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Journal articles on the topic 'Gastrulation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Hue, Isabelle. "Determinant molecular markers for peri-gastrulating bovine embryo development." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 28, no. 2 (2016): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd15355.

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Peri-gastrulation defines the time frame between blastocyst formation and implantation that also corresponds in cattle to elongation, pregnancy recognition and uterine secretion. Optimally, this developmental window prepares the conceptus for implantation, placenta formation and fetal development. However, this is a highly sensitive period, as evidenced by the incidence of embryo loss or early post-implantation mortality after AI, embryo transfer or somatic cell nuclear transfer. Elongation markers have often been used within this time frame to assess developmental defects or delays, originati

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2

Kanatsu, M., and S. I. Nishikawa. "In vitro analysis of epiblast tissue potency for hematopoietic cell differentiation." Development 122, no. 3 (1996): 823–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.122.3.823.

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In murine embryogenesis, all cells that will constitute the embryonic structures originate from the epiblast (primitive ectoderm) tissue, the epithelial cell sheet of the gastrulating embryo. The cells of this tissue are totipotent at the beginning of gastrulation, but at the end of this period are specified to particular cell lineages. Thus, it is likely that during murine gastrulation, the potency of epiblast cells that were originally totipotent becomes restricted as development progresses. However, the mechanisms of this process are unknown. We have investigated this process in vitro, focu

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3

McClay, David R. "Gastrulation." Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 1, no. 2 (1991): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0959-437x(05)80069-3.

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4

Kim, S. H., A. Yamamoto, T. Bouwmeester, E. Agius, and E. M. Robertis. "The role of paraxial protocadherin in selective adhesion and cell movements of the mesoderm during Xenopus gastrulation." Development 125, no. 23 (1998): 4681–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.125.23.4681.

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Paraxial Protocadherin (PAPC) encodes a transmembrane protein expressed initially in Spemann's organizer and then in paraxial mesoderm. Together with another member of the protocadherin family, Axial Protocadherin (AXPC), it subdivides gastrulating mesoderm into paraxial and axial domains. PAPC has potent homotypic cell adhesion activity in cell dissociation and reaggregation assays. Gain- and loss-of-function microinjection studies indicate that PAPC plays an important role in the convergence and extension movements that drive Xenopus gastrulation. Thus, PAPC is not only an adhesion molecule

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5

Andries, L., C. Vanroelen, J. Van Hoof, and L. Vakaet. "Inhibition of cell spreading on the band of extracellular fibres in early chick and quail embryos." Journal of Cell Science 74, no. 1 (1985): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.74.1.37.

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The ventral surface of the upper layer shows a band of extracellular fibrils around the anterior and lateral border of the area pellucida during gastrulation of the chick embryo. Using scanning electron microscopy, we found that this disposition is correlated with the motility of the middle-layer cells of gastrulating chick and quail embryos. Outside the fibrous band, single middle-layer cells and a sheet of mesoblast cells were spread out and possessed lamellae. Single cells on the fibrous band did not form lamellae. The same cell behaviour was obtained with the explants of deep layer on the

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6

Solnica-Krezel, L. "Unfolding gastrulation." Development 131, no. 23 (2004): 5767–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.01518.

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7

Stern, Claudio D. "Vertebrate gastrulation." Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 2, no. 4 (1992): 556–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0959-437x(05)80171-6.

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8

Leptin, Maria. "Introduction: Gastrulation." Seminars in Developmental Biology 5, no. 2 (1994): 67–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/sedb.1994.1009.

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9

Huang, Xiao, Liyue Zhang, Shanshan Yang, Yongpu Zhang, Mingjiang Wu, and Peichao Chen. "Hes5.9 Coordinate FGF and Notch Signaling to Modulate Gastrulation via Regulating Cell Fate Specification and Cell Migration in Xenopus tropicalis." Genes 11, no. 11 (2020): 1363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11111363.

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Gastrulation drives the establishment of three germ layers and embryonic axes during frog embryonic development. Mesodermal cell fate specification and morphogenetic movements are vital factors coordinating gastrulation, which are regulated by numerous signaling pathways, such as the Wnt (Wingless/Integrated), Notch, and FGF (Fibroblast growth factor) pathways. However, the coordination of the Notch and FGF signaling pathways during gastrulation remains unclear. We identified a novel helix–loop–helix DNA binding domain gene (Hes5.9), which was regulated by the FGF and Notch signaling pathways

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10

Smith, J. C., and J. E. Howard. "Mesoderm-inducing factors and the control of gastrulation." Development 116, Supplement (1992): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.116.supplement.127.

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One of the reasons that we know so little about the control of vertebrate gastrulation is that there are very few systems available in which the process can be studied in vitro. In this paper, we suggest that one suitable system might be provided by the use of mesoderm-inducing factors. In amphibian embryos such as Xenopus laevis, gastrulation is driven by cells of the mesoderm, and the mesoderm itself arises through an inductive interaction in which cells of the vegetal hemisphere of the embryo emit a signal which acts on overlying equatorial cells. Several factors have recently been discover

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11

ZHANG, Ting, and Xian-Ming MO. "Zebrafishcellmovements during gastrulation." Hereditas (Beijing) 35, no. 4 (2013): 441–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1005.2013.00441.

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12

Mukhopadhyay, Madhura. "Resolving human gastrulation." Nature Methods 19, no. 1 (2022): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41592-021-01384-0.

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13

Purnell, Beverly A. "Atlas of gastrulation." Science 368, no. 6493 (2020): 841.7–842. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.368.6493.841-g.

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14

Reuter, Rolf, and José Casal. "Gastrulation in Drosophila." Seminars in Developmental Biology 5, no. 2 (1994): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/sedb.1994.1015.

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15

De Robertis, E. M., A. Fainsod, L. K. Gont, and H. Steinbeisser. "The evolution of vertebrate gastrulation." Development 1994, Supplement (1994): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.1994.supplement.117.

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The availability of molecular markers now permits the analysis of the common elements of vertebrate gastrulation. While gastrulation appears to be very diverse in the vertebrates, by analyzing a head-organizer marker, goosecoid, and a marker common to all forming mesoderm, Brachyury, we attempt to identify homologous structures and equivalent stages in Xenopus, zebrafish, chick and mouse gastrulation. Using a tail-organizer marker, Xnot-2, we also discuss how the late stages of gastrulation lead to the formation of the postanal tail, a structure characteristic of the chordates.

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16

Smith, J. C., Frank L. Conlon, Yasushi Saka, and Masazumi Tada. "Xwnt11 and the regulation of gastrulation in Xenopus." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 355, no. 1399 (2000): 923–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2000.0627.

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The molecular basis of gastrulation is poorly understood. In this paper we address this problem by taking advantage of the observation that the transcription activator Brachyury is essential for gastrulation movements in Xenopus and mouse embryos. We infer from this observation that amongst the target genes of Brachyury are some that are involved in the regulation of gastrulation. In the course of a screen for Brachyury targets we identified Xwnt11 . Use of a dominant-negative Xwnt11 construct confirms that signalling by this class of Wnts is essential for normal gastrulation movements, and fu

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17

Abas, Razif, Siti Saleha Masrudin, Ahmad Mukifza Harun, and Noorkardiffa Syawalina Omar. "Gastrulation and Body Axes Formation: A Molecular Concept and Its Clinical Correlates." Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences 29, no. 6 (2022): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/mjms2022.29.6.2.

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During the third week of human pregnancy, an embryo transforms from two germinal disc layers of hypoblast and epiblast to three germinal layers of endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm. Gastrulation is a complex process that includes cellular mobility, morphogenesis and cell signalling, as well as chemical morphogenic gradients, transcription factors and differential gene expression. During gastrulation, many signalling channels coordinate individual cell actions in precise time and location. These channels control cell proliferation, shape, fate and migration to the correct sites. Subsequently, the

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18

Jeffery, William R. "A gastrulation center in the ascidian egg." Development 116, Supplement (1992): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.116.supplement.53.

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A gastrulation center is described in ascidian eggs. Extensive cytoplasmic rearrangements occur in ascidian eggs between fertilization and first cleavage. During ooplasmic segregation, a specific cytoskeletal domain (the myoplasm) is translocated first to the vegetal pole (VP) and then to the posterior region of the zygote. A few hours later, gastrulation is initiated by invagination of endoderm cells in the VP region of the 110-cell embryo. After the completion of gastrulation, the embryonic axis is formed, which includes induction of the nervous system, morphogenesis of the larval tail and d

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19

Knezevic, V., R. De Santo, and S. Mackem. "Continuing organizer function during chick tail development." Development 125, no. 10 (1998): 1791–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.125.10.1791.

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Development of the posterior body (lumbosacral region and tail) in vertebrates is delayed relative to gastrulation. In amniotes, it proceeds with the replacement of the regressed node and primitive streak by a caudal blastema-like mass of mesenchyme known as the tail bud. Despite apparent morphological dissimilarities, recent results suggest that tail development in amniotes is in essence a continuation of gastrulation, as is the case in Xenopus. However, this has been inferred primarily from the outcome of fate mapping studies demonstrating discrete, regionalized cell populations in the tail

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20

Barlow, Linda A. "Specification of pharyngeal endoderm is dependent on early signals from axial mesoderm." Development 128, no. 22 (2001): 4573–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.128.22.4573.

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The development of taste buds is an autonomous property of the pharyngeal endoderm, and this inherent capacity is acquired by the time gastrulation is complete. These results are surprising, given the general view that taste bud development is nerve dependent, and occurs at the end of embryogenesis. The pharyngeal endoderm sits at the dorsal lip of the blastopore at the onset of gastrulation, and because this taste bud-bearing endoderm is specified to make taste buds by the end of gastrulation, signals that this tissue encounters during gastrulation might be responsible for its specification.

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21

Epstein, M., G. Pillemer, R. Yelin, J. K. Yisraeli, and A. Fainsod. "Patterning of the embryo along the anterior-posterior axis: the role of the caudal genes." Development 124, no. 19 (1997): 3805–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.124.19.3805.

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Patterning along the anterior-posterior axis takes place during gastrulation and early neurulation. Homeobox genes like Otx-2 and members of the Hox family have been implicated in this process. The caudal genes in Drosophila and C. elegans have been shown to determine posterior fates. In vertebrates, the caudal genes begin their expression during gastrulation and they take up a posterior position. By injecting sense and antisense RNA of the Xenopus caudal gene Xcad-2, we have studied a number of regulatory interactions among homeobox genes along the anterior-posterior axis. Initially, the Xcad

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22

Yoon, Jaeho, Vijay Kumar, Ravi Shankar Goutam, et al. "Bmp Signal Gradient Modulates Convergent Cell Movement via Xarhgef3.2 during Gastrulation of Xenopus Embryos." Cells 11, no. 1 (2021): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11010044.

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Gastrulation is a critical step in the establishment of a basic body plan during development. Convergence and extension (CE) cell movements organize germ layers during gastrulation. Noncanonical Wnt signaling has been known as major signaling that regulates CE cell movement by activating Rho and Rac. In addition, Bmp molecules are expressed in the ventral side of a developing embryo, and the ventral mesoderm region undergoes minimal CE cell movement while the dorsal mesoderm undergoes dynamic cell movements. This suggests that Bmp signal gradient may affect CE cell movement. To investigate whe

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23

Farkas, Karin, and Elisabetta Ferretti. "Derivation of Human Extraembryonic Mesoderm-like Cells from Primitive Endoderm." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 14 (2023): 11366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241411366.

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In vitro modeling of human peri-gastrulation development is a valuable tool for understanding embryogenetic mechanisms. The extraembryonic mesoderm (ExM) is crucial in supporting embryonic development by forming tissues such as the yolk sac, allantois, and chorionic villi. However, the origin of human ExM remains only partially understood. While evidence suggests a primitive endoderm (PrE) origin based on morphological findings, current in vitro models use epiblast-like cells. To address this gap, we developed a protocol to generate ExM-like cells from PrE-like cell line called naïve extraembr

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24

Aybar, Manuel J., Analía Fuentes, and Sara S. Sánchez. "Inhibition of the synthesis of glycosphingolipid by a ceramide analogue (PPMP) in the gastrulation of Bufo arenarum." Zygote 8, no. 2 (2000): 159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199400000940.

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In the present study the role of glycosphingolipids (GSL) in amphibian development was investigated. We analysed the de novo synthesis of neutral GSL and gangliosides through the initial stages of Bufo arenarum embryo development and their participation during gastrulation using 1-phenyl-2-palmitoyl-3-morpholino-1-propanol (PPMP), a potent inhibitor of glucosylceramide synthase. Ganglioside synthesis began at the blastula stage and reached a maximum during gastrulation (stages 10-12) while neutral GSL synthesis showed a slight gradual increase, the former being quantitatively more significant

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25

Ohta, Sho, Gary C. Schoenwolf, and Gen Yamada. "The cessation of gastrulation." Cell Adhesion & Migration 4, no. 3 (2010): 440–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/cam.4.3.12000.

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26

Denis, H. "L'origine de la gastrulation." médecine/sciences 13, no. 12 (1997): 1503. http://dx.doi.org/10.4267/10608/591.

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27

Nawy, Tal. "Three tissues to gastrulation." Nature Methods 15, no. 9 (2018): 652. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41592-018-0128-6.

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28

Finkielsztein, Ariel, Qi Z. Sun, Chris Hillis, and Gregory M. Kelly. "PTEN in zebrafish gastrulation." Developmental Biology 295, no. 1 (2006): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.04.354.

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29

Keller, Ray. "Cell migration during gastrulation." Current Opinion in Cell Biology 17, no. 5 (2005): 533–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceb.2005.08.006.

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30

Chisholm, Andrew D. "Gastrulation: Wnts Signal Constriction." Current Biology 16, no. 20 (2006): R874—R876. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2006.09.028.

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31

Montero, Juan-Antonio, and Carl-Philipp Heisenberg. "Adhesive Crosstalk in Gastrulation." Developmental Cell 5, no. 2 (2003): 190–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1534-5807(03)00235-1.

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32

Sheng, Guojun. "Epiblast morphogenesis before gastrulation." Developmental Biology 401, no. 1 (2015): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.10.003.

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33

Bard, Jonathan. "Epithelial rearrangement andDrosophila gastrulation." BioEssays 13, no. 8 (1991): 409–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bies.950130808.

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34

Gu, Z., E. M. Reynolds, J. Song, et al. "The type I serine/threonine kinase receptor ActRIA (ALK2) is required for gastrulation of the mouse embryo." Development 126, no. 11 (1999): 2551–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.126.11.2551.

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ActRIA (or ALK2), one of the type I receptors of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily, can bind both activin and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) in conjunction with the activin and BMP type II receptors, respectively. In mice, ActRIA is expressed primarily in the extraembryonic visceral endoderm before gastrulation and later in both embryonic and extraembryonic cells during gastrulation. To elucidate its function in mouse development, we disrupted the transmembrane domain of ActRIA by gene targeting. We showed that embryos homozygous for the mutation were arrested at t

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35

Goldstein, Bob, and Jeremy Nance. "Caenorhabditis elegans Gastrulation: A Model for Understanding How Cells Polarize, Change Shape, and Journey Toward the Center of an Embryo." Genetics 214, no. 2 (2020): 265–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.119.300240.

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Gastrulation is fundamental to the development of multicellular animals. Along with neurulation, gastrulation is one of the major processes of morphogenesis in which cells or whole tissues move from the surface of an embryo to its interior. Cell internalization mechanisms that have been discovered to date in Caenorhabditis elegans gastrulation bear some similarity to internalization mechanisms of other systems including Drosophila, Xenopus, and mouse, suggesting that ancient and conserved mechanisms internalize cells in diverse organisms. C. elegans gastrulation occurs at an early stage, begin

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36

Buono, Lorena, Giovanni Annona, Marta Silvia Magri, et al. "Conservation of cis-Regulatory Syntax Underlying Deuterostome Gastrulation." Cells 13, no. 13 (2024): 1121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells13131121.

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Throughout embryonic development, the shaping of the functional and morphological characteristics of embryos is orchestrated by an intricate interaction between transcription factors and cis-regulatory elements. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of deuterostome cis-regulatory landscapes during gastrulation, focusing on four paradigmatic species: the echinoderm Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, the cephalochordate Branchiostoma lanceolatum, the urochordate Ciona intestinalis, and the vertebrate Danio rerio. Our approach involved comparative computational analysis of ATAC-seq dat

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37

Meuler, Debbie Crise, and GEORGE M. Malacinski. "An analysis of protein synthesis patterns during early embryogenesis of the urodele - Ambystoma mexicanum." Development 89, no. 1 (1985): 71–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.89.1.71.

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Changes in protein synthesis during early Ambystoma mexicanum (axolotl) embryogenesis were monitored using two-dimensional (2-D) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. No change in synthesis patterns during progesterone-induced oocyte maturation was detected. In oocytes matured in vivo (unfertilized eggs), however, the synthesis of several oogenetic proteins ceased, only to be resumed later in development. At fertilization, one novel non-oogenetic protein was found. A cleavage-specific protein was also detected. Dramatic changes in protein synthesis patterns were detected at gastrulation in axolo

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Liu, Xiaolin, Sizhou Huang, Jun Ma, Chun Li, Yaoguang Zhang та Lingfei Luo. "NF-κB and Snail1a coordinate the cell cycle with gastrulation". Journal of Cell Biology 184, № 6 (2009): 805–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200806074.

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The cell cycle needs to strictly coordinate with developmental processes to ensure correct generation of the body plan and different tissues. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the coordination remains largely unknown. In this study, we investigate how the cell cycle coordinates gastrulation cell movements in zebrafish. We present a system to modulate the cell cycle in early zebrafish embryos by manipulating the geminin-Cdt1 balance. Alterations of the cell cycle change the apoptotic level during gastrulation, which correlates with the nuclear level of antiapoptotic nuclear factor κB

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39

Sanders, E. J. "Embryonic cell invasiveness: an in vitro study of chick gastrulation." Journal of Cell Science 98, no. 3 (1991): 403–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.98.3.403.

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An investigation has been made into some of the possible mechanisms underlying the invasionary activity of gastrulating cells at the primitive streak of the early chick embryo. At gastrulation, epithelial cells in the upper epiblast layer of the embryo undergo a transformation into fibroblastic mesenchyme cells by passage through the primitive streak and penetration of a basement membrane. The resulting cells constitute the first embryonic mesoderm, which then invades the underlying tissue space. This phenomenon has been studied in vitro using the invasion of Matrigel, a reconstituted basement

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40

Riou, J. F., T. Darribere, and J. C. Boucaut. "Cell surface glycoproteins change during gastrulation in Pleurodeles waltlii." Journal of Cell Science 82, no. 1 (1986): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.82.1.23.

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Identification of the cell surface glycoproteins is an essential requirement for elucidating the mechanisms that mediate intercellular adhesion and cell migration in gastrulating amphibian embryos. In our experiments the glycoproteins present at the surface of isolated cells at blastula and gastrula stages were labelled with 3H-labelled sodium borohydride. The procedure included the oxidation of either galactosyl and, or, N-acetylgalactosaminyl residues with galactose oxidase or sialic acid with sodium metaperiodate. The tritiated components were analysed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis

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Hertzler, P. L., and W. H. Clark. "Cleavage and gastrulation in the shrimp Sicyonia ingentis: invagination is accompanied by oriented cell division." Development 116, no. 1 (1992): 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.116.1.127.

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Embryos of the penaeoidean shrimp Sicyonia ingentis were examined at intervals during cleavage and gastrulation using antibodies to beta-tubulin and DNA and laser scanning confocal microscopy. Cleavage occurred in a regular pattern within four domains corresponding to the 4-cell-stage blastomeres and resulted in two interlocking bands of cells, each with similar spindle orientations, around a central blastocoel. Right-left asymmetry was evident at the 32-cell-stage, and mirror-image embryos occurred in a 50:50 ratio. Gastrulation was initiated by invagination into the blastocoel at the 62-cell

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42

Frumkin, A., R. Haffner, E. Shapira, N. Tarcic, Y. Gruenbaum, and A. Fainsod. "The chicken CdxA homeobox gene and axial positioning during gastrulation." Development 118, no. 2 (1993): 553–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.118.2.553.

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The chicken homebox containing gene, CdxA (formerly CHox-cad), was previously shown to be expressed during gastrulation. Localization of CdxA transcripts by in situ hybridization to tissue sections revealed that, during gastrulation, expression of this gene exhibits a posterior localization along the primitive streak. The transcripts are localized to epiblast cells in the vicinity of the primitive streak, to cells of the primitive streak itself and in the definitive endoderm as it replaces the hypoblast. In order to study in greater detail the pattern of expression of the CdxA gene during gast

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Fischer, Bernd, Pascale Chavatte-Palmer, Christoph Viebahn, Anne Navarrete Santos, and Veronique Duranthon. "Rabbit as a reproductive model for human health." REPRODUCTION 144, no. 1 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-12-0091.

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The renaissance of the laboratory rabbit as a reproductive model for human health is closely related to the growing evidence of periconceptional metabolic programming and its determining effects on offspring and adult health. Advantages of rabbit reproduction are the exact timing of fertilization and pregnancy stages, high cell numbers and yield in blastocysts, relatively late implantation at a time when gastrulation is already proceeding, detailed morphologic and molecular knowledge on gastrulation stages, and a hemochorial placenta structured similarly to the human placenta. To understand, f

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44

Jones, C. M., M. R. Kuehn, B. L. Hogan, J. C. Smith, and C. V. Wright. "Nodal-related signals induce axial mesoderm and dorsalize mesoderm during gastrulation." Development 121, no. 11 (1995): 3651–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.121.11.3651.

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Mouse embryos homozygous for a null mutation in nodal arrest development at early gastrulation and contain little or no embryonic mesoderm. Here, two Xenopus nodal-related genes (Xnr-1 and Xnr-2) are identified and shown to be expressed transiently during embryogenesis, first within the vegetal region of late blastulae and later in the marginal zone during gastrulation, with enrichment in the dorsal lip. Xnrs and mouse nodal function as dose-dependent dorsoanterior and ventral mesoderm inducers in whole embryos and explanted animal caps. Using a plasmid vector to produce Xnr proteins during ga

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45

Ridyard, M. S., and E. J. Sanders. "Cellular phenotypic transformation during early embryogenesis: a role for focal adhesion kinase?" Biochemistry and Cell Biology 76, no. 1 (1998): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o98-004.

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We have used the gastrulating chick embryo as a model for studying the potential role of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in phenotypic transformation. In the gastrulating embryo, there is a well-defined epithelial to mesenchymal transformation as the upper epithelial epiblast layer of cells ingresses at the primitive streak to form the invasive mesenchymal mesoderm layer and the epithelioid endoderm layer. Immunolocalization showed that FAK was expressed primarily in the apical cytoplasm of the epiblast layer, together with some regions of the mesoderm and endoderm. Hensen's node and the primitive

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46

FUKUI, Akimasa. "Chemokine Signaling in Amphibian Gastrulation." Seibutsu Butsuri 48, no. 1 (2008): 023–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2142/biophys.48.023.

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47

Castanon-Ortega, Irinka, and Carl-Philipp Heisenberg. "A stern view of gastrulation." Nature Cell Biology 7, no. 1 (2005): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncb0105-19.

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Thomas, Mary Beth, Nancy C. Edwards, and Thomas A. Norris. "Gastrulation inHalocordyle disticha(Hydrozoa, Athecata)." International Journal of Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 12, no. 1 (1987): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01688170.1987.10510305.

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Schwarz, Clayton, and Anna-Katerina Hadjantonakis. "Cells under Tension Drive Gastrulation." Developmental Cell 55, no. 6 (2020): 669–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2020.11.023.

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Putzke, Aaron P., and Joel H. Rothman. "Gastrulation: PARtaking of the Bottle." Current Biology 13, no. 6 (2003): R223—R225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-9822(03)00155-6.

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