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Journal articles on the topic 'Multiple levels of abstraction'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Chu, Bei-Tseng Bill, and James A. Reggia. "Modeling diagnosis at multiple levels of abstraction. II. Diagnostic reasoning at multiple levels of abstraction." International Journal of Intelligent Systems 6, no. 6 (September 1991): 645–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/int.4550060604.

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2

Dudek, G. L. "Environment representation using multiple abstraction levels." Proceedings of the IEEE 84, no. 11 (1996): 1684–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/5.542415.

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3

Chu, Bei-Tseng Bill, and James A. Reggia. "Modeling diagnosis at multiple levels of abstraction. I. Representing causal relations at multiple levels of abstraction." International Journal of Intelligent Systems 6, no. 6 (September 1991): 617–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/int.4550060603.

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4

Männistö, Tomi, Hannu Peltonen, Timo Soininen, and Reijo Sulonen. "Multiple abstraction levels in modelling product structures." Data & Knowledge Engineering 36, no. 1 (January 2001): 55–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-023x(00)00034-3.

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5

Calders, Toon, Raymond T. Ng, and Jef Wijsen. "Searching for dependencies at multiple abstraction levels." ACM Transactions on Database Systems 27, no. 3 (September 2002): 229–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/581751.581752.

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6

Rejzek, Martin, Svana Helen Björnsdóttir, and Sven Stefan Krauss. "Modelling Multiple Levels of Abstraction in Hierarchical Control Structures." International Journal of Safety Science 02, no. 01 (March 1, 2018): 94–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.24900/ijss/020194103.2018.0301.

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7

Ambridge, Ben. "Abstractions made of exemplars or ‘You’re all right, and I’ve changed my mind’: Response to commentators." First Language 40, no. 5-6 (October 2020): 640–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142723720949723.

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In this response to commentators, I agree with those who suggested that the distinction between exemplar- and abstraction-based accounts is something of a false dichotomy and therefore move to an abstractions-made-of-exemplars account under which (a) we store all the exemplars that we hear (subject to attention, decay, interference, etc.) but (b) in the service of language use, re-represent these exemplars at multiple levels of abstraction, as simulated by computational neural-network models such as BERT, ELMo and GPT-3. Whilst I maintain that traditional linguistic abstractions (e.g. a DETERMINER category; SUBJECT VERB OBJECT word order) are no more than human-readable approximations of the type of abstractions formed by both human and artificial multiple-layer networks, I express hope that the abstractions-made-of-exemplars position can point the way towards a truce in the language acquisition wars: We were all right all along, just focusing on different levels of abstraction.

8

Erens, Frederik, and Alison McKay. "Product modelling using multiple levels of abstraction instances as types." Computers in Industry 24, no. 1 (May 1994): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-3615(94)90005-1.

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9

Hemmer, P., and M. Steyvers. "Integrating episodic memories and prior knowledge at multiple levels of abstraction." Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 16, no. 1 (February 1, 2009): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/pbr.16.1.80.

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10

TREUR, JAN. "A UNIFIED SPECIFICATION FORMAT FOR INTERLEVEL RELATIONS BETWEEN AGENT MODELS IN MULTIPLE ABSTRACTION DIMENSIONS." International Journal of Modeling, Simulation, and Scientific Computing 04, no. 01 (December 27, 2012): 1250026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793962312500262.

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Multi-agent systems for a certain application area can be modeled at multiple levels of abstraction. Interlevel relations are a means to relate models from different abstraction levels. Three dimensions of abstraction often occurring are the process abstraction, temporal abstraction, and agent cluster abstraction dimension. In this paper a unifying formalization is presented that can be used as a framework to specify interlevel relations for any of such dimensions. The approach is illustrated by showing how a variety of different types of abstraction relations between multi-agent system models can be formally specified in a unified manner.

11

Uddin, Irfan. "Multiple Levels of Abstraction in the Simulation of Microthreaded Many-Core Architectures." Open Journal of Modelling and Simulation 03, no. 04 (2015): 159–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojmsi.2015.34017.

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Pimentel, A. D., C. Erbas, and S. Polstra. "A systematic approach to exploring embedded system architectures at multiple abstraction levels." IEEE Transactions on Computers 55, no. 2 (February 2006): 99–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tc.2006.16.

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Rico, Alejandro, Felipe Cabarcas, Carlos Villavieja, Milan Pavlovic, Augusto Vega, Yoav Etsion, Alex Ramirez, and Mateo Valero. "On the simulation of large-scale architectures using multiple application abstraction levels." ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization 8, no. 4 (January 2012): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2086696.2086715.

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14

Wintermute, Samuel. "Imagery in cognitive architecture: Representation and control at multiple levels of abstraction." Cognitive Systems Research 19-20 (September 2012): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2012.02.001.

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15

Burns, Catherine M., Laura K. Thompson, and Antonio Rodriguez. "Mental Workload and the Display of Abstraction Hierarchy Information." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 46, no. 3 (September 2002): 235–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120204600304.

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In designing large ecological displays, designers are faced with the question of how to display multiple levels of abstract information. Previous research has shown that people may perform better, in terms of diagnosis speed and accuracy, if multiple levels of information are presented in an integrated format (Burns, 2000). We repeated the study of Burns (2000) which looks at providing abstract information in three formats - one level at a time, windowed and integrated. We collected eye tracking data at intervals throughout the experiment. Our eye-tracker was able to collect pupil diameter measures and changes. Results showed no notable difference in pupil diameter measures between the integrated condition and the one level at a time condition, but notably higher increases in pupil diameter when abstract information was in separate windows. Furthermore, pupil diameters increased over time in the windowed condition, suggesting that workload with this display may have been increasing. These preliminary data suggest that separating levels of abstract information may increase the mental workload of operators.

16

Chittaro, Luca, Roberto Ranon, and Alfredo Soldati. "Introducing deviations and multiple abstraction levels in the functional diagnosis of fluid transfer systems." Artificial Intelligence in Engineering 12, no. 4 (October 1998): 355–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0954-1810(97)10010-3.

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17

Russomanno, David J. "A function-centered framework for reasoning about system failure at multiple levels of abstraction." Expert Systems 16, no. 3 (August 1999): 148–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00105.

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18

van Rijn, Hedderik, Jelmer Borst, Niels Taatgen, and Leendert van Maanen. "On the necessity of integrating multiple levels of abstraction in a single computational framework." Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences 11 (October 2016): 116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.07.007.

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19

Mustafa, Syed M. Touhidul, M. Moudud Hasan, Ajoy Kumar Saha, Rahena Parvin Rannu, Els Van Uytven, Patrick Willems, and Marijke Huysmans. "Multi-model approach to quantify groundwater-level prediction uncertainty using an ensemble of global climate models and multiple abstraction scenarios." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 23, no. 5 (May 13, 2019): 2279–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-2279-2019.

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Abstract. Worldwide, groundwater resources are under a constant threat of overexploitation and pollution due to anthropogenic and climatic pressures. For sustainable management and policy making a reliable prediction of groundwater levels for different future scenarios is necessary. Uncertainties are present in these groundwater-level predictions and originate from greenhouse gas scenarios, climate models, conceptual hydro(geo)logical models (CHMs) and groundwater abstraction scenarios. The aim of this study is to quantify the individual uncertainty contributions using an ensemble of 2 greenhouse gas scenarios (representative concentration pathways 4.5 and 8.5), 22 global climate models, 15 alternative CHMs and 5 groundwater abstraction scenarios. This multi-model ensemble approach was applied to a drought-prone study area in Bangladesh. Findings of this study, firstly, point to the strong dependence of the groundwater levels on the CHMs considered. All groundwater abstraction scenarios showed a significant decrease in groundwater levels. If the current groundwater abstraction trend continues, the groundwater level is predicted to decline about 5 to 6 times faster for the future period 2026–2047 compared to the baseline period (1985–2006). Even with a 30 % lower groundwater abstraction rate, the mean monthly groundwater level would decrease by up to 14 m in the southwestern part of the study area. The groundwater abstraction in the northwestern part of Bangladesh has to decrease by 60 % of the current abstraction to ensure sustainable use of groundwater. Finally, the difference in abstraction scenarios was identified as the dominant uncertainty source. CHM uncertainty contributed about 23 % of total uncertainty. The alternative CHM uncertainty contribution is higher than the recharge scenario uncertainty contribution, including the greenhouse gas scenario and climate model uncertainty contributions. It is recommended that future groundwater-level prediction studies should use multi-model and multiple climate and abstraction scenarios.

20

Tadros, Lillian. "A SystemC Register Model for Multiple Levels of Abstraction Using Advanced Object-Oriented Design Patterns." International Journal of Computer Theory and Engineering 9, no. 5 (2017): 339–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijcte.2017.v9.1163.

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21

Nakano, Aiichiro, Rajiv K. Kalia, and Priya Vashishta. "Multilevel Algorithms for Large-scope Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Nanostructures on Parallel Computers." VLSI Design 8, no. 1-4 (January 1, 1998): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1998/93670.

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Molecular Dynamics (MD) is a powerful tool for the atomistic understanding of longrange stress-mediated phenomena, phonon properties, and mechanical failure of nanostructures. For realistic modeling of nanostructures, however, the scope of simulations must be extended to large system sizes, long simulated times, and complex realism. We have developed new multilevel algorithms and physical models encompassing multiple levels of abstraction: i) space-time multiresolution schemes; ii) adaptive curvilinear-coordinate load balancing; iii) hierarchical dynamics via a rigid-body/ implicit-integration/normal-mode approach; iv) variable-charge MD based on electronegativity equalization; and v) multilevel preconditioned conjugate gradient method. Fuzzy clustering is used to facilitate the seamless integration of the multiple levels of abstraction.

22

MAIO, DARIO, and STEFANO RIZZI. "A MULTI-AGENT APPROACH TO ENVIRONMENT EXPLORATION." International Journal of Cooperative Information Systems 05, no. 02n03 (June 1996): 213–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218843096000099.

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Exploration is a central issue for autonomous agents which must carry out navigation tasks in environments of which a description is not known a priori. In our approach the environment is described, from a symbolic point of view, by means of a graph; clustering techniques allow for further levels of abstraction to be defined, leading to a multi-layered representation. In this work we propose an unsupervised exploration algorithm in which several agents cooperate to acquire knowledge of the environment at the different abstraction levels. All agents are equal and pursue the same local exploration strategy; nevertheless, the existence of multiple levels of abstraction in the environment representation allows for the agents' behavior to differ. Agents carry out exploration at different abstraction levels, aimed at reproducing an ideal exploration profile; each agent dynamically selects its exploration level, based on the current demand. Inter-agent communication allows for the agents to share their knowledge and to record acquaintances of the other agents. A communication protocol for organizing teams of agents is provided.

23

Johnson, Clifford D., Michael E. Miller, Christina F. Rusnock, and David R. Jacques. "Applying Control Abstraction to the Design of Human–Agent Teams." Systems 8, no. 2 (April 12, 2020): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems8020010.

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Levels of Automation (LOA) provide a method for describing authority granted to automated system elements to make individual decisions. However, these levels are technology-centric and provide little insight into overall system operation. The current research discusses an alternate classification scheme, referred to as the Level of Human Control Abstraction (LHCA). LHCA is an operator-centric framework that classifies a system’s state based on the required operator inputs. The framework consists of five levels, each requiring less granularity of human control: Direct, Augmented, Parametric, Goal-Oriented, and Mission-Capable. An analysis was conducted of several existing systems. This analysis illustrates the presence of each of these levels of control, and many existing systems support system states which facilitate multiple LHCAs. It is suggested that as the granularity of human control is reduced, the level of required human attention and required cognitive resources decreases. Thus, it is suggested that designing systems that permit the user to select among LHCAs during system control may facilitate human-machine teaming and improve the flexibility of the system.

24

Harloff, Joachim. "Multiple Level Weighted Card Sorting." Methodology 1, no. 4 (January 2005): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-2241.1.4.119.

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Abstract. Mental models of domains may be hierarchical in nature and may include several levels of abstraction. In this article, initial emphasis is placed on reviewing past and current methods and practices in card sorting with respect to their suitability to capture such mental models. Then a new variant of card sorting is described that improves the collection and reconstruction of an individual’s semantic tree model of a domain. Thus, this variant allows sortings to be performed that use a truly free ordinal scale as well as an interval scale. The mathematical processes underlying the method are briefly described. Finally, practical examples of the new variant in card sorting are presented and the findings are discussed.

25

Harpaz-Itay, Yifat, Shlomo Kaniel, and Iris Halpern. "Hierarchic Organization and Memory Recall." Journal of Cognitive Education and Psychology 6, no. 1 (January 2006): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/194589506787382314.

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The authors examined the hierarchic levels of templates’ organization of performance in familiar and unfamiliar key patterns conditions by expert and nonexpert typists. Using a laptop computer with a specially designed keyboard together with special software, 60 expert and 20 nonexpert typists were asked to remember the locations of 10 keys and characters. Under the condition of using a familiar keyboard, experts performed better, independent of their templates’ organization levels; however, in unfamiliar conditions, high levels of template organization affected performance. The results support the constraint attunement hypothesis (CAH) of K. J. Vicente and J. H. Wang, according to which goal-relevant constraints are defined by constructing a hierarchic abstraction. Attuning to a higher level of abstraction places constraints on the lower levels. The higher the levels of hierarchic abstraction that experts adopt, the greater the capacity achieved when attuning to these multiple constraints--thus allowing better recall. The importance of this paper is not only in its support of the CAH theory, but also in expanding the theory on elementary processes and simple motor skills such as typing.

26

Quinn, Anne Larson, and Karen R. Larson. "When Does a Dog Become Older Than Its Owner?" Mathematics Teacher 89, no. 9 (December 1996): 734–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.89.9.0734.

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The relationship between algebra and arithmetic is not at all obvious to many students (Kieran 1992; Lee and Wheeler 1987; Vergnaud 1987). To help students make the connection between algebra and arithmetic, many researchers suggest that students should be exposed to multiple methods of representing problems, including pictures, models, tables, and graphs (Dufour-Janvier, Bednarz, and Belanger 1987; Vergnaud 1987). The NCTM's Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics (1989, 129–31) advocates that all students can and should learn algebra; however, some students will be capable of more abstraction than others. Encouraging multiple representations of problems is a way of accommodating students working at all levels of abstraction.

27

Finley, Sara. "The need for abstraction in phonology: A commentary on Ambridge (2020)." First Language 40, no. 5-6 (January 31, 2020): 576–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142723720902290.

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In this commentary, I discuss why, despite the existence of gradience in phonetics and phonology, there is still a need for abstract representations. Most proponents of exemplar models assume multiple levels of abstraction, allowing for an integration of the gradient and the categorical. Ben Ambridge’s dismissal of generative models such as Optimality Theory (OT) is problematic because OT not only allows for the abstract, but can also handle a variety of phenomena, including gradient representations, and similarity among output forms.

28

Benitez, Viridiana L., and Jenny R. Saffran. "Two for the price of one: Concurrent learning of words and phonotactic regularities from continuous speech." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 11, 2021): e0253039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253039.

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To acquire the words of their language, learners face the challenge of tracking regularities at multiple levels of abstraction from continuous speech. In the current study, we examined adults’ ability to track two types of regularities from a continuous artificial speech stream: the individual words in the speech stream (token level information), and a phonotactic pattern shared by a subset of those words (type level information). We additionally manipulated exposure time to the language to examine the relationship between the acquisition of these two regularities. Using a ratings test procedure, we found that adults can extract both the words in the language and their phonotactic patterns from continuous speech in as little as 3.5 minutes of listening time. Results from a 2AFC testing method provide converging evidence that adults rapidly learn both words and their phonotactic patterns. Together, the findings suggest that adults are capable of concurrently tracking regularities at multiple levels of abstraction from brief exposures to a continuous stream of speech.

29

Hasler, Jennifer, Aishwarya Natarajan, and Sihwan Kim. "Enabling Energy-Efficient Physical Computing through Analog Abstraction and IP Reuse." Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications 8, no. 4 (November 24, 2018): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jlpea8040047.

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This paper shows the first step in analog (and mixed signal) abstraction utilized in large-scale Field Programmable Analog Arrays (FPAA), encoded in the open-source SciLab/Xcos based toolset. Having any opportunity of a wide-scale utilization of ultra-low power technology both requires programmability/reconfigurability as well as abstractable tools. Abstraction is essential both make systems rapidly, as well as reduce the barrier for a number of users to use ultra-low power physical computing techniques. Analog devices, circuits, and systems are abstractable and retain their energy efficient opportunities compared with custom digital hardware. We will present the analog (and mixed signal) abstraction developed for the open-source toolkit used for the SoC FPAAs. Abstraction of Blocks in the FPAA block library makes the SoC FPAA ecosystem accessible to system-level designers while still enabling circuit designers the freedom to build at a low level. Multiple working test cases of various levels of complexity illustrate the analog abstraction capability. The FPAA block library provides a starting point for discussing the fundamental block concepts of analog computational approaches.

30

Määttä, Sanna, Leandro Möller, Leandro Soares Indrusiak, Luciano Ost, Manfred Glesner, Jari Nurmi, and Fernando Moraes. "Joint Validation of Application Models and Multi-Abstraction Network-on-Chip Platforms." International Journal of Embedded and Real-Time Communication Systems 1, no. 1 (January 2010): 86–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jertcs.2010103005.

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Application models are often disregarded during the design of multiprocessor Systems-on-Chip (MPSoC). This is due to the difficulties of capturing the application constraints and applying them to the design space exploration of the platform. In this article we propose an application modelling formalism that supports joint validation of application and platform models. To support designers on the trade-off analysis between accuracy, observability, and validation speed, we show that this approach can handle the successive refinement of platform models at multiple abstraction levels. A case study of the joint validation of a single application successively mapped onto three different platform models demonstrates the applicability of the presented approach.

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Worrall, David. "Computational Designing of Sonic Morphologies." Organised Sound 25, no. 1 (March 4, 2020): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355771819000426.

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Much electroacoustic music composition and sound art, and the commentary that surrounds them, is locked into a materialist sound-object mindset in which the hierarchical organisation of sonic events, especially those developed through abstraction, are considered antithetical to sounds ‘being themselves’. This article argues that musical sounds are not just material objects, and that musical notations, on paper or in computer code, are not just symbolic abstractions, but instructions for embodied actions. When notation is employed computationally to control resonance and gestural actuators at multiple acoustic, psychoacoustic and conceptual levels of music form, vibrant sonic morphologies may emerge from the quantum-like boundaries between them. In order to achieve that result, it is necessary to replace our primary focus of compositional attention from the Digital Audio Workstation sound transformation tools currently in vogue, with those that support algorithmic thinking at all levels of compositional design.

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Myers, Christopher, Kevin Gluck, Glenn Gunzelmann, and Michael Krusmark. "Validating Computational Cognitive Process Models across Multiple Timescales." Journal of Artificial General Intelligence 2, no. 2 (December 1, 2010): 108–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10229-011-0012-6.

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Validating Computational Cognitive Process Models across Multiple TimescalesModel comparison is vital to evaluating progress in the fields of artificial general intelligence (AGI) and cognitive architecture. As they mature, AGI and cognitive architectures will become increasingly capable of providing a single model that completes a multitude of tasks, some of which the model was not specifically engineered to perform. These models will be expected to operate for extended periods of time and serve functional roles in real-world contexts. Questions arise regarding how to evaluate such models appropriately, including issues pertaining to model comparison and validation. In this paper, we specifically address model validation across multiple levels of abstraction, using an existing computational process model of unmanned aerial vehicle basic maneuvering to illustrate the relationship between validity and timescales of analysis.

33

Bohan, James F., and John L. Shultz. "Revisiting and Extending the Hog Game." Mathematics Teacher 89, no. 9 (December 1996): 728–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.89.9.0728.

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The instructional value of any problem can be determined in many ways. One criterion might be the degree to which it permits multiple levels of solutions with varying degrees of sophistication and abstraction. Another consideration might be the degree to which it engages students in terms of their curiosity and level of involvement in the investigation of the problem and its eventual solution.

34

E. Koh, Chang, Victor R. Prybutok, Sherry D. Ryan, and Yu "Andy" Wu. "A Model for Mandatory Use of Software Technologies: An Integrative Approach by Applying Multiple Levels of Abstraction of Informing Science." Informing Science: The International Journal of an Emerging Transdiscipline 13 (2010): 177–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/1326.

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Williams, Kathryn J. H., Rebecca M. Ford, and Andrea Rawluk. "Values of the public at risk of wildfire and its management." International Journal of Wildland Fire 27, no. 10 (2018): 665. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf18038.

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Wildfire management agencies increasingly seek to understand what the public values and expects to be protected from wildfire and its management. Recent conceptual development demonstrates the utility of considering values at three levels of abstraction: localised valued entities such as people, places and objects; valued attributes of communities and landscapes; and core values, or ideals that guide in life. We used a large-scale survey (n = 1105) in Victoria, Australia, to test and extend this framework. The results confirm the usefulness of the conceptual framework and demonstrate that values that members of the public consider at risk of wildfire are much more diverse than those typically considered in wildfire risk management. Relationships between values at different levels of abstraction are meaningful and reveal the multiple ways that objects, places and people become valued. The research suggests ways to understand and practically incorporate values of the public in wildfire management.

36

Mjolsness, Eric, Gene Gindi, and P. Anandan. "Optimization in Model Matching and Perceptual Organization." Neural Computation 1, no. 2 (June 1989): 218–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco.1989.1.2.218.

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We introduce an optimization approach for solving problems in computer vision that involve multiple levels of abstraction. Our objective functions include compositional and specialization hierarchies. We cast vision problems as inexact graph matching problems, formulate graph matching in terms of constrained optimization, and use analog neural networks to perform the optimization. The method is applicable to perceptual grouping and model matching. Preliminary experimental results are shown.

37

Matthews, Gerald, Jinchao Lin, and Ryan Wohleber. "Personality, Stress and Resilience." Psihologijske teme 26, no. 1 (2017): 139–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31820/pt.26.1.6.

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Personality traits are consistently correlated with various indices of acute psychological stress response, including negative emotions and performance impairment. However, resilience is a complex personal characteristic with multiple neural and psychological roots. This article advocates a multifactorial approach to understanding resilience that recognizes the complexity of the topic both empirically and theoretically. The Trait-Stressor-Outcome (TSO) framework for organizing empirical data recognizes the multiplicity of traits, stressors and outcome metrics that may moderate stress response. Research requires a fine-grained data collection approach that discriminates multiple stress factors. Also, multiple layers of theory are necessary to explain individual differences in stress response, including biases in neural functioning, attentional processing, as well as styles of coping and emotion-regulation. Cognitive science differentiates multiple levels of explanation and allows for the integration of mechanisms at multiple levels of abstraction from the neural substrate. We illustrate the application of the multifactorial approach to collecting interpreting data on operator stress resulting from interaction with technology.

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Shankar, Swetha, and Andrew S. Kayser. "Perceptual and categorical decision making: goal-relevant representation of two domains at different levels of abstraction." Journal of Neurophysiology 117, no. 6 (June 1, 2017): 2088–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00512.2016.

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To date it has been unclear whether perceptual decision making and rule-based categorization reflect activation of similar cognitive processes and brain regions. On one hand, both map potentially ambiguous stimuli to a smaller set of motor responses. On the other hand, decisions about perceptual salience typically concern concrete sensory representations derived from a noisy stimulus, while categorization is typically conceptualized as an abstract decision about membership in a potentially arbitrary set. Previous work has primarily examined these types of decisions in isolation. Here we independently varied salience in both the perceptual and categorical domains in a random dot-motion framework by manipulating dot-motion coherence and motion direction relative to a category boundary, respectively. Behavioral and modeling results suggest that categorical (more abstract) information, which is more relevant to subjects’ decisions, is weighted more strongly than perceptual (more concrete) information, although they also have significant interactive effects on choice. Within the brain, BOLD activity within frontal regions strongly differentiated categorical salience and weakly differentiated perceptual salience; however, the interaction between these two factors activated similar frontoparietal brain networks. Notably, explicitly evaluating feature interactions revealed a frontal-parietal dissociation: parietal activity varied strongly with both features, but frontal activity varied with the combined strength of the information that defined the motor response. Together, these data demonstrate that frontal regions are driven by decision-relevant features and argue that perceptual decisions and rule-based categorization reflect similar cognitive processes and activate similar brain networks to the extent that they define decision-relevant stimulus-response mappings. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Here we study the behavioral and neural dynamics of perceptual categorization when decision information varies in multiple domains at different levels of abstraction. Behavioral and modeling results suggest that categorical (more abstract) information is weighted more strongly than perceptual (more concrete) information but that perceptual and categorical domains interact to influence decisions. Frontoparietal brain activity during categorization flexibly represents decision-relevant features and highlights significant dissociations in frontal and parietal activity during decision making.

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Li, Yudi, Lei Zhu, Jian Sun, and Ye Tian. "Generating a Spatiotemporal Dynamic Map for Traffic Analysis Using Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2019 (July 31, 2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9540386.

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Transportation simulation and analysis projects that utilize maps with inappropriate fidelity levels carry a significant risk of having poor runtime or poor prediction performance. To address this, researchers use map abstraction method to abstract out a simplified map with fewer links and nodes based on the original full detailed map. Traditional static abstraction methods produce analysis maps with a single fidelity across the entire planning horizon, which cannot reflect the dynamic changes of daily traffic. This paper proposes a spatiotemporal dynamic map abstraction approach that adopts a time series clustering method to segment the analysis time horizon adaptively based on a Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram (MFD) curve, which describes network-wide dynamic traffic states. Time periods with similar macro-performance are grouped into one subinterval. A map with a dedicated fidelity is produced for each subinterval. Furthermore, a simulation is run on multiple abstracted maps with different fidelities in a sequence according to their temporal order. A numerical experiment ascertains that the proposed approach has promising results in both analysis accuracy and efficiency for resource-constrained modeling agents.

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Fetterman, David. "PA Comments." Practicing Anthropology 11, no. 2 (April 1, 1989): 2–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.11.2.7116362710715228.

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Ethnographers recognize multiple realities in their fieldwork. They observe the various ways individuals perceive the world and attempt to record these differing perceptions in their ethnographies and ethnographic reports. However, in delivering their findings to their various audiences—sponsors, informants, community members—ethnographers must again observe and distinguish differing realities. To convey their findings in a manner that each of many audiences will understand is a task requiring the ability to assume many voices. Policy, program, and academic audiences require different foci, styles, and levels of abstraction. Intracultural diversity within each group further complicates the process of defining and responding to each audience accurately and effectively. Ethnographic evaluators represent a useful example of how ethnographers must respond to multiple realities.

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Winder, John, Stephanie Milani, Matthew Landen, Erebus Oh, Shane Parr, Shawn Squire, Marie DesJardins, and Cynthia Matuszek. "Planning with Abstract Learned Models While Learning Transferable Subtasks." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 06 (April 3, 2020): 9992–10000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i06.6555.

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We introduce an algorithm for model-based hierarchical reinforcement learning to acquire self-contained transition and reward models suitable for probabilistic planning at multiple levels of abstraction. We call this framework Planning with Abstract Learned Models (PALM). By representing subtasks symbolically using a new formal structure, the lifted abstract Markov decision process (L-AMDP), PALM learns models that are independent and modular. Through our experiments, we show how PALM integrates planning and execution, facilitating a rapid and efficient learning of abstract, hierarchical models. We also demonstrate the increased potential for learned models to be transferred to new and related tasks.

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Divjak, Dagmar, and Antti Arppe. "Extracting prototypes from exemplars What can corpus data tell us about concept representation?" Cognitive Linguistics 24, no. 2 (May 2, 2013): 221–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2013-0008.

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AbstractOver the past four decades, two distinct alternatives have emerged to rule-based models of how linguistic categories are stored and represented as cognitive structures, namely the prototype and exemplar theories. Although these models were initially thought to be mutually exclusive, shifts from one mechanism to the other have been observed in category learning experiments, bringing the models closer together. In this paper we implement a technique akin to varying abstraction modelling, that assumes intermediate abstraction processes to underlie category representations and categorization decisions; we do so using familiar statistical techniques such as regression and clustering that track frequency distributions in input. With this model we simulate, on the basis of actual usage of Russian try verbs and Finnish think verbs as observed in corpora, how prototypes for near-synonymous verbs could be formed from concrete exemplars at different levels of abstraction.In so doing, we take a closer look at the cognitive linguistic flirtation with multiple categorization theories, suggesting three improvements anchored in the fact that cognitive linguistics is a usage-based theory of language. Firstly, we show that language provides support for considering single prototype and full exemplar models as opposite ends along a continuum of abstraction. Secondly, we present a methodology that simulates how prototypes can be obtained from exemplars at more than one level of abstraction in a systematic and verifiable way. And thirdly, we illustrate our claims on the basis of work on verbs, denoting intangible events that are neither stable in nor independent of time and express relational concepts; this implies that verbs are more susceptible to their meanings being influenced by the concepts they relate.

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Sun, Yanlong, and Hongbin Wang. "The Parietal Cortex in Sensemaking: The Dissociation of Multiple Types of Spatial Information." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2013 (2013): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/152073.

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According to the data-frame theory, sensemaking is a macrocognitive process in which people try to make sense of or explain their observations by processing a number of explanatory structures called frames until the observations and frames become congruent. During the sensemaking process, the parietal cortex has been implicated in various cognitive tasks for the functions related to spatial and temporal information processing, mathematical thinking, and spatial attention. In particular, the parietal cortex plays important roles by extracting multiple representations of magnitudes at the early stages of perceptual analysis. By a series of neural network simulations, we demonstrate that the dissociation of different types of spatial information can start early with a rather similar structure (i.e., sensitivity on a common metric), but accurate representations require specific goal-directed top-down controls due to the interference in selective attention. Our results suggest that the roles of the parietal cortex rely on the hierarchical organization of multiple spatial representations and their interactions. The dissociation and interference between different types of spatial information are essentially the result of the competition at different levels of abstraction.

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Luckow, Andre, Shantenu Jha, Joohyun Kim, Andre Merzky, and Bettina Schnor. "Adaptive distributed replica–exchange simulations." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 367, no. 1897 (June 28, 2009): 2595–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2009.0051.

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Owing to the loose coupling between replicas, the replica–exchange (RE) class of algorithms should be able to benefit greatly from using as many resources as available. However, the ability to effectively use multiple distributed resources to reduce the time to completion remains a challenge at many levels. Additionally, an implementation of a pleasingly distributed algorithm such as replica–exchange, which is independent of infrastructural details, does not exist. This paper proposes an extensible and scalable framework based on Simple API for Grid Applications that provides a general-purpose, opportunistic mechanism to effectively use multiple resources in an infrastructure-independent way. By analysing the requirements of the RE algorithm and the challenges of implementing it on real production systems, we propose a new abstraction ( BigJob ), which forms the basis of the adaptive redistribution and effective scheduling of replicas.

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Kardas, Geylani. "Model-driven development of multiagent systems: a survey and evaluation." Knowledge Engineering Review 28, no. 4 (April 19, 2013): 479–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269888913000088.

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AbstractTo work in a higher abstraction level is of critical importance for the development of multiagent systems (MAS) since it is almost impossible to observe code-level details of such systems due to their internal complexity, distributedness and openness. As one of the promising software development approaches, model-driven development (MDD) aims to change the focus of software development from code to models. This paradigm shift, introduced by the MDD, may also provide the desired abstraction level during the development of MASs. For this reason, MDD of autonomous agents and MASs has been recognized and become one of the research topics in agent-oriented software engineering (AOSE) area. Contributions are mainly based on the model-driven architecture (MDA), which is the most famous and in-use realization of MDD. Within this direction, AOSE researchers define MAS metamodels in various abstraction levels and apply model transformations between the instances of these metamodels in order to provide rapid and efficient implementation of the MASs in various platforms. Reorganization of the existing MAS development methodologies to support model-driven agent development is another emerging research track. In this paper, we give a state of the art survey on above mentioned model-driven MAS development research activities and evaluate the introduced approaches according to five quality criteria we define on model-driven MAS engineering: (1) definition of a platform independent MAS metamodel, (2) model-to-model transformability, (3) model-to-code transformability, (4) support for multiple MAS platforms and finally (5) tool support for software modeling and code generation. Our evaluation has shown that the researchers contributed to the area by providing MDD processes in which design of the MASs are realized at a very high abstraction level and the software for these MASs are developed as a result of the application of a series of model transformations. However, most of the approaches are incapable of supporting multiple MAS environments due to the restricted specifications of their metamodels and model transformations. Also efficiency and practicability of the proposed methodologies are under debate since the amount and quality of the executable MAS components, gained automatically, appear to be not sufficient.

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DAN, ASIT, KAVITHA RANGANATHAN, CATALIN L. DUMITRESCU, and MATEI RIPEANU. "A LAYERED FRAMEWORK FOR CONNECTING CLIENT OBJECTIVES AND RESOURCE CAPABILITIES." International Journal of Cooperative Information Systems 15, no. 03 (September 2006): 391–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218843006001402.

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In large-scale, distributed systems such as Grids, an agreement between a client and a service provider specifies service level objectives both as expressions of client requirements and as provider assurances. From an application perspective, these objectives should be expressed in a high-level, service or application-specific manner rather than requiring clients to detail the necessary resources. Resource providers on the other hand, expect low-level, resource-specific performance criteria that are uniform across applications and can be easily interpreted and provisioned. This paper presents a framework for service management that addresses this gap between high-level specification of client performance objectives and existing resource management infrastructures. The paper identifies three levels of abstraction for resource requirements a service provider needs to manage, namely: detailed specification of raw resources, virtualization of heterogeneous resources as abstract resources, and performance objectives at an application level. The paper also identifies three key functions for managing service-level agreements, namely: translation of resource requirements across abstraction layers, arbitration in allocating resources to client requests, and aggregation and allocation of resources from multiple lower-level resource managers. One or more of these key functions may be present at each abstraction layer of a service-level manager. Thus, layering and the composition of these functions across abstraction layers enables modeling of a wide array of management scenarios. The framework we present uses service metadata and/or service performance models to map client requirements to resource capabilities, uses business value associated with objectives to arbitrate between competing requests, and allocates resources based on previously negotiated agreements. We instantiate this framework for three different scenarios and explain how the architectural principles we introduce are used in the real-word.

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Agarwal, Reshu, and Mandeep Mittal. "Inventory Classification Using Multi-Level Association Rule Mining." International Journal of Decision Support System Technology 11, no. 2 (April 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijdsst.2019040101.

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Popular data mining methods support knowledge discovery from patterns that hold in relations. For many applications, it is difficult to find strong associations among data items at low or primitive levels of abstraction. Mining association rules at multiple levels may lead to more informative and refined knowledge from data. Multi-level association rule mining is a variation of association rule mining for finding relationships between items at each level by applying different thresholds at different levels. In this study, an inventory classification policy is provided. At each level, the loss profit of frequent items is determined. The obtained loss profit is used to rank frequent items at each level with respect to their category, content and brand. This helps inventory manager to determine the most profitable item with respect to their category, content and brand. An example is illustrated to validate the results. Further, to comprehend the impact of above approach in the real scenario, experiments are conducted on the exiting dataset.

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Waldron, William S. "Text and Context in Religious Studies and Yogācāra Cognitive Theory: Discovering Theory “in the Wild”." NUMEN 61, no. 2-3 (March 18, 2014): 208–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685276-12341316.

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Abstract This paper discusses the creative dynamic between abstraction, reification, and reflexivity in the study of religion in general and textual analysis and Indian Buddhist thought in particular. I define “texts” narrowly, as written materials signifying human speech, something doubly removed from sensory experience, inviting abstraction and reification, while enabling reflexive analysis. Such analyses accumulate in literate civilizations — alienating yet enabling us. For example, the critical methods of Biblical analysis ironically undermined its own ahistorical assumptions, e.g., the idea of an Urtext independent of historical context. Philosophy of science displays similar developments: abstract theories enable analyses of data, which are, however, only meaningful within specific contexts of interpretation. Indian Buddhist philosophy similarly critiques ordinary assumptions about identity, subserved by our innate tendencies to abstract and reify experience, while recognizing its analytic insights. Its own accumulating traditions led Buddhist thinkers to critique multiple theories of cognition, concluding that, like an Urtext, the notion of an independent Self is an abstract social and especially linguistic construct that, nevertheless, operates at the deepest levels of our common cognitive processes — an insight that depended on textual traditions to develop.

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Dunford, Michael, Boyang Gao, and Weidong Liu. "Geography and the theory of uneven and combined development: Theorizing uniqueness and the return of China." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 53, no. 5 (February 4, 2021): 890–916. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x20987229.

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As societal interaction and combination play a vital role in shaping spatio-temporal development paths, meta-theories of uneven development should give way to a relational meta-theory of uneven and combined development (U&CD). U&CD examines at multiple levels of abstraction not just internal causal mechanisms governing the trajectories of individual societies but also causal mechanisms deriving from societal interaction in a world of multiple unevenly developed societies and multiple development pathways. As a consequence it helps explain geographical differentiation and the multiplicity, hybridity and multilinearity of processes of development. As U&CD examines the roles of ideal and efficient causes and causal laws, it also entails revitalized social science and political economy approaches in geography and urban and regional development studies. To demonstrate the indispensability of analyses of the role of societal interaction and the explanatory significance of the theory of U&CD, a series of longue-durée vignettes explore their role in explanations of the spatio-temporality of the decline and subsequent return of China in a changing and interdependent world.

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Brincat, Scott L., Markus Siegel, Constantin von Nicolai, and Earl K. Miller. "Gradual progression from sensory to task-related processing in cerebral cortex." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 30 (July 10, 2018): E7202—E7211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1717075115.

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Somewhere along the cortical hierarchy, behaviorally relevant information is distilled from raw sensory inputs. We examined how this transformation progresses along multiple levels of the hierarchy by comparing neural representations in visual, temporal, parietal, and frontal cortices in monkeys categorizing across three visual domains (shape, motion direction, and color). Representations in visual areas middle temporal (MT) and V4 were tightly linked to external sensory inputs. In contrast, lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) largely represented the abstracted behavioral relevance of stimuli (task rule, motion category, and color category). Intermediate-level areas, including posterior inferotemporal (PIT), lateral intraparietal (LIP), and frontal eye fields (FEF), exhibited mixed representations. While the distribution of sensory information across areas aligned well with classical functional divisions (MT carried stronger motion information, and V4 and PIT carried stronger color and shape information), categorical abstraction did not, suggesting these areas may participate in different networks for stimulus-driven and cognitive functions. Paralleling these representational differences, the dimensionality of neural population activity decreased progressively from sensory to intermediate to frontal cortex. This shows how raw sensory representations are transformed into behaviorally relevant abstractions and suggests that the dimensionality of neural activity in higher cortical regions may be specific to their current task.