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Journal articles on the topic 'Material Characterization'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Ndukwe, Francis, and A. Ekpunobi. "Processing and Characterization of Limestone Nanoparticles." American Journal of Physical Sciences 1, no. 1 (2023): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/ajps.1770.

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The effective application usage of solid materials of cannot be granted if the fundamental properties of the material are unknown. Material characterization is one of ways science due apply to determine the fundamental properties of any material. The characterizations of materials in the various discipline of science are of different methods. This research work, processing and characterization of limestone nanoparticles as concern the field of material science was experimentally studied on three major categories: The micro structure using an optical microscope, in which the micro-structure ima

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Bouix, Remy, Philippe Viot, and Jean-Luc Lataillade. "OS13-2-3 Cellular material behavior characterization." Abstracts of ATEM : International Conference on Advanced Technology in Experimental Mechanics : Asian Conference on Experimental Mechanics 2007.6 (2007): _OS13–2–3——_OS13–2–3—. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeatem.2007.6._os13-2-3-.

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3

Kusuma Putri, Nabilla Alifiany, and Deli Nirmala. "Identifying the Characters of Lion and Fox in the Aesop’s Fables using Transitivity System." Culturalistics: Journal of Cultural, Literary, and Linguistic Studies 5, no. 2 (2021): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/culturalistics.v5i2.12479.

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This research investigates the Aesop Fables characters, the Lion and Fox, characterization analysis using transitivity system. This research aims to identify the characterization of Lion and Fox based on transitivity system using types of processes. This research using descriptive qualitative methods to describe the prominent clause that represents the Lion and Fox characterization. The non-participant observation methods were used to collect data and referential identity methods to analyze the data. The results show that material and verbal processes are discovered as the prominent process to

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4

Chen, Yukai, Xin Yang, Mingzhi Yang, Yanfei Wei, and Haobin Zheng. "Characterization of Giant Magnetostrictive Materials Using Three Complex Material Parameters by Particle Swarm Optimization." Micromachines 12, no. 11 (2021): 1416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12111416.

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Complex material parameters that can represent the losses of giant magnetostrictive materials (GMMs) are the key parameters for high-power transducer design and performance analysis. Since the GMMs work under pre-stress conditions and their performance is highly sensitive to pre-stress, the complex parameters of a GMM are preferably characterized in a specific pre-stress condition. In this study, an optimized characterization method for GMMs is proposed using three complex material parameters. Firstly, a lumped parameter model is improved for a longitudinal transducer by incorporating three ma

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5

Hiramatsu, Nobuyasu, Seiji Taki, and Kazumi Matsushige. "Material Characterization of Polymeric Materials by Ultrasonic Spectroscopy." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 27, S1 (1988): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/jjaps.27s1.26.

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6

Abe, Toshihiko, Shinichi Sumi, Hitoshi Hashimoto, and Takashi Kuriyama. "Material Characterization by Ultrasonic Imaging." Materia Japan 35, no. 7 (1996): 804–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/materia.35.804.

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7

Dionne, Martin, Amir Mirchi, and Gilles L’Espérance. "Microscopic characterization of a TiB2-Carbon material composite: Raw materials and composite characterization." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 32, no. 10 (2001): 2649–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-001-0055-4.

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8

Puri, Nidhi, Raj K. Gupta, Akhyaya K. Pattanaik, Ram P. Tandon, M. V. G. Padmavati, and Ajit K. Mahapatro. "Materials Characterization of Cobalt Antimonide Nanostructures as Thermoelectric Material." Integrated Ferroelectrics 205, no. 1 (2020): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10584587.2019.1674999.

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9

Lindskog, Per, Daniel C. Andersson, and Per-Lennart Larsson. "An Experimental Device for Material Characterization of Powder Materials." Journal of Testing and Evaluation 41, no. 3 (2013): 20120107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jte20120107.

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10

Andersson, Daniel C., Per Lindskog, and Per-Lennart Larsson. "Inverse Modeling Applied for Material Characterization of Powder Materials." Journal of Testing and Evaluation 43, no. 5 (2014): 20130266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jte20130266.

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11

Shi, J., C. Wang, V. Surendranath, K. Kang, and J. T. Gleeson. "Material characterization for electroconvection." Liquid Crystals 29, no. 6 (2002): 877–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02678290210143942.

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12

Wijaya, Karna. "MULTIFUNCTION OF LAYERED AND POROUS MATERIALS." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 2, no. 3 (2010): 142–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21909.

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In this review, two sort of materials i.e layered and porous materias which were studied by the author and coworkers intensively and extensively will be described. These materials generally can be classified into two groups, namely layered organic and inorganic materials and porous organic and inorganic materials. To the materials which classified in the first group, it will be discussed the syntheses, characterization and application of layered organic materials of imidazolium-dimesylamidate and of layered inorganic materials of montmorillonite. For the second group, as examples we will analo

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13

Lau, Hang Kuen. "Battery Materials Characterization Workflow for Effective Battery Electrode Manufacturing Processes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 6 (2022): 590. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-026590mtgabs.

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A lithium-ion battery’s performance characteristics demand the highest performing materials in the anode, cathode, electrolyte, and separator. Materials characterization is an essential set of analytical techniques for ensuring optimal battery performance during the stages of material selection, development, and manufacturing. Key material characterization technologies for ensuring that batteries achieve their performance characteristics include thermal analysis, rheology, mechanical analysis and isothermal microcalorimetry. Thermal analysis provides insights into material thermal stability an

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14

Corpas, F. A., F. J. Iglesias, S. Codina, J. M. Ruiz Román, J. M. Ruiz Prieto, and C. Alonso. "Caracterización del material compuesto mármol-poliéster." Materiales de Construcción 52, no. 268 (2002): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/mc.2002.v52.i268.318.

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15

Matikas, Theodore E., and Robert L. Crane. "Ultrasonic Nondestructive Techniques for Materials Characterization." MRS Bulletin 21, no. 10 (1996): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400031596.

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Characterization of materials properties is critical for the understanding of materials behavior and performance under operating conditions. Tailoring materials properties, which are functions of the materials states, is essential for advanced product design. The need to characterize materials for a myriad of applications has spurred the development of many new methods and instruments. Unfortunately many of these characterization tools require destructive sectioning. Also many characterization techniques do not provide key information about material parameters in their operating environments.

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16

Ke, Gang. "Preparation and Characterization of Carbon Nanotubes/Hydroxyethyl Cellulose Hybrid Material." International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications 8, no. 2 (2017): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijcea.2017.8.2.644.

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17

Listiyani, Tiya, Deni Wardana, and Widjojoko Widjojoko. "Analisis Penokohan Pada Novel Edensor Karya Andrea Hirata Sebagai Alternatif Bahan Pembelajaran Unsur Penokohan." Didaktika 1, no. 4 (2021): 685–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/didaktika.v1i4.38068.

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Learning materials in the learning process are very important. Learning materials commonly used in the material of the elements of characterization, especially grade IV elementary school using learning materials obtained from teacher and student books and the internet. This characterization is contained in indonesian material class IV Elementary School, theme 4 sub-theme 1 and 2, In the material there is an element of characterization in the form of character protagonist and antagonist as well as main and additional characters. To add insight into the elements of teacher characterization can u

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18

Ruby, S., D. Rani Rosaline, S. S. R. Inbanathan, et al. "Sunlight-Driven Photocatalytic Degradation of Methyl Orange Based on Bismuth Ferrite (BiFeO3) Heterostructures Composed of Interconnected Nanosheets." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 20, no. 3 (2020): 1851–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.17174.

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Herein, we report the facile microwave-assisted synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic degradation applications of Bismuth ferrite heterostructures composed of interconnected nanosheets (BHNs). The synthesized materials were subjected to several analytical studies such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and UV-visible spectroscopy in order to examine the morphological, structural, optical and photo catalytic properties. The structural

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19

Zhou, Linlin, Huange Fu, Ting Lv, et al. "Nonlinear Optical Characterization of 2D Materials." Nanomaterials 10, no. 11 (2020): 2263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10112263.

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Characterizing the physical and chemical properties of two-dimensional (2D) materials is of great significance for performance analysis and functional device applications. As a powerful characterization method, nonlinear optics (NLO) spectroscopy has been widely used in the characterization of 2D materials. Here, we summarize the research progress of NLO in 2D materials characterization. First, we introduce the principles of NLO and common detection methods. Second, we introduce the recent research progress on the NLO characterization of several important properties of 2D materials, including

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20

Keerthiwansa, R., J. Javorik, and J. Kledrowetz. "Hyperelastic-material characterization: a comparison of material constants." Materiali in tehnologije 54, no. 1 (2020): 121–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17222/mit.2019.161.

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21

Wang, Hongyi, Linlin Liu, Jiaxing Wang, Chen Li, Jixiang Hou, and Kun Zheng. "The Development of iDPC-STEM and Its Application in Electron Beam Sensitive Materials." Molecules 27, no. 12 (2022): 3829. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27123829.

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The main aspects of material research: material synthesis, material structure, and material properties, are interrelated. Acquiring atomic structure information of electron beam sensitive materials by electron microscope, such as porous zeolites, organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites, metal-organic frameworks, is an important and challenging task. The difficulties in characterization of the structures will inevitably limit the optimization of their synthesis methods and further improve their performance. The emergence of integrated differential phase contrast scanning transmission electron micr

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22

Zhang, Ting, and Jian Shi. "Characterization Model for IC Reference Material." Applied Mechanics and Materials 121-126 (October 2011): 735–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.121-126.735.

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Not all of the measurement data of IC (Integrated Circuit) reference material are valid, so some work would be do to eliminate the null and wrong ones. This paper presents an algorithmic model of the characterization for IC reference material, which can help choose the valid data for the property value validated of IC reference material. The experimentation results of the characterization procedure are detailed in the paper, which proves to be helpful steps to IC reference material characterization and preparation.

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23

Han, X., and G. R. Liu. "Computational Inverse Technique for Material Characterization of Functionally Graded Materials." AIAA Journal 41, no. 2 (2003): 288–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/2.1942.

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24

Hansen, Tessa, Ruut Hannele Peuhkuri, Eva B. Møller, Søren Peter Bjarløv, and Tommy Odgaard. "Material characterization models and test methods for historic building materials." Energy Procedia 132 (October 2017): 315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.09.738.

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25

Sridharan, BanuPriya, Neethu Mohan, Cory J. Berkland, and Michael S. Detamore. "Material characterization of microsphere-based scaffolds with encapsulated raw materials." Materials Science and Engineering: C 63 (June 2016): 422–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2016.02.038.

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26

Barbier, Christophe, Per-Lennart Larsson, Sören Östlund, Nils Hallbäck, and Michael Karathanasis. "On material characterization of paper coating materials by microindentation testing." Journal of Coatings Technology and Research 2, no. 6 (2005): 463–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02733889.

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27

Rammah, A. Alahnomi, Zakaria Z., Mohd Yussof Zulkalnain, Sutikno Tole, Sariera H., and Azuan Mohd Bahar Amyrul. "Accurate characterizations of material using microwave T-resonator for solid sensing applications." TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control 18, no. 1 (2020): 99–105. https://doi.org/10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v18i1.14880.

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The topic of microwave sensors in enclosures is one of the most active areas in material characterization research today due to its wide applications in various industries. Surprisingly, a microwave sensor technology has been comprehensively investigated and there is an industry demand for an accurate instrument of material characterization such as food industry, quality control, chemical composition analysis and bio-sensing. These accurate instruments have the ability to understand the properties of materials composition based on chemical, physical, magnetic, and electric characteristics. The

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28

Paul, Robert B., A. Ege Engin, and Jerry Aguirre. "Flip Chip Underfill RF Characterization." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2019, no. 1 (2019): 000243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2380-4505-2019.1.000243.

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Abstract To develop reliable high-speed packages, characterization of the underfill material used in the flip-chip process has become of greater importance. The underfill, typically an epoxy resin-based material, offers thermal and structural benefits for the integrated circuit (IC) on package. With so many inputs and outputs (IOs) in close proximity to one another, the integrated circuits on package can have unexpected signal and power integrity issues. Furthermore, chip packages can support signals only up to the frequency where noise coupling (e.g., crosstalk, switching noise, etc.) leads t

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29

IIDA, Atsuo. "Material Characterization Using Synchrotron Radiation." Journal of the Surface Finishing Society of Japan 43, no. 8 (1992): 775–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4139/sfj.43.775.

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30

Lynch, Larry N., and Donald J. Janssen. "Material Characterization of Silicone Sealants." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1680, no. 1 (1999): 44–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1680-07.

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31

Tetard, L., A. Passian, R. H. Farahi, T. Thundat, and B. H. Davison. "Opto-nanomechanical spectroscopic material characterization." Nature Nanotechnology 10, no. 10 (2015): 870–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2015.168.

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32

Goudket, P., T. Junginger, and B. P. Xiao. "Devices for SRF material characterization." Superconductor Science and Technology 30, no. 1 (2016): 013001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-2048/30/1/013001.

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33

Schroder, Dieter K., and Lawrence G. Rubin. "Semiconductor Material and Device Characterization." Physics Today 44, no. 4 (1991): 107–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2810086.

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34

Dorey, S. P., M. J. Havrilla, L. L. Frasch, C. Choi, and E. J. Rothwell. "Stepped-waveguide material-characterization technique." IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine 46, no. 1 (2004): 170–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/map.2004.1296183.

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35

Rose, Joseph L., Adnan Nayfeh, and Aleksander Pilarski. "Surface Waves for Material Characterization." Journal of Applied Mechanics 57, no. 1 (1990): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2888328.

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Analyses are presented for the propagation of harmonic surface waves on a transversely isotropic layer rigidly bonded to a transversely isotropic substrate of different material. The layer-substrate system is also assumed to be in contact with a liquid and inviscid space. The propagation takes place along an axis of symmetry of both the layer and the substrate. Exact closed-form solutions for the characteristic dispersion relations are presented. Numerical results are presented for material combinations of three classes of centrifugally cast stainless steel material. Results clearly demonstrat

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36

Munteanu, D., C. Maleville, S. Cristoloveanu, et al. "Detailed characterization of Unibond material." Microelectronic Engineering 36, no. 1-4 (1997): 395–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-9317(97)00088-9.

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37

Collins, W. E., B. V. R. Chowdari, and S. Radhakrishna. "Analytical techniques for material characterization." Analytica Chimica Acta 218 (1989): 355–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-2670(00)80320-7.

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38

Rupp, R. A. "Material characterization by holographic methods." Applied Physics A Solids and Surfaces 55, no. 1 (1992): 2–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00324595.

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39

Novikov, Andrej, and Mathias Nowottnick. "Characterization of nanoscaled solder material." physica status solidi (a) 209, no. 5 (2012): 819–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssa.201100541.

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40

Koruga, Đuro, Dragomir Stamenković, Ivan Djuricic, et al. "Nanophotonic Rigid Contact Lenses: Engineering and Characterization." Advanced Materials Research 633 (January 2013): 239–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.633.239.

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Contact lenses are a common optical aid to provide help with refractive anomalies of the human eye. Construction of contact lenses is a complex engineering task as it requires knowledge of optics, materials science, production and characterization methods for product quality. Besides correcting refractive anomalies, by using contact lenses it is possible to change the characteristics of light through the manipulation of material structure properties. Nanomaterials, such as fullerene C60, are candidates for the medium that interacts with light, thus changing its properties. During material synt

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41

Nugraha, Kurnia, Winarto Winarto, Didied Haryono, Amalia Sholehah, and Harisman Nugraha. "Material Characterization using Magnetic Induction Based Measurement Technique at Low-Frequency Range." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2980, no. 1 (2025): 012033. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2980/1/012033.

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Abstract Material characterization is the process of measurement and analysis aimed at understanding the physical, chemical, mechanical, or structural properties of a material. The primary objective is to determine how the material will behave or perform under specific conditions. In this study, material characterization was carried out using a magnetic-induction-based measurement technique (MIT), which is a technique for obtaining information about the conductivity or magnetic permeability properties of an object by utilizing a magnetic field. This material characterization is part of the dev

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42

Vivek, A., K. Shambavi, and Zachariah C. Alex. "A review: metamaterial sensors for material characterization." Sensor Review 39, no. 3 (2019): 417–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-06-2018-0152.

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Purpose This paper aims to focus on research work related to metamaterial-based sensors for material characterization that have been developed for past ten years. A decade of research on metamaterial for sensing application has led to the advancement of compact and improved sensors. Design/methodology/approach In this study, relevant research papers on metamaterial sensors for material characterization published in reputed journals during the period 2007-2018 were reviewed, particularly focusing on shape, size and nature of materials characterized. Each sensor with its design and performance p

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43

Norhanani, Abd Rahman, Zakaria Zahriladha, Abd Rahim Rosemizi, Dasril Yosza, and Azuan Mohd Bahar Amyrul. "Planar Microwave Sensors for Accurate Measurement of Material Characterization: A Review." TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control 15, no. 3 (2017): 1108–18. https://doi.org/10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.6684.

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Microwave sensor is used in various industrial applications and requires highly accurate measurements for material properties. Conventionally, cavity waveguide perturbation, free-space transmission, open-ended coaxial probe, and planar transmission line technique have been used for characterizing materials. However, these planar transmission lines are often large and expensive to build, further restricting their use in many important applications. Thus, this technique is cost effective, easy to manufacture and due to its compact size, it has the potential to produce sensitivity and a high Q-fa

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44

Skaropoulou, Aggeliki, Afroditi Ntziouni, Dimitris Kioupis, Sotiris Tsivilis, and Glikeria Kakali. "Synthesis and characterization of innovative insulation materials." MATEC Web of Conferences 149 (2018): 01078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814901078.

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Insulation elements are distinguished in inorganic fibrous and organic foamed materials. Foamed insulation materials are of great acceptance and use, but their major disadvantage is their flammability. In case of fire, they tend to transmit the flame producing toxic gases. In this paper, the synthesis and characterization of innovative inorganic insulation materials with properties competitive to commercial is presented. Their synthesis involves the mixing of inorganic raw material and water with reinforcing agent or/and foaming agent leading to the formation of a gel. Depending on raw materia

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45

Lang, E., C. A. Dennett, N. Madden, and K. Hattar. "The In Situ Ion Irradiation Toolbox: Time-Resolved Structure and Property Measurements." JOM 74, no. 1 (2021): 126–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-021-04993-4.

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AbstractThe dynamic interactions of ions with matter drive a host of complex evolution mechanisms, requiring monitoring on short spatial and temporal scales to gain a full picture of a material response. Understanding the evolution of materials under ion irradiation and displacement damage is vital for many fields, including semiconductor processing, nuclear reactors, and space systems. Despite materials in service having a dynamic response to radiation damage, typical characterization is performed post-irradiation, washing out all information from transient processes. Characterizing active pr

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46

Hu, Tiantian, Hui Song, Tao Jiang, and Shaobo Li. "Learning Representations of Inorganic Materials from Generative Adversarial Networks." Symmetry 12, no. 11 (2020): 1889. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12111889.

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The two most important aspects of material research using deep learning (DL) or machine learning (ML) are the characteristics of materials data and learning algorithms, where the proper characterization of materials data is essential for generating accurate models. At present, the characterization of materials based on the molecular composition includes some methods based on feature engineering, such as Magpie and One-hot. Although these characterization methods have achieved significant results in materials research, these methods based on feature engineering cannot guarantee the integrity of

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47

Shukla, Anita, and Sumiti Narayan Tewari. "LASER BASED ULTRASONICS: A PRACTICAL TOOL FOR NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF MATERIALS." YMER Digital 21, no. 02 (2022): 647–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.37896/ymer21.02/61.

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Mechanical properties can be determined for all types of materials whether metals, ceramics, polymers, or composites. The material is hence used for specific purpose based on its property. Selection for an appropriate material and treatments for a particular application requires material testing. A material testing helps us to understand and compute whether a specific material is suitable for a particular application. A wide range of materials are available in market for various uses. The choice of material to the most appropriate selection for the intended use can be made easier with the help

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48

Kaiser, Trent M. V. "Post-Yield Material Characterization for Strain-Based Design." SPE Journal 14, no. 01 (2009): 128–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/97730-pa.

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Summary Conventional material specifications and test methods were developed to support load-based designs in which inelastic deformations are relatively small and yield strength is the primary material factor governing design. However, in strain-based designs where substantial portions of the structure soften under post-yield deformation, more detailed characterization of the post-yield material behavior is required. This paper presents a framework for describing the post-yield properties of metals (including strain-rate dependence of yield strength) a testing method for measuring post-yield

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49

Katrakova-Krüger, Danka, Simon Öchsner, and Ester S. B. Ferreira. "Material Characterization of Silicones for Additive Manufacturing." Polymers 16, no. 17 (2024): 2437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16172437.

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Three-dimensional printing is ideally suited to produce unique and complex shapes. In this study, the material properties of polysiloxanes, commonly named silicones, produced additively by two different methods, namely, multi-jet fusion (MJF) and material extrusion (ME) with liquid printing heads, are investigated. The chemical composition was compared via Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, evolved gas analysis mass spectrometry, pyrolysis gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, and thermogravimetry (TGA). Density and low-temperature flexibility, mechanical properties and crossl

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50

Chusna, Nadiya Miftachul, Sunaryono, Yunan Amza Muhammad, Rosabiela Irfa Andin, and Ahmad Taufiq. "Investigation of Magnetic Properties and Nanostructure of Fe_2.75Mn_0.25O₄@ PANI Materials and their Potential as the Magnetic Ink." Key Engineering Materials 855 (July 2020): 308–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.855.308.

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The Fe2.75Mn0.25O4 nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by using the coprecipitation method, while the Fe2.75Mn0.25O4@PANI materials were successfully fabricated by using the in situ polymerization method. This research aimed to investigate the magnetic properties and nanostructure of the Fe2.75Mn0.25O4 nanoparticles and Fe2.75Mn0.25O4@PANI materials. Some characterizations of the samples were successfully carried out by using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) instruments, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), and Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) each of which was conducted to characterize the cr

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