique de groupe à Loos, le « précédent endivier » en Pévèle-Mélantois ont été déterminants. L'agriculture dans ce contexte ne répond que partiellement aux attentes urbaines. L'étude, dans le cadre des agricultures déterritorialisées, souligne les difficultés de mise en concordance des représentations de l'espace entre élus et agriculteurs. En revanche, les partenariats engagés à Lille relèvent d'un processus de co-construction. Le principe d'une contractualisation entre décideurs et agriculteurs repose sur des politiques de confortement des trajectoires de diversification par les services. Les programmes engagés ne solutionnent néanmoins pas les facteurs de « décrochage » par ailleurs évoqués.
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Belmont, Caroline J. "A Critical Examination of Oil Wealth Management Strategies and Their Effects on Economic Growth in the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1331.
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Despite their natural resources, the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, and Oman) have failed to live up to their economic potential, primarily due to their dependence on a revenue source with volatile prices and political significance in an unstable region. This thesis argues that the best way to convert oil wealth into consistent long term growth is through diversification, both by investing in foreign assets and by growing domestic sectors that are independent from oil and gas prices. The research further investigates the primary tool these countries have used to do so – sovereign wealth funds – and how their implementation and structures have impacted their effectiveness in achieving economic diversification and growth.
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Miritz, Luciane. "Diferenciação e diversificação na agroindústria arrozeira do Rio Grande do Sul." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/10915.
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Este estudo apresenta a visão da cadeia produtiva, sob a ótica da diversificação e diferenciação nas empresas gaúchas de beneficiamento de arroz. Os objetivos deste trabalho são: identificar os produtos diversificados e diferenciados que as empresas oferecem no mercado; discutir a percepção das empresas em relação a este mercado; estudar as informações utilizadas pelas empresas para tomada de decisão; e discutir os motivos que limitam a entrada das empresas na produção diversificada e diferenciada. Foram entrevistadas 10 empresas dentre as 20 maiores beneficiadoras de arroz do Rio Grande do Sul. As entrevistas foram semi-estruturadas e realizadas no período de agosto a dezembro de 2006. O modelo proposto analisa o ambiente institucional e organizacional, a linha de produtos atual, informações de mercado, necessidades dos consumidores, necessidades tecnológicas, informações de engenharia, fornecedores de matéria-prima, diferenciação e diversificação. Os resultados apresentam as estratégias das empresas e as alternativas encontradas para conquistar novos mercados e manter os já existentes. Assim, espera-se com este trabalho contribuir no estímulo à produção local, visto a importância socioeconômica do arroz para o Estado.This study presents a view of the production chain, under a diversification and differentiation standpoint in rice processing companies from the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The objectives of this work are to identify diversified and differentiated products offered in the market by companies; discuss the companies’ perceptions relative to this market; study the information used by companies to make decisions, and; discuss the reasons that limit companies from engaging into diversified and differentiated production. Ten among the 20 largest rice processing companies in Rio Grande do Sul were interviewed. The interviews were semi-structured and were conducted in the period from August to December 2006. The proposed model analyzes the institutional and organizational environment, current line of products, market information, consumer needs, technological needs, engineering information, raw material suppliers, differentiation, and diversification. The results present strategies employed by companies and alternatives found to conquer new markets and to maintain existing ones. Consequently, this study is expected to contribute toward stimulating local production, given the socioeconomic importance of rice in the state.
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Pham, Thanh thao. "Stratégies de survie et de croissance dans un contexte de turbulence.Le cas des petites et moyennes entreprises dans le photovoltaïque." Thesis, Paris Est, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PESC1020.
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L’objectif de la thèse est d’enquêter sur les capacités de survie des acteurs opérant dans un segment fragmenté d’une chaîne de valeur, en l’occurrence le photovoltaïque, dont la partie aval subit des turbulences. En particulier cette étude porte sur les entreprises privées de petite taille, de technicité moyenne ou faible. Des entretiens suivis d’une étude quantitative sur 103 firmes ont été réalisés.Les trois principales contributions sont les suivantes.Premièrement, une nouvelle taxonomie de diversification industrielle est proposée basée sur les frontières du marché et de l’industrie. Il en découle quatre possibilités : (1) entreprises non-diversifiées ; (2) entreprises diversifiées au sein d’une même industrie ; (3) entreprises diversifiées dans deux industries ; et (4) entreprises diversifiées dans plus de deux industries.Deuxièmement, quatre business models correspondent à ces quatre possibilités, me permettant de démontrer qu’il existe un nombre limité de business model dans une industrie.Finalement, j’ai identifié deux facteurs impactant les capacités de survie et la performance de croissance des entreprises à moyen terme : l’horizon stratégique des managers et le temps de réponse. Il en découle quatre trajectoires de performance. Il est également montré que les entreprises ayant les meilleures profitabilités avant la crise optent pour une stratégie de réduction qui a pour effet de réduire leur profitabilité. Inversement, celles qui ont une profitabilité moins bonne au début s’engagent dans de gros investissements, sous condition de ressources, résultant en une meilleure profitabilité. Cela conduit à une homogénéisation des taux de retoursThe overall objective of this thesis is to investigate the survival capacities of actors operating in the photovoltaic industry, that is to say, in a fragmented segment of a value chain whose end-markets experienced turbulence. I intend to contribute to a better understanding of the diversification strategy of: (1) smaller and private firms; (2) non-or-low-tech companies; (3) in a specific economic environment (i.e. the context of turbulence). I conducted interviews and realized a quantitative study of 103 firms.The contributions are threefold.First, I propose a new taxonomy of industrial diversification based on the frontier of an industry and a market. Four possibilities derive from the intersection of intra- and inter-industry diversification: (1) single-business enterprises; (2) intra-industry diversifiers; (3) inter-industry diversifiers in two industries; and (4) inter-industry diversifiers in more than two industries.Second, I identify four business models that derive from these four strategies, which allows me to argue that there can only be a limited number of business models in an industry.Finally, this study identifies two factors impacting a firm’s survival capabilities and growth performance of SMEs in the medium term resulting in four growth performances: (1) the managers’ business horizon focus, and (2) timing of business responses. The results show four trajectories of firm performance. Moreover, while higher performers are more inclined to engage in retrenchment strategies that reduce their overall performance, lower performers tend to invest large amounts, resulting in a better performance. It results in a homogenization of firm performance over time
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Adebola-Wilson, Francis Adetokunboh. "Diversifying Funds to Enhance Financial Sustainability of a County Library System." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3270.
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Existing research has focused on the financial challenges affecting public libraries and how to improve library efficiency and funding. However, it is unknown how financial diversification could improve the economic fortunes of public libraries. The purpose of this study was to illuminate the unique structural, legal, and operational dynamics associated with adopting a financial diversification strategy in the Clayton County Library System (CCLS), Georgia, and to explore what would support or hinder the implementation of such a strategy. Using modern portfolio theory, the research explored how the CCLS could diversify its funding sources. A qualitative single-case study was conducted to gather information from a sample of library personnel: 2 library directors, 7 assistant directors, 6 branch managers, and 3 grant writers. Budget documents and meeting minutes over a 3-year period were also reviewed. The data were analyzed using a content analysis method, and were coded inductively. Interview data were triangulated with the results of a review of budget documents, meeting minutes, and related literature. Study findings revealed that financial diversification was an effective strategy for the participants in this study, but such diversification would be complex for the broader CCLS because of stakeholders' concerns about CCLS's organizational characteristics, legal frameworks, and management attitudes. The study findings may be used as a basis for further empirical investigations on adoption of financial diversification plans in public libraries. Positive social change is expected to result from this study because it provides useful data to policymakers, library administrators, and other stakeholders seeking ways to sustain public library funding.
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Losilla, Solano Luis Vinicio [Verfasser], Ludwig [Akademischer Betreuer] Theuvsen, Alejandra [Gutachter] Engler, and Stephan Von [Gutachter] Cramon-Taubadel. "Internationalization and diversification strategies of companies from emerging economies: the case of fresh fruit export companies from Chile / Luis Vinicio Losilla Solano ; Gutachter: Alejandra Engler, Stephan Von Cramon-Taubadel ; Betreuer: Ludwig Theuvsen." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1172970785/34.
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Lundh, Mattias. "Fem strategier för hantering av översvämningsrisker från havet : En beskrivande fallstudie av Falsterbonäset, Vellinge kommun." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Centrum för forskning om samhällsrisker, CSR (från 2020), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-85387.
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Bakgrund: Globalt sett är översvämningar, näst efter stormar, den naturfara som orsakar mest ekonomisk skada. Inom Europeiska unionen (EU) fick översvämningar ett ökat fokus efter att Europa under 2002 drabbades av stora översvämningar. Mot denna bakgrund lanserades i oktober 2012 det EU-finansierade projektet STAR-FLOOD. Projektet mynnade ut i en guidebok för hur översvämningsrisker kan hanteras. I guideboken, skriven av Raadgever m.fl. (2016) rekommenderas en blandning av strategier (diversifiering), för hanteringen av översvämningsrisker. Inom EU har översvämningsrisker traditionellt hanterats genom fysiska skydd, vilket bara är en av flera strategier. I Sverige hanteras översvämningar främst i den akuta fasen och genom privata försäkringar. Översvämningsskydd har först på senare tid fått allt större betydelse för hur översvämningar hanteras i Sverige, något som kan exemplifieras genom den vall som ska byggas på Falsterbonäset i Vellinge kommun i sydvästra Skåne. Det finns en paradox med den typen av strukturella översvämningsskydd och det är att skydden faktiskt kan öka översvämningsrisken. Paradoxen kallas för levé-effekten och innebär att strukturella översvämningsskydd kan leda till en falsk trygghet hos dem som bor i det skyddade området. En diversifierad strategi för hantering av översvämningsrisker kan däremot minska risken för att levé-effekten uppstår. Syfte: Att studera i vilken mån en diversifierad strategi kan spåras i fallet med det planerade översvämningsskyddet på Falsterbonäset. Metod: En beskrivande fallstudie av hur översvämningsrisker från havet hanteras på Falsterbonäset. Materialet har i huvudsak samlats in genom kvalitativa intervjuer som sedan analyserats med riktad kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Som komplement till intervjuerna har även annat material analyserats, främst kommundokument. Den teori som studien grundas på är levé-effekten och teorin om riskhomeostas. Resultat: Mot bakgrund av guideboken skriven av Raadgever m.fl. (2016) är det möjligt för Vellinge kommun att vidta fler strategier för att minska sannolikheten för och konsekvenserna av översvämningar på Falsterbonäset. Exempelvis hade det varit möjligt att begränsa utvecklingen i det skyddade området och ställa tydliga krav på plushöjder för nybyggnation. Samtidigt har kommunens strategi aldrig varit så diversifierad som nu med anledning av det kommande översvämningsskyddet. Avslutningsvis finns det vissa indikationer på att en levé-effekt kan uppstå.Background: In a global perspective are floods, after storms, the natural hazard that causes the most economic damage. Within the European Union (EU), floods gained increased focus after Europe was hit by major floods in 2002. Because of this, the EU-funded project STAR-FLOOD was launched in October 2012. Among other things, the project resulted in a guidebook for how flood risks can be managed. The guidebook, written by Raadgever et.al. (2016), recommends a mix of strategies (diversification) for the management of flood risks. Within the EU, flood risks have traditionally been managed through structural protection, being just one of several strategies. In Sweden, floods are managed mainly in the acute phase and through private insurance. Flood protection has recently become increasingly important for how floods are handled in Sweden, which can be exemplified by the levee that is to be built on Falsterbonäset in Vellinge municipality in Skåne. However, there is a paradox with this type of structural flood protection, and it is that these can increase the risk of flooding. The paradox is called the levee effect and means that structural flood protection can lead to a false sense of security in those who live in the protected area. A diversified strategy for managing flood risks can reduce the risk of the levee effect. Purpose: Study to which extent a diversified strategy can be traced in the case of structural protection that is planned structural on Falsterbonäset. Method: A descriptive case study of how flood risks from the sea are managed on Falsterbonäset. The material has mainly been collected through qualitative interviews which have then been analysed with a directed qualitative content analysis. As a complement to the interviews, other material has also been analysed, mainly municipal documents. The theory on which the study is based, is the levee effect and the theory of risk homeostasis. Results: Based on the guidebook by Raadgever et.al. (2016), it is possible for Vellinge municipality to do more to reduce the probability and the consequences of floods on Falsterbonäset. For example, it would have been possible to limit the development in the protected area and set clear requirements for heights for new buildings. At the same time, the municipality's strategy has never been as diversified as it is now, due to the forthcoming flood protection. However, there are some indications of conditions for a levee effect to occur.
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Torres, Navarrete Segundo Bolier Verfasser], Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Knoke, Thomas [Gutachter] Knoke, Sven [Gutachter] Günter, and Carola [Gutachter] [Paul. "Livelihood strategies and agricultural diversification in a leading hotspot area : A multilevel analysis in the Sumaco Biosphere Reserve, Ecuadorian Amazon / Segundo Bolier Torres Navarrete ; Gutachter: Thomas Knoke, Sven Günter, Carola Paul ; Betreuer: Thomas Knoke." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1186889470/34.
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Docrat, Ahmed. "Strategies for related diversification." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/2412.
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" ... every related diversification is also fundamentally an unrelated one" (Mintzberg, 1991). Due to the cyclical nature of the demand for construction, quantity surveyors are forced to contend with large fluctuations in the demand for their services. This has prompted firms to consider diversifying into more lucrative ventures. This study explores the concept of diversification as a means to offset cyclical fluctuations, and to stimulate growth. The available literature emphasises the advantages of related diversification over unrelated diversification. It is argued that this creates synergy between the new business and the core one, thus leading tp competitive advantage. The study is based on BTKM, a medium sized Quantity Surveying practise. Growth opportunities in their core business have begun to decline, and the cyclical nature of demand for construction has led to uncertainty, which makes long term strategic planning difficult. A study of the company's skills and resource strengths shows that it is well positioned to capitalise on opportunities in related businesses. By virtue of their core competencies, Quantity Surveyors possess the ability to solve complex problems and challenges regarding the planning and management of facilities. Organisations have come to realise the importance of ensuring that their buildings, systems and services support core operations and contribute to achieving strategic objectives. This has led to the growth of a new field of endeavour - that of Facilities Management. This is a rapidly growing professional field that provides excellent prospects for suitably qualified personnel. This study explores the option of diversification into this field.Thesis (MBA)-University of Natal, (Durban) 2003.