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Journal articles on the topic 'Extra word'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Greenbaum, Larry. "An extra kind word." Lancet 352, no. 9127 (1998): 588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)79309-0.

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Siti Khomsah, Rima Dias Ramadhani, and Sena Wijaya. "The Accuracy Comparison Between Word2Vec and FastText On Sentiment Analysis of Hotel Reviews." Jurnal RESTI (Rekayasa Sistem dan Teknologi Informasi) 6, no. 3 (2022): 352–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.29207/resti.v6i3.3711.

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Word embedding vectorization is more efficient than Bag-of-Word in word vector size. Word embedding also overcomes the loss of information related to sentence context, word order, and semantic relationships between words in sentences. Several kinds of Word Embedding are often considered for sentiment analysis, such as Word2Vec and FastText. Fast Text works on N-Gram, while Word2Vec is based on the word. This research aims to compare the accuracy of the sentiment analysis model using Word2Vec and FastText. Both models are tested in the sentiment analysis of Indonesian hotel reviews using the da

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3

Juul Nielsen, Peter. "Elisa Mattiello,Extra-grammatical morphology in English(= Topics in English Linguistics 82)." Word Structure 10, no. 2 (2017): 256–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2017.0110.

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Novianti, Rully Raslina. "A study of Indonesian university students’ vocabulary mastery with vocabulary level test." Global Journal of Foreign Language Teaching 6, no. 4 (2016): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjflt.v6i4.1669.

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In investigating learners’ vocabulary mastery, some researchers focused their studies on either receptive or productive vocabulary mastery. This study examines university students’ vocabulary knowledge in Indonesia by using the Vocabulary Level Test (VLT). It also compares the receptive vocabulary size of students who obtained extra hours of English instruction with those who had not. Furthermore, this study also identifies their strategies in enhancing their vocabulary mastery. The 2000-word frequency-band from the receptive version of the VLT and questionnaire are used for data collection. T

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Kartushina, Natalia, and Julien Mayor. "Word knowledge in six- to nine-month-old Norwegian infants? Not without additional frequency cues." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 9 (2019): 180711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180711.

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The past 5 years have witnessed claims that infants as young as six months of age understand the meaning of several words. To reach this conclusion, researchers presented infants with pairs of pictures from distinct semantic domains and observed longer looks at an object upon hearing its name as compared with the name of the other object. However, these gaze patterns might indicate infants' sensibility to the word frequency and/or its contextual relatedness to the object regardless of a firm semantic understanding of this word. The current study attempted, first, to replicate, in Norwegian lan

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Lysenkova, V. N. "INTRA- AND EXTRA-WORD NATURE OF THE COMPONENT OF THE PHRASEOLOGICAL UNIT." Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches, no. 4(35) (December 31, 2021): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.36622/mlmdr.2021.35.30.002.

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Statement of the problem. The article provides an analysis of the views of researchers on determining the phraseological potential of individual lexical units from the standpoint of verbal and non-verbal approaches. The purpose of the study is to consider the semantics of components of phraseological units (PU) at surface and deep levels. The article discloses the content of the following concepts: the PU component, the intra- and extra-word nature of the component. Results. To become a component of PU, lexeme must go through certain changes: deactualization, metaphorization, lexico-grammatica

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Falk, Vadim N. "Extra Concepts and Domains of Truth Values in Interpreting Logical Languages in Artificial Intelligence Systems." Vestnik MEI 5, no. 5 (2020): 148–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24160/1993-6982-2020-5-148-154.

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So-called extra concepts introduced to represent structurally defined objects and structures with unlimited complexity in their traditional understanding are suggested. The concepts of extra-word, extra-regular expression, context-free extra-grammar, and context-free extra-language are extensions of the well-known concepts used in the theory of formal languages. Extra words are a special case of symbol sequences; however, the set of all extra words in any alphabet is countable, whereas the set of all symbol sequences is not countable. The periodic codes of rational number representations in so

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Muchahary, Rujab. "PROTHESIS AND ELISION FOUND IN MECH (BODO) DIALECT OF NORTH BENGAL." International Journal of Advanced Research 8, no. 10 (2020): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/11837.

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Mech (Bodo) is one of the regional Bodo dialects and it falls under the group of Western Bodo Dialect. The dialect is mainly spoken in Darjeeling, AlipurDooars, Jalpaiguri and Cooch Behar districts of North Bengal of West Bengal (India). As a dialect, it has been maintaining some linguistic variety in different levels of linguistics. This variety can be displayed by comparing with standard form of Bodo spoken in Kokrajhar district and its adjacent areas of Assam, India. There are some examples in Mech, where extra sounds are found inserted in the beginning of words without changing the structu

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Novianti, Rully Raslina. "A study of Indonesian university students’ vocabulary mastery with vocabulary level test." Global Journal of Foreign Language Teaching 6, no. 4 (2017): 187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjflt.v6i4.2685.

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In investigating learners’ vocabulary mastery, some researchers focused their studies on either receptive or productive vocabulary mastery. This study examines university students’ vocabulary knowledge in Indonesia by using the Vocabulary Level Test (VLT). It also compares the receptive vocabulary size of students who obtained extra hours of English instruction with those who had not. Furthermore, this study also identifies their strategies in enhancing their vocabulary mastery. The 2000-word frequency-band from the receptive version of the VLT and questionnaire are used for data collection. T

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10

Muzaki, Ferril. "Integrated Language Learning in Elementary School." Aksis : Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia 5, no. 2 (2021): 439–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/aksis.050215.

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Language is not only from words, but also meaning behind those words. In discourse, there are two components: intra linguistics and extra linguistics. Intra-linguistic component means discourse build from word to word, phrase to phrase, sentences to sentences, paragraph to paragraph at the end it becomes discourse. Extra linguistics competences have some components, settings, purposes, and others component when the text is composed. I will explain how to teach discourse in teaching reading. First, teacher gives questions to open the class; the question should open students' background knowledg

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Atta, Firdos. "Word Stress system of the Saraiki language." Acta Linguistica Asiatica 11, no. 1 (2021): 129–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/ala.11.1.129-145.

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This study presents an Optimality-Theoretic analysis of Saraiki word stress. This study presents a first exploration of word stress in the framework of OT. Words in Saraiki are mostly short; secondary stress plays no role here. Saraiki stress is quantity-sensitive, so a distinction must be made between short and long vowels, and light and heavy syllables. A metrical foot can consist of one heavy syllable, two light syllables, or one light and one heavy syllable. The Foot structure starts from right to left in prosodic words. The foot is trochaic and the last consonant in Saraiki words is extra

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12

Aldosiry, Norah, Amjad Almawash, Meshael Alshalawi, Nada Binomran, and Dareen Alrasheed. "Comparison of using Words with Pictures and Words alone with Simultaneous Prompting to Teach Sight-Word Reading to Students with Mild Intellectual Disability." Journal of Umm Al-Qura University for Educational and Psychological Sciences 16, no. 2 (2024): 264–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.54940/ep41512782.

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This study compares the effectiveness and efficiency of using words with pictures and words alone with simultaneous prompting (SP) to teach sight word reading to four students, 8 to 11 years of age, with mild intellectual disabilities (ID). An adapted alternating treatment design was used to assess the two methods. The results suggest that both procedures were equally effective. Maintenance data showed that all students were able to maintain the acquired skills through the two teaching procedures, although words with picture resulted in a slightly higher maintenance level. words with pictures

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Khamzaev, Sobir Amirovich. "WORDS BORROWED FROM FOREIGN LANGUAGES AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE WORD STOCK OF THE ENGLISH LITERARY LANGUAGE." Current Research Journal of Philological Sciences 5, no. 10 (2024): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/philological-crjps-05-10-07.

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The present article is dedicated to the factors of enrichment of the English literary language through different periods of its development. As one of the most productive ways of enriching the word stock of the English language the author regards borrowings from other languages. There is made an attempt to classify languages, from which English derived words into several categories. One way to do this is done through the historicalfactor. Some linguistic and extra linguistic factors of enriching the word stock of English are also analyzed in the article. As the languages, which had greatly inf

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Maxham, James G., and Richard G. Netemeyer. "Firms Reap what they Sow: The Effects of Shared Values and Perceived Organizational Justice on Customers’ Evaluations of Complaint Handling." Journal of Marketing 67, no. 1 (2003): 46–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.67.1.46.18591.

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Employing elements of organizational theory and service recovery research, the authors examine how employees’ perceptions of shared values and organizational justice can stimulate customer-directed extra-role behaviors when handling complaints. They also investigate how these extra-role behaviors affect customers’ perceptions of justice, satisfaction, word of mouth, and purchase intent. The authors capture and match employee and customer perceptions regarding the relevant constructs following a complaint and recovery experience. The results indicate that employees’ perceptions of shared values

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15

Tribout, Delphine. "Verbal stem space and verb to noun conversion in French." Word Structure 5, no. 1 (2012): 109–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2012.0022.

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In this paper I present the verbal stem space in French and its use in lexeme formation. First, I present the stem spaces worked out by Bonami & Boyé (2002 ; 2003 ; 2005 ) for verbs and adjectives. Then I show that the verbal stem space needs to be extended with an extra slot in order to account for a number of lexeme-formation rules. Finally, I show that verb to noun conversion can select three different stems as input.

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16

Muth, K. Denise. "Extraneous information and extra steps in arithmetic word problems." Contemporary Educational Psychology 17, no. 3 (1992): 278–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0361-476x(92)90066-8.

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17

Štekauer, Pavol. "On some issues of an onomasiological approach to productivity." Recherches anglaises et nord-américaines 36, no. 2 (2003): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ranam.2003.1691.

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The paper discusses some moot points of recent discussions on productivity in word-formation and proposes an approach different from the mainstream generative theories. The most influential works in this field only cover the productivity of affixes, which contradicts the generally accepted scope of word-formation which also includes other word-formation processes. It may be proposed that rather than an affix-driven theory of productivity a rule-driven theory is required to cover the whole stock of complex words. An onomasiological approach to productivity, based on the notion of Word-Formation

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18

Cooke, Francis, and Francis Cooke. "A Personal Word." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 39, no. 1 (2008): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v39i1.5451.

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This article is a son's tribute to his father, Lord Cooke of Thorndon. The article describes Lord Cooke's personal attributes, and how they influenced his approach to legal problems and judging. The author states that an analysis of his father's judicial and extra-judicial work demonstrates that he was frequently concerned with attempts to explain why particular verbal formulations which had become reasonably well-settled were hiding rather than exposing the underlying principle. The author explores his father's take on the Wednesbury unreasonableness test as well as other general areas of law

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19

Lalovic, Dejan. "Verbal aptitude and the use of grammar information in Serbian language." Zbornik Instituta za pedagoska istrazivanja 38, no. 2 (2006): 317–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zipi0602317l.

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The research presented in this paper was an attempt to find differences in the use of grammatical information carried by the function words in Serbian. The aim was to determine the level of word processing at which grammatical information shows its differential effects in groups of subjects who themselves differ in verbal ability. For this purpose, the psycholinguistic tasks applied were grammatically primed reading aloud and grammatically primed grammatical classification with an appropriate control of extra-linguistic factors that may have affected aforementioned tasks. Verbal aptitude was a

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20

STEPANENKO, Mykola. "Lexeme vaccine – word of 2021: semantic, word-forming, syntagmatic analysis." Culture of the Word, no. 96 (2022): 93–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.37919/0201-419x.2022.96.7.

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The article focuses on the systemic lexical-semantic, word-building, syntagmatic, cognitive and functional analysis of the lexeme вакцина, which is the word of the year in our country and in other countries all over the world. It singles out the criteria (popularity and importance) and the algorithm of how the word of the year is chosen, which means automatic selection and professionals’ coordinated work. The study helps identify the place of the American company Merriam-Webster in this process as well as home (the online dictionary of modern Ukrainian neologisms and slang «Мислово») and forei

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21

Li, Jiapan, and Kai Meng. "The meaning-making and semiotic value of Chinese words: a contextual perspective." Chinese Semiotic Studies 18, no. 1 (2022): 47–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/css-2021-2047.

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Abstract From the contextual perspective of functional linguistics, this paper emphasizes the role of two types of extra-word context – situational context and structural context – in the meaning-making process of Chinese words. We found that if a word is embedded with situational context, such as the X+lǐng (领) category, the meaning-making process of the word needs to force the word-forming components to be semantically transferred in the situational context. If a word is embedded with event context (i.e. special situational context), such as the X+mén (门) category, the meaning-making of the

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22

OLSON, JANET, and ELISE FRANK MASUR. "Mothers respond differently to infants' familiar versus non-familiar verbal imitations." Journal of Child Language 39, no. 4 (2011): 731–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000911000262.

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ABSTRACTMothers' verbal responses to their infants' spontaneous imitations of familiar and non-familiar words during naturally occurring interactions were examined in a longitudinal sample observed at 1 ; 1, 1 ; 5 and 1 ; 9. Maternal responses to both familiar and non-familiar imitations exhibited structural characteristics likely to be facilitative of early word learning, including shorter and single-word utterances and reproductions of imitated words in sentence-final position. Mothers also responded differentially to infants' non-familiar versus familiar imitations. Mothers produced more re

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Liu, Chang, Pengyuan Zhang, Ta Li, and Yonghong Yan. "Semantic Features Based N-Best Rescoring Methods for Automatic Speech Recognition." Applied Sciences 9, no. 23 (2019): 5053. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9235053.

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In this work, we aim to re-rank the n-best hypotheses of an automatic speech recognition system by punishing the sentences which have words that are semantically different from the context and rewarding the sentences where all words are in semantical harmony. To achieve this, we proposed a topic similarity score that measures the difference between topic distribution of words and the corresponding sentence. We also proposed another word-discourse score that quantifies the likeliness for a word to appear in the sentence by the inner production of word vector and discourse vector. Besides, we us

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Zhao, Yuqian. "The word-formation potential of anglicisms in political vocabulary." Neophilology, no. 2 (2022): 254–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2587-6953-2022-8-2-254-260.

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The relevance of the study lies in the fact that the word-formation potential of language units has more than once become a subject of linguistic research. At the same time, the matter of the word-formation potential of anglicisms in the political vocabulary of the modern Russian language remains insufficiently studied. The aim of this article is to describe the word-formation potential of anglicisms in the political vocabulary of the modern Russian language. The descriptive method and word-formation analysis are mainly used in the study. The research materials are 302 root anglicisms and thei

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Zanini, Chiara, Rosa Rugani, Dunia Giomo, Francesca Peressotti, and Francesca Franzon. "Effects of animacy on the processing of morphological Number: a cognitive inheritance?" Word Structure 13, no. 1 (2020): 22–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2020.0158.

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Language encodes into morphology part of the information present in the referential world. Some features are marked in the great majority of languages, such as the numerosity of the referents that is encoded in morphological Number. Other features do not surface as frequently in morphological markings, yet they are pervasive in natural languages. This is the case of animacy, that can ground Gender systems as well as constrain the surfacing of Number. The diffusion of numerosity and animacy could mirror their biological salience at the extra-linguistic cognitive level. Human extra-linguistic nu

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Rice, Keren. "Principles of affix ordering: An overview." Word Structure 4, no. 2 (2011): 169–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2011.0009.

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This article provides an introduction to factors that are involved in the ordering of affixes that are word-class preserving in languages with complex morphology. On the one hand, grammatical principles are proposed, including semantic, syntactic, phonological, and morphological ones. On the other hand, affix ordering is sometimes considered to be arbitrary from a synchronic perspective, with affixes occurring in an order specified by a template. Finally, extra-grammatical factors such as frequency, productivity, and parsability are argued to be important in determining affix ordering. I focus

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P., Jeyanthi. "IMAGE COMPRESSION PREPROCESSING USING A NOVEL DICTIONARY BASED LOSSLESS REVERSIBLE TRANSFORMATION ALGORITHM." International Journal of Computer Science Engineering and Technology 2, no. 3 (2021): 26–34. https://doi.org/10.2455/ijcset.v2i2.

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<strong>ABSTRACT</strong>- Data compression is one of the empowering advances for each of these parts of the media transformation. It would not be functional to put images, not to mention sound and video, on sites in the event that it was not for Data compression algorithms. We proposed a novel word reference-based lossless reversible transformation algorithm, Enhanced Transformation with Numerical Index. We have taken Length Index Preserving Transformation (LIPT) as our base work and killed some of its drawbacks. In this manner, the overhead required in lexicon administering and upkeep of eac

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Aleshina, Anna A. "VERBAL LEXEMES IN THE DERIVATIONAL CLUSTER WITH THE INITIAL WORD SALT IN THE NATIONAL RUSSIAN LANGUAGE." Vestnik of Kostroma State University 30, no. 2 (2024): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/1998-0817-2024-30-2-157-162.

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The article deals with semantic characteristics of verbal lexemes that are a part of the derivational cluster – a structural component of lexical and phraseological complex with the initial word salt. The paper analyses the role of the initial word in forming the complex, reveals the causes of semantic and amount differences of particular word clusters that are formed by different lexical and semantic variants of the polysemantic word salt. The article reveals the factors that influence the development of lexical item creative potential: extra linguistic, language system and intra-word ones. T

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Kaveri, B. Gursal. "SELECTION OF HONEY WORDS FROM EXISTING USER PASSWORD." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY 5, no. 12 (2016): 553–59. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.203988.

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We propose a basic strategy for enhancing the security of hashed passwords: the upkeep of extra "nectar words" (false passwords) associated with each customer's record. An adversary who takes a record of hashed passwords and switches the hash work can't tell if he has found the pass word or a honeyword. The attempted use of a honeyword for login sets of an alert. A collaborator server the "honeycecker" can perceive the customer mystery word from nectar words for the login routine and will set of an alarm if a honeyword is submitted Passwords are famously frail confirmation instruments. Clients

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MAZNICHENKO, O. "Non-assimilated French lexemes in the vocabulary of Tunisian Arabic." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Oriental Languages and Literatures, no. 26 (2020): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-242x.2020.26.23-26.

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The analysis of the samples of French components of Tunisian Arabic showed cases of the absence of signs of formal adaptation in a number of foreign lexemes. The study of the phonetic-phonological aspect of the assimilation processes enabled us to point out basic tendencies of nonobservance of Tunisian Arabic phonological norms as well as to outline similarities and differences of the development of loanwords amid the Tunisian and Pan-Arabian language arena. The preservation of the original sound form by Gallicisms is highlighted in terms of the structural features of Tunisian Arabic (extended

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Zhang, Yuhan, Wenqi Chen, Ruihan Zhang, and Xiajie Zhang. "Representing affect information in word embeddings." Experiments in Linguistic Meaning 2 (January 27, 2023): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/elm.2.5391.

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A growing body of research in natural language processing (NLP) and natural language understanding (NLU) is investigating human-like knowledge learned or encoded in the word embeddings from large language models. This is a step towards understanding what knowledge language models capture that resembles human understanding of language and communication. Here, we investigated whether and how the affect meaning of a word (i.e., valence, arousal, dominance) is encoded in word embeddings pre-trained in large neural networks. We used the human-labeled dataset (Mohammad 2018) as the ground truth and

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Drienkó, László. "Largest-chunking and group formation: Two basic strategies for a cognitive model of linguistic processing." Linguistics Beyond and Within (LingBaW) 10 (December 31, 2024): 49–63. https://doi.org/10.31743/lingbaw.18008.

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The present study aims at shedding further light on how Agreement Groups (AG) processing (e.g. Drienkó 2020a) and Largest Chunk (LCh) segmentation (e.g. Drienkó 2018a) can be combined to model the emergence of language. The AG model is based on groups of similar utterances which enable combinatorial mapping of novel utterances. LCh segmentation is concerned with cognitive text segmentation, i.e. with detecting word boundaries in a sequence of linguistic symbols. Previous cross-linguistic research on French, English, and Hungarian texts (Drienkó 2020b) demonstrated that LCh segmentation is not

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Mandala, Intan Riany. "Slang in “If You Know What Happened in MCI”." RETORIKA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa 4, no. 2 (2018): 132–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/jr.4.2.741.132-137.

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Abstract—This study classifies the form and formation of slang as a kind of an extra-linguistic form. To achieve the objective, the theory of word formation (Ridwan, 2003) was used. Data were obtained from “If You Know What Happened in MCI” novel. Referential method was made use in analyzing the data. The results of data analysis show that slang language occurs not only at the word level, but also at phrase and clause level. The majority, however, occurs at the word level. Language types included in the slang construction are not bound to one language but of many kinds, such as Indonesian, Eng

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Shamova, Nadezhda A. "WORD FORMATION PATTERNS IN CONTEMPORARY ENGLISH CINEMA DISCOURSE TERMINOLOGY." Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, no. 4 (2019): 152–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/2410-7190_2019_5_4_152_162.

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This article explores the natural enlargement of English vocabulary of the subject field «cinematography», describes contemporary ways of word formation and their peculiarities in English cinema discourse. The following word formation patterns were viewed: affixation, composition, blending, shortening and derivational neologisms. Each pattern was illustrated by the examples from the corpus that comprises 1051528 words and from additional modern resources. The total amount of the analyzed material was 298 terms. A graphical representation of the results was given and a conclusion was drawn abou

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Лысенкова, В. Н. "INTRA- AND EXTRA-WORD NATURE OF THE COMPONENT OF THE PHRASEOLOGICAL UNIT." НАУЧНЫЙ ЖУРНАЛ СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКИЕ И МЕТОДИКО-ДИДАКТИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ, no. 4(52) (December 14, 2021): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.36622/vstu.2021.43.62.002.

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Постановка задачи. В статье приведен анализ взглядов исследователей на определение фразеологического потенциала отдельных лексических единиц с позиций словного и несловного подходов. Цель исследования - рассмотреть семантику компонентов фразеологических единиц на поверхностном и глубинном уровнях. Статья раскрывает содержание следующих понятий: компонент ФЕ, словный подход, внесловный подход. Результаты исследования. Чтобы стать компонентом ФЕ, лексеме необходимо пройти через определенные изменения: деактуализация, метафоризация, лексико-грамматическая трансформация. Эти преобразования проявля

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Howard, David. "Lexical Anomia: Or the Case of the Missing Lexical Entries." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 48, no. 4 (1995): 999–1023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14640749508401426.

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This paper reports the case of an aphasic patient, EE, with a problem in word retrieval. He is consistently unable to produce specific lexical items, which tend to be items of low rated familiarity. His retrieval of these words is not aided by the provision of phonemic cues or extra time for word retrieval. His errors consist primarily of failures to respond, and the provision of semantic information without any attempt at the target. It is argued that this pattern of performance is consistent with the loss of specific lexical items from a phonological lexicon for speech production. EE is show

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Dietze, Paul M., Stefanie J. Sharman, Martine B. Powell, and Donald M. Thomson. "Context Reinstatement Effects in Children's Cued Recall of Strongly and Weakly Associated Word Pairs." Australian Educational and Developmental Psychologist 28, no. 2 (2011): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/aedp.28.2.91.

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Typically, asking people to reinstate the context of events increases their recall of those events; however, research findings have been mixed with children. We tested whether the principle underlying context reinstatement applies to children as it does to adults. This underlying principle, encoding specificity, suggests that the greater the overlap between study context cues and retrieval context cues, the more information that people should recall. In the current experiment, four age groups (7-year-olds, 9-year-olds, 11-year-olds and adults) took part in an encoding specificity procedure. At

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Reyes Valdivia, Andrés, Africa Duque Santos, Francisco Alvarez Marcos, Asunción Romero Lozano, Julia Ocaña Guaita, and Claudio Gandarias Zúñiga. "A Word of Caution for Extra Large Self-expandable Nitinol Stents." Annals of Vascular Surgery 42 (July 2017): 305.e1–305.e5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2016.12.010.

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Ou, Shu-chen, and Zhe-chen Guo. "The effect of lengthening aspiration on speech segmentation." JASA Express Letters 2, no. 4 (2022): 045202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0010242.

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Listeners tend to perceive longer vowels as word-final and include the aspiration of a syllable-onset consonant in metalinguistically judging the duration of the following vowel. It may be hypothesized that longer aspiration is interpreted as extra vowel duration and hence, a word-finality cue. Alternatively, if aspiration is perceived as part of the onset, longer aspiration should be interpreted as word-initial, consistent with previous findings on consonant lengthening [White, Mattys, Stefansdottir, and Jones (2015). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 138(2), 1214–1220]. An artificial language learning exp

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Laksana, Naftalia, and Siegfrieda A. S. Mursita Putri. "An Error Types Analysis on YouTube Indonesian-English Auto-Translation in Kok Bisa? Channel." Journal of Language and Literature 18, no. 1 (2018): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/joll.v18i1.1058.

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This study investigates the error types that commonly occur in the translation produced by YouTube auto-translate. This research uses error classifications from Vilar et al. (2006). The data were fourteen videos from Kok Bisa? channel. The source text and target text from YouTube auto-translate were aligned and analyzed in terms of the error types. This was a mixed quantitative and qualitative study and a primary research. The result shows that the most frequent error types are wrong lexical choice, bad word form, missing auxiliary word, short range word level word order and extra word. The ot

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Weatherhead, Drew, Maria M. Arredondo, Loreto Nácar Garcia, and Janet F. Werker. "The Role of Audiovisual Speech in Fast-Mapping and Novel Word Retention in Monolingual and Bilingual 24-Month-Olds." Brain Sciences 11, no. 1 (2021): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11010114.

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Three experiments examined the role of audiovisual speech on 24-month-old monolingual and bilinguals’ performance in a fast-mapping task. In all three experiments, toddlers were exposed to familiar trials which tested their knowledge of known word–referent pairs, disambiguation trials in which novel word–referent pairs were indirectly learned, and retention trials which probed their recognition of the newly-learned word–referent pairs. In Experiment 1 (n = 48), lip movements were present during familiar and disambiguation trials, but not retention trials. In Experiment 2 (n = 48), lip movement

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Abrar, Muh, Asriani Abdullah та Usman Syafrudin. "دراسة القواعد النحوية عن وظائف قضية الواو في سورة يس". Thariqah Ilmiah: Jurnal ilmu-ilmu kependidikan & Bahasa Arab 12, № 1 (2024): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.24952/thariqahilmiah.v12i1.10925.

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Waw is the 27th letter of the alphabet. It is public and more like the middle letters. Its exits from the statement of the first tongue and the middle of the upper palate, its origin and Yo, are likely to be replaced by J. And be in the original words as the word was promised, and extra as in the word Mansour, and instead as in the word is authorized. Types of waws include: waw oath, waw (lord), waw (with), waw that focuses the present tense, waw emotion, waw appeals, waw alwaw, waw o8, waw male pronoun or waw group, wow by the raised sign, waw male pronoun or F group. By this message, it is e

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Musaeva, Anastasiya S. "Term formation in the field of artificial intelligence." Verhnevolzhski Philological Bulletin 2, no. 29 (2022): 166–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.20323/2499-9679-2022-2-29-166-173.

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The author analyzes the formation of terms in the field of artificial intelligence. The article considers the way of creat-ing specialist vocabulary – attraction. Attraction is the borrowing of terms and phrases from literary language into pro-fessional terminology. To date, the terminological field of artificial intelligence consists of 452 terms. All terms are in-cluded in the paragraphs «Terms and Definitions» of the Russian State Standards on Artificial Intelligence. Out of 452 terms, 238 are attracted terms (53%). These are words and word combinations. In this article the author analyzes

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U.I, Gopika Nair. "Literature on ‘Literary Mode’: Tracing Generic Markers in Oedipus Rex, Othello and Duchess of Malfi." International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences 7, no. 3 (2022): 079–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijels.73.12.

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“Literature is a matter of intentionality; the mode of appropriation by our consciousness. A text has only literary potential, which must be activated by the reader for literature to happen” (Barthes). In his essay, From Work to Text, Barthes argues that the relation between the writer, reader and observer is changed by movement from work to text. A work assumes the quality of text on performing the event of reading. Extra conceptual resources of language is the primary feature on the basis of which a literary work can be identified. Literature works on the basic principle of extra conceptuali

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U.I, Gopika Nair. "Literature on ‘Literary Mode’: Tracing Generic Markers in Oedipus Rex, Othello and Duchess of Malfi." International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences 7, no. 3 (2022): 079–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijels.73.12.

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“Literature is a matter of intentionality; the mode of appropriation by our consciousness. A text has only literary potential, which must be activated by the reader for literature to happen” (Barthes). In his essay, From Work to Text, Barthes argues that the relation between the writer, reader and observer is changed by movement from work to text. A work assumes the quality of text on performing the event of reading. Extra conceptual resources of language is the primary feature on the basis of which a literary work can be identified. Literature works on the basic principle of extra conceptuali

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Tompo, Hengki, and Michael Hari Sasongko. "Musical and Extra-Musical Texts in Christian Worship (Based on Marco Demarinis' Semantic Theory)." Jurnal Apokalupsis 15, no. 1 (2024): 122–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.52849/apokalupsis.v15i1.126.

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Fundamentally, music as a performance exhibits two characteristics: musical and extra-musical. These two elements are interconnected, complementary, and inseparable. Musical elements cannot be fully understood without considering the surrounding aspects, which lie outside the music itself. This dual nature also applies to church music. However, music used in and for worship is also a performance. This research examines the presence of these two characteristics in musical performances during Christian worship. Through Marco DeMarinis' semiotic theory, these two characteristics are manifested in

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Popović, Maja, and Hermann Ney. "Towards Automatic Error Analysis of Machine Translation Output." Computational Linguistics 37, no. 4 (2011): 657–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00072.

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Evaluation and error analysis of machine translation output are important but difficult tasks. In this article, we propose a framework for automatic error analysis and classification based on the identification of actual erroneous words using the algorithms for computation of Word Error Rate (WER) and Position-independent word Error Rate (PER), which is just a very first step towards development of automatic evaluation measures that provide more specific information of certain translation problems. The proposed approach enables the use of various types of linguistic knowledge in order to class

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Aribowo, Agus Sasmito, Halizah Basiron, Noor Fazilla Abd Yusof, and Siti Khomsah. "Cross-domain sentiment analysis model on Indonesian YouTube comment." International Journal of Advances in Intelligent Informatics 7, no. 1 (2021): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.26555/ijain.v7i1.554.

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A cross-domain sentiment analysis (CDSA) study in the Indonesian language and tree-based ensemble machine learning is quite interesting. CDSA is useful to support the labeling process of cross-domain sentiment and reduce any dependence on the experts; however, the mechanism in the opinion unstructured by stop word, language expressions, and Indonesian slang words is unidentified yet. This study aimed to obtain the best model of CDSA for the opinion in Indonesia language that commonly is full of stop words and slang words in the Indonesian dialect. This study was purposely to observe the benefi

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Yang, Luhui, Jiangtao Zhai, Weiwei Liu, et al. "Detecting Word-Based Algorithmically Generated Domains Using Semantic Analysis." Symmetry 11, no. 2 (2019): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11020176.

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In highly sophisticated network attacks, command-and-control (C&C) servers always use domain generation algorithms (DGAs) to dynamically produce several candidate domains instead of static hard-coded lists of IP addresses or domain names. Distinguishing the domains generated by DGAs from the legitimate ones is critical for finding out the existence of malware or further locating the hidden attackers. The word-based DGAs disclosed in recent network attack events have shown significantly stronger stealthiness when compared with traditional character-based DGAs. In word-based DGAs, two or mor

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Van Overschelde, James P., and Alice F. Healy. "A Blank Look in Reading." Experimental Psychology 52, no. 3 (2005): 213–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.52.3.213.

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Abstract. Two experiments investigated the effect of visual blank space on reading by varying the amount of interletter and interline blank space in prose passages. Increasing interletter blank spacing slowed the reading process overall, presumably because it disrupted the unitization of words and word identification, but it also improved the identification of the letters within words. By contrast, increasing interline blank spacing sped up the reading process overall, while also improving the identification of words and the letters within words, presumably because the extra spacing reduced th

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